×åðíîâàòèé Ë.Ì., äîêò. ïåä. íàóê, ßêóøåâà Í.À. (Õàðê³â) Âàæëèâîþ ñêëàäîâîþ ïåðåêëàäàöüêî¿ êîìïåòåíö³¿ º
íàÿâí³ñòü ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ïåðåêëàäà÷à ôîíîâèõ çíàíü, îá-ñÿã ÿêèõ, â ³äåàë³ ìàâ áè íàáëèæàòèñÿ äî â³äïîâ³äíîãî îáñÿãó îñâ³÷åíîãî íîñ³ÿ ìîâè. Àíàë³ç çãàäàíèõ çíàíü íàâîäèòü íà äóìêó, ùî äî ¿õíüîãî ñêëàäó, îêð³ì ³íøèõ, ìຠâõîäèòè òàêèé âàæëèâèé ñåãìåíò ñâ³äîìîñò³
îñâ³-÷åíîãî íîñ³ÿ àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè, ÿê á³áë³éí³ àëþ糿. Çâ³äñè ëîã³÷íî âèïëèâàº, ùî êîìïåòåíö³ÿ ìàéáóòí³õ ïåðåêëà-äà÷³â ìຠâêëþ÷àòè ÿê ôîíîâ³ çíàííÿ ùîäî ö³º¿ ãàëóç³, òàê ³ ëåêñèêó äëÿ ïîçíà÷åííÿ â³äïîâ³äíèõ ïîíÿòü. Äî-ñë³äæåííÿ çì³ñòó ôîíîâèõ çíàíü, ÿê³ ìàþòü çàñâîþâà-òèñÿ, òà ñòóïåíÿ ¿õíüî¿ íàÿâíîñò³ ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ñòóäåíò³â º àêòóàëüíèìè, çâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî ¿õí³ ðåçóëüòàòè äîçâîëèëè á á³ëüø åôåêòèâíî ôîðìóâàòè ôàõîâó êîì-ïåòåíö³þ ìàéáóòí³õ ïåðåêëàäà÷³â. Ç ³íøîãî áîêó, ÷è-ñåëüí³ñòü òàêèõ äîñë³äæåíü íàðàç³ º íàäçâè÷àéíî îá-ìåæåíîþ, à ñòîñîâíî ìàòåð³àëó, ùî ðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ, àâ-òîðàì äàíî¿ ñòàòò³ âîíè íåâ³äîì³ âçàãàë³.
Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ìåòîþ íàøîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ áóëî âè-çíà÷åííÿ çäàòíîñò³ ìàéáóòí³õ ïåðåêëàäà÷³â ðîçï³çíàâà-òè çíà÷åííÿ àíãëîìîâíèõ á³áë³éíèõ àëþç³é. Ñòóï³íü òàêî¿ çäàòíîñò³ ìîæíà ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê ñâîºð³äíèé ³íäè-êàòîð îáñÿãó â³äïîâ³äíèõ ôîíîâèõ çíàíü ³ ëåêñè÷íèõ îäèíèöü ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ñòóäåíò³â ïåðåêëàäàöüêîãî â³ää³ëåííÿ, ùî, ó ñâîþ ÷åðãó, äîçâîëèëî á çðîáèòè
îá-´ðóíòîâàíèé âèñíîâîê ïðî äîö³ëüí³ñòü âêëþ÷åííÿ íå-îáõ³äíîãî ìàòåð³àëó äî çì³ñòó íàâ÷àííÿ.
Äëÿ îðãàí³çàö³¿ òàêî¿ ïåðåâ³ðêè íàìè áóëî ïðîâåäåíî ñïåö³àëüíèé çð³ç, ÿêèé íîñèâ ôîðìó ïåðåêëàäó äîñë³-äæóâàíèìè 28 øòó÷íî ñòâîðåíèõ âèñëîâëþâàíü ç á³áë³éíèìè àëþç³ÿìè, ðîçóì³ííÿ ÿêèõ âèìàãàëî íàÿâíîñò³ ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ïåâíèõ ôîíîâèõ çíàíü òà ëåêñè÷íèõ îäè-íèöü. Ö³ âèñëîâëþâàííÿ òà ¿õí³é ïåðåêëàä ïîäàí³ äàë³.
1. Unlike Holy Communion, Communism, as any other revealed religion, is largely made up of prophecies. Íà â³äì³íó â³ä Ñâÿòîãî ïðè÷àñòÿ, Êîìóí³çì, ÿê ³ áóäü-ÿêå
³íøå íåùàñòÿ, ãîäóº ïåðåâàæíî îá³öÿíêàìè.
2. Mammon talks, and it’s the only conversation some people are interested in. Ãðîø³ ìàþòü âëàñíó ìîâó, ÿêó, íà â³äì³íó â³ä óñ³õ ³íøèõ, ðàä³ ñëóõàòè äåÿê³ ëþäè.
3. The shibboleth of a lot of marriages is a lot of shibboleth. ßñêðàâ³ áàðâè áàãàòüîõ øëþá³â ç ÷àñîì çà-òèðàþòüñÿ óòåðòèìè ôðàçàìè.
4. Even a doubting Thomas trusts in God – you can tell it by the way he drives. – Íàâ³òü Õîìà Íåâ³ðóþ÷èé â³ðèòü â áîãà âè ò³ëüêè ïîäèâ³òüñÿ, ùî â³í âèðîáëÿº çà êåðìîì!
5. When a man is philistine about what he is talking about, he is probably talking about women. Êîëè ÷î-ëîâ³ê íå ðîçó쳺, ïðî ùî â³í ãîâîðèòü, â³í íàïåâíî ãî-âîðèòü ïðî æ³íîê.
6. He could parable where the stars would be at 11.30 tonight, but not about his daughter. ³í íàïåâíî çíàâ, äå îï³âíî÷³ áóäå Âåíåðà, àëå íå âëàñíà äîíüêà.
7. Walking on water does occur, but a lot of water has to pass under the bridge before that. Òðàïëÿºòüñÿ é ïî âîä³ õîäÿòü, òà ÷èìàëî âîäè ìຠçá³ãòè, ïåðø í³æ òàêå òðàïèòüñÿ.
8. The man who expects a woman to be Lot’s wife, has probably been married before. ßêùî ÷îëîâ³êà íå äèâóº âïåðò³ñòü äðóæèíè, â³í âæå ðàí³øå áóâ îäðóæåíèé ç
³íøîþ.
9. The leviathan is an imperfect animal compared to man who is a perfect leviathan. Íàâ³òü ëþòèé çâ³ð íå òàêèé ñòðàøíèé, ÿê ëþäèíà, ÿêà ³ º òîé íàéëþò³øèé çâ³ð.
10. She believed in lasting marriages, because she still believed in loaves and fishes. Âîíà â³ðèëà ó òðèâàëèé øëþá, áî ùå íå ïîçáàâèëàñÿ â³ðè â ÷óäåñà.
11. The trouble with a bore is that he’s got more of Job inside himself than his listeners. Çàíóäà í³÷èì íå â³äð³çíÿºòüñÿ â³ä ³íøèõ õ³áà ùî ìຠá³ëüøå òåðï³í-íÿ.
12. He, who is afraid to walk under Jacob’s ladder, will never get to the top of it. Òîé, ó êîãî ïàìîðî÷èòüñÿ ãî-ëîâà, ïîáà÷èâøè äðàáèíó, í³êîëè íå äîñÿãíå íàéâèùèõ ùàáë³â.
13. It takes years before a man sees the writing on the wall of every word the woman doesn’t say. Áàãàòî âîäè çá³æèòü, ïåðø í³æ ÷îëîâ³ê íàâ÷èòüñÿ ðîçóì³òè êîæíå ñëîâî, íå âèìîâëåíå æ³íêîþ.
14. It was the gospel truth to always tell the truth if you want to make trouble. Îñü âàì ÷èñòà ïðàâäà: çàâæäè êàæ³òü ò³ëüêè ïðàâäó, ÿêùî áàæàºòå íåïðèºìíîñòåé.
15. Gentile would believe everything they don’t understand. Íåâ³ðóþ÷èé â³ðèòü â áóäü-ùî, ÷îãî â³í íå ðîçó쳺.
16. Some people seem to be waiting for Judgement Day before they’ll start using it. Äåÿê³ ëþäè, çäàºòüñÿ, ïðè-áåð³ãàþòü ðîçñóäëèâ³ñòü àæ äî Ñóäíîãî äíÿ.
17. The four Horsemen can be polite – when it comes to it, they stop and let you go first. Êîëè ñïðàâà äîõî-äèòü äî âèð³øàëüíî¿ áèòâè, óñ³ òàê³ ââ³÷ëèâ³ çàâæäè äàäóòü òîá³ äîðîãó.
18. The biggest problem today is an exodus from the TV terrors. Íàéá³ëüøîþ ïðîáëåìîþ ñüîãîäåííÿ º âðÿ-òóâàííÿ ëþäñòâà â³ä òîðòóð òåëåáà÷åííÿ.
19. Garden of Eden is a station between too much and too little. Ðàé öå ì³ñöå ì³æ íàäì³ðí³ñòþ òà íåñòà÷åþ.
20. Delilah will first do you a favour and then do you. ³ðîëîìíà æ³íêà: ñïåðøó ðàä³ñòü, ïîò³ì çðàäà.
21. Those who look for Daniel’s situation never have much trouble finding it. Õòî ïàëຠáàæàííÿì çàãíàòè ñàìîãî ñåáå â ãëóõèé êóò, çàâæäè ñâîãî äîñÿãíå.
22. Life is a labyrinth in which there are a dozen wrong roads to Damascus for every right one. Æèòòÿ öå ëàá³-ðèíò, â ÿêîìó íà êîæíèé â³ðíèé ïîâîðîò ïðèïàäຠäå-ñÿòü íåâ³ðíèõ.
23. Man wants but little, but that little is your coat of many colours. Ëþäèíà íå ïðàãíå çàéâîãî ìàéíà, ïðîòå ìàéíî, ÿêîãî âîíà ïðàãíå, çàâæäè íàëåæèòü êîìóñü
³íøîìó.
24. We make our own fortunes and we call them Cavalry.
Êîëè æ³íêàì âäàºòüñÿ îáì³íÿòè ôàòó íà áàãàòîãî ÷î-ëîâ³êà, âîíè íàçèâàþòü öå ôàòóìîì.
25. Never follow any Beatitude including this. ͳêî-ëè íå ñëóõàéòå æîäíèõ ïîðàä, âêëþ÷àþ÷è é öþ.
26. The times are not merely out of joint – it’s a compound Babel. Íàø³ ÷àñè íå ïðîñòî íåïåâí³, öå ñïðàâæíº ñóìÿòòÿ ³ õàîñ.
27. The only time apocryphal is allowed is when a husband lists himself as head of the family on his income tax form. ×îëîâ³ê çàâæäè ìຠãîâîðèòè ò³ëüêè ïðàâäó, çà âèíÿòêîì âèïàäêó, êîëè â³í çàïèñóº ñåáå ÿê ãëàâó ñ³ì¿
â ïîäàòêîâ³é äåêëàðàö³¿.
28. If a woman makes up her mind to marry a man, nothing but Noah’s arc can save him. ßêùî æ³íêà âèð³-øèòü îæåíèòè íà ñîá³ ÷îëîâ³êà, òî éîãî ìîæå âðÿòóâà-òè õ³áà ùî Íî¿â êîâ÷åã.
Ïåðåë³÷åí³ âèùå àíãëîìîâí³ ðå÷åííÿ áóëè çàïðîïî-íîâàí³ 23 ñòóäåíòàì òðåòüîãî êóðñó ³ 28 ñòóäåíòàì ïÿ-òîãî êóðñó àíãë³éñüêîãî ïåðåêëàäàöüêîãî â³ää³ëåííÿ Õàðê³âñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ì. Â.Í.Êà-ðàç³íà, â³êîì â³ä 20 äî 24 ðîê³â. Äàë³ ïîäàíî çàãàëüí³ ðåçóëüòàòè òà ¿õí³é àíàë³ç.
Çà ïðàâèëüí³ñòþ ïåðåêëàäó ìè ðîçä³ëèëè ðå÷åííÿ íà òðè òèïè. Òèï 1: 40-78% ïðàâèëüíîñò³ (äî íüîãî ïî-òðàïèëè ðå÷åííÿ ¹¹ 6 (78%), 28 (59%), 12 (57%), 10 (51%), 14 (46%), 13 (40%); òèï 2: 24-35% ïðàâèëüíîñò³ (ñþäè â³äíîñÿòüñÿ ðå÷åííÿ ¹¹ 19 (35%), 22 (32%), 4 (30%), 5 (30%),7 (27 %), 21 (27 %), 25 (24 %), 18 (24
%); òèï 3: 11-13% (ðå÷åííÿ ¹¹17 (13 %), 23 (11 %);
òèï 4: 0-3% (ðå÷åííÿ ¹¹ 1, 2, 15, 16, 20 3%, ¹¹ 3, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 27 0%.
Ðîçãëÿíåìî ïðè÷èíè, ç ÿêèõ ïåðåë³÷åí³ âèùå ðå÷åí-íÿ â³äíåñåí³ äî ïåâíîãî òèïó. Äî ïåðøîãî òèïó â³äíî-ñÿòüñÿ ðå÷åííÿ ç ïðîçîðèì êîíòåêñòîì, ÿêèé äîçâîëÿº âèâåñòè çíà÷åííÿ íåâ³äîìîãî ñëîâà áåçïîñåðåäíüî ³ç çàãàëüíîãî çì³ñòó, ÿê öå ñïîñòåð³ãàºòüñÿ ç³ ñëîâàìè
parable (ðå÷åííÿ 6), Noah’s arc (ðå÷åííÿ 7), Jacob’s ladder (ðå÷åííÿ 12), gospel truth (ðå÷åííÿ14). ³äíîñíó íåñêëàäí³ñòü ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ loaves and fishes (ðå÷åí-íÿ 10), ìîæíà ïîÿñíèòè ìîæëèâèì çíàí(ðå÷åí-íÿì â³äïîâ³ä-íîãî á³áë³éâ³äïîâ³ä-íîãî åï³çîäó, à ïîð³âíÿíî âèñîêèé â³äñîòîê ïðàâèëüíîñò³ ó âèïàäêó ç the writing on the wall (ðå÷åí-íÿ 13) íàéïðîñò³øå ³íòåðïðåòóâàòè çíîâó æ òàêè çà äî-ïîìîãîþ êîíòåêñòó, õî÷à òóò â³í íå òàêèé ïðîçîðèé, ÿê ó ïîïåðåäí³õ ðå÷åííÿõ, àëå, ç ³íøîãî áîêó, ³ â³äñîòîê ïðàâèëüíîñò³ ó äàíîìó âèïàäêó íèæ÷èé.
Ðå÷åííÿ, â³äíåñåí³ äî òèïó 2, â ïðèíöèï³, ñõîæ³ íà îñòàííº ðå÷åííÿ òèïó 1, âëàñíå ³ â³äñîòîê ïðàâèëüíîñò³ ó äåÿêèõ ðå÷åíü öüîãî òèïó íå íàáàãàòî íèæ÷èé. Òóò ìàºìî ñïðàâó ç âèïàäêàìè, êîëè êîíòåêñò ùå ìîæå äî-ïîìîãòè, àëå â³í âæå íå òàêèé ïðîçîðèé, ÿê ó ðå÷åííÿõ òèïó 1. ³äïîâ³äíî ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ Garden of Eden
(ðå-÷åííÿ 19), road to Damascus (ðå÷åííÿ 22), doubting Thomas (ðå÷åííÿ 4), philistine (ðå÷åííÿ 5), Daniel’s situation (ðå÷åííÿ 21), exodus (ðå÷åííÿ 18) äàëåêî íå çàâ-æäè ïðàâèëüíî ³íòåðïðåòóþòüñÿ.  ³íøèõ âèïàäêàõ ñë³ä êîíñòàòóâàòè â³äñóòí³ñòü â³äïîâ³äíèõ ôîíîâèõ çíàíü, ÿê³ íåîáõ³äí³ äëÿ â³ðíîãî âèòëóìà÷åííÿ ñëîâà Beatitude
(ðå-÷åííÿ 25) àáî ñëîâîñïîëó(ðå-÷åííÿ walking on water
(ðå-÷åííÿ 7).
Ñêëàäí³ñòü ïåðåêëàäó ðå÷åíü òèïó 3 ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ â³äñóòí³ñòþ ôîíîâèõ çíàíü, âíàñë³äîê ÿêî¿ ïåðåâàæíà á³ëüø³ñòü ìàéáóòí³õ ïåðåêëàäà÷³â íå çðîçóì³ëà çíà÷åí-íÿ ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíü four Horsemen (ðå÷åííÿ 17) òà coat of many colours (ðå÷åííÿ 23).
Íàéñêëàäí³øèìè âèÿâèëèñÿ ðå÷åííÿ òèïó 4, äå ñïî-ñòåð³ãàºòüñÿ ñóêóïíèé íåãàòèâíèé âïëèâ ê³ëüêîõ ÷èí-íèê³â, çîêðåìà, â³äñóòíîñò³ ôîíîâèõ çíàíü, ì³æìîâíî¿
òà âíóòð³øíüîìîâíî¿ ³íòåðôåðåíö³¿. Íàïðèêëàä, ïðè
³íòåðïðåòàö³¿ ðå÷åííÿ 1 çàô³êñîâàíèé âïëèâ ì³æìîâíî¿
³íòåðôåðåíö³¿, ùî ñïðè÷èíèëî ³íòåðïðåòàö³þ äðóãîãî åëåìåíòó ñòàëîãî ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ Holy Communion ÿê
êîìóíà. Ðåçóëüòàòîì öüîãî áóëè âàð³àíòè òèïó Íà â³äì³íó â³ä ñâÿòî¿ êîìóíè, êîìóí³çì, ÿê ³ áóäü-ÿêà ³íøà â³äîìà ðåë³ã³ÿ, ñêëàäàºòüñÿ â îñíîâíîìó ç ïðîðîöòâ.
Ñïîñòåð³ãàëèñÿ òàêîæ ÷èñëåíí³ âèïàäêè ñìèñëîâîãî ðîçâèòêó ñëîâà êîìóíà, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî ñòóäåíòè ïðî-ïîíóâàëè òàê³ âàð³àíòè (çíàêîì * òóò ³ äàë³ ïîçíà÷àþòü-ñÿ íåâäàë³ òëóìà÷åííÿ), ÿê *ñâÿòà (àáî ñâÿùåííà) ñï³ëüíîòà, *ñâÿòå îáºäíàííÿ, *ñâÿòå áðàòñòâî,
*ñâÿòå ñóñï³ëüñòâî, *ñâÿòå âîççºäíàííÿ, *Ñâÿòå ñ³ìåéñòâî. Òðàïëÿëèñÿ âèïàäêè ñìèñëîâîãî ðîçâèòêó îáîõ êîìïîíåíò³â ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ Holy Communion, ³ òîä³ çÿâëÿëèñÿ âàð³àíòè òèïó *ðåë³ã³éíà ãðîìàäà.
Îäíî÷àñíî, ï³ä âïëèâîì âíóòð³øíüîìîâíî¿ ³íòåðôå-ðåíö³¿, ñïîñòåð³ãàëèñÿ îçíàêè çì³øóâàííÿ òàêèõ ïàð àíãëîìîâíèõ ëåêñè÷íèõ îäèíèöü: îòîòîæíåííÿ ñë³â Communion òà commune ñïðè÷èíèëî ïîÿâó â óêðà¿í-ñüêèõ ïåðåêëàäàõ ñëîâà êîìóíà, ñëàáêîþ äèôåðåíö³-àö³ºþ ñë³â Communion òà community ìîæíà ïîÿñíèòè âæèâàííÿ ìàéáóòí³ìè ïåðåêëàäà÷àìè óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñë³â
ñï³ëüíîòà, ñóñï³ëüñòâî òà ãðîìàäà, à ïîÿâà â ïåðåêëàä³ ñë³â îáºäíàííÿ òà âîççºäíàííÿ âèêëè-êàíà çì³øóâàííÿì ñë³â Communion òà union.
³ääàëåíà ñõîæ³ñòü òåðì³í³â mammon òà ìîðìîí
ó ðå÷åíí³ 2 ç íàñòóïíèì ñìèñëîâèì ðîçâèòêîì (ìîð-ìîí ðåë³ã³ÿ ìîëèòâà ïðîïîâ³äü ïðîðîê) ñïðè÷èíèëà ïîÿâó âàð³àíò³â: *Ìîðìîí ãîâîðèòü, ³ öå ºäèíà ðîçìîâà, ó ÿê³é çàö³êàâëåí³ äåÿê³ ëþäè, “* Ìî-ëèòâà – ºäèíà ðîçìîâà, â ÿê³é çàö³êàâëåí³ ëþäè, *Íà-ã³ðíà ïðîïîâ³äü öå ºäèíà ïðîïîâ³äü, â ÿê³é çàö³êàâ-ëåí³ äåÿê³ ëþäè, *Ïðîðîê ìîâèòü, ³ öå ºäèíà ïðîâà, ÿêà ö³êàâèòü äåÿêèõ ëþäåé, *Äåÿê³ ëþäè íå ìî-æóòü íîðìàëüíî ñï³ëêóâàòèñÿ, âîíè ìîìî-æóòü ò³ëüêè ÷è-òàòè ïðîïîâ³ä³.
Åëåìåíò (mammon), ÿêèé º äæåðåëîì íåâèçíà÷åíîñò³ ó öüîìó ðå÷åíí³, ³íäóêóâàâ ùå é ì³æìîâíó ³íòåðôåðåí-ö³þ îäðàçó ó òðüîõ ïàðàõ: mammon – Mormon (äèâ.
àíàë³ç ó ðîçä³ë³ ̳æìîâíà ³íòåðôåðåíö³ÿ âèùå), mammon – mammal (ññàâåöü) òà mammon – mumble (áóáîí³òè). ²íòåðôåðåíö³ÿ ó ïàð³ mammon – mammal ïîÿñíþº ïîÿâó òàêèõ ðå÷åíü, ÿê *Ìîâà ññàâö³â – öå ºäèíà ìîâà, ÿêîþ ëþäè ðîçìîâëÿþòü òà ÿêîþ ö³êàâëÿòü-ñÿ, *Òå, ùî ññàâö³ ìîæóòü ðîçìîâëÿòè, ëèøå äåÿêèõ ç íèõ ãëèáîêî ö³êàâèòü àáî *Ññàâåöü ãîâîðèòü, ³ öå ºäè-íå, ó ÷îìó çàö³êàâëåí³ ëþäè. ²íòåðôåðåíö³ÿ æ ó ïàð³ mammon – mumble äîçâîëÿº çðîçóì³òè íàÿâí³ñòü âàð³-àíò³â: *Ïë³òêè – öå âñå, ùî ö³êàâèòü äåÿêèõ ëþäåé,
*Ïóñò³ áàëà÷êè – öå ºäèíà òåìà äëÿ ðîçìîâè ÿêîþ ö³êàâ-ëÿòüñÿ äåÿê³ ëþäè àáî *Ìàìîíñüê³ ïë³òêè öå ºäèíà ðîçìîâà, ÿêîþ ö³êàâëÿòüñÿ äåÿê³ ëþäè.
Ö³êàâ³ âèïàäêè ñìèñëîâîãî ðîçâèòêó çàô³êñîâàí³ ïðè ïåðåêëàä³ ðå÷åííÿ 9, äå çàô³êñîâàíà ì³æìîâíà
³íòåð-ôåðåíö³ÿ çà ôîðìîþ ó äîñèòü íåî÷³êóâàí³é ïàð³
leviathan ë³íèâåöü, íàñë³äêîì ÿêî¿ áóâ òàêèé ïåðå-êëàä: *˳íèâåöü íå º äîñêîíàëîþ òâàðèíîþ, àëå ëþ-äèíà äîñêîíàëèé ë³íèâåöü. Ùå á³ëüø íåñïîä³âàíèì áóâ ùå îäèí âèïàäîê ñìèñëîâîãî ðîçâèòêó ñëîâà leviathan ó öüîìó æ ðå÷åíí³: leviathan – ëåâ³òàö³ÿ – ïòàõ – àëüáàòðîñ – àëüá³íîñ, ùî ïðèçâåëî äî ïîÿâè ðå÷åííÿ *Àëüá³íîñ íåäîñêîíàëà òâàðèíà, àëå ëþäè-íà äîñêîëþäè-íàëèé àëüá³íîñ.
Íåâäà÷³ ïðè ³íòåðïðåòàö³¿ ðå÷åííÿ 8 ïîâÿçàí³ ³ç íå-çíàííÿì á³áë³éíî¿ ëåãåíäè ïðî äðóæèíó Ëîòà, ÿêà ïå-ðåòâîðèëàñÿ íà ñîëÿíèé ñòîâï, áî ïîðóøèëà óìîâó íå îçèðàòèñÿ ï³ä ÷àñ âòå÷³. Íàìàãàííÿ çäîãàäàòèñÿ, ÿê³ ñàìå ðèñè õàðàêòåðó áóëè ïðèòàìàíí³ äðóæèí³ Ëîòà áóëè çäå-á³ëüøîãî íåâäàëèìè ³ äîñèòü îäíîìàí³òíèìè, ïðî ùî ñâ³ä÷àòü ïðèêëàäè âàð³àíò³â, çàïðîïîíîâàíèõ ñòóäåíòà-ìè: *×îëîâ³ê, ÿêèé ñïîä³âàºòüñÿ, ùî éîãî äðóæèíà áóäå â³ðíîþ, ìàáóòü, í³êîëè íå áóâ îäðóæåíèé ðàí³øå, *×î-ëîâ³ê, ùî î÷³êóº â³ä æ³íêè íåâèííîñò³, ìàáóòü, ùå íå áóâ îäðóæåíèé, *×îëîâ³ê, ÿêèé ââàæຠóñ³õ æ³íîê çðàäíèöÿìè, ìîæëèâî âæå áóâ îäðóæåíèé, *Òîé, õòî ïðèïóñêàº, ùî æ³íêà ìîæå éîãî çðàäèòè, âæå, ìàáóòü, áóâ îäðóæåíèé, *×îëîâ³ê, ÿêèé î÷³êóº, ùî æ³íêà áóäå ñõîæà íà æ³íêó Ëîòà (ñòåðâó), ìàáóòü, âæå áóâ îäðóæå-íèé.
Òàêèì ÷èíîì, àíàë³ç, âèêëàäåíèé âèùå, äîçâîëÿº çðîáèòè âèñíîâîê ïðî òå, ùî îáñÿã ôîíîâèõ çíàíü òà â³äïîâ³äíî¿ ëåêñèêè ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ìàéáóòí³õ ïåðåêëà-äà÷³â íà äàíîìó åòàï³ º íåäîñòàòí³ì äëÿ çàáåçïå÷åííÿ â³ðíî¿ ³íòåðïðåòàö³¿ á³áë³éíèõ àëþç³é, à îòæå â³äïîâ³ä-íèé ìàòåð³àë äîö³ëüíî âêëþ÷èòè äî çì³ñòó íàâ÷àííÿ ïå-ðåêëàäó ÿê ñïåö³àëüíîñò³.
ÏÑÈÕÎ˲ÍòÑÒÈ×Ͳ ÏÅÐÅÄÓÌÎÂÈ ÍÀÂ×ÀÍÍß
ÌÀÉÁÓÒÍ²Õ ÔÀÕ²Âֲ ÏÐÎÔÅѲÉÍÎÃΠIJËÎÂÎÃÎ ÑϲËÊÓÂÀÍÍß
dzíóêîâà Í.Â., êàíä. ïåä. íàóê (Äí³ïðîïåòðîâñüê)Íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ì³æíàðîäíîãî ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâà ðîáèòü çíà÷óùèìè âì³ííÿ ä³ëîâîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ äëÿ âèïóñêíèê³â âèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â ÿê ñêëàäíîãî ïðîöåñó, ÿêèé ì³ñòèòü äåê³ëüêà àñïåêò³â: êîìóí³êàòèâíèé ïåðåäà÷ó
³íôîðìàö³¿; ³íòåðàêòèâíèé, ùî ïåðåäáà÷ຠâçàºìîä³þ ñï³âðîçìîâíèê³â, òà ïåðöåïòèâíèé, ÿêèé ïîâÿçàíèé ³ç âçàºìîñïðèéìàííÿì.
Êîìóí³êàòèâíèé àñïåêò º íàéâàæëèâ³øîþ ðèñîþ ñó-ì³ñíî¿ ìîâëåííºâî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ñï³âðîçìîâíèê³â â ïðî-öåñ³ ä³ëîâîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. ³í ïåðåäáà÷ຠâîëîä³ííÿ ºäèíîþ ñèñòåìîþ êîäèô³êàö³¿ òà äåêîäèô³êàö³¿ ³íôîð-ìàö³¿, ÿêà íàäõîäèòü. Ïîòðåáà â êîìóí³êàòèâíîìó òà ³íòå-ëåêòóàëüíîìó ðîçâèòêó îñîáèñòîñò³ ìàéáóòí³õ ôàõ³âö³â,
¿õ ï³äãîòîâêà äî ïðîôåñ³éíèõ êîíòàêò³â ³ç çàðóá³æíèìè ñïåö³àë³ñòàìè, äîñÿãíåííÿ ð³âíÿ çàãàëüíî¿ òà
ïðîôåñ³é-íî¿ êóëüòóðè, ÿêèé â³äïîâ³äàâ áè ñâ³òîâîìó, ÿê ìåòà íà-â÷àííÿ ïîâèíí³ çíàéòè ñâîº â³äîáðàæåííÿ â äåðæàâíèõ ïðîãðàìàõ âèùî¿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ îñâ³òè Óêðà¿íè.  óìî-âàõ, ùî ñêëàëèñÿ, ïðîáëåìà ôîðìóâàííÿ êîìóí³êàòèâ-íèõ òà ³íøèõ âì³íü ä³ëîâîãî ³íøîìîâíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ñòຠàêòóàëüíèì íàïðÿìêîì ìåòîäè÷íî¿ íàóêè.
ijëîâå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ôàõ³âö³â ìຠñâîþ ñïåöèô³êó òà â³äð³çíÿºòüñÿ ìîòèâàìè, óìîâàìè, çì³ñòîì ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, ïåðåë³êîì ñîö³àëüíî-êîìóí³êàòèâíèõ ðîëåé. Öÿ ñïåöèô³-êà áàãàòî â ÷îìó çóìîâëåíà ðîëëþ òà ì³ñöåì ïðîôåñ³é-íîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ³íîçåìíîþ ìîâîþ ôàõ³âöÿ â ñòðóêòóð³ éîãî òðóäîâî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà õàðàêòåðîì ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ ì³æ ìîâëåííºâîþ ä³ÿëüí³ñòþ ÿê çàñîáîì ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, òàê ³ éîãî îñíîâíèìè ïðîôåñ³éíèìè ôóíêö³ÿìè.
Ö³ëêîì ÿñíî, ùî â êîæíîìó îêðåìîìó âèïàäêó çì³ñò
òà ìåòîäèêà íàâ÷àííÿ ïîâèíí³ â³äîáðàæàòè çàãàëüí³ ðèñè ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ òà ñïåöèô³÷í³ îñîáëè-âîñò³ çàâäàíü, óìîâ òà ïðîáëåì ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ôàõ³âö³â êîí-êðåòíî¿ ïðîôåñ³¿. Íå âèêëèêຠñóìí³âó òîé ôàêò, ùî õà-ðàêòåðí³ ðèñè â ñï³ëêóâàíí³ ³íæåíåð³â-òåõíîëîã³â, íà-ïðèêëàä, çîâñ³ì íå àêòóàëüí³ äëÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ë³íãâ³ñò³â àáî åêîíîì³ñò³â. Òîìó äîñë³äæåííÿ ñïåöèô³êè
ïðîôåñ-³éíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ôàõ³âö³â, ÿê³ ïðàöþâàòèìóòü â åêî-íîì³÷íîìó ñåêòîð³, ïðàêòè÷íî íåìîæëèâå áåç ðîçãëÿäàí-íÿ çàãàëüíî¿ ïðîáëåìè âçàºìîçâÿçêó ïðîôåñ³éíî-òðó-äîâî¿ òà ìîâëåííºâî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ â ïðîöåñ³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ.
Ìåòîþ íàøî¿ ñòàòò³ º àíàë³ç ïñèõîëîã³÷íèõ òà ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèõ ïåðåäóìîâ ³íøîìîâíîãî ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ä³ëîâîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ âèïóñêíèê³â ÂÍÇ.
Çà îñòàíí³é ÷àñ ïðîáëåìà íàâ÷àííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî
³íøîìîâíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ïðèâåðòàëà óâàãó áàãàòüîõ äîñë³äíèê³â. Ñâ³ä÷åííÿòîãî âåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü ðîá³ò çà ö³ºþ òåìàòèêîþ: äèñåðòàö³¿ ².Â. ̳õàëê³íî¿ (1994), Ã.À. Ãðèøåíêîâî¿ (1995), ª.Â. Òèõîìèðîâî¿ (1995), ª.Â. Òàðàñîâî¿ (1997), Ò.Ì. Ñàëòèêîâî¿ (1998), Í.ª. Áå-ðåçèíî¿ (1998), Þ.Ë. Ìîãèëåâè÷ (1999), Ì.Â. Îçåðîâî¿
(1999), Ã.Ã. Õàðèñîâî¿ (2001). Äîñë³äíèêè âèä³ëÿþòü ð³çí³ àñïåêòè íàâ÷àííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ çàëåæ-íî â³ä ñïåö³àë³çàö³¿, íàïðèêëàä, çîâí³øíüîåêîçàëåæ-íîì³÷íèõ çâÿçê³â (̳õàëê³íà ².Â., 1994), ô³çè÷íî¿ (Ñåëåçíå-âà Â.Ì., 1982), þðèäè÷íî¿ (Ñàâ÷åíêî .Ï., 1990) òà ³í.;
ôîðìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ: óñíà (Ãðèøåíêîâà Ã.À., 1995; Äåâ³-íà Ë.²., 1989; Âà뺺âà Í.Ã., 1994; Ãàéñèíà À.ß., 1997 òà
³í.); ³ ïèñåìíà (Ãàïîí Þ.À., 1990; Ñòîðîæåíêî Â.À., 1985 òà ³í.); âèäè ìîâëåííºâî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, íàïðèêëàä, ñï³ëêó-âàííÿ (Êàøèíà ª.Ã., 1989; Ñàìîéëþêåâè÷ ².Â., 1990; Òà-ðàñîâà ª.Â., 1997), àóä³þâàííÿ (Îí³ñ³íà ².Ñ., 1990; Êî-íåâà Í.Í., 2001); ÷èòàííÿ (Ðîãîæèíà Í.Í., 1992; Êîëåñ-íèêîâà ².Ë., 1986; Áàðàáàíîâà Ã.Â., 1990); ïèñüìà (Ãðî-ìîâà Í.Ì., 1993; Êàïëè÷ Ë.Â., 1996; Óëüÿíîâà ².Ã., 1997);
çì³ñòó íàâ÷àííÿ, íàïðèêëàä, ñîö³îêóëüòóðíîãî êîìïîíåí-òà (Áîãàòèðüîâà Ì.À., 1998; Êóçüìèíà Ë.Ã., 1998); îðãà-í³çàö³ÿ çì³ñòó íàâ÷àííÿ ó ï³äðó÷íèêó (Îçåðîâà Ì.Â., 1999).
Ôåíîìåí ñï³ëêóâàííÿ º áàãàòîãðàííèì. Ç òèì ÷è
³íøèì ñòóïåíåì ïîâíîòè â³í âèâ÷àºòüñÿ ³ â òåîðåòè÷íî-ìó, ³ â ïðàêòè÷íîìó àñïåêòàõ â ðîáîòàõ ïñèõîëîã³â, ô³ëî-ñîô³â, ïñèõîë³íãâ³ñò³â, ìåòîäèñò³â òà ³í. Ïðî ñï³ëêóâàí-íÿ íàïèñàíî áåçë³÷ ñòàòåé, êíèæîê, çàïðîïîíîâàíî áà-ãàòî ð³çíèõ ìîäåëåé ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. Àñïåêòè ïðîáëåìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ÿê ô³ëîñîôñüêî¿ êàòåãîð³¿, ùî õàðàêòåðè-çóº âçàºìîä³þ ëþäèíè ç³ ñâ³òîì, çíàéøëè ñâîº â³äîáðà-æåííÿ â ïðàöÿõ âèäàòíèõ ô³ëîñîô³â (Ë.Ï. Áóºâî¿, Ì.Ñ. Êàãàíà, Þ.Ä. Ïðèëþêà). ¯õ äîñë³äæåííÿ ïîâÿçàí³
³ç ñîö³àëüíî-ô³ëîñîôñüêîþ ðåôëåêñ³ºþ ñóñï³ëüñòâà.
Âçàºìîä³ÿ ñóáºêò³â ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ç òî÷êè çîðó ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ñòàíîâëåííÿ òà ðîç-âèòêó îñîáèñòîñò³. Ïðîáëåìà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ïîâÿçàíà ç ïðîáëåìàìè ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, ñîö³àë³çàö³¿ îñî-áèñòîñò³ [3, 9, 16].
Îäíèì ³ç íàéâàæëèâ³øèõ ìîìåíò³â âèâ÷åííÿ ñï³ëêó-âàííÿ â ðàìêàõ ³íôîðìàö³éíî-³íñòðóìåíòàëüíîãî ï³äõî-äó äî ïðîáëåìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ó â³ò÷èçíÿí³é ñîö³àëüí³é ô³ëîñîôñüê³é íàóö³ áóëî âèçíà÷åííÿ òåðì³í³â êîìóí³-êàö³ÿ òà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. Þ.Ä. Ïðèëþê íà îñíîâ³ ãëèáî-êîãî ñåìàíòèêî-åòèìîëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó çðîáèâ âèñíî-âîê ïðî òîòîæí³ñòü öèõ òåðì³í³â â ðîìàíî-ãåðìàíñüê³é, òþðñüê³é, óãðî-ô³íñüê³é òà êèòàéñüê³é ìîâàõ.  ëà-òèíñüê³é ìîâ³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ çíà÷èòü ñàìå êîìóí³êà-ö³þ. ³í çàïðîïîíóâàâ òåðì³íîëîã³÷í³ ³ºðàðõ³÷í³ ñõîäè-íè ïðîöåñó êîìóí³êàö³¿, äå êîìóí³êàö³ÿ (îáì³í ³íôîðìà-ö³ºþ) öå íàéøèðøå ïîíÿòòÿ, á³ëüø âóçüêå ïîíÿòòÿ ñîö³àëüíà êîìóí³êàö³ÿ, àáî, ³íøèìè ñëîâàìè, îáì³í
³íôîðìàö³ºþ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³. Îáì³í æå ³íôîðìàö³ºþ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ íà âåðáàëüíîìó ð³âí³ öå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ [16].
Äîñë³äæåííÿ ôåíîìåíó ñï³ëêóâàííÿ â ðàìêàõ ³íôîð-ìàö³éíî-³íñòðóìåíòàëüíîãî ï³äõîäó çíà÷èòü, ùî ñï³ëêó-âàííÿ öå çàñ³á, çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêîãî ³íäèâ³ä ìîæå êåðó-âàòè ïðîöåñàìè, ÿê³ â³äáóâàþòüñÿ íàâêîëî íüîãî.
Ñï³ëêóâàííÿ â ðàìêàõ ³íøîãî ï³äõîäó åêçèñòåíö³-àëüíî-ôåíîìåíîëîã³÷íîãî ìîæíà âèçíà÷èòè ÿê ºäí³ñòü ïðîòèëåæíèõ åëåìåíò³â ïðèðîäíîãî òà ñîö³àëüíîãî â ïðîöåñ³ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ñóáºêòà, ÿê ñóòíîñò³, ÿêà â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî ñåáå ñâ³äîìî. Îñíîâíèé íàïðÿì åêçèñòåíö³àëüíî-ôå-íîìåíîëîã³÷íî¿ ïàðàäèãìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ îð³ºíòîâàíèé íà ñóáºêòèâí³ñòü â ëþäèí³, à ìåòà ô³ëîñîôñüêî¿ ðåôëåêñ³¿
ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ñòàíîâèòü âèÿâëåííÿ ä³éñíîñò³ òà ìîæëè-âîñò³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ [1].
Ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ÿê ôåíîìåí êóëüòóðè çíàõîäèòüñÿ â ïîë³ çîðó ïðàêòè÷íî óñ³õ ãóìàí³òàðíèõ íàóê, ÿê³ âèâ÷àþòü ïîâåä³íêó ëþäèíè, éîãî æèòòºä³ÿëüí³ñòü â ñîö³îêóëü-òóðíîìó îòî÷åíí³. Ïðîáëåì³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ â ïñèõîëî㳿
ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ ïðàö³ òàêèõ â÷åíèõ, ÿê Àíäðåºâî¿Ã.Ì., Áî-äàëºâàÀ.À., ËåîíòüºâàÀ.À., ËîìîâàÁ.Ô., Ïàðèã³-íàÁ.Ä. òà ³í. Àíàë³ç ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäàãîã³÷íî¿ ë³òåðàòó-ðè äîçâîëèâ âèÿâèòè ÷èñëåíí³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòü
ñï³ëêóâàííÿ.
Ïñèõîëîã³÷íèé ñëîâíèê âèçíà÷ຠñï³ëêóâàííÿ ÿê âçàºìîä³þ äâîõ ÷è á³ëüø îñ³á ïðè îáì³í³ ì³æ íèìè
³íôîðìàö³ºþ ï³çíàâàëüíîãî àáî àôåêòèâíî-îö³íþâàëü-íîãî õàðàêòåðó [21:232].
Àíàëîã³÷íå òðàêòóâàííÿ ïðîïîíóºòüñÿ ³ â ë³íãâ³ñòè÷-íîìó åíöèêëîïåäè÷ë³íãâ³ñòè÷-íîìó ñëîâíèêó, ÿêèé âèçíà÷ຠñï³ëêó-âàííÿ ÿê ñïåöèô³÷íó ôîðìó âçàºìî䳿 ëþäåé â ïðîöåñ³
¿õ ï³çíàâàëüíî-òðóäîâî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ [20: 233].
Àíãëî-ðîñ³éñüêèé òåðì³íîëîã³÷íèé äîâ³äíèê ç ìåòî-äèêè âèêëàäàííÿ ³íîçåìíèõ ìîâ òåæ ïðîïîíóº
âèçíà-÷åííÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, ÿê ïåðåäà÷ó òà ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ ³íôîð-ìàö³¿ ï³çíàâàëüíîãî òà àôåêòèâíî-îö³íþâàëüíîãî õàðàê-òåðó, îáì³í çíàííÿìè, íàâè÷êàìè òà âì³ííÿìè â ïðîöåñ³ ìîâëåííºâî¿ âçàºìî䳿 äâîõ ÷è á³ëüøå îñ³á [11: 29].
Ïîä³áíîãî âèçíà÷åííÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ äîäåðæóºòüñÿ À.À. Áîäàëåâ [2: 5] òà ª.². Ïàññîâ [14: 47]. À.À.Ëåîíòüºâ ðîçãëÿäຠñï³ëêóâàííÿ ÿê ïðîöåñ âñòàíîâëåííÿ òà ï³äòðèìêè êîíòàêòó ì³æ ëþäüìè âñåðåäèí³ ïåâíî¿
ñî-ö³àëüíî¿ ñï³ëüíîñò³ ( ãðóïè, êîëåêòèâó, ñóñï³ëüñòâà), ïîâÿçàíèõ ÿêèìîñü ïñèõîëîã³÷íèìè â³äíîøåííÿìè. Ïî ñóò³, öåé ïðîöåñ ñîö³àëüíèé, â³í âèíèêຠëèøå çàâäÿêè ñóñï³ëüí³é íåîáõ³äíîñò³ òà ðåàë³çóº ñóñï³ëüí³ â³äíîøåí-íÿ. Çà Ëåîíòüºâèì, ñï³ëêóâàííÿ öå áàãàòîïîâåðõîâà êîíñòðóêö³ÿ:ä³ÿëüí³ñòü âçàºìîä³ÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ êîí-òàêò [13: 121-132]. ².À. Çèìíÿ ââàæàº, ùî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ öå ôîðìà âçàºìî䳿 ëþäåé, ÿê³ çä³éñíþþòü ð³çí³ âèäè ä³ÿëüíîñò³ â ïðîöåñ³ ñóñï³ëüíî-òðóäîâèõ â³äíîñèí [6: 44].
гçí³ ïîãëÿäè ³ñíóþòü ³ ùîäî ïðè÷èí, ÿê³ çáóäæóþòü ëþäåé ïî÷èíàòè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. Àíàë³ç âèùåçãàäàíèõ êîí-öåïö³é ïîêàçóº ò³ñíó êîðåëÿö³þ ïðîöåñ³â ä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ òà äຠìîæëèâ³ñòü ñòâåðäæóâàòè, ùî ñï³ëêó-âàííÿ òà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü º íåðîçðèâíèìè. Ó ïñèõîëîãî-ïåäà-ãîã³÷í³é ë³òåðàòóð³ ³ñíóº âåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòüð³çíèõ êëàñè-ô³êàö³é ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. Òåîðåòè÷í³ êëàñèô³êàö³¿ ìîæíà õàðàêòåðèçóâàòè ÿê ëîã³÷í³ ³ äîñèòü àáñòðàêòí³. Òàê, À.À. Ëåîíòüºâ íàçèâຠíàñòóïí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñï³ëêó-âàííÿ, çà ÿêèìè ìîæíà âèä³ëèòè òèïè (âèäè) ñï³ëêóâàí-íÿ: îð³ºíòàö³ÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî-îð³ºíòîâàíå òà
³íäèâ³äóàëüíî-îð³ºíòîâàíå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ; ïñèõîëîã³÷íà äèíàì³êà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ (íàâ÷àííÿ, ³íôîðìóâàííÿ òà ïå-ðåêîíàííÿ); ñåì³îòè÷íà ñïåö³àë³çàö³ÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ (ìà-òåð³àëüíå òà çíàêîâå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ) [13]. À.À. Áîäàëåâ âèä³ëÿº ì³æîñîáèñò³ñíå ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, ï³äêðåñëþº éîãî çíà÷óù³ñòü òà ââàæຠéîãî íåîáõ³äíîþ óìîâîþ ëþä-ñüêîãî áóòòÿ [2].
Êð³ì ì³æîñîáèñò³ñíîãî ìîæíà âèä³ëèòè: ñï³ëêóâàí-íÿ ñèòóàòèâíå (ïðîäàâåöü òà ïîêóïåöü ó ìàãàçèí³), ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ä³ëîâå ³ ðîëüîâå (ï³äëåãëèé êåð³âíèê), ñï³ëêóâàííÿ îñîáè òà ñï³ëüíîñò³ ëþäåé, ñï³ëêóâàííÿ äâîõ àáî á³ëüø ñï³ëüíîñòåé ì³æ ñîáîþ [5].
Ç ïðèâåäåíèõ âèçíà÷åíü ìîæíà âèä³ëèòè îñíîâí³ ñóòòºâ³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ôåíîìåíó ñï³ëêóâàííÿ, à ñàìå:
ñîö³àëüíó âàæëèâ³ñòü, îáóìîâëåí³ñòü, çä³áí³ñòü ñëóæè-òè çà äîïîìîãîþ ìîâè âçàºìî䳿 îñ³á, ÿê³ çä³éñíþþòü ð³çí³ âèäè ä³ÿëüíîñò³ â ïðîöåñ³ ñóñï³ëüíî-òðóäîâèõ â³äíîøåíü. ²íøèìè ñëîâàìè, ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ÿê îñîáëèâèé âèä ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ÿê ïðàâèëî, îáñëóãîâóº âñ³ ³íø³ âèäè ëþäñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ (òðóäîâó, ìîâëåííºâó, ïåðåòâîðþ-âàëüíó, ï³çíàïåðåòâîðþ-âàëüíó, ö³íí³ñíî-îð³ºíòàö³éíó) [8].
Äîñë³äíèêè âèä³ëÿþòü òàê³ ñòîðîíè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ:
êîìóí³êàòèâíó, ³íòåðàêòèâíó òà ïåðöåïòèâíó. Àíàëîã³÷-íî, Á.Ô. Ëîìîâ âèçíà÷ຠòðè ôóíêö³¿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ: ³íôîð-ìàö³éíî-êîìóí³êàòèâíó, ðåãóëÿö³éíî-êîìóí³êàòèâíó òà àôåêòèâíî-êîìóí³êàòèâíó [12]. Ïåðöåïòèâíà ñòîðîíà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ðîçãëÿäຠçàêîíîì³ðíîñò³ ïðîöåñó ñïðèé-ìàííÿ ëþäèíè ëþäèíîþ. Ìîâà éäåòüñÿ ïðî ì³æîñîáèñ-ò³ñíó ïåðöåïö³þ (ì³æîñîáèñò³ñíå ñïðèéíÿòòÿ, ïðî ï³çíàííÿ ëþäèíè ëþäèíîþ). ²íòåðàêòèâíà ñòîðîíà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ïðèïóñêຠîáì³í ä³ÿìè, ïëàíóâàííÿ çà-ãàëüíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ïðè ÿêîìó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ñòຠñï³ëüíîþ, à ¿¿ íîñ³ºì º âæå íå îêðåìà ëþäèíà, à ö³ëà ãðóïà.
Ìè îñîáëèâó óâàãó ïðèä³ëÿºìî òðåò³é ñòîðîí³ êîìó-í³êàö³¿ êîìóí³êàòèâí³é. Ó âèçíà÷åíí³ êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿
êîìïåòåíö³¿ íå ³ñíóº îäíîãîëîññÿ. Òàêå ïîëîæåííÿ âèï-ëèâຠç òîãî ôàêòó, ùî ó âèçíà÷åíí³ ñóò³ ñàìîãî ïðîöåñó êîìóí³êàö³¿ íåìຠïîâíî¿ ÿñíîñò³. Ñë³ä çà Í. Õîìñüêèì ç 1965 ðîêó êîìóí³êàö³ÿ âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê ñï³ëêóâàííÿ ì³æ Ï-îñîáàìè, äå Ï äîð³âíþº äâîì, àáî á³ëüøå äâîõ. Êî-ìóí³êàö³ÿ ìîæå â³äáóâàòèñÿ òàêîæ ³ âñåðåäèí³ ëþäèíè (ïåðñîíàëüíà êîìóí³êàö³ÿ).  öüîìó âèïàäêó âîíà â³äáó-âàºòüñÿ çà äîïîìîãîþ âíóòð³øíüîãî ìîâëåííÿ ³ òàê çâà-íî¿ êîäîâî¿ ìîâè ìèñëåííÿ. Êð³ì òîãî, êîìóí³êàö³ÿ ìîæå â³äáóòèñÿ ³ ì³æ îðãàí³çàö³ÿìè, óñòàíîâàìè, ñï³ëüíîòà-ìè, äåðæàâàìè òà ³í. Òîä³ òîé, õòî ãîâîðèòü, âèñòóïຠíå â³ä ñåáå îñîáèñòî ³ âèñëîâëþº íå ñâîþ äóìêó.
Ñêëàäí³ñòü òà áàãàòîãðàíí³ñòü êîìóí³êàö³¿ ìîæíà ïîÿñíèòè ð³çíîìàí³òí³ñòþ ¿¿ çàñîá³â. Äëÿ óñï³øíîñò³ êîìóí³êàö³¿ ãîëîâíîþ óìîâîþ º íàÿâí³ñòü äîñòàòíüî¿
êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿ êîìïåòåíö³¿ (ÊÊ). Ñóò³ òà õàðàêòåðíèì îñîáëèâîñòÿì êîìïîíåíòíîãî ñêëàäó ÊÊ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà íèçêà ïðàöü áàãàòüîõ äîñë³äíèê³â [4, 7, 10]. Á³ëüø³ñòü ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèõ äîñë³äæåíü ïðîáëåìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ îð³ºí-òîâàíà íà îñìèñëåííÿ îäèíèö³ ³íòåðàêö³¿ ä³àëîãó, â ÿêîìó âèä³ëÿþòü äâà îñíîâíèõ åëåìåíòà: ìîâëåííºâèé àêò êîìóí³êàö³¿ òà àêò ³íòåðàêö³¿.
Òðè ïðîâ³äí³ ôóíêö³¿ ìîâè êîìóí³êàòèâíà (ôóíê-ö³ÿ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ), êîãí³òèâíà (ôóíê(ôóíê-ö³ÿ ï³çíàííÿ) òà åìî-ö³éíà (ôóíêö³ÿ âïëèâó) âèÿâëÿþòüñÿ â ð³çíèõ àñïåêòàõ ìîâëåííÿ, â ð³çíèõ òåêñòàõ ïî-ð³çíîìó. Ïñèõîë³íãâ³ñòè òà ñîö³îë³íãâ³ñòè äîäåðæóþòüñÿ äóìêè, ùî îñíîâîþ ôîðìóâàííÿ êîìóí³êàòèâíèõ âì³íü ñï³ëêóâàííÿ º ñèòóà-òèâí³ñòü. Öÿ ïðîáëåìà, çà äóìêîþ Â.Â. Ñîêîëîâî¿, ïî-âÿçàíà ³ç ïðîáëåìîþ êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, òîáòî ñóêóïíîñò³ ïðàâèë ³ òðàäèö³é ñï³ëêóâàííÿ êîíêðåòíî¿
ë³íãâî-êóëüòóðíî¿ ñï³ëüíîñò³. Ïðîôåñ³éíî-êîìóí³êàòèâ-íà êîìïåòåíòí³ñòü ñóáºêòó ñï³ëêóâàííÿ öå ïîºäÏðîôåñ³éíî-êîìóí³êàòèâ-íàííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ êóëüòóðè ìîâëåííÿ, êîìóí³êàòèâíèõ âì³íü, êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, êîìóí³êàòèâíî¿ êóëüòóðè â êîìóí³êàòèâíèõ ñèòóàö³ÿõ. Â.Â. Ñîêîëîâà ðîçðîáèëà ñïåö³àëüíèé ïîíÿò³éíî-êàòåãîð³àëüíèé àïàðàò êîìóí³-êàö³¿. Òàê, çà Ñîêîëîâîþ Â.Â., êóëüòóðà ìîâëåííºâîãî ñï³ëêóâàííÿ öå ñóêóïí³ñòü çíàíü, âì³íü òà íàâè÷îê, ùî çàáåçïå÷óþòü ö³ëåñïðÿìîâàíó âçàºìîä³þ ëþäåé íà îñ-íîâ³ àäåêâàòíîãî âèáîðó çàñîá³â ñï³ëêóâàííÿ â óìîâàõ óñíî¿ òà ïèñåìíî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿; êîìóí³êàòèâí³ âì³ííÿ öå àäåêâàòíå âèêîðèñòàííÿ óñ³õ çàñîá³â çã³äíî ç ìåòîþ, óìîâàìè òà àäðåñàòîì ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ; êîìóí³êàòèâíà ïîâåä³íêà öå ñóêóïí³ñòü òðàäèö³éíèõ âåðáàëüíèõ òà íåâåðáàëüíèõ çàñîá³â ñï³ëêóâàííÿ â ñîö³óì³, ÿê³ ðåàë³-çóþòüñÿ â ïðîöåñ³ êîìóí³êàö³¿; êóëüòóðà ìîâëåííÿ öå ñóêóïí³ñòü çíàíü, âì³íü òà íàâè÷îê äëÿ îïòèìàëüíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ¿õ â ïðîöåñ³ ñï³ëêóâàííÿ [17].
Íà íàøó äóìêó, ç òî÷êè çîðó îñîáèñòî-îð³ºíòîâàíî-ãî ï³äõîäó äî ïðîáëåìè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ äóæå ö³êàâèìè º íàóêîâ³ ðåçóëüòàòè ïðàãìàë³íãâ³ñòèêè. Âèíèêíåííÿ ¿¿, íà äóìêó Á.Á. Ïîðøíºâà, îçíà÷ຠñòàíîâëåííÿ êîìóí³êàòèâ-íî-ïðàãìàòè÷íî¿ äîñë³äíèöüêî¿ ïàðàäèãìè [15: 84]. Ñòà-íîâëåííÿ ïðàãìàë³íãâ³ñòèêè º ñâ³äîöòâîì ïðî ïåðåíå