Goremikin V.A., Menshikova M.A
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɜɵ-ɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ? ɑɬɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ? ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ, «ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ» ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɦɢ-ɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ «ɛɢɥɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɟɡɞ» ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚ-ɥɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 29].
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟͶ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ, ɞɚɸɬ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɩɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ (ɜɵɩɭɫɤ-ɧɢɤɨɜ) ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 40 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. ȼɵ-ɩɭɫɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ «ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ». ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
«ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɢ «ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 30].
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ: ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɫ-ɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ (ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ʉɚɤ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ, ɱɬɨ «ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20 ɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɯɭɞɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ» ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚ-ɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ [3, ɫ. 18. ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: 6]. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ «ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɟɧɢ-ɥɨɫɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟ ȼɟɛɟɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɡɦɟ, ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, 19].
ɋɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ (Ʉɨɧɝɨ), ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ (ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ), ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ «ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ» [6, ɫ. 29].
ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɹɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ [7, ɫ. 145], ɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɭɡɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɚ ɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ (ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɜɭɡɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞɚɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫ-ɫɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ɂɚɛɚɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ: 40% ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ 10% ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɢɠɟ [4, ɫ. 17]:
ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɭɡɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ 80% ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥɟ), ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ [8, c. 41]. «ȼ ɋɟɧɟ-ɝɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɪɚɡ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɂɌ. ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɭɡɵ «ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɜɚɬɶ-ɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɜɵɪɜɚɬɶ-ɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫ-ɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ].
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɜ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ, ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥɟ ɢ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ) ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɭɡɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
«ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪ» ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥɚ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɸɬ «ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ-ɫɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ» [6, ɫ. 30].
«Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɭɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ» [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɚɦ ɨɬ-ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ –ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨ-ɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ-ɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-ɝɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ.
ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ: «ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ-ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɭɡɵ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ. ɇɈ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭ-ɸɳɚɹ». Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɭɸɬ«ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɜ ɜɭɡɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɭɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɵ, ɝɞɟ ɭ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ». ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɭɡɨɜ: «ɩɪɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɵɧɤɚ». ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɭɡɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, «ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢɞɭɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» [6, ɫ. 32]. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɭɡɵ «ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ» ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ⱥɮɪɢ-ɤɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ ȺɦɟɪɢȺɮɪɢ-ɤɢ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ:
1. Badat, S. Transforming South African higher Education. Paradoxes, Policy Choices, Interests and Constraints: Paper presented at the Salzburg Seminar. 2001. 44 p.
2. Banya, K., Elu, J. The World Bank and Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Higher Education. V. 42. 2001. P. 1-34.
3. Fedotova, N. The Role of Universities in Social Transformations: Case-Study of Rus-sia. 2002. 36 p.
4. Gorbunova, E., Zabaev, I. The Rrole of the Moscow Higher School of Social and Eco-nomic Sciences in the Russian Society Being Transformed. 2001. 48 p.
5. Hunter, W., Brown, D. World Bank Directives, Domestic Interests, and the Politics of Human Capital Investment in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies. V. 33 (1). 2000. P.
113-144.
6. Brennan, J., King, R., Lebeau Y. The Role of Universities in the Transformation of Societies. 2004. 83 p.
7. King, K., McGrath, S. Globalisation, Enterprise and Knowledge. Education, Training and Development in Africa. Oxford: Symposium Books. 2002. 159 p.
8. Niane, B. Ndiaye, F., Sougou O. Universities and Social Transformations: Case Stud-ies of Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar and Université Gaston Berger. Saint-Louis, Senegal.
2002. 29 p.
9. Sall, E., Lebeau Y., Kassimir, R. The Public Dimensions of the University in Africa.
Journal of higher Education in Africa. V. 1(1). 2003. P. 24-51.
10. Singh, M. Re-Inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transformation.
CHE Higher Education Discussion Series. V.1. 2003. P. 7-22.
11. Slaughter, S., Leslie, L. Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies and the Entrepre-neurial University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1997. 160 p.
12. Task Force on Higher Education and Society (TFHES): Peril and Promise. Higher Education in Developing Countries. Washington DC, The World Bank. 2000.
13. World Bank Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Educa-tion. Washington DC: The World Bank. 2002.
ɉɈȾɏɈȾɕ Ʉ ɉɈɇɂɆȺɇɂɘ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂɋɄɍɋɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɂɇɌȿɅɅȿɄɌȺ ȼ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɆ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋȿ
Ɂɢɧɨɜɶɟɜ ȼ.ɇ., ɏɚɪɥɚɦɨɜɚ ȿ.ɋ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɝ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ «ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ»
ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ 230700.62 «ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ».
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɛɢɨɥɨ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
GOING NEAR UNDERSTANDING OF PROBLEM OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
V.N.Zinovjev, E.S. Kharlamova University of Technology, Korolev, Russia The basic going is considered near understanding of problems of artificial intelligence during teaching of discipline the "Intellectual informative systems" to direction of preparation of bache-lors 230700.62 the "Applied informatics"
Keywords: artificial intelligence, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ design, biological design, models and methods of researches
ɂɫɤɭғɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟғɤɬ (ɂɂ) (ɚɧɝɥ. Artificial intelligence, AI) — ɷɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ.[1]ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ. ɇɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ-ɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɥ-ɥɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ.[1]
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɷɤɫ-ɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧ-ɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɢɧ-ɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɂɂ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɂɂ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.[1]
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɜɜɟɥ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɇɚɤɤɚɪɬɢ ɜ 1956 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ Ⱦɚɪɬɦɭɬɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, ɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧ-ɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ — ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ȼ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɺɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ɇɟɬ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ «ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ», ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɫɬ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɇɶɸɷɥ-ɥɚ — ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɂɂ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫ-ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɂɂ[2] :
• ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ (ɚɧɝɥ. Top-Down AI), ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ — ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɩɫɢɯɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɱɶ, ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.;
• ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ (ɚɧɝɥ. Bottom-Up AI), ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ — ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟ-ɬɟɣ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ «ɧɟɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ» ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨ ɂɂ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ Ⱦɠɨɧɨɦ Ɇɚɤɤɚɪɬɢ — ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ.
«ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ — ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ» [3]ɗɬɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ «ɦɚɲɢɧɵ».
ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ȿɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ, ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ-ɟɬ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɩɢɲɭɳɢɣ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɂ, ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ:
Ɍɟɫɬ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɚ
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ, ɢɞɟɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɨɦ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ
«ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦ» (ɚɧɝɥ. Computing Machinery and Intelligence), ɨɩɭɛɥɢ-ɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1950 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ «Mind». ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɡɚ-ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨ-ɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɫ ɤɟɦ ɨɧ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬ: ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ — ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɫɬɚ-ɜɢɜ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ». ȼɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ Ⱥɤɫɟɥɶɪɨɞɨɦ [Axelrod R.
The Structure of Decision: Cognitive Maps of Political Elites. — Princeton. University Press, 1976]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ: ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ: ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɪɚɮɚ (ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ) (F, W), ɝɞɟ F — ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɬɭ-ɚɰɢɢ, W — ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ;
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚ-ɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ; ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ.
Ȼɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ, ɤɚɡɚɯɚɦ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɰɚɦ — ɜɫɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɡɚɯɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɣ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɦ-ɤɚɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸ-ɱɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡ-ɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ⱥɝɟɧɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɢɥɢɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ-ɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ-ɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ — ɷɬɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɝɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɧ-ɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɋɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɪ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɂɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ
• ɋɚɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɂɂ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. ɗɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚ-ɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɢ ɬɨɬ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ (ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ).
• ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ-ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ: ɂɂ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨ-ɝɞɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɗɧɞɪɸ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢɡ «Ⱦɜɭɯ-ɫɨɬɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɢɝ-ɪɭɲɤɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ. Ⱥ Ⱦɟɣɬɚ ɢɡ Ɂɜɺɡɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɤ ɤɨɦɦɭ-ɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɦɟɱɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɸ.
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɋɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɂɂ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭ-ɬɢ, ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɂɂ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɺ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɧ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ, ɬɪɭɞɨɺɦɨɤ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ: ɞɨɤɚɡɚ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɝɪ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨ-ɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ
«ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ» ɹɡɵɤɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɜɹ-ɡɚɧ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɺɧɵɯ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢ-ɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɂɂ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ — ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ — ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤ-ɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɺ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ — ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ-ɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ.
Ʉ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɪɟɱɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɤ-ɫɬɨɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɦ.
ɫɥɟɞ. ɩɭɧɤɬ). Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɫ ɪɨɛɨ-ɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɸɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɝɭɪ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫ-ɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ («ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ»). Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ — ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ.
Ɋɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢ-ɬɚɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɂɂ.
Ɇɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɳɺ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸ-ɬɟɪɨɦ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ (ɱɚɫɬɨ — ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɚɡɨɤ), ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɢɝɪ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɜɟɫɶ-ɦɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɜɟɫɶ-ɦɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɜɟɫɶ-ɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɜɟɫɶ-ɦɚɟɬ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɭɦɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɲɭɦɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨ-ɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɋɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɒɢɪɨɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟ ɞɨ-ɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɩɨɪɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ, ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚ-ɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɭɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɭɥɟ-ɬɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢ-ɰɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɦ-ɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ʌɢɫɩ, ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ, ɭ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡ-ɧɢɤɥɚ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ, ɷɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɪɨɠ-ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɸɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɬɶ ɤɚ-ɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɂɂ, ɜ ɛɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɨ-ɲɥɚ[4].
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɂɂ ɜɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɢɧɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɱɤɚ, ɷɤɫɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ), ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɜɚɧɬɨ-ɜɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ(ɢ), ɧɨɨɬɪɨɩɢɤɢ, ɷɤɫɬɪɨɦɨɮɢɥɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɫɦ. ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ Ʉɭɪɰɜɟɣɥɹ[5], MIT[6].
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɂɂ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫ-ɫɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɜɭɡɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɂɂ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
• Deep Blue — ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥ ɱɟɦɩɢɨɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɚɦ. (Ɇɚɬɱ Ʉɚɫɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭ-ɩɟɪɗȼɆ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɺɫ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɳɢɤɚɦ, ɧɢ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɢɫɬɚɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɚ Ʉɚɫɩɚɪɨɜɵɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ — ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ IBM ɩɪɨ-ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ brute force BluGene (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ Blue Brain.[7]Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ — ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɟɤɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɂɂ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.)
• Mycin — ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ-ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ.
• 20Q — ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɹɯ ɂɂ, ɩɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ «20 ɜɨ-ɩɪɨɫɨɜ». ɋɬɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ 20q.net.[8]
• Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɱɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ViaVoice ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟ-ɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
• Ɋɨɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɭɪɧɢɪɟ RoboCup ɫɨɪɟɜɧɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɮɭɬ-ɛɨɥɚ.
Ȼɚɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ (ɋɂɂ) ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚɤɬɭɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ) ɩɪɢ ɢɝɪɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɣɞɢɧɝɭ (BBC News, 2001). Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢ-ɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɢ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɱɢ), ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ, ɫɩɚɦ-ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɉȼɈ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚ-ɞɚɱ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɝɪ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɂɂ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɂɂ ɜ ɢɝɪɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɺɯɞɜɭɯ-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɪɚɫɱɺɬ ɜɟɪ-ɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɉɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɂɂ:
• ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢ-ɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɂɂ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
• ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ɋɚɡɭɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟ-ɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɂɂ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. Ⱥ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɢ-ɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɧɚɭɤɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɮɢ-ɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ — ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ, ɪɟɲɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɂɂ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ — ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫ-ɥɟ — ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ[9], ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɤɚ
ȼ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɞ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨ-ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚ-ɛɨɬɤɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ
ɇɚɭɤɚ «ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ» ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɨ-ɫɨɮɨɜ. ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟɪɚɡ-ɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɺ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɨɫ.
Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, «ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɂɂ». ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨ-ɩɪɨɫ: «ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɂɂ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ?»
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ (ɷɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ) ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ: «Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɂ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ?»
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɂ
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɂɂ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɱɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɢɡɲɟɝɨ, ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɢ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ (ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ), ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨ-ɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɗȼɆ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɭɞɚ ɢɞɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ «ɧɚɥɟɜɨ ɩɨɣɞɺɲɶ…», «ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɣɞɺɲɶ…», «ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɨɣɞɺɲɶ…».
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ «Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɦɵɫ-ɥɢɬɶ?», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ Ⱥɥɚɧɨɦ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɨɦ ɜ 1950 ɝɨɞɭ. Ⱦɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ» ɜɜɟɥ Ⱦɠɨɧ ɋɺɪɥɶ, ɟɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ:
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ; ɨɧɚ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɭɦ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɭɦ.[10]
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɂɂ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ɇɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ «Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ» Ⱦɠɨɧɚ ɋɺɪɥɹ — ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɚ Ɍɶɸɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɭ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɩɨɞɥɢɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.