Ãëàçîâà ².Î. (Õàðê³â) Âèâ÷åííÿ îñîáëèâîñòåé ìîâè çàñîá³â ìàñîâî¿
³íôîðìàö³¿ â òîìó ÷èñë³ òåëåíîâèí, íàëåæèòü äî êîëà à ê ò ó -à ë ü í è õ ïðîáëåì ë³íãâ³ñòèêè, -àäæå õ-àð-àêòåðíîþ îç-íàêîþ åïîõè âèñîêèõ òåõíîëîã³é òà ãëîáàëüíî¿ ³íôîð-ìàòèçàö³¿ º îñîáëèâèé ³íòåðåñ ó ë³íãâ³ñòèö³ äî êîìóí³-êàö³¿ çàãàëîì ³ ìàñîâî¿ êîìóí³êîìóí³-êàö³¿ çîêðåìà [11: 1].
Ñüîãîäí³ çàñîáè ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ â³ä³ãðàþòü íàä-âàæëèâó ðîëü, ³íôîðìóþ÷è ãðîìàäÿí ç óñ³õ ïèòàíü, ùî º ö³êàâèìè äëÿ á³ëüøîñò³, à òàêîæ çíà÷íîþ ì³ðîþ ôîð-ìóþ÷è ãðîìàäñüêó äóìêó. Îñê³ëüêè äîì³íóþ÷à ó ë³íãâ³ñòèö³ êîãí³òèâíî-äèñêóðñèâíà ïàðàäèãìà îð³ºíòî-âàíà íà âèâ÷åííÿ ëþäèíè â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ ÷åðåç àíàë³ç ¿¿
êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ [òàì ñàìî], ìîâà çàñîá³â ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ º ö³êàâîþ äëÿ ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèõ ñïîñòå-ðåæåíü. Âàðòî ï³äêðåñëèòè òîé ôàêò, ùî â³äîìà ³ øèðî-êî öèòîâàíà ïðàöÿ Ò.À. âàí Äåéêà ïðèñâÿ÷åíà àíàë³çó
ñàìå ãàçåòíèõ òà òåëåâ³ç³éíèõ íîâèí ÿê äèñêóðñó [5: 111-135]. ²íòåíñèâíèé ïîøóê ó íàïðÿìó âèâ÷åííÿ äèñêóðñó íà â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ òåðåíàõ ñïðèÿº êðàùîìó ðîçóì³ííþ ñï³ââ³äíåñåíîñò³ ïîíÿòü òåêñò, ñòèëü, äèñêóðñ;
ñóòíîñò³ äèñêóðñèâíèõ ñòðàòåã³é; ìèñëåííºâî-êîìóí³êà-òèâíî¿ ïðèðîäè äèñêóðñó; ðóáðèêàö³¿ âèÿâ³â äèñêóðñèâ-íî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ [3; 4; 9; 10 òà ³í.]. Íàáóòêè íàÿâíèõ ðîç-â³äîê çàáåçïå÷óþòü íàä³éíèé ³íñòðóìåíòàð, íåîáõ³äíèé äëÿ ñèñòåìíîãî ³ êîìïëåêñíîãî àíàë³çó äèñêóðñó òåëå-â³ç³éíèõ íîâèí (ÄÒÍ), ÿêèé º î á º ê òîì íàøîãî äî-ñë³äæåííÿ.
Ñë³ä â³äçíà÷èòè, ùî ïðîáëåìíèì ñüîãîäí³ º îíòîëî-ã³÷íèé ñòàòóñ ïóáë³öèñòè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó ñèìá³îçó ïîë³-òèêè ³ Ç̲ [3]. Ïîë³òîëîãè ðîçãëÿäàþòü òåêñòè Ç̲ ÿê öàðèíó âèâ÷åííÿ ìàí³ïóëÿö³é ñóñï³ëüíîþ ñâ³äîì³ñòþ ³ îáºêò ìîí³òîðèíãó â öüîìó àñïåêò³ [7]; âèâ÷åííÿ
ïî-ë³òè÷íî¿ ìîâè ñïðÿìîâàíå ³ íà âèâ÷åííÿ ìîâè
ìåä-³éíîãî ïðîñòîðó, ïðè÷îìó ï³äêðåñëþºòüñÿ ð³ñò âëàäè ìå-ä³à, ùî é çóìîâëþº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íîãî àíàë³çó.
Ìåòî þ ö³º¿ ñòàòò³ º âèâ÷åííÿ çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïîçè-ö³éíî¿ áóäîâè ÄÒÍ ³ç ïîïåðåäí³ì óòî÷íåííÿì ñòàòóñó äîñë³äæóâàíîãî îáºêòó.
Íåîäíîçíà÷í³ñòü òðàêòóâàííÿ ïóáë³öèñòè÷íîãî äèñ-êóðñó ³ ÄÒÍ ÿê éîãî ï³äâèäó ïîòðåáóº ðîçãëÿäó ïîíÿòü ïîë³òè÷íîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ é îñîáëèâîñòåé ìîâè Ç̲, çîê-ðåìà ñïåöèô³êè ÂÂÑ, ÿê ì àò å ð ³ à ë ó äîñë³äæåííÿ.
 ë³íãâ³ñòè÷í³é ë³òåðàòóð³ âæèâàþòüñÿ òåðì³íè ïîë³-òè÷íèé äèñêóðñ [1], ñóñï³ëüíî-ïîë³òè÷íà ìîâà, àã³-òàö³éíî-ïîë³òè÷íà ìîâà [15], ìîâà ñóñï³ëüíî¿ äóìêè
[8], ïîë³òè÷íà ìîâà [13], ÿê³ àêöåíòóþòü ð³çí³ ñïå-öèô³÷í³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ìîâè ïîë³òè÷íîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ.
Íà íàø ïîãëÿä òåðì³í ïîë³òè÷íèé äèñêóðñ º íàéá³ëüø åêñïëàíàòîðíèì é îõîïëþº óñ³ ö³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.
Ïîë³òè÷íèé äèñêóðñ îòðèìóº ð³çí³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ó ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèõ ïðàöÿõ. Ïðè éîãî âóçüêîìó ðîçóì³íí³ öå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ïîë³òèê³â, áóäü-ÿê³ ìîâí³ óòâîðåííÿ, ñóáºêò, àäðåñàò àáî çì³ñò ÿêèõ â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî ñôåðè ïîë³òèêè [17], ñóìà ìîâíèõ òâîð³â â ïåâíîìó åêñïë³-öèòíîìó êîíòåêñò³ êîíòåêñò³ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïîãëÿä³â ³ ïåðåêîíàíü [6], ñóêóïí³ñòü äèñ-êóðñèâíèõ ïðàêòèê, ùî ³äåíòèô³êóþòü ó÷àñíèê³â ïîë³-òè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó ÿê òàêèõ àáî ôîðìóþòü êîíêðåòíó òå-ìàòèêó ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿ [2]. Çà òàêîãî ï³äõîäó òåëåíîâèíè íàâðÿä ÷è ìîæíà â³äíåñòè äî ïîë³òè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó, àäæå àäðåñàíòè ³ àäðåñàòè ÄÒÍ ïåðåâàæíî íå º ïîë³òèêàìè, à òåìàòèêà íå îáìåæóºòüñÿ ñóòî ïîë³òè÷-íîþ ñôåðîþ. Çã³äíî ³íøî¿ òî÷êè çîðó ïîë³òè÷íèé äèñ-êóðñ òðàêòóºòüñÿ øèðøå: öå âèêîðèñòàííÿ ìîâè â ñîö³-àëüíî-ïîë³òè÷í³é àáî ïóáë³÷í³é ñôåð³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ [20].
Öåé ï³äõ³ä º á³ëüø ïðèéíÿòíèì äëÿ íàøîãî äîñë³äæåí-íÿ, â³í äîçâîëÿº âèçíà÷èòè ïîë³òè÷íèé äèñêóðñ çà òàêè-ìè êðèòåð³àëüíèòàêè-ìè îçíàêàòàêè-ìè:
• ñôåðà êîìóí³êàö³¿ ïóáë³÷íå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ;
• õàðàêòåð êîìóí³êàö³¿ ³íñòèòóö³îíàëüíèé [16];
• êàíàë çâÿçêó ìåä³à ðåñóðñ (äðóêîâàí³ âèäàííÿ, ðàä³î, òåëåáà÷åííÿ, åëåêòðîíí³ âèäàííÿ) [20];
• ìåòà êîìóí³êàö³¿ âïëèâ íà (ìàñîâó) ñâ³äîì³ñòü [14].
Óñ³ ö³ ðèñè ïðèòàìàíí³ ÄÒÍ é âèçíà÷àþòü éîãî ÿê ï³äòèï ïîë³òè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó. Îäíàê âàð³þâàííÿ Ç̲ â³ä³ãðຠáåçïåðå÷íî âàæëèâó ðîëü, éäåòüñÿ íå ò³ëüêè ïðî âàð³þâàííÿ êàíàëó çâÿçêó, à é ïðî íèçêó ³äåîëîã³÷íî âàæëèâèõ ñêëàäíèê³â, ÿê³ ñóòòºâî âïëèâàþòü íà çì³ñò ³ ôîðìó ñï³ëêóâàííÿ.
Ó íàøîìó äîñë³äæåíí³ ìè çâåðíóëèñÿ äî òåëåíîâèí ÂÂÑ, áî öå íàéñòàð³øå é íàéàâòîðèòåòí³øå äæåðåëî
³íôîðìàö³¿ â àíãëîìîâíîìó ñâ³ò³. ÂÂÑ áóëî çàïî÷àòêî-âàíî â 1922 ðîö³ ÿê îñíîâíîãî ïîñòà÷àëüíèêà ³íôîð-ìàö³¿ áðèòàíöÿì, ùî ïðèñâÿ÷óº çíà÷íó ÷àñòèíó ñâîãî ðåñóðñó íîâèíàì òà ïîòî÷íèì ïîä³ÿì, ÿê³ ñïî÷àòêó ïå-ðåäàâàëèñÿïî ðàä³î, à çãîäîì ïî äâîõ òåëåâ³ç³éíèõ
êà-íàëàõ. Ñüîãîäí³ áëèçüêî 17% óñ³º¿ òåëåïðîäóêö³¿ ÂÂÑ ïðèïàäຠíà íîâèíè òà ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ ïðî ïîòî÷í³ ïî䳿.
<…> Äî 1995 ðîêó ÂÂÑ áóëà ìîíîïîë³ñòîì ó òåëåíîâè-íàõ [18: 4].
³äîìèé àâòîðèòåò ÂÂÑ ó ñâ³ò³, äîñòîâ³ðí³ñòü ³íôîð-ìàö³¿, ùî ïîâ³äîìëÿºòüñÿ, ñâîáîäà ñëîâà é ïëþðàë³çì äóìîê, ùî â³äïîâ³äຠÂåëèê³é Áðèòàí³¿ ÿê ðîçâèíåí³é äåìîêðàò³¿, âò³ì íå êîðåëþº ³ç ïîâíîþ îáºêòèâí³ñòþ òà íåéòðàëüí³ñòþ. ßê çàñâ³ä÷óº äîñë³äæåííÿ áðèòàíñüêèõ òåëåíîâèí, ïðîâåäåíå çà äîïîìîãîþ êîíòåíò-àíàë³çó é ñåì³îëîã³÷íèõ ìåòîäèê, ìåä³à ãðóïîþ óí³âåðñèòåòó Ãëàç-ãî ó 1975 ðîö³, íîâèíè º ³äåîëîã³÷íèì ïðîäóêòîì é íà-âÿçóþòü ñóñï³ëüñòâó ³äåîëîã³þ îäíîãî êîíêðåòíîãî êëà-ñó, ÿê òàêó, ùî º äîì³íóþ÷îþ é áàæàíîþ [18: 36]. Âîä-íî÷àñ, âæå ñàì ôàêò ïðîâåäåííÿ òàêîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ, âèñëîâëåííÿ é îáãîâîðåííÿ êðèòèêè íà àäðåñó òåëåíî-âèí äåìîíñòðóº áàæàííÿ äî âäîñêîíàëåííÿ. Ç ³íøîãî áîêó, êîëè éäåòüñÿ ïðî ³äåîëîã³þ êîíêðåòíîãî êëàñó, âàðòî çãàäàòè é òîé ôàêò, ùî òàêèì, ö³ëêîì î÷åâèäíî, º ñåðåäí³é êëàñ, ÿêèé ñêëàäຠïåðåâàæíó á³ëüø³ñòü ó Âå-ëèê³é Áðèòàí³¿ ñüîãîäí³. Òàêîæ î÷åâèäíî, ùî óñ³ ñïðîáè äå³äåîëîã³çàö³¿ òåëåíîâèí º â³äíîñíèìè, é íîâèíè ÂÂÑ, ùî ñüîãîäí³ ìîæå äèâèòèñÿ ãëÿäà÷ â óñüîìó ñâ³ò³ (ÂÂÑ World) º íîñ³ÿìè ïåâíî¿ ³äåîëî㳿 é áåðóòü ó÷àñòü ó ôîð-ìóâàíí³ ìàñîâî¿ ñâ³äîìîñò³.
Äëÿ àíàë³çó ÄÒÍ ñóòòºâèì º òîé ôàêò, ùî ó ìîâî-çíàâñòâ³ â öüîìó çâÿçêó çàì³ñòü çàãàëüíîâæèâàíîãî ñîáè ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ òåðì³í çà-ñîáè ìàñîâî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿ [5: 111; 11; òà ³í.], ÿêèé àê-öåíòóº ³íòåðàêòèâí³ñòü ïðîöåñó ³íôîðìóâàííÿ. Åôåê-òèâí³ñòü öüîãî ïðîöåñó çàáåçïå÷óºòüñÿïåðåäóñ³ì ÷èí-íèêàìè êîãí³òèâíîãî ïëàíó, â çâÿçêó ³ç ÷èì ðîçä³ëÿþòü
³íòåðíàö³îíàëüí³ íîâèíè (àäðåñîâàí³ óñ³ì, õòî âîëî䳺 ïåâíîþ ìîâîþ) ³ íàö³îíàëüí³ íîâèíè (àäðåñîâàí³ ò³ëüêè ïðåäñòàâíèêàì ïåâíî¿ ë³íãâîêóëüòóðíî¿ ñï³ëüíîòè) [19].
Îñê³ëüêè ö³ëêîì ëîã³÷íî ïðèïóñòèòè, ùî ð³çíèöÿ êîí-öåïòóàëüíèõ êàðòèí ñâ³òó àäðåñàò³â ÄÒÍ ïîçíà÷àºòüñÿ íà éîãî õàðàêòåðèñòèêàõ, ìè ïëàíóºìî ó ïîäàëüøîìó ïîð³âíÿòè òåëåíîâèíè íàö³îíàëüíî¿ òà âñåñâ³òíüî¿ ñëóæ-áè ÂÂÑ. Îñíîâíèì àñïåêòîì, ùî âèä³ëÿº òåëåíîâèíè ó ìàñèâ³ äèñêóðñèâíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ âçàãàë³ ³ äèñêóðñ³ çàñîá³â ìàñîâî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿ çîêðåìà, º, íà íàøó äóìêó, êîìóí³-êàòèâíî-ïðàãìàòè÷íèé àñïåêò. ϳäñòàâè äëÿ öüîãî òâåð-äæåííÿ òàê³:
• ñïåöèô³÷íèìè ðèñàìè, ùî âèîêðåìëþþòü ÄÒÍ â ñàìîñò³éíå óòâîðåííÿ º ñòðàòåã³ÿ (³íôîðìóâàí-íÿ) ³ êàíàë çâÿçêó (òåëåáà÷åí(³íôîðìóâàí-íÿ);
• äëÿ ÄÒÍ õàðàêòåðíå çíà÷íå âàð³þâàííÿ àäðåñàí-òíî-àäðåñàòíèõ êîíô³ãóðàö³é (éîãî ó÷àñíèêè:
âåäó÷èé, êîðåñïîíäåíòè íà ì³ñò³ ïîä³é, ó÷àñíèêè ïîä³é, äî ÿêèõ çâåðòàºòüñÿ êîðåñïîíäåíò òîùî, ãëÿäà÷³).
Ñë³ä â³äì³òèòè ³ îñîáëèâîñò³ âçàºìî䳿 âåðáàëüíîãî ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ ³ç â³äåîðÿäîì, êàðòèíêîþ, ñõåìîþ, ãðàô³-êîì, êàðòîþ, àáî âçàºìîä³þ óñíîãî âåðáàëüíîãî ïîâ³äîì
ëåííÿ ³ç ïèñåìíèì (öèòàòà, á³ãó÷à ñòð³÷êà).
Îñê³ëüêè äèñêóðñ çàñîá³â ìàñîâî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿ â³äíî-ñÿòü íå ò³ëüêè äî ïîë³òè÷íîãî, à é äî ïóáë³öèñòè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó (äèâ., íàïð. [12]), ââàæàºìî ÄÒÍ æàíðîì ïóá-ë³öèñòè÷íîãî äèñêóðñó çà ë³íãâîñòèë³ñòè÷íèì êðè-òåð³ºì. Ó öüîìó àñïåêò³ âàæëèâîþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêîþ ÄÒÍ º òåìàòè÷íà ïîë³ôîí³ÿ: íàÿâí³ñòü äîñòàòíüî âåëè-êîãî (õî÷à é îáìåæåíîãî) íàáîðó òåì ïîë³òè÷í³ ïî䳿;
ïî䳿 ñóñï³ëüíîãî æèòòÿ; á³çíåñîâ³ îïåðàö³¿; ðîáîòà ï³äïðèºìñòâ, óñòàíîâ, çàêëàä³â îáñëóãîâóâàííÿ; ïî䳿
îñîáèñòîãî æèòòÿ â³äîìèõ ëþäåé; ñïîðòèâí³ ïî䳿; ïî-ãîäà; òâàðèíè òîùî. Îäíàê òåìàòè÷íà îðãàí³çàö³ÿ ÄÒÍ íå º õàîòè÷íîþ: òåìà (íàá³ð òåì) óòâîðþþòü áëîêè, ç ÿêèõ âèáóäîâóºòüñÿ çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïîçèö³éíà îðãàí³çàö³ÿ ÄÒÍ.Âàæëèâ³ñòü çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïîçèö³éíî¿ áóäîâè ÄÒÍ çóìîâëåíà áåçïîñåðåäí³ì çâÿçêîì ³ç îñíîâíîþ äèñêóð-ñèâíîþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêîþ ñòðàòå㳺þ ³íôîðìóâàííÿ. ßê âêàçóº ².Ð. Ãàëüïåðèí òåðì³í ³íôîðìàö³ÿ, ÿêùî éîãî ðîçóì³òè íå ÿê çíÿòòÿ åíòðîﳿ (íåâ³äîìå ñòຠâ³äîìèì), à ÿê ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ ïðî ïî䳿, ôàêòè, ÿâèùà, ÿê³ â³äáó-ëèñÿ, â³äáóâàþòüñÿ, àáî ìàþòü â³äáèòèñÿ ó ïîâñÿêäåí-íîìó æèòò³ ïåâíîãî íàðîäó, ñóñï³ëüñòâà (â ïîë³òè÷í³é, åêîíîì³÷í³é, íàóêîâ³é, êóëüòóðí³é, ñïîðòèâí³é, òîáòî â óñ³õ ñôåðàõ ëþäñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³) ïîâÿçàíèé áåçïîñå-ðåäíüî ³ç çì³ñòîì òåêñòó ÿê ö³ë³ñíîãî óòâîðåííÿ [6: 39-40]; ïîíÿòòÿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³, â ñâîþ ÷åðãó, ïîâÿçàíå ³ç ïî-íÿòòÿì ÷ëåíóâàííÿ, ÿêå º ôóíêö³ºþ çàãàëüíîãî êîìïî-çèö³éíîãî ïëàíó [6: 50].
Ðîçãëÿíåìî íà êîíêðåòíîìó ïðèêëàä³ îñîáëèâîñò³ çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïîçèö³éíî¿ îðãàí³çàö³¿ ÄÒÍ:
30.01.07 ÂÂÑ WORLD
HEADLINES
NEW PRESENTER’S GREETINGS COMING UP
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (news from Gaza) BREAKING NEWS (explosion in Iraq)
NEWS IN BRIEF
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (African Union Summit) BUSINESS (- new software – vista operating system)
- new energy sector laws in Venezuela - EU on the way to total ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – business losses;
- Chinese-African fuel contracts) STILL TO COME IN THIS PROGRAMME SPORT
EVERY DAY LIFE (shot by a hunter duck refuses to die) BBC WEATHER
Ïîð³âíÿííÿ ³ç âèïóñêàìè íîâèí ó ³íø³ äí³ (28.01.07;
29.01.07) ñâ³ä÷àòü ïðî òèïîâ³ñòü òàêî¿ îðãàí³çàö³¿, âàð³-þþòüñÿ ëèøå òàê³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ÿê:
- ê³ëüê³ñòü ïîâ³äîìëåíü ó áëîêàõ HEADLINES, COMING UP; NEWS IN BRIEF (2, 3, 4);
- ê³ëüê³ñòü ñêëàäíèê³â ó áëîêàõ INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, BUSINESS, EVERY DAY LIFE;
- áëîêè SPORT – INTERNATIONAL SPORT;
WEATHER – INTERNATIONAL WEATHER.
Îäíàê, ÿê áà÷èìî, âàð³þâàííÿ öèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñóòòºâî íå ïîçíà÷àºòüñÿ íà çàãàëüí³é çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïî-çèö³éí³é áóäîâ³ ÄÒÍ. Âèâ÷åííÿ ö³º¿ áóäîâè ñëóãóº ï³ä´ðóíòÿì àíàë³çó îñíîâíèõ ñóòòºâèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ÄÒÍ. Çîêðåìà, ð³çí³ áëîêè ìàþòü ð³çí³ àäðåñàíòíî-àä-ðåñàòí³ êîíô³ãóðàö³¿. Ïîð³âíÿºìî:
• COMING UP Speaker – new presenter:
“Bill Gates has called it vista – a new operating system.
Death defying duck.”
• INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Speaker – news presenter:
“A cease-fire is at last taking in hold in Gaza after five days of fierce fighting between the Palestinian factions Hamas and Fatah. In this latest round in the battle for control in the Palestinian territories more than 30 people have lost their lives, another one hundred are being wounded. Our correspondent in Gaza, Alan Johnston, has more details.”
Speaker – BBC reporter (behind the picture on the screen):
“The cease-fire deal was announced by Hamas Foreign Minister Mahmud Zahar flanked by Fatah representatives and also present were the Egyptian diplomatic mediators who have broken the truce”.
Speaker – Mahmud Zahar –Palestinian Foreign Minister (on the screen):
“We are demanding to withdraw all the militants from the streets.... “
Speaker – BBC reporter (behind the picture on the screen):
“Mr. Zahar called for the release of all hostages who were seized by the factions during the fighting. A similar deal was struck a few days ago but it failed to hold the bloodshed. This agreement will meanwhile have a better chance of sticking. The clashes have been less intense over the past 48 hours and both parties are being well aware that the vast majority of people here are desperate to see an end to the violence in their streets. At the same time international pressure for cease-fire has been rising.
Alan Johnston, BBC News, Gaza.”
Speaker – news presenter:
“Alan Johnston joins me now on the line from Gaza.
Alan, given what you were saying about their sense of resolve to make this work, do you get an impression that things look stronger?”
Speaker – BBC reporter (on the screen):
“I do. The situation here does seem to be better this morning... But we probably have to wait for some hours yet before we can begin to become absolutely sure that these things might stick.”
Speaker – news presenter:
“Alan for now, thank you very much indeed for that”.
Îòæå, âèêëàäåíå ï³äñóìîâóºìî âèñíîâêîì, ùî çì³ñòîâíî-êîìïîçèö³éíà áóäîâà ÄÒÍ îðãàí³çóº éîãî
³íôîðìàö³éíèé ïðîñò³ð, çàáåçïå÷óº éîãî ö³ë³ñí³ñòü ³ äèñ-êðåòí³ñòü, à òàêîæ êîðåëþº ³ç ³íøèìè ñóòòºâèìè õàðàê-òåðèñòèêàìè, äî ÿêèõ, çîêðåìà, íàëåæàòü àäðåñàíòíî-àäðåñàòí³ êîíô³ãóðàö³¿. Âèâ÷åííÿ àäðåñàíòíîãî ³ àäðå-ñàòíîãî àñïåêò³â ÄÒÍ ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ ïåðñïåêòèâó íàøî-ãî äîñë³äæåííÿ.
˲ÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
1. Áàðàíîâ À.Í. Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ àðãóìåíòàöèè (êîã-íèòèâíûé ïîäõîä). Ì.: Âûñø. øê., 1990. Ñ. 149-152.
2. Áàðàíîâ À.Í. Ââåäåíèå â ïðèêëàäíóþ ëèíãâèñòèêó. Ì.:
Âûñø. øê., 2001. 55 ñ. 3. Áºëîâà À.Ä. Ïîíÿòòÿ ñòèëü,
æàíð, äèñêóðñ, òåêñò ó ñó÷àñí³é ë³íãâ³ñòèö³ // ²íîçåìíà ô³ëîëîã³ÿ. Ê.: ÊÍÓ ³ì. Ò. Øåâ÷åíêà, 2002. Âèï. 32. Ñ. 11-14. 4. Áóðáåëî Â.Á. Ñó÷àñí³ êîíöåïö³¿ äèñêóðñó òà ë³íãâîïðàã-ìàòè÷í³ çàñàäè äèñêóðñîëî㳿 // ²íîçåìíà ô³ëîëîã³ÿ. ³ñíèê ÊÍÓ ³ì. Òàðàñà Øåâ÷åíêà. 2002. Âèï. 32-33. Ñ. 79-84.
5. Âàí Äåéê Ò.À. ßçûê. Ïîçíàíèå. Êîììóíèêàöèÿ. Ì.: Ïðî-ãðåññ, 1989. 310 ñ. 6. Ãàëüïåðèí È.Ð. Òåêñò êàê îáúåêò ëèíã-âèñòè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1981. 293 ñ. 7. Ãå-ðàñèìåíêî Í.À. Èíôîðìàöèÿ è ôàñöèàöèÿ â ïîëèòè÷åñêîì äèñêóðñå // Ïîëèòè÷åñêèé äèñêóðñ â Ðîññèè 2. Ì.: Ïðîñâå-ùåíèå, 1998. 17 ñ. 8. Äåíèñîâ Ï.Í. ßçûê ðóññêîé îáùåñòâåí-íîé ìûñëè êîíöà XIX ïåðâîé ÷åòâåðòè ÕÕ â. Ì.: Àñïåêò
Ïðåññ, 1998. 145 ñ. 9. Äèñêóðñ ³íîçåìíîìîâíî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿
(êîëåêòèâíà ìîíîãðàô³ÿ). Ëüâ³â: Âèä-âî Ëüâ³âñüêîãî íàö³î-íàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ ²âàíà Ôðàíêà, 2001. 495 ñ.
10. Äèñêóðñ ÿê êîãí³òèâíî-êîìóí³êàòèâíèé ôåíîìåí / ϳä çà-ãàëüí. ðåä. Øåâ÷åíêî ².Ñ.: Êîë. ìîíîãðàô³ÿ. Õàðê³â: Êîí-ñòàíòà, 2005. 356 ñ. 11. Êîëî쳺öü Í.Â. ˳íãâ³ñòè÷í³ îñîá-ëèâîñò³ îðãàí³çàö³¿ ã³ïåðòåêñòó ³íòåðíåò-íîâèí: Àâòîðåô.
äèñ. êàíä. ô³ëîë. íàóê: 10.02.04 / ÊÍÓ ³ìåí³ Òàðàñà
Øåâ-÷åíêà. Ê., 2004. 21 ñ. 12. Ìàðòèíþê À.Ï. Êîíñòðóþâàííÿ ãåíäåðó â àíãëîìîâíîìó äèñêóðñ³. Õ.: Êîíñòàíòà, 2004. 292 ñ. 13. Ïàâëîâà Å.Ê. ßçûêîâàÿ ïðååìñòâåííîñòü â ïðîöåñ-ñå ýâôåìèçàöèè ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ðåàëèé ÑØÀ // Âåñòíèê ÌÃÓ.
Ñåð. 19. Ëèíãâèñòèêà è ìåæêóëüòóðíàÿ êîìóíèêàöèÿ. Ì.:
ÌÃÓ, 2000. 243 ñ. 14. Ïàðøèí Ï.Á. Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèå ìåòî-äû â êîíöåïòóàëüíîé ðåêîíñòðóêöèè // Ñèñòåìíûå èññëåäî-âàíèÿ. Ì.: Ïðîãðåññ, 1987. Ñ. 17-30. 15. Øâåéöåð À.Ä.
Ñîöèîëèíãâèñòèêà // Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1990. 611 ñ. 16. Øåéãàë Å.È. Ñåìè-îòèêà ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî äèñêóðñà. Âîëãîãðàä: Âîëãîãð. ãîñ. ïåä.
óí-ò, 2000. Ñ. 70-92. 17. Øåéãàë Å.È. Ñòðóêòóðà è ãðàíèöû ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî äèñêóðñà // Philologica. 1998. ¹ 14. Ñ. 21-29. 18. McNair B. News and Journalism in the UK. L., N.Y.:
Routledge, 1996. 234 p. 19. New Analysis. Case Studies of International and national News in the Press / Ed. by T.A. van Dijk. Hillsdale, New Jersus: Lawrence Erebaum Associates, Inc. 283 p. 20. Politically speaking: a worldwide examination of language used in the public sphere / Ed. by O. Feldman. N.Y.: Acad. Press, 1998. 312 p.
ÌÎÂÍÎ-ÐÈÒÎÐÈ×Ͳ ÇÀÑÎÁÈ ÂÈÐÀÆÅÍÍß ÎÖ²ÍÍÈÕ ÍÎ̲ÍÀÖ²É Â ÀÌÅÐÈÊÀÍÑÜÊ²É ÖÅÐÅÌÎͲÀËÜÍ²É ÏÐÎÌβ
Ãóíäàðåíêî Î. Â. (ʳðîâîãðàä) Öåðåìîí³àëüíà ïðîìîâà (ÖÏ) öåîñîáëèâèé òèï
ïóá-ë³÷íîãî ìîâëåííÿ, ùî çíàõîäèòüñÿ ó öåíòð³ óâàãè â³ò÷èç-íÿíèõ òà çàðóá³æíèõ äîñë³äíèê³â [4, 9, 21, 22, 24, 25 òà
³íø³]: âèâ÷àëèñü òà îïèñóâàëèñü ñïåöèô³÷í³ îçíàêè, õà-ðàêòåðèñòèêè òà ôóíêö³¿ ÖÏ, ¿¿ ñòðóêòóðí³ îñîáëèâîñò³, ôîðìè òà òèïîëîã³÷í³ êëàñèô³êàö³¿. Àíàë³ç ñïåö³àëüíî¿
ë³òåðàòóðè ïîêàçàâ, ùî âèâ÷åííÿ ìîâíî-ðèòîðè÷íèõ çà-ñîá³â ïåðñóàçèâíîñò³/ïåðåêîíàííÿ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ äî ñèõ ï³ð íå áóëî ïðåäìåòîìîêðåìîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ. Ìîâ-íî-ðèòîðè÷í³ çàñîáè ââàæàþòüñÿ á³ëüø åôåêòèâíèìè äëÿ çä³éñíåííÿ âïëèâó íà àóäèòîð³þ, íà â³äì³íó â³ä ÷èñ-òî ëîã³÷íèõ ôîðì àðãóìåíòàö³¿ [9: 18]. Îñîáëèâ³ñòþ ìîâ-íî-ðèòîðè÷íèõ çàñîá³â º ¿õíÿ ñïðÿìîâàí³ñòü íà åôåêò ïåðñóàçèâíîñò³, ùî âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê: ïðîöåñ ïåðåêîíàí-íÿ; ä³ÿ, ÿêà âïëèâຠíà ïîãëÿäè ÷è íàì³ðè øëÿõîì óæè-âàííÿ ïåâíèõ àðãóìåíò³â àáî ³íøèõ çàñîá³â, ùî âïëèâà-þòü íà ðîçóì òà â³ä÷óòòÿ ³ ñõèëÿâïëèâà-þòü äî ð³øó÷îñò³ ïðèé-íÿòòÿ ð³øåíü” [26]. ßê äîâîäèòü ðÿä äîñë³äæåíü, äëÿ ñòâîðåííÿ åôåêòó ïåðñóàçèòâíîñò³ âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ áåçë³÷ ïðèéîì³â òà çàñîá³â, àëå íàéá³ëüø âïëèâîâèìè º ôîðìóâàííÿ îö³ííèõ íîì³íàö³é [5, 8, 11, 12].
Ìåò à íàøî¿ ñòàòò³ êëàñèô³êóâàòè òà îïèñàòè ìîâ-íî-ðèòîðè÷í³ çàñîáè âèðàæåííÿ îö³ííèõ íîì³íàö³éâ
àìåðèêàíñüê³é öåðåìîí³àëüí³é ïðîìîâ³.
Àêòó à ë ü í ³ ñ ò ü îáðàíî¿ òåìè çóìîâëåíà
íåîáõ³äí-³ñòþ âèâ÷åííÿ ð³çíèõ ìîâíî-ðèòîðè÷íèõ çàñîá³â ç ìå-òîþ âèÿâëåííÿ íàéá³ëüø åôåêòèâíèõ ç íèõ äëÿ êîæíîãî âèäó êîìóí³êàö³¿ çîêðåìà äëÿ ïîäàëüøî¿ ïîáóäîâè êî-ìóí³êàòèâíèõ ìîäåëåé óñï³øíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ.
Ïðîöåñ âèâ÷åííÿ îö³ííî¿ íîì³íàö³¿, ïåðø çà âñå, âè-ìàãຠðîçãëÿäó êàòåãî𳿠îö³íêè, ÿêà âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê óí³-âåðñàëüíà ïîíÿòòºâà êàòåãîð³ÿ [11: 363]. Óí³êàëüí³ñòü êàòåãî𳿠îö³íêè ïîëÿãຠ⠿¿ çäàòíîñò³ íå ò³ëüêè â³äîáðà-æàòè ö³íí³ñíó ñóòí³ñòü îáºêòà äëÿ ñóáºêòà, àëå é ôîðìó-âàòè ñâ³òîãëÿä òà âïëèôîðìó-âàòè íà ïîâåä³íêó âåëèêî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ëþäåé [11: 363, 17: 59].
Ó ô³ëîñîôñüêîìó ñëîâíèêó ïîíÿòòÿ îö³íêà
âèçíà-÷àºòüñÿ ÿê ïðîöåñ ³ ëîã³÷íî âò³ëåíèé â îö³ííîìó ñó-äæåíí³ íàñë³äîê óñâ³äîìëåííÿ ïîçèòèâíî¿ ÷è íåãàòèâ-íî¿ çíà÷óùîñò³ áóäü-ÿêèõ ÿâèù ïðèðîäè, âèòâîð³â ïðàö³, ñóñï³ëüíî-³ñòîðè÷íèõ ïîä³é, ìîðàëüíèõ â÷èíê³â, òâîð³â ìèñòåöòâà, çäîáóòê³â ï³çíàííÿ äëÿ çàäîâîëåííÿ îáºêòèâ-íî çóìîâëåíèõ ïîòðåá [20: 471]. Îñîáëèâ³ñòþ îö³íêè º
¿¿ àñèìåòð³ÿ ì³æ ïîçèòèâíîþ òà íåãàòèâíîþ çîíàìè, öå ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ òèì, ùî îö³íêà äîáðå ìîæå îçíà÷àòè ÿê â³äïîâ³äí³ñòü íîðì³, òàê ³ ¿¿ ïåðåâèùåííÿ, ó òîé ÷àñ
ÿê îö³íêà ïîãàíî çàâæäè îçíà÷ຠâ³äõèëåííÿ â³ä íîðìè [5: 7]. Ó ïëàí³ âèðàæåííÿ îö³íêó äèôåðåíö³þþòü íà ³ìïë³öèòíó òà åêñïë³öèòíó [17: 40]. ³äïîâ³äíî äî ñïå-öèô³êè ïîòðåá, ñôåðè ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ðîçð³çíÿþòü â³òàëüí³, óòèë³òàðíî-åêîíîì³÷í³, ñîö³àëüíî-ïîë³òè÷í³, ïðàâîâ³, ìîðàëüí³, åñòåòè÷í³, ï³çíàâàëüí³ îö³íêè [17: 51].
Óâàãà áàãàòüîõäîñë³äíèê³â ñêîíöåíòðîâàíà íà âè-â÷åíí³ êàòåãî𳿠îö³íêè ÿê ñóäæåííÿ ïðî ö³ííîñò³ [1, 2, 5, 11, 17, 18]. Ö³ííîñò³ âèçíà÷àþòüñÿ ÿêêðèòå𳿠òà ñïî-ñîáèîö³íêè ïîçèòèâíîãî àáî íåãàòèâíîãî çíà÷åííÿ îáºêò³â îòî÷óþ÷îãî ñåðåäîâèùà äëÿ ëþäèíè, ãðóïè ëþ-äåé, ñóñï³ëüñòâà â ö³ëîìó, çóìîâëåíèõ íå âëàñòèâîñòÿìè öèõ îáºêò³â, à ¿õí³ì çàëó÷åííÿì äî ñôåðè ëþäñüêî¿ ä³ÿëü-íîñò³, ³íòåðåñ³â òà ïîòðåá, ñîö³àëüíèõ â³äíîñèí. Îö³íêè ïîâÿçàí³ ç êóëüòóðíèì ´ðóíòîì, íà ÿêîìó âîíè âèðîñòà-þòü [3: 26]. Ñèñòåìà ö³ííîñòåé âèñòóïຠëàíêîþ, ùî ïî-ºäíóº ñóñï³ëüñòâî ç îñîáèñò³ñòþ, âêëþ÷ຠ¿¿ â ñèñòåìó ñó-ñï³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí, âèçíà÷ຠäëÿ ÷îãî â³äáóâàºòüñÿ òà ÷è
³íøà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ³ ÿêèìè çàñîáàìè âîíà ðåàë³çóºòüñÿ [6: 53].
Óñå ðîçìà¿òòÿ ïðåäìåò³â ëþäñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ñóñï³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí ³ ïðèðîäíèõ ÿâèù, ÿê³ âêëþ÷àþòüñÿ â öå êîëî, ìîæå âèñòóïàòè ó âèãëÿä³ ïðåäìåòíèõ ö³ííîñòåé.
Îö³íêà º åëåìåíòîì çíà÷åííÿ ìîâíî¿ îäèíèö³ áóäü-ÿêîãî ð³âíÿ, íåçâàæàþ÷è íà ñâîþ ñóáºêòèâí³ñòü, ñèòóà-òèâí³ñòü òà ³íòåðïðåòàö³éí³ñòü [19: 79]. Ó ë³íãâ³ñòè÷í³é ë³òåðàòóð³ äîâîäèòüñÿ, ùî ïðîâ³äíà ðîëü ó ìîâíîìó âè-ðàæåíí³ îö³íêè íàëåæèòü ñëîâàì-îö³íêàì, ïðåäñòàâëå-íèì òàêèìè ÷àñòèíàìè ìîâè: ïðèêìåòíèêàìè, ïðèñë³âíè-êàìè, ³ìåííèïðèñë³âíè-êàìè, 䳺ñëîâàìè, ÷àñòêàìè [2, 11, 18], äå ïðèêìåòíèê âèñòóïຠíàéá³ëüø ÷àñòîòíèì çàñîáîì âåð-áàë³çàö³¿ îö³íêè òà ìîæå ïîºäíóâàòè äâà àñïåêòè:
ïîçíà-÷åííÿ âëàñíî¿ îçíàêè òà ïîçíàïîçíà-÷åííÿ îö³íêè [1, 5].
Çàãàëüíîïðèéíÿòèìï³äõîäîì äî âèâ÷åííÿ îö³íêè º
¿¿ ïîä³ë íà ïîçèòèâí³, íåãàòèâí³ [1, 11, 17, 18], äî ÿêî-ãî, íà íàøó äóìêó,äåÿê³ íàóêîâö³ ñëóøíî äèïëîìàòè÷í³ îö³íêè [7: 187]. Ïîçèòèâí³ îö³íêè åêñïë³öèòíî ìàðêó-þòü ïåâíèé ñòóï³íü âèÿâó ïîçèòèâíî¿ îçíàêèòà º ïðî-òèëåæíèìè íåãàòèâíèì îö³íêàì. Äèïëîìàòè÷í³ îö³í-êè ïîºäíóþòü ïîçèòèâíó òà íåãàòèâíó îö³íêó
îäíî÷àñ-íî, çà ¿õíüîþ äîïîìîãîþ ïåðåäàºòüñÿ óçàãàëüíåíà, âñå-á³÷íà îö³íêà [7: 193]. Äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ìàº
³ìïë³öèòíèé ñïîñ³á âèðàæåííÿ òà ñòâîðþºòüñÿ çà äîïî-ìîãîþ ð³çíèõ ìîâíî-ðèòîðè÷íèõ çàñîá³â, ñåðåä íèõ:
ìîäàëüí³ ä³ºñëîâà ç ïðîòèëåæíèì çíà÷åííÿì, ìàðêåðè íåêàòåãîðè÷íîãî çàïåðå÷åííÿ, ³íòåðïåðñîíàëüí³ ìåòà-äèñêóðñèâí³ ìàðêåðè ïîñòóïêè òà ïðîòèñòàâëåííÿ, îáðàçíå ïîð³âíÿííÿ [7: 195].
Ó äîñë³äæåíí³ êàòåãî𳿠îö³íêè çà îñòàíí³ äåñÿòè-ë³òòÿ ïîì³òí³ òåíäåíö³¿ äî âèâ÷åííÿ îö³íêè íå ò³ëüêè íà ð³âí³ ìîâè, àëå é ó ðåàëüíèõ êîíòåêñòàõ ¿¿ ôóíêö³îíó-âàííÿ ó ìåæàõ òåêñò³â ïåâíî¿ ôóíêö³îíàëüíî-ñòèëüî-âî¿ ïðèíàëåæíîñò³, íàïðèêëàä ó òåêñòàõ àíãëîìîâíî¿
ãàçåòè, àíãëîìîâíîãî ðåêëàìíîãî òåêñòó, àìåðèêàí-ñüêî¿ õóäîæíüî¿ ïðîçè, óêðà¿íîìîâíîãî ïóáë³öèñòè÷íîãî òåêñòó, óêðà¿íîìîâíîãî òà àíãëîìîâíîãî õóäîæíüîãî òåêñòó [äèâ. 5, 11, 12, 17]. Ó öåíòð³ íàøî¿ óâàãè çíàõî-äèòüñÿ âèâ÷åííÿ åêñïë³öèòíèõ òà äåÿêèõ ³ìïë³öèòíèõ çàñîá³â âèðàæåííÿ êàòåãî𳿠îö³íêè íà îñíîâ³ òåêñò³â, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ ð³çíèì öåðåìîí³àëüíèì ïîä³ÿì àìåðè-êàíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà.
Áàçó íàøîãî åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ìàòåð³àëó ñêëàäà-þòü 200 òåêñò³â àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ çà 2000-2006 ðîêè. Äîñë³äèìî çàñîáè ðåàë³çàö³¿ ñë³â-îö³íîê ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏ øëÿõîì ïîä³ëó ¿õ íà ïîçèòèâí³, íåãàòèâí³ òà äèïëîìà-òè÷í³.
Çà ðåçóëüòàòàìè íàøîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ, ó òåêñòàõ àìå-ðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏñëîâà-îö³íêè åñïë³êóþòüñÿ íàñòóïíèìè ëåêñèêî-ãðàìàòè÷íèìè êëàñàìè: ïðèêìåòíèêàìè, ïðè-ñë³âíèêàìè, ³ìåííèêàìè ³ 䳺ñëîâàìè, ÿê³ ìàþòü ÿê ïî-çèòèâíå, òàê ³ íåãàòèâíå ñåìàíòè÷íå çàáàðâëåííÿ. Ïåðå-âàæíà á³ëüø³ñòü àòðèáóò³â îö³íêè âèðàæàºòüñÿ ïðèêìåò-íèêàìè, ÿê³ º îñíîâíèìè íîñ³ÿìè àêñ³îëîã³÷íèõ êàòåãîð³é ñåðåä ÷àñòèí ìîâè [1, 5]. Êîðïóñ îö³ííèõ ñë³â ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏìຠàáñîëþòíó ÷àñòîòó 8 882 âæèâàíü, ùî ñêëàäຠ100% äîñë³äæóâàíèõ ñëîâîâæèâàíü íà ïîçíà÷åííÿ åêñ-ïë³öèòíî¿ îö³íêè. ϳäñóìóºìî ðåçóëüòàòè íàøîãî åêñ-ïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ó âèãëÿä³ òàáëèö³ (äèâ.
òàáë. 3.1)
Òàáëèöÿ 3.1 Åêñïë³öèòí³ çàñîáè âèðàæåííÿ îö³íêè ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ
×àñòèíà ×àñòîòà âæèâàííÿ ³äíîñíà ×àñòîòà âæèâàííÿ ³äíîñíà
¹ ìîâè ñë³â ç ïîçèòèâíîþ ÷àñòîòà ñë³â ç íåãàòèâíîþ ÷àñòîòà
îö³ííîþ ñåìîþ âæèâàííÿ îö³ííîþ ñåìîþ âæèâàííÿ
1. Ïðèêìåòíèê 3 390 38,2% 350 4%
2. ²ìåííèê 2 240 25,2% 1 256 14%
3. ijºñëîâî 1 370 15,4% 156 1,8%
4. Ïðèñë³âíèê 95 1,07% 25 0,28%
Óñüîãî 7 095 80% 1 787 20%
Ãðóïà ïðèêìåòíèê³â³ç ïîçèòèâíèì çì³ñòîì îö³íêè â³äçíà÷àºòüñÿ íàéá³ëüøîþ ÷àñòîòí³ñòþ âæèâàííÿ ó íàøî-ìó åìï³ðè÷íîíàøî-ìó ìàòåð³àë³ (äèâ. òàáë. 3.1),ùî äîâîäÿòü ³
³íø³ äîñë³äæåííÿ[äèâ. òàêîæ 14: 11], ¿¿ àáñîëþòíà
÷àñ-òîòà ñêëàäຠ3 390 ïðèêëàä³â, òîáòî 38,2% â³ä çàãàëüíî¿
ê³ëüêîñò³ âæèâàíü îö³ííèõ ñë³â ó ÖÏ, ñåðåä íèõ: academic, accessible, active, affordable, alternative, ambitious, beautiful, beloved, blessed, courageous, creative, cultural, dear,
decent, dedicated, delighted, exceptional, faithful, fine, gifted, humble, impressive, leading, legal, lovely, magnificent, natural, noble, optimistic, outstanding, passionate, suitable, superb, talented, treatable, triumphant, unique, upright, valuable òîùî. Íåãàòèâíó îö³íêó ìàþòü 350 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàíüïðèêìåòíèê³â ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏ (4%), íàïðèêëàä: addicted, affected, bitter, blind, brutal, cardiovascular, chronic, cold-blooded, cruel, dangerous, dark, disastrous, discouraging, disturbed, fallible, grievous, heinous, homeless, hopeless, hungry, ill, wrong, wounded òîùî. Çàãàëüíà ê³ëüê³ñòü ïðèêìåòíèê³â ³ç îö³ííîþ ñå-ìîþ äîð³âíþº 42,2%, òîáòî ìàéæå ïîëîâèíó åêñïë³öèò-íèõ îö³íåêñïë³öèò-íèõ íîì³íàö³é ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ.
²íøèì ïîøèðåíèì çàñîáîì âèðàæåííÿ îö³íêè, ÿê ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðîâåäåíèé àíàë³ç, º ³ìåííèêè. Îö³íêà ìîæå áóòè âèñëîâëåíà çà äîïîìîãîþ ³ìåííèê³â ÿêç ïîçèòèâíîþ, òàê ³ íåãàòèâíîþ îö³ííèìè ñåìàìè.²ìåííèêè ç ïîçèòèâ-íîþ ñåìîþ ñêëàäàþòü ÷åòâåðòó ÷àñòèíó óñ³õ ñëîâîâæè-âàíü îö³ííèõ îäèíèöü ó íàøîìó ìàòåð³àë³ äîñë³äæåííÿ 2 240 âæèâàíü, òîáòî 25,2%, ñåðåä íèõ: abundance, acclaim, achievement, affection, allies, appeal, blessing, birthright, candor, challenge, commitment, comfort, compassion, dignity, encouragement, energy, excellence, exploration, faith, friendship, generosity, genius, hope, ingenuity, integrity, inspiration, knowledge, love, miracle, opportunities, willingness, wisdom, winner, wit òîùî. Íå-ãàòèâíó îö³íêó ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ ìàþòü 1 256 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàííÿ ³ìåííèê³â, òîáòî 14% â³ä çàãàëüíî¿
ê³ëüêîñò³ âæèâàíü îö³ííèõ íîì³íàö³é, íàïðèêëàä: abortion, adversities, aggression, assault, bigotry, burdens, chaos, collapse, conquerors, corruption, criminals, danger, darkness, destruction, fear, gulag, harassment, hardship, hatred, hazard, humiliation, misery, murder, oppression, pain, prison, racism, terrorism, unemployment, victim, violence, war, weapons òîùî. Çà íàøèìè ñïîñòåðåæåííÿ-ìè, ³ìåííèêè ç íåãàòèâíîþ ñåìàíòèêîþ âæèâàþòüñÿ ñàìå ó òèõ çðàçêàõ òåêñò³â àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ, ÿê³ ïðÿìî ÷è îïî-ñåðåäêîâàíî ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ òåìàì â³éíè òà òåðàêò³â.Çíà÷íà ê³ëüê³ñòü ç âèä³ëåíîãî êîðïóñó ³ìåííèê³â ç íåãàòèâíîþ îö³íêîþ îïèñóº òåðîðèñòè÷í³ ïî䳿 11 âåðåñíÿ 2001 ðîêó ó ÑØÀ. Âèñîêà ÷àñòîòà âæèâàííÿ ö³º¿ ãðóïè ³ìåííèê³â (äèâ. òàáë. 3.1) ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî ïåâíó íàâìèñí³ñòü òà
³íòåíö³éí³ñòü âèáîðó ìîâíèõ çàñîá³â âèñëîâëåííÿ àäðå-ñàíòîì.
Ñëîâà-îö³íêè ìîæóòü áóòè ïðåäñòàâëåí³ ä³ºñëîâàìè, ÿê³ ïåðåäàþòü íåãàòèâí³ àáî ïîçèòèâí³ ñòàâëåííÿ. Ïîçè-òèâíà îö³íêà ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏ ïåðåäàºòüñÿ 䳺ñëîâàìè ç àáñî-ëþòíîþ ÷àñòîòîþ 1 370ñëîâîâæèâàíü, òîáòî 15,4%, ñå-ðåä íèõ: appreciate, advance, aspire, bless, celebrate, cherish, comfort, defeat, empower, encourage, enhance, enrich, ensure, excite, entertain, establish, flourish, nurture, prevail, promote, protect, pursue, raise, rejoice, remember, shine, strengthen, thrive, understand, value òîùî; íåãàòèâíà îö³íêà çàêëàäå-íà ó ñåìàõ çàêëàäå-íàñòóïíèõ 䳺ñë³â: blame, condemn, despise, despair, destroy, die, fail, hurt, kill, mourn, punish, sacrifice,
suffer, threaten, weaken òà ³íø³. Öÿ ãðóïà ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ³ç 156 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàíü ç â³äíîñíîþ ÷àñòîòîþ ëèøå 1,8%.
Ïðèñë³âíèêè íà -ly óòâîðåí³ â³ä ïðèêìåòíèê³â ñïðèÿ-þòü ïðèâåðòàííþ óâàãè ñëóõà÷à äî ò³º¿ ÷àñòèíè âèñëîâ-ëåííÿ, ÿêà áóëà âèä³ëåíà çã³äíî ç íàì³ðîì àäðåñàíòà òà ïîòðåáàìè êîíòåêñòó ñèòóàö³¿ [6: 74]. Ó íàøîìó åìï³ðè÷-íîìó ìàòåð³àë³ âèä³ëåí³òàê³ âëàñíå îö³íí³ ïðèñë³âíèêè [10: 60] ç ïîçèòèâíèì çíà÷åííÿì: abundantly, actively, accurately, auspiciously, bravely, courageously, democratically, diligently, effectively, eminently, faithfully, famously, flawlessly, friendly, generously, gladly, nobly, overwhelmingly, safely, truly, safely, securely, timely, unanimously, vigorously, vitally, warmly, willingly, wisely òîùî. Âèä³ëåíà ãðóïà íå â³äçíà÷àºòüñÿ âèñîêîþ ÷àñòî-òîþ âæèâàííÿ ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ 95 ïðè-êëàä³â, òîáòî 1,07%. Íåãàòèâíå çíà÷åííÿ ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏ ìàþòü 25 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàííÿ ïðèñë³âíèê³â (0,28%), ñåðåä íèõ: barely, disproportionately, poorly, severely, shockingly, tragically, unfairly, unfortunately, unkindly, unwisely, violently.
Ðîçãëÿíåìî îñîáëèâîñò³ ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ³ìïë³öèò-íèõ çàñîá³â âèðàæåííÿ îö³íêè, ÿê³ ïîçíà÷àþòü äèïëî-ìàòè÷íóîö³íêó âèñëîâëåííÿ ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿
ÖÏ. Ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ìຠêëþ÷îâå çíà÷åííÿ, òàê ÿê ìîâåöü çâåðòàºòüñÿ äî ïîë³åòí³÷íîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ÿêîìó õàðàêòåðí³ ð³çí³ ñîö³-àëüí³ ö³ííîñò³ é ³íòåðåñè, ùî ìîæóòü íîñèòè â³äì³ííèé,
³íîä³ ñóïåðå÷ëèâèé õàðàêòåð, òà çíàííÿ ÿêèõ ñïðèÿº ïðî-öåñó åôåêòèâíî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿. Äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ó òåêñòàõ ÖÏ ôîðìóºòüñÿ íèçêîþ ³ìïë³öèòíèõ ìîâíèõ òà ðèòîðè÷íèõ çàñîá³â, ñåðåä ÿêèõ,ìîâí³ çàñîáè: ìîäàëüí³ ä³ºñëîâàìè ç ïðîòèëåæíèì çíà÷åííÿì, âèñëîâëåííÿ ï³äòðèìêè ïðîòèëåæíèõ/àëüòåðíàòèâíèõòî÷îê çîðó îä-íî÷àñíî (çà äîïîìîãîþ äèïëîìàòè÷íèõ àïðîêñèìàòîð³â as well as, almost, both, in part, neither nor, somehow),
³íòåðïåðñîíàëüí³ ìåòàäèñêóðñèâí³ ìàðêåðè ïîñòóïêè òà ïðîòèñòàâëåííÿ (after all, although, at the same time, but, despite, even if, even though, however, in fact, instead, nonetheless, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather, still, though, unlike, while, whereas, yet); ðèòîðè÷í³ çàñî-áè: îáðàçíå ïîð³âíÿííÿ.
Âèñëîâëåííÿ ï³äòðèìêè ïðîòèëåæíèõ òî÷îê çîðó îä-íî÷àñíî ââàæàºòüñÿ íàéäèïëîìàòè÷í³øèìçàñîáîì íå-êàòåãîðè÷íîñò³ âèñëîâëåííÿ [7: 195]. Ó íàø³é áàç³ äîñë³-äæåííÿ çíàõîäèìî 113 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàííÿ äèïëîìàòè÷-íèõ àïðîêñèìàòîð³â, ùî ³ìïë³êóþòü ï³äòðèìêó àäðåñàí-òîì ïðîòèëåæíèõ òî÷îê çîðó, ñåðåäíèõ: I appreciate the response of both Republicans and Democrats [Bush, 06.19.2002]; Are the peoples of the Middle East somehow beyond the reach of liberty? [Bush, 11.06.2003]; First of all, it is so important for my fellow Americans, as well as everybody in the world to understand that America will hold those evil-doers accountable [Bush, 09.19.2001] òà ³íø³.
Äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ³ìïë³êóºòüñÿ ó òåêñòàõ àìåðè-êàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ íàñòóïíèìè ïðèêëàäàìè ìîäàëüíèõ 䳺ñë³â
ç ïðîòèëåæíèì çíà÷åííÿì: Government can provide resources, but it can’t put hope in our hearts or a sense of purpose in our lives [Bush, 05.11.2004]; We cannot know every turn that lies ahead. Yet we can be certain that by the strength and character of this country [Bush, 01.16.2004];
We can’t be the leading country in the world in science and technology unless we educate scientists and young mathematicians [Bush, 02.13.2006] òîùî. Ó òàêèé çàñ³á àäðåñàíò íàäຠñâîºìó ïðèïóùåííþ á³ëüøîãî ñòóïåíþ éìîâ³ðíîñò³ [7: 195].
Ââàæàºòüñÿ, ùî ³íòåðïåðñîíàëüí³ ìåòàäèñêóðñèâí³ ìàðêåðè ïîñòóïêè òà ïðîòèñòàâëåííÿì³ñòÿòü ³ìïë³öèòíó îö³ííó ñåìó, ÿêà ìîæå áóòè êîìïîíåíòîì ÿê ïîçèòèâíî¿, òàê ³ íåãàòèâíî¿ îö³íêè, ó òàêèé ñïîñ³á ³ìïë³êóþ÷è äèï-ëîìàòè÷íó îö³íêó [7: 198]. Âèùåçàçíà÷åí³ ìàðêåðè ìî-æóòü íåêàòåãîðè÷íî ïåðåäàâàòè ïðåñóïîçèö³þ î÷³êóâàíü
³ìîâ³ðíîãî ïåðåá³ãó ïîä³é, âèÿâëåííÿ ïåâíèõ ÿêîñòåé, âëàñòèâîñòåé îáºêò³â, ïðîöåñ³â, ïðèâåðòàþ÷è öèì óâàãó àäðåñàòà. Íàâåäåìî ïðèêëàäè äèïëîìàòè÷íî¿ îö³íêè, âè-ðàæåíî¿ ìåòàäèñêóðñèâíèìè ìàðêåðàìè ïîñòóïêè òà ïðî-òèñòàâëåííÿ, ùî ïîçíà÷èëèñÿ ó 933 ïðèêëàäàõ ñëîâî-âæèâàíü ó íàøîìó åêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîìó ìàòåð³àë³: You’re serving not only your sport, but you’re serving our country, as well [Bush, 01.10.2006]; There are, however, essential principles common to every successful society, in every culture [Bush, 11.06.2003]; Although the burden of grief can become easier to bear, always there is the memory of another time, and the feeling of sadness over an unfinished life [Bush, 05.31.2004] òà³íø³.
Äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ìîæå ïåðåäàâàòèñÿ ç äîïîìî-ãîþ îáðàçíîãî ïîð³âíÿííÿ, ïðè÷îìó ³íîä³ ïîð³âíÿííÿ òà îö³íêà îáºäíóþòüñÿ â ³íâàð³àíòíó êàòåãîð³þ ïîð³âíÿí-íÿ-îö³íêè [7: 89]. Îçíàêó, ùî ëåæèòü â îñíîâ³ ïîð³âíÿí-íÿ, íàçèâàþòü ³íòåãðàëüíîþ, çàâäÿêè ÿê³é âèÿâëÿþòüñÿ á³íàðí³ îïîçèö³¿ äëÿ ñï³âñòàâëåííÿ îáºêò³â ç îäíàêîâè-ìè âëàñòèâîñòÿîäíàêîâè-ìè [15: 23]. Ïîð³âíÿííÿ â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî ÿñêðàâèõ îáðàçíèõ çàñîá³â, ùî ìîæóòü äàòè êëþ÷ äî ðîçóì³ííÿ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ ñâ³äîìîñò³. Ïîð³âíÿííÿ íå ò³ëüêè ðåïðåçåíòóº åìîö³¿ òà îö³íêè àäðåñàíòà, à ³ º ñèã-íàëîì äëÿ ¿õíüîãî âèÿâëåííÿ ñàìèì àäðåñàòîì [16: 145].
 îñíîâ³ ïîð³âíÿííÿ ëåæèòü åìîö³éíèé âïëèâ íà ðåöè-ﳺíòà. Îñíîâíîþ ôóíêö³ºþ ïîð³âíÿíü º ³ëþñòðàö³ÿ ñêëàäíèõ ³äåé. ßñêðàâèé òà íåî÷³êóâàíèé îáðàç äîïî-ìàãຠðîçóì³ííþ, çàïàìÿòîâóâàííþ, ó íüîìó âåëèêà ñèëà åìîö³éíîãî ïåðåêîíàííÿ [16: 50].
Çà íàøèìè ñïîñòåðåæåííÿìè, òåêñòè àìåðèêàíñüêî¿
ÖÏ õàðàêòåðèçóþòüñÿ ÷àñòèì óæèâàííÿì ïîð³âíÿëüíèõ êîíñòðóêö³é ç ïðèéìåííèêîì like – ó 200 òåêñòàõ ÖÏ çíàõîäèìî 135 ïðèêëàä³â, ñåðåä íèõ: See, our 40th president wore his title lightly, and it fit like a white Stetson [Bush, 06.11.2004]; They, like these players, are good citizens [Bush, 02.14.2006]; It means love a neighbor just like you’d like to be loved yourself [Bush, 01.18.2005]; It is enough to know that evil, like goodness, exists [Bush, 10.11.2001] òà ³íø³.
Ïðîâåäåíèé íàìè àíàë³ç ñâ³ä÷èòü, ùî òåêñòàì àìåðè-êàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ âëàñòèâèé ïîçèòèâíèé çì³ñò îö³íêè âèñëîâ-ëåííÿ 7095 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàíü (äèâ. òàáë. 3.1), ùî ñêëà-äຠ80% â³ä çàãàëüíî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ åêñïë³öèòíèõ çàñîá³â îö³ííî¿ íîì³íàö³¿ ó òåêñòàõ ïðîàíàë³çîâàíèõ ÖÏ, íà â³äì³íó â³ä ñë³â-íîñ³¿â íåãàòèâíî¿ îö³íêè ç àáñîëþòíîþ
÷àñòîòîþ 1 787 óæèâàíü, òîáòî 20%. Ïîçèòèâíà ñåìàíòè-êà îö³ííèõ ñë³â ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèñåìàíòè-êàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ ïðèðîäîþ öüîãî ìîâëåííÿ, ìåòîþ ÿêîãî, çà âèçíà÷åííÿì, º ºäíàííÿ çàðàäè çáåðåæåííÿ ñï³ëüíèõ ö³ííîñòåé, ÿê³ çàâ-æäè ìàþòü ïîçèòèâíèé ïëþñ. Äèïëîìàòè÷íà îö³íêà ââà-æàºòüñÿ íàéá³ëüø åòèêåòíèì çàñîáîì äëÿ ñòâîðåííÿ àëü-òåðíàòèâíèõ ïîãëÿä³â, ï³äõîä³â äî ðîçâÿçàííÿ ïðîáëåì, íåêàòåãîðè÷íîñò³ âèñëîâëåííÿ, âèðàæàºòüñÿ ñïåöèô³÷-íèìè ³ìïë³öèòñïåöèô³÷-íèìè ìîâíî-ðèòîðè÷ñïåöèô³÷-íèìè çàñîáàìè ³ç çàãàëüíîþ ÷àñòîòîþ 1 181 ïðèêëàä³â óæèâàííÿ â áàç³ äîñë³äæåííÿ òà â³ä³ãðຠâàæëèâó ðîëü ó ïîáóäîâ³ âè-ñëîâëåííÿ ó òåêñòàõ àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ.Ï å ð ñ ï å ê ò è -â îþ ïîäàëüøîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ìîæå áóòè -âè-â÷åííÿ çà-ñîá³â åìîö³éíî-åêñïðåñèâíî¿ íîì³íàö³¿ íà ïðèêëàä³ òåêñò³â àìåðèêàíñüêî¿ ÖÏ.
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