²ëü÷åíêî Î.Ì., äîêò. ô³ëîë. íàóê (Êè¿â) Âàæëèâèì íàïðÿìîì ñó÷àñíèõ ìîâîçíàâ÷èõ ñòóä³é º
åòíîë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèé, êîíòðàñòèâíî-ðèòîðè÷íèé ï³äõ³ä, çàâäÿêè ÿêîìó ìîæíà âèÿâèòè ÿê ñïåö³ô³÷í³ ðèñè ïåâíî¿
ìîâè, òàê ³ óí³âåðñà볿, ïðèòàìàíí³ ð³çíèì ìîâàì. Ñàìå ó êîíòåêñò³ íèí³øíüîãî íàáóòòÿ àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ ñòà-òóñó lingua franca íàóêè, ë³íãâ³ñòè÷í³ ðîçâ³äêè ó çãàäàí³é öàðèí³ íå âòðà÷àþòü ñâ àêòóà ëüíî ñò³: äîñèòü çãà-äàòè ïðàö³ Ó. Êîííîð, Ì. Êëàéíà, ². Ëåê³ òà áàãàòüîõ
³íøèõ äîñë³äíèê³â [213]. Íàö³îíàëüíî-êóëüòóðí³ îñîá-ëèâîñò³ ïåðåäà÷³ íàóêîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿, ùî â³äáèâàþòüñÿ ó ïåâíîìó ³íòåëåêòóàëüíîìó ñòèë³ (òåðì³í Ãàëüòóíãà [11]), âëàñíå åòíîñïåöèô³êà ïèñåìíî¿ ïåðåäà÷³ äóìîê ó
íàóêîâèõ òåêñòàõ ìàþòü ïåâíó æàíðîâó ñïåöèô³êó.
Ì å ò à äàíî¿ ñòàòò³ âèÿâèòè îñîáëèâîñò³ îäíîãî ³ç æàíð³â ñó÷àñíîãî íàóêîâîãî äèñêóðñó, à ñàìå, àíîòàö³é íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü ó çãàäàíîìó àñïåêò³.
Äî îñíîâíèõ ðèñ àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñüêîãî ³íòåëåêòóàëü-íîãî ñòèëþ íàëåæàòü òàê³: ë³íåàðí³ñòü, ÷³òêà ñòðóêòóðî-âàí³ñòü, êîìïðåñ³ÿ; åêñïë³êàö³ÿ àâòîðñüêî¿ ³íòåíö³¿, âæè-âàííÿ ³íäèêàòîð³â ìåòàäèñêóðñèâíèõ ñòðàòåã³é, ñïå-öèô³÷í³ åòèêåòí³ ìîäóëÿö³¿ êàòåãîðè÷íîñò³ òà íåêàòåãî-ðè÷íîñò³ âèñëîâëþâàíü, íåïðÿìà ïåðñóàçèâí³ñòü, ³íäè-â³äóàë³çì, çíà÷íà îð³ºíòàö³ÿ íà ÷èòà÷à [2, 356]. Òàê, ó æàíð³ àíîòàö³¿ îñîáëèâîãî çíà÷åííÿ íàáóâຠêîìïðåñ³ÿ,
àäæå àíîòàö³¿ öå ðåçóëüòàò ïðîöåñó âòîðèííî¿ âåð-áàë³çàö³¿, òîáòî êîäóâàííÿ âåðáàëüíèìè çàñîáàìè ïåâ-íî¿ äåíîòàòïåâ-íî¿ ñòðóêòóðè âèõ³äíîãî ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ, âæå âåðáàë³çîâàíîãî âëàñíèìè çàñîáàìè [3: 77, 100].
Ó ñó÷àñíèõ àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñüêèõ àíîòàö³ÿõ ñïîñòå-ð³ãàþòüñÿ äâ³ òåíäåíö³¿ îðãàí³çàö³¿ òåêñòó. Ïåðøà ïîâÿ-çàíà ç ìàêñèìàëüíîþ äåïåðñîíàë³çàö³ºþ ïîâ³äîìëåííÿ ïðî îñíîâí³ ðåçóëüòàòè äîñë³äæåííÿ, âëàñíå ïîäàííÿì ñòèñëî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðî íàïðÿìîê, çàâäàííÿ, ìåòó äîñë³-äæåííÿ, ìåòîäè, ðåçóëüòàòè òà çàãàëüí³ âèñíîâêè ñòî-ñîâíî ïðîâåäåíî¿ ðîáîòè, ùî ïåðåäàºòüñÿ çà äîïîìîãîþ íèçêè âèñëîâëþâàíü ç ì³í³ìàëüíîþ ê³ëüê³ñòþ çàñîá³â êîãå糿 (äèñêóðñèâíèõ êîíåêòîð³â, òåêñòóàëüíèõ òà ³íòåð-ïåðñîíàëüíèõ ìåòàäèñêóðñèâíèõ ìàðêåð³â) ³ â³äçíà÷àºòü-ñÿ ìàéæå ïîâíîþ â³äñóòí³ñòþ àâòîðñüêèõ îö³ííèõ
íîì-³íàö³é (òàê çâàíà îïèñîâà àíîòàö³ÿ descriptive abstract).
Äåïåðñîíàë³çîâàí³ ñòðóêòóðè ç ìîäàëüíèì êîìïîíåíòîì ùå á³ëüøå ï³äñèëþþòü íåêàòåãîðè÷í³ñòü òâåðäæåíü ïðî
ìîæëèâ³ ïåðñïåêòèâè, íàñë³äêè äîñë³äæåííÿ òîùî. Äðó-ãà ñòîñóºòüñÿ á³ëüø ïåðñîíàë³çîâàíî¿ ðîçïîâ³ä³ íå ò³ëüêè ïðî ðåçóëüòàòè, à é ïðî ïåðñïåêòèâè äîñë³äæåííÿ òà ìîæå ì³ñòèòè åëåìåíòè âñòóïó (çîêðåìà, çà ìîäåëëþ ìåòà → ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí → ïðîáëåìà → ðîçâÿçàííÿ/
âèð-³øåííÿ), õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ âæèâàííÿì íèçêè çàñîá³â êî-ãå糿, òåêñòóàëüíèõ òà ³íòåðïåðñîíàëüíèõ ìåòàäèñêóðñèâ-íèõ ìàðêåð³â, äîïóñêຠíàÿâí³ñòü îö³íìåòàäèñêóðñèâ-íèõ íîì³íàö³é (òàê çâàíà ³íôîðìàòèâíà àíîòàö³ÿ informative abstract). Àíî-òàö³ÿ íàóêîâî¿ ñòàòò³ çà àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñüêèìè ñòàíäàð-òàìè çàçâè÷àé ì³ñòèòü ö³ë³ òà îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ äîñë³äæåí-íÿ, à òàêîæ éîãî ìåòîäè òà ðåçóëüòàòè. Îáñÿã òàêî¿ àíî-òàö³¿ çàçâè÷àé íå ïåðåâèùóº 200-300 ñë³â. Íàø äîñâ³ä âèêëàäàííÿ àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè äëÿ àñï³ðàíò³â ñèñòåìè ÍÀÍ Óêðà¿íè äîâîäèòü âàæëèâ³ñòü àêöåíòóâàííÿ óâàãè ìîëîäèõ íàóêîâö³â íà â³äì³ííîñòÿõ îïèñîâèõ òà ³íôîð-ìàòèâíèõ àíîòàö³é, ùî ìîæíà ï³äñóìóâàòè ó òàêèé ñïîñ³á:
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF ABSTRACTS
DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIVE
Brief, usually one- or two- sentence Summarizes key information from every major paragraph explaining what section from the body of the paper the original document contains
Íàïðèêëàä:
DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIVE
The author explores possible Optical packet switching promises to bring the flexibility and efficiency of the transitional steps to add Internet to transparent optical networking with bit rates extending beyond programmability into the Internet that currently available with electronic router technologies. New optical signal (Communications Magazine, processing techniques have been demonstrated that enable routing at bit rates March 2000). from 10 Gb/s to beyond 40 Gb/s. In this article we review these signal processing techniques and how all-optical wavelength converter technology can be used to implement packet switching functions. Specific approaches that utilize ultra--fast all-optical nonlinear fiber wavelength converters and monolithically integrated optical wavelength converters are discussed and research results presented (Communications Magazine, February 2003).
Ó äàíîìó êîíòåêñò³ º âàæëèâèì âèïðàöþâàííÿ
íàâè-÷îê êîìïðåñóâàííÿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ çà ñõåìîþ íàóêîâà ïðà- öÿ → ðîçøèðåíà (ðîáî÷à) àíîòàö³ÿ → ñêîðî÷åíà àíîòà-ö³ÿ. Íàïðèêëàä:
Ðîáî÷à àíîòàö³ÿ (ïðèáëèçíî 400 ñë³â) A series of chemical and sensory analyses was designed to determine which, if any, of 10 winegrapes grown in 1994 in Arkansas were suitable for non-alcoholic grape juice production. Five of the 10 were classified as red grapes: Chancellor, Cabernet Sauvignon, Villard noir, Cynthiana, and Noble. Five were classified as white grapes: Aurore, Cayuga, Chardonnay, Vidal, and Verdelet. The traditional grape juices Niagara and Concord were used as controls for comparisons in the study. Sensory quality and consumer acceptability of grape juices depend to a great extent on the process by which the juice is produced but also on the cultivar or blend of cultivars used. With today’s processing techniques, winegrape cultivars may also produce non-alcoholic juices acceptable to consumers’ tastes. Four different means of juice production were used to process the grapes: immediate
Íåïðÿìå çàçíà÷åííÿ ìåòè ïðÿìå çàçíà÷åííÿ ìåòèÀÁÎ :
“Our objective was to test 10 winegrape cultivars and four juice
processes to determine their suitability for juice production”
Çàçíà÷åííÿ ìàòåð³àë³â äîñë³äæåííÿ
press, heat process (60 C), heat process (80 C), and 24-h skin contact after pressing. Processed juices were sealed in 0,8 liter bottles and stored at 37 C. The juices were evaluated one month after processing and again after 5 months storage at 37 C. Chemical and sensory analyses were run. Chemical analysis showed that red grapes had more acidity than white grapes, but white grapes, except for Cayuga, had more soluble acids.
Îáãðóíòóâàííÿ äîñë³äæåííÿ (rationale or justification for the
study) Ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ
Soluble solid to acid ratios were highest in the red grapes Noble and Cynthiana and lowest in the white Chardonnay and Vidal. Other cultivars showed no significant difference in soluble solids-to-acid ratios. Chemical analysis showed no difference within cultivar for the treatment process, except that in 6 of the 10 cultivars the 24-h skin contact produced more soluble solids. Consumers’ rank preference, as represented by a sensory panel, for flavor of juices revealed greater preference for non-heat treatment, while the heat treatments were more preferred in color evaluations. Flavor was considered to be the most important attribute to the consumer; panelists tended to prefer those juices that had relatively higher soluble solids-to-acid ratios. The most preferred white grape juices were the immediate press of Niagara an d Aurore and the 24-h skin contact treatment of Niagara, Verdelet, and Vidal. Rank preference for flavor of red grape juices did not indicate a significant preference among cultivars. Most of these winegrapes may be as suitable as juice grapes for non-alcoholic juice production.
Ðåçóëüòàòè
Çàãàëüí³ âèñíîâêè
Ñêîðî÷åíà àíîòàö³ÿ (ïðèáëèçíî 150 ñë³â)
Five red and five white winegrape cultivars were compared with traditional juice grapes Concord and Niagara to determine acceptability of juices. Juices processed by immediate press, heat process (60 C), heat process (80 C), and 24-h skin contact were sealed in 0,8-liter bottles and evaluated after 1 and 5 mont24-hs storage at 37 C. Red juices had more acidity, but white grapes, except Cayuga, produced more soluble solids (SS). The SS/acid ratios were highest from red grapes Noble and Cynthiana and lowest for white Chardonnay and Vidal. A sensory panel preferred color from heat treatments but flavor of juices from non-heat treatments. Juices with high SS/acid ratios rated highest for flavor. White grape juices were acceptable from immediate press of Niagara and Aurore and 24-h skin contact treatment of Niagara, Verdelet, and Vidal. Panelists indicated acceptance but no flavor preference among juices. [9, 245-248]
³äñóòíº îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ.
Îäíî÷àñíå çàçíà÷åííÿ ìåòè òà ìàòåð³àë³â äîñë³äæåííÿ.
Âèëó÷åíî äåòàë³.
Íàâåäåíî ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ.
Íàâåäåíî îñíîâí³ ðåçóëüòàòè áåç çàéâî¿ äåòàë³çàö³¿. Ìîæ-ëèâ³ ìàêñèìàëüíî ñêîðî÷åí³ âèñíîâêè:
“All red wine grapes tested and Aurore, Verdelet and Vidal white winegrapes appeared suitable for juice production.”
Òîæ øëÿõ êîìïðåñóâàííÿ àíîòàö³¿ ìîæíà ï³äñóìóâàòè òàê:
Ïîâíà âåðñ³ÿ Ñêîðî÷åíà âåðñ³ÿ
Statement of objective(s): Objectives and
usually INDIRECT: materials combined
To …(determine…)….we… (compared..)…
or DIRECT:
This study deals with / is about … Rationale or justification for the study
• X is discussed in light of…
Materials Methods
Methods (techniques) Results (findings, outcome)
• It is argued that… .
• X is considered to be … . Results
Overall conclusion(s)
• X indicated/ suggested…
• X(s) may( be)/might (be)/ would seem to/ are likely to
• It could be concluded that…
Îòæå, îñíîâí³ â³äì³ííîñò³ ì³æ àíãë³éñüêèìè òà óê-ðà¿íñüêèìè àíîòàö³ÿìè, çîêðåìà, ç îãëÿäó íà âèìîãè äî àíîòàö³é ÂÀÊ Óêðà¿íè [1, 11] ïîëÿãàþòü ó òîìó, ùî àíãë³éñüê³ àíîòàö³¿ ì³ñòÿòü ïåðåâàæíî íåïðÿìå çàçíà÷åí-íÿ ìåòè äîñë³äæåíçàçíà÷åí-íÿ òà ìàêñèìàëüíî íåêàòåãîðè÷í³
âèñ-íîâêè (âåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü çàñîá³â ãåäæ³íãó, çîêðåìà ìîâ-íèõ çàñîá³â ïåðåäà÷³ åï³ñòåì³÷íî¿ ìîäàëüíîñò³).
 àñïåêò³ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåêëàäó ñòðóêòóðíèõ åëå-ìåíò³â àíîòàö³é ç óêðà¿íñüêî¿ ìîâè íà àíãë³éñüêó (³ íà-âïàêè) ïðîïîíóºìî òàê³ åêâ³âàëåíòè:
Îáºêò äîñë³äæåííÿ The object of the study is… .
Ìåòà äîñë³äæåííÿ The aim/purpose/goal/objective of the investigation is… . Ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ òà àïàðàòóðà The methods employed include… .
Òåîðåòè÷í³ òà ïðàêòè÷í³ ðåçóëüòàòè ³ íîâèçíà A novel X … is elaborated, ... . Outcome:
Ïðåäìåò ³ ñòóï³íü âïðîâàäæåííÿ Application:
Åôåêòèâí³ñòü âïðîâàäæåííÿ Ñôåðà (ãàëóçü) âèêîðèñòàííÿ
Êð³ì öüîãî, ñë³ä çâàæàòè é íà àäåêâàòíèé ïåðåêëàä òàêèõ åëåìåíò³â àíãëîìîâíîãî íàóêîâîãî äèñêóðñó, ÿê-îò:
To argue ââàæàòè, âèñëîâëþâàòè äóìêó ïðî
To argue for âèñòóïàòè çà, ï³äòðèìóâàòè
To argue against çàïåðå÷óâàòè
To cause, specify, determine; stipulate, be responsible for çóìîâëþâàòè à òàêîæ:
specifics äåòàë³, îñîáëèâîñò³ (details)
specificity ñïåöèô³êà
Ñë³ä óíèêàòè ñëîâà peculiarities, ÿêå çóñòð³÷àºòüñÿ ìàéæå â óñ³õ àíîòàö³ÿõ äî äèñåðòàö³é, ïèñàíèõ óêðà¿íî-òà ðîñ³éñüêîìîâíèìè àâòîðàìè.
Îòæå, ì³æ àíãëî- òà óêðà¿íîìîâíèìè àíîòàö³ÿìè, ïîïðè ïåðåâàæíó ïîä³áí³ñòü ¿õí³õ îñíîâíèõ ñòðóêòóð-íèõ ðîçä³ë³â, ³ñíóþòü ³ ïåâí³ â³äì³ííîñò³. Àíãëîìîâí³ àíîòàö³¿ º çàçâè÷àé á³ëüø ³ìïë³öèòíèìè òà á³ëüøå âàð³-þþòü ó ê³ëüê³ñíîìó (îáñÿã) òà ñòðóêòóðíîìó âèì³ðàõ.
Ï å ð ñ ï å ê ò è â è äîñë³äæåííÿ ñïåöèô³êè àíãë³éñü-êî¿ ìîâè íàóêè âáà÷àºìî ó ïîäàëüøîìó àíàë³ç³ ë³íãâî-ìåòîäè÷íèõ àñïåêò³â íàóêîâîãî äèñêóðñó, à òàêîæ ó ðå-ëåâàíòíèõ ðîçâ³äêàõ ïåðåêëàäîçíàâ÷îãî ïëàíó.
˲ÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
1. Áþëåòåíü ÂÀÊ Óêðà¿íè, 2002. ¹ 5. 2. ²ëü÷åíêî Î.Ì. Åòè-êåòèçàö³ÿ àíãëî-àìåðèêàíñüêîãî íàóêîâîãî äèñêóðñó: Äèñ ä-ðà ô³ëîë. í.: 10.02.04. / Êè¿âñüêèé íàö. óí-ò ³ì. Òàðàñà
Øåâ-÷åíêà. Ê, 2002. 3. Êîëåãàåâà È.Ì. Òåêñò êàê åäèíèöà íàó÷-íîé è õóäîæåñòâåííàó÷-íîé êîììóíèêàöèè. Îäåññà: Èçä-âî ÎÃÓ, 1991. 4. Casanave C. P. Controversies in second language writing:
dilemmas and decisions in research and instruction. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2004. 5. Hyland K. Disciplinary discourses : social interactions in academic writing. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2004. 211 p. 6. Clyne M. Inter-cultural communication at work: Inter-cultural values in discourse. Cambridge University Press, 1994. 7. .Connor U. Contrastive rhetoric. Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing. Cambridge University Press, 1997. 8. Curry M., Lillis T.
Professional academic writing by multilingual scholars.
Interactions with literacy brokers in the production of English-medium texts // Written Communication. 2006. Vol. 23. No. 1. pp. 3-35. 9. Davis M. Scientific Papers and Presentations.
San Diego: Academic Press, 1997. 10. Fox H. Listening to the world: cultural issues in academic writing Urbana, IL : NCTE, 1994. 11. Galtung J. Struktur, Kultur und intellektueller Stil //
Das Fremde und das Eigene. Munich: Iudicium Verlag. 1985.
P.151193. 12. Hyland K. Disciplinary discourses : social interactions in academic writing. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2004. 13. Leki I. A challenge to second language writing professionals: Is writing overrated? // Kroll B. (Ed.) Exploring the dynamics of second language writing. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. 315-332.
ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÃËÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÉ ÞÌÎÐ ÌÀËÛÕ ÔÎÐÌ Â ÔÓÍÊÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎ-ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÒÈÂÍÎÌ ÀÑÏÅÊÒÅ
Ñàìîõèíà (Äìèòðåíêî) Â.À., êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê (Õàðüêîâ)
Ãëàâà î þìîðå ìîæåò áûòü Âïîëíå ñåðüåçíîé,  íåé ìîæåò è íå áûòü Íè÷åãî ñìåøíîãî.
Ñèðèë Ïàðêèíñîí Ö å ë ü ñòàòüè óãëóáëåíèå
ôóíêöèîíàëüíî-êîììó-íèêàòèâíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííîãî ñ íîâûì ðàêóð-ñîì ðàññìîòðåíèÿ àíãëîÿçû÷íîãî ôîëüêëîðíîãî þìî-ðèñòè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà ìàëîé ôîðìû, êîòîðûé âïåðâûå èçó÷àåòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíî-êîììóíèêàòèâíîé ñòèëèñòèêè òåêñòà (ÔÊÑÒ), íîâîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ñîâðå-ìåííîé ëèíãâèñòèêè [2:172].
ÔÊÑÒ ìîæåò ïîëíåå ó÷èòûâàòü è èñïîëüçîâàòü ýê-ñòðàëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé êîíòåêñò (äàííûå ïñèõîëèíãâèñ-òèêè, êóëüòóðîëîãèè è äð. íàóê), à ñ ïîìîùüþ êîìïëåê-ñíûõ ìåòîäîâ íå òîëüêî îïèñûâàòü, íî è îáúÿñíÿòü ïðè-ðîäó ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðû òåêñòà, åå ñâîåîáðàçèå â ðàç-íûõ òèïàõ òåêñòà è çàêîíîìåðíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÿçû-êîâûõ åäèíèö â ðåàëüíîñòè êîììóíèêàòèâíîé ïîçíàâà-òåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
Îñíîâíûìè ïðîáëåìàìè äàííîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ÿâëÿ-þòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå: 1. ñîîòíîøåíèå äèñêóðñà è òåêñòà;
2. ñîîòíîøåíèå ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ è äèñêóðñà, òåê-ñòà è ðå÷åâîãî æàíðà.
Íàðÿäó ñ ýêñïëèöèòíûì ðàçãðàíè÷åíèåì ôóíêöèî-íàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ è äèñêóðñà, êîòîðûå, âî ìíîãèõ èññëå-äîâàíèÿõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, îòîæäåñòâëÿþòñÿ, ââîäèòñÿ òàê-æå ïîíÿòèå èíòðàäèñêóðñ [ñì. ïîäðîáíåå 3:125-129].
Þìîðèñòè÷åñêèé èíòðàäèñêóðñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàãìàëèí-ãâèñòè÷åñêîé ðàçíîâèäíîñòüþ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîãî äèñ-êóðñà: íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîãî, îôèöèàëüíî-äåëîâîãî, ãà-çåòíî-ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêîãî, îáèõîäíîãî è äð. Òàê, æåëà-íèå ïîøóòèòü ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü ó ëåêòîðà: îí ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè àíåêäîò â êà÷åñòâå èëëþñòðàöèè â ïîäòâåðæ-äåíèå ñâîåãî ìàòåðèàëà èëè ïðîñòî ðàçðÿäèòü ñèòóàöèþ.
Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ðå÷åâûå äåéñòâèÿ (ÐÄ) èíñòèòóöèîíàëü-íîãî äèñêóðñà (Ä) ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿþòñÿ ðå÷åâûì äåé-ñòâèÿì èíòðàäèñêóðñà ò.å. ìåæäó íèìè âîçíèêàþò îò-íîøåíèÿ äèñáàëàíñà, íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ, ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ ò.å. èíêîíãðóýíòíîñòè.
ÐÄ4... Ä:ÐÄ1 + ÐÄ2 +ÐÄ3 èíòðàäèñêóðñ[þìîðèñòè÷åñêèé ÐÄ4...] … èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûé ïðàãìàëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé
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èíêîíãðóýíòíîñòü
Íåñîîòâåòñòâèå, èëè èíêîíãðóýíòíîñòü, ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî, íàõîäèò âûðàæåíèå è â ÿçûêå, êîãäà ïðîèñõî-äèò ïåðåêëþ÷åíèå ñ ÿçûêà èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé íà ÿçûê ëèíãâîïðàãìàòè÷åñêîé ñôåðû: íàïðèìåð, ÿçûê íàó÷íî-ãî ôóíêöèîíàëüíîíàó÷íî-ãî ñòèëÿ ïåðåáèâàåòñÿ ÿçûêîì ðàç-ãîâîðíûì.
Èçó÷åíèå ôîëüêëîðíîãî àíãëîÿçû÷íîãî êîìè÷åñêî-ãî òåêñòà ìàëîé ôîðìû íåìèíóåìî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðàññìîò-ðåíèåì ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôîëüêëîðà â öåëîì è ôîëüêëîðíîé àíòðîïîöåíòðè÷åñêîé ñìåõîâîé êàðòèíû ìèðà, ôîëüêëîðíûõ êîíòåêñòíûõ ñâÿçåé, à òàêæå ñ îï-ðåäåëåíèåì ìåñòà ôîëüêëîðíîãî êîìè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà ìàëîé ôîðìû â íåì.
 ðåçóëüòàòå, ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ ïðåâàëèðîâàíèå ìàëûõ ôîðì ôîëüêëîðà ÕÕ² â. (îñîáåííî øóòîê) â ñîâðåìåí-íîì ìèðîâîì ôîëüêëîðå íàä ÿâíî óòðàòèâøèìè ïîïó-ëÿðíîñòü òàêèìè òðàäèöèîííûìè ðàíåå æàíðàìè ôîëü-êëîðíûõ ïðîèçâåäåíèé, êàê áûëèíû, áàëëàäû, ñêàçàíèÿ, ñàãè è äð.
Âîïðîñû ñìåõîâîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ ìèðà â àíãëîÿçû÷-íîé ëèíãâîêóëüòóðå íåîòäåëèìû îò ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîé èí-òåðïðåòàöèè àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ êîìè÷åñêèõ ìèêðîòåêñòîâ, â êîòîðûõ íàøëè ïðîÿâëåíèå îñîáåííîñòè ìåíòàëèòåòà áðèòàíñêîé è àìåðèêàíñêîé íàðîäíûõ ñìåõîâûõ êóëü-òóð. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, þìîð, øóòêà ïîëíîñòüþ àíòðîïî-öåíòðè÷íû: â íèõ homo ridens (÷åëîâåê ñìåþùèéñÿ) è homo ludens (÷åëîâåê èãðàþùèé) îñíîâíûå àíòðîïî-öåíòðû.
Àíàëèç ñïåöèôèêè àíãëîÿçû÷íîãî þìîðà ñïîñîáñòâó-åò ðàñêðûòèþ íàöèîíàëüíîé ïñèõîëîãèè, íàöèîíàëüíî-ãî õàðàêòåðà, ñîöèàëüíîé îêðàñêè þìîðà, åíàöèîíàëüíî-ãî ñâÿçåé ñ èñòîðèåé, ñ íàñòðîåíèåì íàöèè. Þìîð ëþáîé íàöèè îï-ðåäåëÿåòñÿ åå õàðàêòåðîì, ïîâåäåíèåì, ïðèñòðàñòèÿìè è óâëå÷åíèÿìè, òðàäèöèÿìè, èñòîðèåé [1:23].
Òðàäèöèîííî è îáîñíîâàííî ñ áðèòàíñêèì íàðîä-íûì þìîðîì ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ îñòðîóìèå, ýêñöåíòðè÷-íîñòü, èðîíè÷ýêñöåíòðè÷-íîñòü, ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíîñòü èñïîëüçîâà-íèÿ èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûõ þìîðèñòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì èíêîí-ãðóýíòíîñòè ïàðàäîêñà, äâóñìûñëåííîñòè, àáñóðäà, êàëàìáóðà. Àíãëîÿçû÷íûé þìîð ýòî áåñêîíå÷íàÿ èãðà ñëîâàìè [1:28].
Ôîðìàëüíîå ïðîÿâëåíèå áðèòàíñêîãî þìîðà â ïå-ðåâåðòûøàõ, ñïóíåðèçìàõ, øóòëèâûõ áûòîâûõ ìèíè-ñêàçêàõ, âåëëåðèçìàõ, ñòèõîòâîðíûõ íîíñåíñàõ (ëèìå
ðèêàõ), íàððàòèâíûõ øóòêàõ.
 öåëîì, áðèòàíñêèé þìîð ýòî ñïîñîá ïðîâîçãëà-ñèòü íàöèîíàëüíóþ èäåíòè÷íîñòü è îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà íàöèîíàëüíûå îñîáåííîñòè ýòîãî íàðîäà, íå õâàñòàÿ èìè, à ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ èõ ÷åðåç ñàìîêðèòè÷íûé ïîäõîä ê ñåáå. Ïðèñóòñòâèå äâóñìûñëåííîñòè äåëàåò áðèòàíñêèé þìîð îñòðîóìíûì è íåóëîâèìûì íà ïåð-âûé âçãëÿä, îäíàêî åñëè ïîðàçìûñëèòü, ìîæíî îáíàðó-æèòü, íàñêîëüêî áðèòàíöû îðèãèíàëüíû è èñêëþ÷èòåëü-íû â ñâîåì ìûøëåíèè è âîñïðèÿòèè.
Ñïåöèôè÷íîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå è àìåðèêàíñêàÿ íàðîä-íàÿ ñìåõîâàÿ êóëüòóðà, ðîäèíîé êîòîðîé áûë ôðîíòèð.
Ôîðìû àìåðèêàíñêèõ øóòîê çàìåòíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò áðè-òàíñêèõ. Õàðàêòåðíûå ôîðìû ïðîÿâëåíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêî-ãî þìîðà íåáûëèöû (tall tales), ïðàêòè÷åñêèå øóòêè-òðþêè, àíåêäîòû (yarns), ïàðîäèè, òðèêñòåðû, one-liners, þìîðèñòè÷åñêèå îïðåäåëåíèÿ (Daffy Definitions), Tom-Swifties, gross jokes, Elephant jokes è äð.
Îñîáåííîñòÿìè ïðîÿâëåíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêîãî þìîðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ äåìîêðàòèçì, ãðîòåñêíàÿ ãèïåðáîëè÷íîñòü, áðàâàäà, ïàðîäèéíîñòü. Íàèáîëåå ïîïóëÿðíûå ïðèåìû ñîçäàíèÿ þìîðà àíòèêëàéìåêñ, àëîãèçì, ïðèåì äî-âåäåíèÿ äî àáñóðäà.
Íà îñíîâàíèè èçó÷åíèÿ ýìïèðè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîâ, â ðà-áîòå ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèå øóòêè êàê ôîëüêëîðíî-ãî òåêñòîòèïà è ðå÷åâîôîëüêëîðíî-ãî æàíðà:
Øóòêà ýòî ëîãèêî-ïîíÿòèéíàÿ, ñèòóàòèâíî-âåð-áàëüíàÿ åäèíèöà êîììóíèêàöèè (ôîëüêëîðíûé òåêñò è ðå÷åâîé æàíð), èíãåðåíòíûìè ïðèçíàêàìè êîòîðîé ÿâ-ëÿþòñÿ èãðîâîéýëåìåíò êîìè÷åñêîãî, íàïðàâëåííîñòü íà êîíôëèêò è ïðèíöèï èíêîíãðóýíòíîñòè, èìåþùèå ñêâîçíîé õàðàêòåð è ðåàëèçóþùèåñÿ íà âñåõ åå óðîâ-íÿõ. Íà èõ îñíîâå ãèïåðáîëèçèðîâàííàÿ, óñëîâíàÿ ðå-àëüíîñòü ñîçäàåòñÿ â øóòêå íà êîðîòêîå âðåìÿ (âðåìåí-íîé ôàêòîð), èìååò åäèíîå êóëüòóðíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî (íàöèîíàëüíûé õàðàêòåð øóòêè) è ïî ôîðìå ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿåò ñîáîé òåêñò ìàëîé ôîðìû ñ íåîæèäàííîé êîíöîâ-êîé (ïóàíòîì), õàðàêòåðèçóþùèéñÿ ðàçðÿæåíèåì íàïðÿ-æåíèÿ îò îæèäàíèÿ, ïðîÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ â ñìåõîâîé ðåàê-öèè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, øóòêà ýòî ñëîæíîå êîìè÷åñêîå òåêñòîâîå îáðàçîâàíèå, â êîòîðîì íàáëþäàåòñÿ íàðóøå-íèå ÿçûêîâûõ è ëîãèêî-ïîíÿòèéíûõ íîðì, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ èñòî÷íèêîì êîìè÷åñêîé òîíàëüíîñòè, çàêîí÷åííîå â ñî-îòâåòñòâèè ñ âîëåé ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîììóíèêàòèâíîãî àêòà, êîòîðîå õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ îïðåäåëåííûì íàáîðîì ÿçûêî-âûõ ñðåäñòâ âûðàæåíèÿ êîìè÷åñêîãî, èõ îñîáîé êîìáè-íàòîðèêîé, ðåãóëÿðíûì ïðîÿâëåíèåì ýêñòðà- è èíòðà-ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ þìîðèñòè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà, êîòîðûå â èõ êîíñòèòóèðóþùåé, èäåíòèôèöèðóþùåé è äèôôåðåíöèðóþùåé ñìûñëîâûõ ôóíêöèÿõ ñëèâàþòñÿ, îáðàçóÿ íîâûé, ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé ïó÷îê ïðèçíàêîâ.  øóò-êå ïðèñóòñòâóåò äâóìèðíîñòü: ãåðîé è ñèòóàöèÿ êàê áû îòðàæàþò îáúåêòèâíóþ ðåàëüíîñòü (bona-fide), íî îíà ïîäàåòñÿ â èñêàæåííîì, äâóñìûñëåííîì ïëàíå (non-bona fide), ÷òî è ïðèâîäèò ê êîìè÷íîñòè äàííîãî òåêñòà.
Øóòêè èìåþò ðàçëè÷íóþ òîíàëüíîñòü: âûäåëÿþòñÿ øóòêè ÷èñòî þìîðèñòè÷åñêèå, ïàòåòè÷åñêèå (òðîãàòåëü-íûå), ñàòèðè÷åñêèå, èðîíè÷åñêèå.
Øóòêè ìîãóò áûòü ïðîçàè÷åñêèìè (ïîâåñòâîâàòåëü-íûìè) è ñòèõîòâîðíûìè, èõ êîìïîçèöèîííûé ñòðîé îò-ëè÷àåòñÿ âàðèàòèâíîñòüþ, íî â èõ îñíîâå ëåæèò íàðîä-íàÿ ðàçãîâîðíàðîä-íàÿ ðå÷ü, îòðàæàþùàÿ æèòåéñêóþ ìóäðîñòü íàðîäà.
Èññëåäîâàíèå þìîðà â åãî êîììóíèêàòèâíîì àñïåê-òå ïîçâîëÿåò íå òîëüêî îïðåäåëèòü åãî ñóùåñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ìåæëè÷íîñòíîãî, ñîöèàëüíîãî è ò.ï. ïëà-íà [4:22-24], íî è âûÿâèòü åãî òåêñòîîáðàçóþùèå ÷åð-òû.Ñîâðåìåííàÿ àíãëîÿçû÷íàÿ øóòêà îòëè÷àåòñÿ ñëåäó-þùèìè ïîäõîäàìè â èíòåðïðåòàöèè:
1. êëàññ: àïåëëÿòèâíûå òåêñòû;
2. òèï òåêñòà: øóòêà;
3. âèä: þìîðèñòè÷åñêèå òåêñòû ìàëûõ ôîðì;
4. êîä: øóòêà ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â óñò-íîé ôîðìå, îäíàêî âñå áîëåå ïîïóëÿðóñò-íîé ñòàíîâèòñÿ è ïèñüìåííàÿ ôèêñàöèÿ;
5. ñôåðà êîììóíèêàöèè: ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìàññî-âàÿ;6. ñîîáùåíèå: øóòêà âîçíèêàåò ñïîíòàííî;
7. àäðåñàíò: íåîôèöèàëüíîå, îáû÷íî êîëëåêòèâíîå ëèöî. Àäðåñàò: ðåàëüíîå, íåîôèöèàëüíîå ëèöî åãî ðå-àêöèÿ, êòî îí, êàêîâ åãî ñîöèàëüíûé ñòàòóñ âàæíû, ò.ê.
àäðåñàò ñóáúåêò îöåíêè è ýìîöèè;
8. ñîöèàëüíî-ðîëåâûå îòíîøåíèÿ: ðàâåíñòâî, íåôîð-ìàëüíîå íåðàâåíñòâî (þìîðèñòè÷åñêèé àâòîðèòåò àä-ðåñàíòà);
9. íàïðàâëåíèå âîçäåéñòâèÿ: ïàðàëëåëüíîå;
10. îáëèãàòîðíîñòü âîëåèçúÿâëåíèÿ àäðåñàíòà äëÿ àäðåñàòà;
11. õàðàêòåð âîçäåéñòâèÿ: äîìèíèðóþùåå ýìîöèî-íàëüíîå ðàññìåøèòü;
12. øóòêà ïðîâîöèðóåò êîíêðåòíóþ, ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü àäðåñàòà âûçâàòü ðåàêöèþ ñìåõ;
13. èìååò ñóãóáî ðîëåâîé õàðàêòåð àäðåñàíò âûñ-òóïàåò êàê èñïîëíèòåëü þìîðèñòè÷åñêîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, äåéñòâóþùèé â ðàìêàõ ñâîáîäíîé ðå÷åâîé ðîëè ðàñ-ñêàç÷èê;
14. øóòêà àäðåñîâàíà øèðîêîìó êðóãó ëþäåé;
15. øóòêà ñâÿçàíà ñ ñîâðåìåííîñòüþ; îòïðàâëåíèå è âîñïðèÿòèå íå ðàçîáùåíû âî âðåìåíè;
16. øóòêà èìååò, â îñíîâíîì, þìîðèñòè÷åñêóþ îê-ðàñêó;
17. ñîîáùåíèå â øóòêå èìååò äâîéñòâåííûé õàðàê-òåð: îíî êàê áóäòî ðåôåðåíòíî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðåàëüíûìè ñî-áûòèÿìè, íî ïðè ýòîì íå ïîäëåæèò ïðîâåðêå íà èñòèí-íîñòü (íà óðîâíå ôàêòîâ);
18. ïî ôîðìå ñîîáùåíèå â øóòêå ìîæåò áûòü äèàëî-ãè÷íûì, ìîíîëîäèàëî-ãè÷íûì, ñìåøàííûì;
19. â øóòêå èìååò ìåñòî íàðóøåíèå íîðì êàê ÿçûêî-âîãî, òàê è ñîäåðæàòåëüíîãî õàðàêòåðà.
20. êàæäàÿ ðàçíîâèäíîñòü øóòêè èìååò ÷åòêóþ âíóò-ðåííþþ êîìïîçèöèþ è ñòðóêòóðó;
20. îáúåì øóòêè îãðàíè÷åí ïî ìèíèìóìó è ïî ìàê-ñèìóìó;
Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêàÿ òèïîëîãèÿ øóòêè îñíîâàíà íà ôîð-ìå (ýêñïîçèòèâíàÿ, òðåõñòóïåí÷àòàÿ ìîäåëü: èíòðîäóê-òèâ êîìïëèêàèíòðîäóê-òèâ ýêñïëîçèâ), ñîäåðæàíèè (ïîäðîá-íàÿ òåìàòè÷åñêàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ). Òåìàòèêà øóòîê ìíî-ãîãðàííà: îò ðàçëè÷íûõ ñèòóàöèé áûòîâîãî õàðàêòåðà äî ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ òåì, ðåôåðåíòû, êîòîðûõ ðåàëüíûå ëè÷íîñòè.
 ðàìêàõ èíòðàäèñêóðñà øóòêà êàê êîìè÷åñêèé
ðå-÷åâîé æàíð èìååò ðÿä îñîáåííîñòåé, â ÷àñòíîñòè:
à) ñèëó ñïëî÷åíèÿ äâóõ èëè áîëåå ñëóøàòåëåé; á) ïðèãëàøàåò ê èíòåðàêöèè; â) âîçíèêàåò â ñïîíòàííîé îáñòàíîâêå; ã) ðàçðÿæàåò îáñòàíîâêó íàïðÿæåíèÿ; ä) ñîäåðæèò ýëåìåíò óäèâëåíèÿ â êîíöå, à, çíà÷èò, ïîíè-ìàíèÿ, ÷òî âûçûâàåò ñìåõ; å) â øóòêå âåëèêà ðîëü àäðå-ñàíòà, èíòîíàöèÿ, ìàíåðà, ãîëîñ, ìèìèêà êîòîðîãî
çíà-÷èòåëüíî óñèëèâàþò êîìèçì ñèòóàöèè.
Ñòåðåîòèïè÷íûìè÷åðòàìèøóòêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäó-þùèå: 1 êîìèçì; 2 ñîâðåìåííîñòü; 3 àíòèöèïàöèÿ;
4 æàíðîâàÿ ìîäåëü; 5 èíòåðòåêñòîâûé ðèìåéê (âîçðîæ-äåíèå ñòàðûõ øóòîê è ñîçäàíèå íà èõ áàçå íîâûõ ïî ìîòèâàì); 6 èððàäèàöèÿ ýêñïðåññèâíîñòè; 7 ìèìåçèñ (ïðàâäîïîäîáèå òåêñòà øóòêè, åãî ñõîäñòâî, íî íå òîæ-äåñòâî); 8 îáìàíóòîå îæèäàíèå; 9 ñåðèéíîñòü; 10 ñèòó-àòèâíûå çíàíèÿ; 11 äèàëîãè÷íîñòü; 12 êàðíàâàëüíîå ñîçíàíèå; 13 ìãíîâåííîå âîñïðèÿòèå; 14 âîñïðîèçâîäè-ìîñòü; 15 êðàòêîñòü, ïóàíòèðîâàííîñòü; 16 ýìïàòèÿ (ñî-ïåðåæèâàíèå); 17 ëåãêèé ñòèëü.
Çíà÷èòåëüíîå âíèìàíèå â ðàáîòå óäåëÿåòñÿ ôàêòîðó àäðåñàòà, åãî ðåàêöèÿì íà øóòêó. Ñðåäè îñíîâíûõ ñòðà-òåãèé àäðåñàíòà âûäåëåíû ñëåäóþùèå: 1)ïîáóäèòü àä-ðåñàòà ðàññëàáèòüñÿ, ðàçðÿäèòü îáñòàíîâêó; 2) âûäåëèòü-ñÿ ñðåäè äðóãèõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ïî êîììóíèêàöèè; óêðåïèòü ñâîé èìèäæ; 3) ïîääåðæàòü ðàñêðåïîùåííûé äóõ âçà-èìîïîíèìàíèÿ â ðàìêàõ íåîôèöèàëüíîé ñèòóàöèè;
4) ñîçäàòü îïðåäåëåííûé ýìîöèîíàëüíûé íàñòðîé; 5) ïî-ìåíÿòü òîíàëüíîñòü â îáùåíèè è äð.
Òàêòèêè, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè äàí-íûõ ñòðàòåãèé: ýòî è îòáîð òàêèõ øóòîê, êîòîðûå áû ïðèâëåêëè âíèìàíèå àäðåñàòà, è ñîçäàíèå ñèòóàöèè, â êîòîðîé ñìåõ áûë áû íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå. Ïîýòîìó âûðà-áîòêà ñòðàòåãèé ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî íàñòðîÿ àäðåñàòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ, ïî-íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, îñíîâíîé.
Àíàëèçèðóÿ ðå÷åâîé æàíð øóòêè â þìîðèñòè÷åñêîì èíòðàäèñêóðñå, ìû ó÷èòûâàåì, ÷òî ñòðàòåãèÿ âûðàæå-íèÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå çàâèñèò îò ñîöèàëüíûõ îòíî-øåíèé ïàðòíåðîâ ïî êîììóíèêàöèè, êîòîðûå ïðåäïèñû-âàþò ôîðìóëèðîâêó ñîîáùåíèÿ.
Èíèöèàòîðîì âêëþ÷åíèÿ ðå÷åâîãî æàíðà øóòêè â èíòðàäèñêóðñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåàëüíûé ãîâîðÿùèé àäðå-ñàíò, êîòîðûé ïðåñëåäóåò ïðè ýòîì îïðåäåëåííûå êîì-ìóíèêàòèâíûå öåëè. Îí ïðîãíîçèðóåò âîçìîæíóþ
èí-òåðïðåòàöèþ ðå÷åâîãî æàíðà øóòêè ñî ñòîðîíû àäðåñà-òà è, îðãàíèçóÿ èíòðàäèñêóðñ, ñòðåìèòñÿ ê òîìó, ÷òîáû åãî ïîíèìàíèå àäðåñàòîì, ñîâïàëî ñ ïðîãíîçèðóåìîé èíòåðïðåòàöèåé, ò.å. àäðåñàíò ñòðåìèòñÿ ê äîñòèæåíèþ êà÷åñòâà èíòåðïðåòàöèè. Âêëþ÷åíèå ðå÷åâîãî æàíðà øóòêè â äàííóþ èëëîêóòèâíóþ ñèòóàöèþ îñóùåñòâëÿ-åòñÿ â ðàñ÷åòå íà àêòèâèçàöèþ ôîíîâûõ çíàíèé àäðåñà-òà î þìîðèñòè÷åñêîì çíà÷åíèè ðå÷åâîãî æàíðà øóòêè.
Áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåé êîììóíèêàòèâíîé êîìïåòåíöèè àäðå-ñàò ñîîòíåñåò çíà÷åíèå øóòêè ñ õðàíÿùèìñÿ â åãî ïàìÿ-òè þìîðèñïàìÿ-òè÷åñêèì ôðåéìîì, ÷òî ïîçâîëèò åìó îñó-ùåñòâèòü àäåêâàòíóþ êîãíèòèâíóþ îáðàáîòêó ñòàíäàð-òíîé øóòêè. Àäðåñàíò, ðåàëèçóÿ ñâîå êîììóíèêàòèâíîå íàìåðåíèå, à èìåííî âîçäåéñòâîâàòü îïðåäåëåííûì îáðàçîì íà ìåíòàëüíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü àäðåñàòà ðàñ-ñìåøèòü åãî èñïîëüçóåò, ïî ñóòè, îïûò ñàìîãî àäðåñà-òà, àêòèâèçèðóÿ åãî àâòîêîììóíèêàòèâíûå ïðåñóïïîçè-öèè, ïðîâîäÿ îïðåäåëåííûå àíàëîãèè ìåæäó äàííîé ðå÷åâîé ñèòóàöèåé è þìîðèñòè÷åñêîé.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îïèñàíèå êîììóíèêàòèâíî-ïðàãìà-òè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé àíãëîÿçû÷íîé øóòêè îñóùå-ñòâëÿåòñÿ ïî ñëåäóþùèì ïàðàìåòðàì: 1. ýêñòðàëèíã-âèñòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè (õàðàêòåð àäðåñàíòà, ïðåäìåò êîììóíèêàöèè, òèï êîíòàêòà, êîììóíèêàòèâ-íî-ïðàãìàòè÷åñêàÿ öåëåóñòàíîâêà, êîììóíèêàòèâíî-ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèå êà÷åñòâà òåêñòà). Ê îñíîâíûì êîììó-íèêàòèâíî-ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèì êà÷åñòâàì òåêñòà øóòêè ìû îòíîñèì: àòòðàêòèâíîñòü, ëàêîíè÷íîñòü, äèàëîãè÷-íîñòü, ýìîöèîíàëüäèàëîãè÷-íîñòü, îðèãèíàëüíîåòü; 2. äåÿòåëü-íîñòíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà (ôóíêöèè øóòêè â îðãàíèçà-öèè ðå÷åâîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ êîììóíèêàíòîâ). Ê ïåð-âè÷íûì ôóíêöèÿì øóòêè îòíåñåíû ðàçâëåêàòåëüíàÿ, ýêñïðåññèâíàÿ, ôàòè÷åñêàÿ, àòòðàêòèâíàÿ,
ÿçûêîòâîð-÷åñêàÿ. Âòîðè÷íûìè ôóíêöèÿìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ: êðèòè÷åñ-êàÿ, èíòåãðàòèâíàÿ, ìàñêèðîâî÷íàÿ, ýñòåòè÷åñêðèòè÷åñ-êàÿ, àð-ãóìåíòèðóþùàÿ, ôóíêöèÿ ñîçäàíèÿ èìèäæà, ôóíêöèÿ äåòàáóèçàöèè, òåðàïåâòè÷åñêàÿ; 3. ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêàÿ õà-ðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòîâîãî òèïà; 4. êóëüòóðíàÿ õàðàêòå-ðèñòèêà (àíãëîÿçû÷íàÿ ñìåõîâàÿ êóëüòóðà Âåëèêîáðè-òàíèè è ÑØÀ).
Ñàìîé ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîé ôîðìîé àíãëîÿçû÷íîé øóòêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàððàòèâíàÿ øóòêà – narrative joke (èëè àíåêäîò, â îáùåïðèíÿòîì ñìûñëå), êîòîðàÿ ñîïîñòàâëå-íà ñîïîñòàâëå-íàìè ñ áûòîâîé ìèíè-ñêàçêîé è ñîïîñòàâëå-íà îñíîâå
òèïîëîãè-÷åñêèõ ÷åðò îòäåëåíà îò íåå (Â.ß. Ïðîïï, îäíàêî, èõ îòîæäåñòâëÿåò).
Àíàëèç êîìïîçèöèîííî-ÿçûêîâûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ òåê-ñòà àíãëîÿçû÷íîé íàððàòèâíîé øóòêè ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî
÷åòêàÿ ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü âñåõ êîìïîçèöèîííûõ êîìïî-íåíòîâ ðàñêðûâàåò òåìó àíåêäîòà âî âñåé ïîëíîòå, ïðå-äîïðåäåëÿÿ åãîîñíîâíîå ïðàãìàòè÷åñêîå íàïðàâëåíèå:
çàãëàâèå, èíòðîäóêòèâíûé, êîìïëèêàòèâíûé è ýêñïëî-çèâíûé áëîêè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ èíôîð-ìàöèè â òåêñòå àíåêäîòà, ðåàëèçóÿ îïðåäåëåííûå ôóí-êöèè.
Þìîðèñòè÷åñêàÿ êîììóíèêàöèÿ ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ ñòèëè-ñòè÷åñêîìó ïðèíöèïó íàðóøåíèÿ ñòàíäàðòíûõ íîðì è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ýêñïëèêàöèè ýêñïðåññèè è ñîçäàíèþ êî-ìè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà. Íàðóøåíèÿ íîðì ìîãóò íîñèòü ëî-ãèêî-ïðåäìåòíûé, ñîäåðæàòåëüíûé èëè ÿçûêîâî-ðå÷åâîé õàðàêòåðû. Íàðóøåíèå íîðìàëüíûõ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó êëàññîâîé, ðîëåâîé, ñòàòóñíîé, âîçðàñòíîé, ïîëîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòÿìè àäðåñàíòà è åãî êîíêðåòíûì íåÿçû-êîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì âêëþ÷àþòñÿ â ñîöèî-ëèíãâèñòè÷åñ-êèå ñðåäñòâà þìîðèñòè÷åñêîãî ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî âîçäåé-ñòâèÿ. Íàðóøåíèÿ ôîíåòè÷åñêèõ, ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ, ëåêñè÷åñêèõ, ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèõ íîðì ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ÿçûêîâî-ðå÷åâûå ñðåäñòâà þìîðèñòè÷åñêîãî ýìîöèî-íàëüíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Ýòè îòêëîíåíèÿ îò íîðìû ìû íàçûâàåì ÿçûêîâîé èãðîé è øèðå èíêîíãðóýíòíîñòüþ.
Òåêñò øóòêè îêàçûâàåò âîçäåéñòâèå íà àäðåñàòà â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè âàðèàòèâíîñòü íîðìû áóäåò çàìå÷åíà, à ëîæíîñòü âûñêàçûâàíèÿ ïîíÿòà è îöåíåíà (òàê íàçûâà-åìàÿ ëîæü âçàèìîïîíèìàíèÿ), à òàêæå, êîãäà àäðåñàíò è àäðåñàò ïðèíàäëåæàò ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ñîöèàëüíî-ìó ñòàòóñó. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, þìîð â øóòêå âîçíèêàåò êàê ðåçóëüòàò âûÿâëåííîé ÿçûêîâîé, ðå÷åâîé, ëîãèêî-ïîíÿ-òèéíîé àíîìàëüíîñòè, à òàêæå ýôôåêòà âûÿâëåííîé ëæè.
Èññëåäîâàíèå ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî ìåõàíèçì ñîçäàíèÿ íàð-ðàòèâíîé øóòêè áàçèðóåòñÿ íà ïðèíöèïå èíêîíãðóýíò-íîñòè, â îñíîâå êîòîðîãî ãèïåðáîëèçàöèÿ, âûðàñòàþ-ùàÿ èç êîíôëèêòà: êîíôëèêò âñåãäà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà îñíî-âå ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ, íåñîîòîñíî-âåòñòâèÿ.
 øóòêå, êàê ïðàâèëî, îáûãðûâàþòñÿ íåãàòèâíûå
÷åðòû ÷åëîâåêà èëè æèâîòíîãî, êîòîðûå è ïðîâîöèðó-þò êîíôëèêò: ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñòîðîí, ìíåíèé, ñèë íåïîñ-ðåäñòâåííî ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ â êîìïîçèöèè øóòêè, à õàðàê-òåð åãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ îäèí èç îïðåäåëÿþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ èäåè øóòêè. Áóäó÷è ýíåðãèåé ðàçâèâàþùåãîñÿ ñþæå-òà, êîíôëèêò ïîëó÷àåò ñâîé âûõîä â ïóàíòå, ãäå îí íàõî-äèò ñâîå êîìè÷åñêîå çàâåðøåíèå.
Èìåííî ãèïåðáîëèçàöèÿ è ïðîâîöèðóåò ëîæíîñòü ñîäåðæàíèÿ è êîíôëèêò ñèòóàöèè, çàëîæåííûé â íàððà-òèâíîé øóòêå. Íàïðèìåð:
Visitor (in a restaurant): Do you serve crabs here?
Waiter: We serve everyone. Sit down [1: 1],
ãäå ìíîãîçíà÷íîñòü ãëàãîëà to serve (1) îáñëóæèâàòü è 2) ïîäàâàòü) ïðîâîöèðóåò îáìàí (ñð. Âû îáñëóæèâàåòå çäåñü êðàáîâ?), à ñèòóàöèÿ êîíôëèêò (Ìû îáñëóæèâà-åì âñåõ, ò.å. è êðàáîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå).
Êîíôëèêòû â øóòêå ìîãóò áûòü ñàìîé ðàçíîé
ñòåïå-íè âûðàæåííîñòè: îò îòêðûòîãî, ÿâíîãî äî ñêðûòîãî, èìïëèöèòíîãî. Ñð.:
– What does Ted Kennedy have that Bill Clinton wishes he had?
– A dead girlfriend [2:41],
(ãäå ðå÷ü èäåò î ñêàíäàëüíîé èñòîðèè ñ Ìîíèêîé Ëå-âèíñêè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà ëþáîâíèöåé ïðåçèäåíòà Êëèí-òîíà).
ßâíûå, îòêðûòûå, êîíôëèêòû íàèáîëåå âûðàæåíû â ýòíè÷åñêèõ, ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ, áûòîâûõ (ñð. ìóæ æåíà ëþáîâíèê; äåòè ðîäèòåëè) øóòêàõ.
Ïðèìåð ñêðûòîãî êîíôëèêòà:
Morris’s wife of forty years passes away. The undertaker asks him, “Do you want her buried, embalmed or cremated?”
Morris responds, “Why take chances? Do all three”
[2:18],
êîíôëèêò ñíèìàåòñÿ, ò.ê. æåíå óæå áåçðàçëè÷íî, êàê åå ïîõîðîíÿò, à ìóæó îíà òàê íàäîåëà, ÷òî îí ðàä âñåì òðåì âèäàì çàõîðîíåíèÿ.
Êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, îñíîâàíèå êîíôëèêòà â øóòêå â ñòîëêíîâåíèè êîìèçìà è òðàãèçìà. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñî-âìåùåíèå íåñîâìåñòèìîãî è ñîçäàåò ýôôåêò êîìè÷åñ-êîãî.
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
1. Ãàìáóðã Ë.À. Ñýð Äæîí Ôàëüñòàô, ìèñòåð Ïèêâèê, Äæèâñ è âñå-âñå-âñå : Àíãëèéñêèé þìîð, åãî ëèòåðàòóðíûå è ðå-àëüíûå ãåðîè. Ê.: Ãðàìîòà, 2003. 272 ñ. 2. Ñàìîõèíà (Äìèò-ðåíêî) Â.À. Ïðîáëåìû ôóíêöèîíàëüíî-êîììóíèêàòèâíîé ñòè-ëèñòèêè ôîëüêëîðíîãî òåêñòà // ³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí-òó
³ì. Â.Í. Êàðàç³íà. ¹ 667. Ñåð³ÿ: Ðîìàíî-ãåðìàíñüêà ô³ëî-ëîã³ÿ. Ìåòîäèêà âèêëàäàííÿ ³íîçåìíèõ ìîâ. Õàðê³â: Êîí-ñòàíòà. 2005. Ñ. 172-175. 3. Ñàìîõèíà (Äìèòðåíêî) Â.À.
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