Isaev V.G., Mikhalishina E.V
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ Ⱥ1
ɒɚ-ɝɢ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɍɦɟɧɢɹ Ɂɧɚɧɢɹ Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ
1 Ⱦɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-ɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ (Ɉɋ)
- ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢ.
- ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
- ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟ-ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ;
- ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟ-ɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
- ɫɬɨɥɵ;
- ɫɬɭɥɶɹ;
- ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ;
- ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ;
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ:
- ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ-ɦɢ Windows XP; Windows 7, 8; Linux;
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ:
- ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ;
- ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
- ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɵ ɫ Ɉɋ;
- ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɵ:
- ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ Ɉɋ;
- ɬɟɫɬɵ;
-ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ;
- ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ;
- ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ 2 Ɏɚɣɥɨɜɵɟ
ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ.
- ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ;
-ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɮɚɣɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ;
-ɜɢɞɵ ɮɚɣɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ;
-ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨ-ɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɮɚɣɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ .
3 ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɡ-ɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ. ɉɨɞɝɨ-ɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (Ɉɋ).
-ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ-ɛɢɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ .
-ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡ-ɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫ-ɤɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ.
4 Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ BIOS.
ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ BIOS.
-ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ BIOS.
-ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ BIOS;
-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɸ BIOS.
5 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɩɟ-ɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ (Windows XP, Windows 7,
- ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ;
- ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ
- ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɩɟ-ɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
- ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ɉɋ;
8 , Linux) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
-ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ Ɉɋ ɜ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨ-ɛɢɹ:
- ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ.
ȼ. Ƚɨɪɞɟɟɜ, Ⱥ.
ɘ. Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ;
-Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɚ-ɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɹ ɗ. Ɍɚɧɟɧɛɚɭɦ, Ⱥ. ȼɭɞɯɚɥɥ;
- Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɨɩɟ-ɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤ-ɰɢɣ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ȼ. ȿ. Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ, Ʉ.
Ⱥ. Ʉɨɧɶɤɨɜ;
-Linux ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ȼ.Ʉɨɫɬɪɨɦɢɧ.
6 ɉɟɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
-ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟ-ɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɜɨɫ-ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ.
-ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-ɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
7 2.Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ
-ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ-ɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
-ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɟɪɨ-ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
- ɭɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟ-ɥɟɣ;
-ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
8 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɨɥ-ɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
- ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɭɤɨ-ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭ-ɚɬɚɰɢɢ;
- ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɢɫɶ-ɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨ-ɬɟ.
- ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-ɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ Ɉɋ;
-ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɉɄ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ) ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Ɉɋ;
-ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɦɨ-ɞɭɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɰɟɥɶ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ. Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɰɟɥɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-ɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɚɯ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɩɨɞ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ [1]. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ (ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ) [3]. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ-ɲɚɝɚɦ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ:
1. Ȼɥɨɯɢɧ ɇ. ȼ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɇ. ȼ. Ȼɥɨɯɢɧ, ɂ. ȼ. Ɍɪɚɜɢɧ. – Ʉɨɫɬɪɨɦɚ:
ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɄȽɍ ɢɦ. ɇ. Ⱥ. ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜɚ, 2003.
2. Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɇ., Ɇɭɪɚɜɶɺɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɧɨɜɚɥɨɜɚ ɘ.ȼ., ɋɚɪɬɚɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬ-ɤɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹɯ» /ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ/ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. «Ⱥɥɶ-ɮɚ-Ɇ», 2005. – 284ɫ.
3. ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ ȼ.ə. «Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟ-ɧɢɹ» (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ). – ɋɉɛ.: ȽɈɍ ɂɉɄ ɋɉɈ, 2010. – 172ɫ.
ɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɆɂɊɈȼɈȽɈ ɊɕɇɄȺ ɋɅɂəɇɂɃ ɂ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɂ ȿȽɈ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂə ȼ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄȿ ɋɌɊȺɇ-ɑɅȿɇɈȼ ɋɇȽ
Ʉɚɤɚɞɠɚɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱦ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɝ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢ-ɨɞ, ɛɟɪɭɳɢɣ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX - XX ɜɜ. Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɥɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɜɨɥɧ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ.
FORMATION OF THE WORLD MARKET OF MERGES AND POSSIBILITY OF ITS USE IN ECONOMY OF MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE CIS
Kakadzhanova Ⱥ.D.
University of Technology, Korolev, Russia The emergence of global mergers covers a long historical period, originating at the turn of XIX - XX centuries, the World economy has experienced five waves of mergers occurring on the background of economic growth and accompanied by a consistent concentration of produc-tion and capital. Completing all waves of mergers has been the emergence of transnaproduc-tional cor-porations.
Keywords: mergers, acquisitions, corporations, the global economy.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ (ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ) ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟ-ɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɜɨɥɧ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ (ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ). ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɟɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢɬɨɝ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɟɧɭ ɤɨɪ-ɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ - ɫɭɩɟɪɝɢɝɚɧɬɨɜ [7-12]. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢ-ɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX - XX ɜɜ., ɛɵɥɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ (ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ), ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ – 2/3 ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ: ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨ-ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭ-ɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ [6].
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴ-ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɛɵɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ – ɛɨɥɟɟ 70% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶ-ɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ
ɨɝ-ɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Ʉ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɏɏ ɜ. ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɷɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɬɪɟɫɬɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɨɛɜɚɥ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ 1904 ɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɡɚ-ɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ [2].
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 10-20 ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ȿɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɲɟɣ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟ-ɧɢɸ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɣ. ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪ-ɤɢɜɚɥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ, ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ Ⱦɠ. ɋɬɢɝɥɟɪ, ɧɚɡɜɚɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬ-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɨɥɢɢ [3]. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨ-ɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɥɟɠɚɥɨ ɚɧɬɢɬɪɟɫɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨ-ɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ 1914 ɝ.
ɇɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ. ɋɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜ-ɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚ-ɥɢɫɶ: ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɥɢɹ-ɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɫɹ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, 43% ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɥɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬ-ɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. Ɂɚ-ɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɢ 20-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ʉɪɚɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ 1929 ɝ. ɩɨɜɥɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨ-ɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ 60-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ., ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ-ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɤɭɩ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɭ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨ-ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɷɮ-ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɰɟɧɚ/ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢɦɟɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵ-ɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧ-ɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ. ɂɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦ [4]:
1) ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ Procter&Gamble, ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Clorox, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɶɹ;
2) ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɚ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Safeway ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɦɚɪɤɟɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɟɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ;
3) ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ – ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦ-ɩɚɧɢɟɣ Beatrice Foods ɮɢɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɱɟɦɨɞɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜ-ɧɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɥɚ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴ-ɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟ-ɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨ-ɩɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-ɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 80-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ-ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢɢ (ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-ɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ). ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɷɩɨɯɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ». ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜ-ɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢɣ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɋɒȺ, ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɦ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ, ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɛɵɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɋɒȺ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɠɚɥ ɫɩɟ-ɤɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɬɢɜ, ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɦ, ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɥɢ ɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɰɟ-ɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ [5].
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɝɚɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1980 ɝ. ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ-ɥɚɫɶ ɫ 49,8 ɞɨ 215,1 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ., ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɜɵɲɟ 100 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ 23 ɪɚɡɚ [1]. 80-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɞ-ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫɦɹɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ-ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ (ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ). Ʉ
ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɭɸ, ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɮɚɪ-ɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɣɞɟɪɵ, ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ-ɰɟɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨ-ɞɚɠɢ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ-ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɝɨɧɨɪɚɪɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɵɧɤɭ ɛɪɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɟɦɧɨ-ɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɇɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɋɒȺ ɜɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. Ɂɚɯɜɚ-ɬɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɜ 1980-ɵɟ ɝɝ. ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɞɟ-ɥɨɤ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɮɢɪɦ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧȿɜɪɨɩɟɣ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ əɩɨɧɢɢ). ɉɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ: ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ-ɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ-ɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɫɩɚɞɚ, ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ: ɰɟɧɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ (ɩɨɝɥɨ-ɳɟɧɢɹɦ) ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ – ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ, ɨɛɜɚɥɢɥɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ «ɦɭɫɨɪɧɵɯ» ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɢ 1990 ɝ. ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ (ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦ).
ɇɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1992 ɝ. ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ (ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ) ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɦɟ-ɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɭɦ ɤɨɪ-ɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ – ɦɟɝɚɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɦɟɠɫɬɪɚ-ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɝɚɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ: ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤ-ɬɢɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ 1997ɝ. ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɝɚɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ «ɗɪɛɚɫ ɢɧɞɚɫɬɪɢ», ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɥɚ 65%, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ [3].
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɲɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɬɨɩ-ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɟɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (913 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɝɚɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢ-ɬɚɥɚ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɛɵɥ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɥɨ-ɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɯɜɚɬɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɇɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ) [2]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɝɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɋɇȽ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ:
1. Ⱦɟɩɚɦɮɢɥɢɫ Ⱦ. ɋɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ/ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. Ɇ.: ɁȺɈ «Ɉɥɢɦɩ-Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ», 2007. 960ɫ.
2. ɀɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɋɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɇ.:
Ɏɢɧɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, 2008. 215ɫ.
3. ɀɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧ-ɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ: Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, 2009. 320ɫ.
4. ɂɡɦɚɣɥɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɩɨ-ɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ// Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤ-ɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. 2013. ʋ 6. ɋ. 150-156.
5. ɋɚɜɱɭɤ ɋ.ȼ.Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ//Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ.2002. ʋ 5. URL: http://www.mevriz.ru/articles/2002/5/1051.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 27.03.2015).
6. Gaughan (Mergers, Acquisitions and Restructuring, 1999): Chapter 1.
7. Veselovsky M.Y., Kirova I.V., Reznikova A.V., Rybchicnhuk O.A. Main lines of in-novative management in the Moscow Region. Life Science Journal. 2014. Ɍ. 11. ʋ 12. ɋ. 252-254.
8. Veselovsky M.Ya., Menshikova M.A. Improvement of Strategic Planning for Rus-sian Timber Industry Businesses. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2014. Ɍ. 29. ʋ 6. ɋ. 733-737.
9. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɥɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɂȾ ɈɈɈ «ȼɚɲ ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪ». – 2014. – 183 ɫ.
10. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚ-ɧɢɡɦɵ. Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ». – 2015. – 224 ɫ.
11. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ /ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇ.ə., Ʉɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɂ.ȼ., ɇɢɤɨɧɨɪɨɜɨɣ Ⱥ.ȼ./ – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ». – 2015. – 252 ɫ.
12. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ: ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ/ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇ.ə., Ʉɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɂ.ȼ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ». – 2015. – 269 ɫ.
ɑȿɅɈȼȿɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɄȺɉɂɌȺɅ ɄȺɄ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂ
Ʉɚɫɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɀ., ɂɫɚɟɜɚ Ȼ.Ʉ.
Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, ɝ. Ⱥɫɬɚɧɚ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
HUMAN CAPITAL AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY
Kassenova A.Z., Issayeva B.K.
Finance Academy, Astana, Kazakhstan This article discusses the concept of human capital, the value of human capital, as well as problems of its development in terms of innovative development of the economy. The authors of the theoretical research of existing knowledge about human capital and justification given its im-pact on the innovative development of society.
Keywords: human capital, innovation, innovative development.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ - ɷɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ, ɜɵɛɪɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
Ɍ.ɒɭɥɶɰ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɨɠ-ɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤ-ɫɨɦ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟ-ɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ[1].
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɫ-ɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨ-ɫɬɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɯɨɡɹɣ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [2].
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ
«ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ», ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪ-ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɹ-2020», ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ». ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨ-ɦɢɤɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ 16% ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɚ 64% - ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ-ɸɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨ-, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨ-ɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜ-ɤɢ – ɜɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜ-ɤɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜ ɪɹ-ɞɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨ-ɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟ-ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ. ɇɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ: ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɩɫɢɯɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭ-ɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ.
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧ-ɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚ-ɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ (ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ) ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɵɯ ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ), ɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ – ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶ-ɰɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ» [2].
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 60% ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ 2/3 ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢ-ɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɭ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɭ, ɩɨ-ɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɂɊɑɉ: ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟ ɂɊɑɉ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ:
- ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
- ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨ-ɜɶɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ;
- ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ;
- ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɭ ɉɊɈɈɇ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ 2013 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɨ ɨɛ-ɳɢɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦ «ȼɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɘɝɚ: ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ» ɜ 2012 ɝɨɞɭ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 69 ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɂɑɊ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ. Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ, Ⱥɥɠɢɪ, ɂɪɚɧ, ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ ɢ Ʉɭɛɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɢ