Ⱦɨɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 2013 ɝ

ɂɦɩɨɪɬ, ɦɥɧ.ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ, ɦɥɧ.ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ Ⱦɨɥɹ

ȼɫɟɝɨ 317805,6 100% 526392,4 100%

Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ 3493,1 1,1% 1984,9 0,4%

ɂɧɞɢɹ 3091,1 1,0% 6885,6 1,3%

Ʉɢɬɚɣ 53211,5 16,7% 35630,5 6,8%

ɘȺɊ 782,1 0,2% 289,9 0,1%

ȼɫɟɝɨ ȻɊɂɄɋ 60577,8 19,1% 44790,9 8,5%

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɭ ȼɌɈ 2014 ɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȻɊɂɄɋ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ 30-ɤɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɞɟ-ɪɵ ɩɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɭ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 – ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɘȺɊ) ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ɉɛɴɺɦ

ɬɨɪ-ɝɨɜɥɢ, ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.

Ⱦɨɥɹ ɜ

ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ-ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ,

%

Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ,

ɦɥɪɞ.

ɞɨɥɥ.

Ⱦɨɥɹ ɜ ɦɟɠ- ɞɭɧɚ-ɪɨɞɧɨɣ

ɬɨɪ-ɝɨɜɥɟ,

%

ȼɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɺɪɵ ȼɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɺɪɵ

1 Ʉɢɬɚɣ 2209 11,7 2 Ʉɢɬɚɣ 1950 10,3

10 Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 523 2,8 12 ɂɧɞɢɹ 466 2,5

19 ɂɧɞɢɹ 313 1,7 16 Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 343 1,8

22

Ȼɪɚɡɢ-ɥɢɹ 242 1,3 22 Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ 250 1,3

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹ-ɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɝɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɯɜɚ-ɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥ-ɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɘȺɊ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 30 ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɚɫ-ɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɯ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ – ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɧɢ-ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ.

ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧ-ɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɛɵɬɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ. Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ɂɧɞɢɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ ɘȺɊ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɝɟɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɬɨɪɝɭɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȻɊɂɄɋ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ȻɊɂɄɋ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɍɤɪɟɩɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ Ɏɨɪɭɦɟ.

Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ:

- ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨ-ɝɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ-ɫɬɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ XXI ɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ;

- ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ȻɊɂɄɋ (ɤɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɚ ɤɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ) ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɥɨ-ɜɭɲɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ». Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ȼȼɉ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 16 000 ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨ-ɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɧɨ-ɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɢ ɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɟ-ɲɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɫɬɪɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ: Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ 2020 ɝ., Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ – ɜ 2024 ɝ., ɂɧɞɢɹ – ɜ 2038 ɝ.;

- ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɦɢɪɚ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2007 – 2012 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 1,8 ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɞɨɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ȻɊɂɄɋ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ.

ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɜɢɞɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ.

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɪ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ: ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ; ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɢ-ɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ;

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ; ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ; ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ ȻɊɂɄɋ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ:

1. ȻɊɂɄ: ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ / ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨ-ɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɂɅȺ ɊȺɇ, 2010. 232 ɫ.

2. Ƚɪɢɲɚɟɜɚ Ʌ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ȻɊɂɄɋ: ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ // Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ. 2012. ʋ 3. ɋ. 50-62.

3. ɉɚɜɥɟɧɤɨ ȼ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ȻɊɂɄ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. – Ɇ.: ȼɪɟɦɹ ɑ, 2008. – ɋ. 21.

4. ɏɚɪɥɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ȻɊɂɄ ɜ ȻɊɂɄɋ // Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ. 2014. ʋ1.

5. http://www.goldman-sachs.com/ideas/brics/how-solid-doc.pdf.

6. Dreaming with BRICs. The Path to 2050. Global economics paper N 99 (http.//www.gs.com/inglish/research/reports/report6.html).

7. Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050 // The Goldman Sachs Group.

8. Sotero, Armijo L.E. To be or not to be a BRIC? // Asian Perspective. Vol. 31. No. 4.

2007.

ɁȺɉȺȾɇɕɃ ȼɁȽɅəȾ ɇȺ ɊɈɅɖ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌɈȼ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ȽɅɈȻȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɂ

Ɂɟɧɢɧɚ ȿ.ȼ.

ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛ-ɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɭɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ.

THE WESTERN OUTLOOK ON THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE PERIOD OF GLOBALIZATION

Zenina E.V.

Samara State University, Samara, Russia The article deals with the western outlook concerning the role of higher education institu-tions in the period of globalization. The transformative role of universities is described, trans-formation factors are enumerated, the value of projects targeted at the analysis of higher educa-tion institueduca-tion influencing a society is established. The interrelaeduca-tion between the activity of a higher education institution and the economy of a society is considered.

Keywords: higher education institutions, transformative role, globalization, democratiza-tion.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨͶɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɨɡɧɚ-ɤɨɦɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ) ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ [6]. Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɪɨɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɨ» ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 19].

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ «ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ» Ͷ 1) ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚ-ɰɢɸ, 2) ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚ-ɰɢɸ, 3) ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ «ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ» ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɚ), 4) ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ» Ͷɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜ

ɨɫɧɨ-ɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, 5) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 6) ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ.

ɐɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜͶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ» ɢ ɫɨɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ», «ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ». ȼ ɡɚɩɚɞ-ɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ (ɜɭɡ) ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ» ɢ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ», ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ-ɫɹ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ: ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ Ͷ ɫɟɬɶ

«ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɟ «ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ». ɗɬɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɩɨɞ-ɱɟɪɤɢɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ-ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ [12, c. 21].

ɑɬɨɛ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɚ) ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɛ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɜ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɝ) ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɞ) ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 23].

ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɭɡɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɭɡɨɜ: ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɥɸ-ɞɹɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ; ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɥ ɜɵ-ɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ;

ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪ-ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɹɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ;

ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ Ȼɚɧɤ ɜ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɨɬɱɟɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ

«ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨ-ɫɬɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ»: 1) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨ-ɱɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɲɤɨɥ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭɦɨɜ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, 2) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, 3) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ, 4) ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɷɬɢɤɭ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ [13, c. 38]. ɗɬɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ «ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ-ɫɬɢ»ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ «ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ].

«Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɭɡɨɜ», ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɳɟ 100 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɝɥɚɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɭɡɨɜ. ȼɭɡɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛ-ɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. «Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɞɟɥɚɥɫɹ ɭɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɱɬɨɛ ɭɤɪɟ-ɩɢɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ» [9, ɫ. 38].

ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ ɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ Ȼɚɧɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɧ-ɜɟɱɬɨɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɭɡ ɤɚɤ «ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ». ɑɬɨɛ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ Ȼɚɧɤ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ «ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ-ɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ». ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ [13, ɫ. 13].

ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ Ȼɚɧɤ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫ-ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ «ɪɚɡɜɢ-ɬɢɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ» ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ Ȼɚɧɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ

ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ [5]. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ-ɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ.

ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ȼɚɧɤɚ, «ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ». ȼɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, «ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬ-ɫɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ» [6, c. 29]. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ Ͷ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɬɚ-ɥɟɣ. ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ, «ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ» [1, ɫ. 15]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ-ɫɬɢ» [10, ɫ. 7].

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ», ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢͶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɬɨ «ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ» ɤɪɚɯɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-ɦɟɪ, «ɭɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ, ɚɩɚɪɬɟɢɞɚ, ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ». ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɬɨ

«ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». ɉɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ «ɨɫɤɨɥɤɢ» ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ-ɤɪɵɬɨ, ɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ». Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɡɚ-ɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ – ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɥɢ-ɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ – «ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ» [2].

ȼ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ: ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɬ «ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚ-ɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ», ɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ɇɟ-ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ «ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ» [11, ɫ. 24]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨɧɢ,

«ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɭɡɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɞɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ƚɭɦɛɨɥɶɞɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ». Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɟ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ: ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɟɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 26].

ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɨɥɶ ɜɭɡɚ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɭɡɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɭɡɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ:

«ɤɚɤ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɭɡɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɥɸɫ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚͶɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ. ɇɨ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ – ɧɟɬ» [6, c. 28].

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɜɭɡɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɤɟ». Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɚ: ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ? ɉɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ? Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɢ ɬɢɩɵ

ɜɵ-ɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ? ɑɬɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ? ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ, «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ» ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɦɢ-ɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ «ɛɢɥɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɟɡɞ» ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚ-ɥɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 29].

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟͶ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ, ɞɚɸɬ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɩɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ (ɜɵɩɭɫɤ-ɧɢɤɨɜ) ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 40 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. ȼɵ-ɩɭɫɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ «ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ». ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ

«ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɢ «ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 30].

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ: ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɫ-ɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ (ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ʉɚɤ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ, ɱɬɨ «ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20 ɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɯɭɞɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ» ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚ-ɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ [3, ɫ. 18. ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: 6]. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ «ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɟɧɢ-ɥɨɫɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟ ȼɟɛɟɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɡɦɟ, ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, 19].

ɋɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ (Ʉɨɧɝɨ), ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ (ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ), ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ «ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ» [6, ɫ. 29].

ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɹɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ [7, ɫ. 145], ɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɭɡɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɚ ɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ (ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɜɭɡɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞɚɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫ-ɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ɂɚɛɚɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ: 40% ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ 10% ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɢɠɟ [4, ɫ. 17]: