Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɐɟɥɟɜɚɹ
3. Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧȺɄɘ.
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ 13 ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɟɜɪɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɟɝɨ-ɞɧɹ, ɷɬɚ ɜɚɥɸɬɚ ɭɠɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɸɚɧɹ ɢ ɢɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɭ ɢ ɟɜɪɨ.
Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ – ȺɄɘ (ACU – Asian Currency Unit) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɥɸɬ Ʉɢɬɚɹ, ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ, əɩɨɧɢɢ ɢ 10 ɫɬɪɚɧ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ȺɋȿȺɇ – ASEAN, Association of South-East Asia Nations).
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢ-ɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ:
1. Ȼɭɧɢɱ, Ƚ.Ⱥ., Ȼɭɧɢɱ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞ-ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɧɢɱ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɭɧɢɱ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.-2013.- ʋ4(17)
2.Ȼɭɧɢɱ , Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ[Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɧɢɱ//ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.- 2014.- ʋ5.
3.Ȼɭɧɢɱ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɧɢɱ //ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.- 2014.- ʋ4, ɱ 2.
4.Ȼɭɧɢɱ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɏɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ[Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɧɢɱ.//Ɇ.:ɂɌɄ
«Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜ ɢ Ʉ».- 2013.
ȺȾȺɉɌȺɐɂə ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ȼ ɋɅɈɀɇɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɏ
Ȼɭɯɚɪɨɜ Ɇ.ɇ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɝ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢ-ɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ.
CONTROL ADAPTATION IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Bukharov M.N.
University of Technology, Korolev, Russia Adaptation control aspects of complex systems with hybrid intellect are considered in the article.
Keywords: adaptation, complex system, hybrid intellect.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ [20, 22]. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ-ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ
ɡɚ-ɞɚɱɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟ-ɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɉɋȺ), ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (10) ɢ (11)). ɉɋȺ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ, ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.ȼ [26] ɞɚɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ: «ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ – ɦɚɲɢɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɟɦɚɧ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ».
ȼ [25] ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-ɝɢɢ: «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ-ɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɞɢɜɟɪɝɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ, ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɧ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ».
Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ [15, 16, 20, 22], ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɷɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ), ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-ɪɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɜɯɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɜɵ-ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹ-ɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ [20, 22].
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɝɢɛɪɢɞ) ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨ-ɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɤɨ-ɪɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɇɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ [20, 22] ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ: 1) ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ; 2) ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɥɹ
ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ; 3) ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: 1) ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɤɪɚɬɤɨ – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) – ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ; 2) ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɤɪɚɬɤɨ – ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚ-ɰɢɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ; 3) ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɤɪɚɬɤɨ – ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚ-ɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟ-ɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨ-ɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (10) ɢ (11)).
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [8, 13, 21]: 1) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɳɢɤɚ; 2) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ; 3) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɥɝɨ-ɪɢɬɦɨɜ; 4) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɳɢɤɚ.ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸ-ɬɟɪɟ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ – ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ (ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ) ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ (ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɵ «ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ-Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ». ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɧɬɟ-ɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: C0 – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; T0 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; V0 – ɲɢɪɨɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ); P0 – ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨ-ɞɚɦɢ); A0 – ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɬɟɠ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ:
D=<S, L, P>, (1)
ɝɞɟ: D – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; S – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; L – ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; P – ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-ɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (C0, T0, V0, P0, A0).
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ P ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ (S ɢ L) ɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ P ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
P=F(S, L, I, O, V, R, K), (2)
ɝɞɟ: F – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ (ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ); I – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ; O – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; V – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; R – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; K – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫ-ɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ I, O, V, R, K ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɭɸ t – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ (2) ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
P=F(S, L, I(t), O(t), V(t), R(t), K(t)) (3)
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ:
O(t) = Q(I(t), K(t)), (4)
ɝɞɟ Q – ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
Q:I K× →O.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ:
R(t) = Z(V(t), K(t)), (5)
ɝɞɟ Z – ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɚɪɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɤɬɨ-ɪɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɜɟɤɬɨ-ɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ,
R K V :
Z × → .
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ [21].
ȿɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɨɜ:
) u , Y(xk k
1=
+
xk (6)
ɝɞɟ k=0,1,2,...,N, xk∈X,uk∈U.
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: X – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ; xk – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ k; U – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɛɵ-ɬɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ; uk – ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ k; Y – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ Y ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ:
X U X :
Y × →
(7)ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨ-ɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢk ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ
x
k ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸuk ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (k +1). ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ (ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɇɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ [27]. ɇɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
] [0,1 X U X :
Y × × → (8)
ɗɬɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɤɚɪɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹX×U×X. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ Y ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ xk+1ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɩɚɪɵ (xk, uk).
ȼɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ D1ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ D2ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ S ɢ L. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɧ-ɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ P ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ S ɢ L ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ – ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ S, ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-ɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ L, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟ-ɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɪɚɛɨ-ɬɵ P.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ So, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ Lo, ɚ ɨɝɪɚ-ɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ Po. Ɍɨ-ɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ D1ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ D2ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ:
D2=T(D1), (9)
ɚ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ D1ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ D2
– ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ D1ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ D2ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ:
D2=T(D1, So, Lo, Po). (10)
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (10) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: 1) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥ-ɥɟɤɬɚ So (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɚ, ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ); 2) ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Lo (ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ So); 3) ɢɧɬɟ-ɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Po (ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Soɢ Lo).
ȼɚɪɶɢɪɭɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (Soɢ Lo) ɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (I(t), O(t), V(t), R(t), K(t) – ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (3)), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢ-ɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚ-ɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Po.
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ.
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (10)), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ P ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
1 (P) 2
ε ≤ Φ ≤ ε (11)
ɝɞɟ: Φ(P) – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ; ε ε1, 2 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢΦ(P) – ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ P.
Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟ-ɪɟɧɵ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚ-ɰɢɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨ-ɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɡɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ-ɦɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɣ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟ-ɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ:
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɞɚɩ-ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɞɚɩɚɞɚɩ-ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ: ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ; ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ:
1) ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ-ɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ;
2) ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-ɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ – ɜɵɛɨɪ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛ-ɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɟ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥ-ɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɪɝɢɛɪɢɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɹɳɢɤɚ, D=<S, L, P>.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ S ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ:
S=<S1, S2, S3, S4>, (12)
ɝɞɟ: S1 – ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; S2 – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; S3 – ɫɨɜɨ-ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ; S4 – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, S1 = {di}, ɝɞɟ: di – i-ɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ; ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, S2 = {
τ
i,j}, ɝɞɟ:τ
i,j – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ i ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ j; ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, S3 ={ p
n,m}
, ɝɞɟ:p
n,m – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ m ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ n;ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, S4 = { }si , ɝɞɟ: si – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ i.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɇɚ k-ɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ i-ɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ sk,iɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ {pi,j}, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ {si,j} ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ {fi,j}:
sk,i =<{pi,j}, {si,j}, {fi,j}>, (13)
ɝɞɟ: pi,j – j-ɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ i-ɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; si,j – j-ɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɚ i-ɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; fi,j – j-ɵɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ i-ɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɚɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪ-ɚɝɟɧɬ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛ-ɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢ-ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ k ɤɚɠɞɚɹ i-ɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
,
sk i ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɬɟɠ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ{ , }
i jp
p ), ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ { , }
i js
s , ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
,1
{mi j}ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ
,2
{mi j}ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ{ , }
i jf
f :
1 2
, { ,p},{ ,s},{ , },{ , },{ ,f}
k i i j i j i j i j i j
s =< p s m m f > (14)
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
,1
{mi j}ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ sk i, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ{ , }
i js
s ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ (ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ:
L =
{
Ci j k, , →Ei j k, ,}
, (15)ɝɞɟ: Ci j k, , – ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɚEi,j,k – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ i ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ j ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ k.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ (15) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ N ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ (n=1, 2, 3 …, N), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ n – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ:
{
, ,n , ,n}
n i j k i j k
s = C →E (16)
ȼ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢ-ɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
{ }
,
, , , , , , , , , ,
1 1 1
, n , m n ,
n n
M L N
n n m n m n k m n k m n i k m i k m
n m k
L s s p p τ τ C E
= = =
=
= = = → , (17)ɝɞɟ τk m n, , – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ k ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ m ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ n; pm n, – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ m ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ n; sn –
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ n.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ-ɤɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (10)) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (11)). Ɋɟɨɪ-ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ: 1) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ So (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢ-ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ); 2) ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Lo (ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ So); 3) ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Po (ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Soɢ Lo).
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ (ɨɛɭɱɟ-ɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ) ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟ-ɤɭɳɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ, ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɡɵ – ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɡɚ-ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɩɨɞ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɉɋȺ). ɉɋȺ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɟ-ɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧ-ɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ [15, 16, 20, 22]:
1) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;
2) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
3) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ) ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ (ɫɨ-ɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ);
4) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
5) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨ-ɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ;
6) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ;
7) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ;
8) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɢ: ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯ-ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ [15, 16, 20, 22].
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ «ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ» ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦ ɫɟɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ [16].
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-ɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ: 1) ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ (ɛɟɡ ɫɟɬɢ) ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ Mi-crosoft Windows; 2) ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ Microsoft Windows; 3) ɞɥɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ Microsoft Windows. ɗɬɢ ɚɥ-ɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭ-ɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ [20, 22].
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɨ-ɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ) ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ) ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɚɯ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ (ɫɨɬɪɭɞ-ɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ (ɡɚɝɨ-ɬɨɜɤɢ) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ [15, 16].
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ [15, 16]: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ɋɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-ɠɚɬ [15, 16]: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵ-ɛɨɪɤɚɦ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ; ɚɥɝɨ-ɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-ɠɚɬ [1, 15, 16]: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ; ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (10)) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (11)).
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ:
1. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
2. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
3. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
4. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ:
1) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ;
2) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɨɜ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɡɵ – ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ);
3) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɫɪɟɡɨɜ;
4) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ;
5) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ:
1) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
2) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
3) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢ-ɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
4) ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ [15, 16]:
1) ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
2) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ) ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚ-ɰɢɢ) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣ-ɫɚ) ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ).
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢ-ɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɹɡɵɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɥɹɬɨɪ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ [20, 22]; ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɜɢɝɚ-ɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɧɚɜɢɝɚ-ɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ [15, 16].
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ) [18]
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥ-ɧɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɬɥɚɞɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɞ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨ-ɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɵɯ [20, 22].
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɨɩɢ-ɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨ-ɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤ-ɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɨɪɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɦɧɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ [1, 17, 18, 22]. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ) ɫ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ [9], ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ).
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (10)) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (11)).
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
1. ɉɚɤɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
2. ɉɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɨɬ-ɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭ-ɥɟɣ.
3. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ.
4. ɉɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
1) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
2) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
3) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
4) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢ-ɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ [20, 22, 6, 10-14, 19]:
1. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
2. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
3. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
5. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ.
6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɧɝɨɜ.
7. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
8. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ.
9. Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
10. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
11. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ