第 6 章 の概要
6.6. 今後の展望
141
を収集し，個人レベルのデータ (e.g., 態度や行動)と集団レベルのデータ (e.g., 組織風土や組織構造)との相互作用を階層線形モデリング (Hierarchical Linear Modeling)などで分析すれば，包括的な検討が可能になるだろう。
第5に，本研究における調査回答者 (i.e. Yahoo!クラウドソーシングのパネル) はある特定のインターネットユーザーを代表している可能性がある。したがっ
て，本研究で得られた知見はごく一部の人々のみに限定される可能性があるこ
とを留意しておかねばならない。
142
デルとなるよう教育を施した。その結果，そうしたモデルとなるよう訓練を受け
た学生と社会的ネットワークの紐帯をより多く持つ学生ほど，多くの学生にい
じめが望ましいとみなされておらず，さらに対人葛藤による懲戒が少なくなる
傾向にあることが示された。すなわち，個人は社会的準拠 (social referents)を 参照して，集団規範を知覚しており，集団全体に介入を施さずとも，対人的関係
のハブとなっている一部の個人にはたらきかけることで，集団規範の変容が可
能であることを示唆している。
大学生の飲酒規範を扱った多元的無知研究のひとつは，飲酒規範を支持して
いる個人ほど自身の選好を公に意見表明する傾向にあることを示した (Miller
& Morrison, 2009)。同一人物が同じ意見について繰り返し意見表明したとき，
人々は集団内においてその意見が実際よりも広範に支持を集めていると誤って
知覚してしまう (Weaver, Garcia, Schwarz, & Miller, 2007)。多元的無知の古典 的研究 (Schanck, 1934)は，実は既に集団における“ノイジーマイノリティ”が集 団全体にもたらす影響について言及している。これまで述べてきた研究を踏ま
えれば，ノイジーマイノリティが積極的に意見表明や規範に合致した行動を示
すことが，集団規範の誤認へと導いてしまうのかもしれない。しかしながら，そ
のような個人がどのような心理的機序に基づいて意見を声高に表明するのか，
さらに，そうした行動がどのような心理的プロセスを経て，“サイレントマジョ
143
リティ”の規範知覚に影響するのかについての実証的検討は乏しいといえるだろ う。
第2に挙げられるのは，比較文化研究である。多元的無知の研究はこれまで，
主としてアメリカを中心として進められてきた。近年，日本においても研究が
徐々に進められてきているとはいえ，東アジアにおける多元的無知の検討は未
だほとんど蓄積がないといえるだろう。そのため，多元的無知研究では米国で顕
在化している社会問題 (e.g., 人種差別，大学生の過度な飲酒，名誉の文化)が題 材として扱われてきた経緯がある。日本においても大学生の飲酒規範が多元的
無知に特徴づけられることが示唆されている (宮島・山口, 2016)ため，そうした 共通の題材を用いることを通じて，文化共通的なメカニズムと文化特異的なメ
カニズムを明らかにすることが可能となる。したがって，比較文化研究へと取り
組むことで，多元的無知の理論モデルをさらに詳細に検討でき，重要な洞察が得
られると期待される。さらに，関係流動性といった社会生態学的なアプローチを
取り入れる動きもみられている (岩谷・村本, 2017)。多元的無知の予測と制御に 向けて，さらなる実証的研究が進展することが望まれる。
144
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