第 3 章 貧困削減に向けた国際協力
3.2. 貧困削減に向けた取り組み
3.2.3 NGO
図 3-3 州別のNGOプロジェクト支出割合
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
Nationwide ProgramsBanteay Meanchey Battambang
Kampot Kandal Koh Kong
Kompong Cham
Kompong ChhnangKompong SpeuKompong Thom Kratie Krong KepKrong Pailin
Krong Sihanouk Mondulkiri
Phnom Penh Preah VihearPrey Veng
Pursat RatanakiriSiem Reap
SihanoukvilleStung TrengSvay Rieng Takeo
1996 1997 1998 ＮＧＯ Statement ｔｏ ｔｈｅ １９９９
Ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｔｉｖｅ Ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ ｏｎ Ｃａｍｂｏｄｉａ，１９９９
NGO Statement to the 1999
Consultative Group Meeting on Cambodia, 1999
別 添
別添
1：
主要な貧困指標と不平等指標別添
2
： 本文中に掲載されている図の原データ 別添3：
貧困マップ（WFP作成）別添
4：
カンボジアにおける各ドナーの活動状況 別添5：
参考文献・資料別添
6：
社会経済データマトリックス別添
1： 主要な貧困指標と不平等指標
指標タイプ 指 標 定義または解説 特 徴
貧困者比率
（Head-count ratio）
貧困ライン未満の人数の対象人口 全体の人数に対する比率
n H =q
q: 貧困層の人数 n: 集団全体の人数
貧困の規模を最も分かり 易く表示。
貧困ギャップ比率
（Poverty gap ratio）*3
貧困ライン未満人口の平均所得と 貧困ラインとの格差の貧困ライン に対する比率の平均値
∑
<
= −
z yi
i
z y z P n 1
1
n: 集団全体の人数 z: 貧困ライン yi: 各人の所得
貧困の乖離度あるいは深 度（depth）を表示。
貧困指標 (Poverty indicators) *1
2乗貧困ギャップ比率
（Squared poverty gap ratio）
*3
貧困ライン未満人口の平均所得と 貧困ラインとの格差の貧困ライン に対する比率の2乗値の平均値
2 2
1
∑
< − =
z y i
i
z y z n
P
n: 集団全体の人数 z: 貧困ライン yi: 各人の所得
貧困の重度（severity）を表 示。
ジニ係数
（Gini coefficient）
ローレンツ曲線*5と完全公平線
（45°直線）に囲まれる面積が、
45°直線を斜辺とする横軸を含む 三角形の面積に占める割合
対象人口全体の所得分配 が完全公平の場合は0に、
完全不公平の場合は1にな る。
不平等指標 (Inequality indicator) *1
タイル指数
（Theil index）*4
y y y y
Z n
in
i i
log ) 1
1 (
∑
1=
=
n: 集団全体の人数 yi: 各人の所得
y: 各人の所得の算術平均値
対象人口全体（N）の所得 分配が完全に公平の場合 は0に、完全不公平の場合 はln（N）となる。ただし、
経験的にタイル指数が1を 越えることは稀。
収入源の分散の程度
（Income diversification）
（明確な一般的定義なし）
農村では収入源を分散さ せるよりも、リスクの低い ひとつの収入源に集中さ せる方がリスク低減に効 果的との批判がある。
貧困リスク (Vulnerability)
*2
相互扶助ネットワークの 構築の程度
（Links to networks） （明確な一般的定義なし）
この項目を含む世帯調査 はほとんど実施されてい ない。
[出所] *1 World Bank. (1993). Poverty Reduction Handbook. Washington D.C.: World Bank, pp.13-16
*2 World Bank. (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001. Washington D.C.: Oxford University Press, pp.19-21
*3 絵所他. (1998). 「開発と貧困」. 東京: アジア経済研究所研究叢書No. 487, pp.89-90
*4 http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/index.htm
*5 絵所他. (1998). 「開発と貧困」. 東京: アジア経済研究所研究叢書No. 487, pp.95-96
[注] *3 貧困ギャップ比率ならびに2乗貧困ギャップ比率等は総称してFoster, Greer & Thorbecke指標（FGT指標）と
呼ばれる。FGT指標の一般式は、Pα = 1/n･Σ{(z - yi) / z}α で表される。α=1のときが貧困ギャップ比率、α
=2のときが2乗貧困ギャップ比率と、各々なる。そのため、貧困ギャップ比率をP1、2乗貧困ギャップ比率を P2と表記することがある。による。
*5ローレンツ曲線とは、所得（または消費）の低い順に人口シェアと所得（または消費）シェアを累積にプ ロットしそれ結んだものを言う。
別添
2
：本文中に掲載されている図の原データ第
1
章 カンボジアの貧困概要図 1-1 貧困の県別分布（本文p.6）
（WFP作成の地図を掲載。原データは入手不可）
図 1-2 カンボジアのローレンツ曲線（全国）（本文p.7）
（単位：%）
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
支出ｼｪｱ（1997年） 2.6 6.2 10.6 15.7 21.8 29.1 37.9 49.0 64.6 100.0 支出ｼｪｱ（1999年） 3.8 8.7 14.1 20.1 26.8 34.6 43.4 54.1 68.6 100.0
図 1-3 カンボジアのローレンツ曲線（都市部）（本文p.8）
（単位：%）
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
支出ｼｪｱ（1997年） 2.5 6.0 10.3 15.3 21.3 28.4 37.0 47.8 63.2 100.0 支出ｼｪｱ（1999年） 2.7 6.5 11.1 16.6 23.0 30.7 40.0 51.6 67.8 100.0
図 1-4 カンボジアのローレンツ曲線（農村部）（本文p.8）
（単位：%）
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
支出ｼｪｱ（1997年） 2.7 6.5 11.1 16.6 23.0 30.7 40.0 51.6 67.8 100.0 支出ｼｪｱ（1999年） 3.9 8.9 14.5 20.7 27.5 35.5 44.5 55.4 70.3 100.0
図 1-5 1ヶ月あたりの世帯所得と世帯支出の収支（本文p.20）
（単位：リエル／月）
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 全国
平均
D7 D8 D9 D10
支出（1999年） 36,587 47,794 53,203 58,003 65,354 75,394 75,770 86,129 103,760 141,372 305,522 所得（1999年） 37,854 50,912 57,945 65,080 73,803 83,250 87,121 95,213 117,845 160,720 391,201
図 1-6 埋設地雷数と埋設面積（1999年）（本文p.27）
地雷の数（km2） 埋設面積（km2） 全国土に占める割合（%）
地雷の埋設推測地域 554 1,374 0.763
地雷の存在確認地域 830 609 0.338
地雷原マーク地域 465 124 0.069
図 1-7 地雷・不発弾による被災者数の推移（本文p.28）
1997 1998 1999 2000（6月まで）
地雷被災者数 1,732 1,742 1,019 492
1ヶ月平均 144 145 85 82
図 1-8 世帯主の障害の有無による貧困者比率の比較（本文p.29）
（単位：%）
戦争･地雷 による障害者
戦争･地雷 以外による障害者
健常者 全体 貧困者比率 45.7 40.9 37.5 35.9 最貧困者比率 30.3 13.2 11.1 11.5
図 1-9 女性世帯主世帯と男性世帯主世帯の貧困者比率の比較（本文p.30）
（単位：%）
1993〜1994 1997
男性世帯主世帯 39.8 36.7
女性世帯主世帯 34.6 34.6
第
2
章 カンボジア政府の取り組み図 2-1 通貨供給量の変化率の推移（本文p. 32）
（単位：百万リエル）
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
M 1 240.63 27.39 121.30 18.66 -2.09 39.55 18.11 16.97 41.20 -2.08 1.44
外貨資産 118.48 -155.09 1417.76 392.63 227.96 40.73 60.12 33.74 46.53 16.98 28.27 政府調達 407.85 34.19 183.84 11.73 -18.34 3.33 -13.71 -57.82 231.64 -42.34 -96.75
図 2-2 インフレと為替レートの推移（本文p.33）
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
消費者物価指数
上昇率(%) 0.0 141.8 165.1 96.1 114.3 n.a. 7.2 7.9 14.8 4.0 -0.8 為替ﾚｰﾄ（年末）
(1ドル=リエル） 600.0 520.0 2,000.0 2,305.0 2,575.0 2,526.0 2,713.0 3,452.0 3,770.0 3,770.0 3,905.0
図 2-3 産業別GDP構成比（本文p.35）
（単位：%）
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
農業 52.3 51.8 49.4 40.9 41.5 42.1 40.4 41.2 41.6 40.8 37.6
製造業 7.1 7.0 6.8 8.2 8.1 8.3 9.5 12.4 14.0 14.4 18.4
ｻｰﾋﾞｽ 32.8 33.1 34.4 43.5 40.9 39.9 39.7 36.9 36.1 35.8 35.0 その他 7.8 8.0 9.5 7.5 9.6 9.7 10.4 9.6 8.2 9.1 8.9
図 2-4 実質経済成長率の推移（1993年=100）（本文p.37）
（単位：%）
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
実質GDP 6.3 8.4 3.5 3.7 1.5 6.9 5.4
農業 7.8 10.0 -0.7 5.8 2.5 4.8 -2.7
製造業 4.9 11.8 17.7 35.1 15.1 9.8 34.9
ｻｰﾋﾞｽ -0.1 5.7 3.1 -3.7 -0.6 5.8 3.1
図 2-5 カンボジア製造業の動向（本文p.37）
（単位：%）
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
GDPシェア
食品・飲料・タバコ 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 繊維・衣料・靴 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.6 3.3 4.8 6.3 成長率
食品・飲料・タバコ - 6.7 2.0 7.9 1.7 1.4 3.8 繊維・衣料・靴 - -18.9 19.9 96.9 128.0 46.5 40.8
図 2-6 カンボジアへの外国直接投資の動向(認可額) （本文p. 38）
（単位：百万ドル）
1994.8〜1995.12 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000.1〜9
2,476.3 622.4 592.6 558.4 196.2 161.9
図 2-7 産業別雇用に占める割合（本文p.42）
（単位：%）
1994 1996 1997 1998 1999
農業 75 78.1 77.1 77.5 76.5
工業 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.3 6.4
ｻｰﾋﾞｽ 20.5 17.1 18.3 18.2 17.1
図 2-8 政府財政の動向（本文p.48）
（単位：10億リエル）
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
歳入 58.8 156.1 290.1 590.3 643.0 754.7 881.0 942.7 1330.0
歳出 104.1 245.6 608.4 1009.1 1200.7 1342.8 1267.9 1507.7 1846.2
図 2-9 政府歳出に占める重点セクターへの支出の割合（本文p.50）
（単位：10億リエル）
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
教育 26.6 47.7 64.2 77.9 84.3 87.5 105.3 166.8 183.2
保健 5.6 7.8 30.0 26.1 42.6 45.3 43.8 76.3 121.0
社会保障・福祉 10.8 26.3 31.4 37.6 44.7 49.9 47.9 25.4 26.9 農業 - - 12.4 13.1 16.1 14.8 15.4 24.0 26.0 軍事・防衛 118.6 180.5 409.7 456.1 434.4 446.6 481.3 473.5 455.0 歳出総額 245.5 612.9 662.3 736.8 789.8 816.0 933.9 1109.4 1128.9
第
3
章 貧困削減に向けた国際協力図 3-3 州別のNGOプロジェクト支出割合（本文 p.80）
1996 1997 1998
Nationwide Programs 16.46% 9.62% 11.20%
Banteay Meanchey 5.98% 6.96% 6.12%
Battambang 12.23% 9.55% 8.14%
Kampot 2.96% 1.70% 2.43%
Kandal 7.39% 7.43% 5.82%
Koh Kong 0.03% 0.14% 0.95%
Kompong Cham 2.22% 2.72% 2.63%
Kompong Chhnang 3.66% 2.12% 2.05%
Kompong Speu 4.82% 3.99% 6.41%
Kompong Thom 2.99% 4.61% 3.71%
Kratie 1.39% 1.91% 1.90%
Krong Kep 0.00% 0.07% 0.06%
Krong Pailin 0.00% 0.07% 0.10%
Krong Sihanouk 0.00% 2.06% 1.73%
Mondulkiri 0.24% 0.00% 0.00%
Phnom Penh 20.06% 26.64% 26.05%
Preah Vihear 0.77% 0.32% 0.73%
Prey Veng 3.10% 2.14% 2.06%
Pursat 5.43% 5.09% 5.04%
Ratanakiri 1.54% 1.28% 1.37%
Siem Reap 1.82% 4.74% 4.90%
Sihanoukville 1.17% 0.00% 0.00%
Stung Treng 0.65% 1.58% 0.00%
Svay Rieng 2.50% 1.62% 1.99%
Takeo 2.58% 3.66% 2.89%
別添
3：貧困マップ（WFP
作成）貧困マップ（1997年）
貧困マップ（1998年）
別添
4： カンボジアにおける各ドナーの活動状況
DONORS PROGRAMS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM
ADB Public Administration Reform TA;
Capacity-building in Regional Cooperation;
Strengthening Governance Capacity in Provincial Towns TA; Developing Capacity in Auddit and Inspectorate Functions;
European Commission Training of civil servants
UNDP Capacity-building for public administration reform; support for
decentralized planning (CARERE);
IDA Structural Adjustment Credit; TA credit
GOVERNANCE & ANTI-CORRUPTION
ADB, Canada Governance Analysis;
Australia Strengthening governance; anti corruption
Germany Strengthening governance (thorough Adenauer Foundation)
France Support to the Royal School of Administration
IDA Governance Analysis, support for Action Plan preparation
DEMOBILIZATION
ADB Demobilization Project, Demobilization TA
IOM, New Zealand Support for widows of veterans;
Germany, Japan, NL, Sweden, UNDP, IDA
Support for pilot demobilization program Australia Support for preparation of Defense White Paper LEGAL REFORM
EC, Sweden Human rights and democracy
ILO Legal framework
UNHCR, UNICEF Human rights, assistance with subdecree on immigration law; refugee issues;
UNIFEM Legal framework; children’s rights, prevention of abuse
Canada Women’s legal resources
France Criminal law & enforcement
Japan Criminal procedure code/penal code;
IDA Preparation of the Civil Code and Civil procedure code; TA credit;
IDF-Labor Law; Legal Needs Assessment*, Legal Institutions Operation:
LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
ADB Law and Development(magistrates)TA; Law and Development Ⅱ;
EC Training of magistrates
UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR Legal Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation project;
IOM Ministry of Women’s and Veterans’ affairs—capacity building project to prevent trafficking; Enhanced Migration Management Programme with Ministry of Interior’s Department for Foreigners
UNDP Support for the judicial mentors program
Australia Criminal justice assistance project: police, courts, prisons
France Support for the police force
Germany Technical Assistance for Judicial Reform;
Japan Legal training; support to the Ministry of Justice; judicial training;
elections support; law enforcement and public security
ENERGY
ADB Power Rehabilitation Ⅱ Loan;
France Technical Assistance for Electricite de Cambodge;
Japan Phnom Penh power rehabilitation
IDA Phnom Penh power Rehab, Rural Electrification Project*, Country
Framework Report on PPI*, Rural＆Rural and Provincial Infrastructure Operation*
WATER SUPPLY
ADB Stung Chinit Irrigation Development Loan; Provincial Towns water
supply
UNHCR Water supply/sanitation in NW provinces;
UNWFP Rural infrastructure/food for work;
Australia Water supply
France Rural irrigation;
Japan Groundwater mapping, Siem Reap water supply study, Phnom Penh
drainage & food control study; irrigation upgrading
Sweden Rural water supply
IDA Urban Water Supply Project, Water/Sanitation Policy, PPI seminar,
Country Framework Report on PPI*, Rural & Provincial Infrastructure Operation
TRANSPORT
ADB Primary Roads Restoration TA, Road Network Improvement Loan;
Capacity-building at the Ministry of Transport; upgrading of Siem Reap Airport
ILO Labor –incentive road rehabilitation (including food for work);
UNHCR Bridge repair in NW;
Australia Road and bridge design standards; English training
UNWFP Food for work
France Road testing; renovation of Pochentong airport(Phnom Penh)
Germany Tertiary road improvement
Japan Road rehabilitation; Siem Reap airport; Sihanoukville port upgrading New Zealand Training for rural road construction and maintenance; National Route 6
project
Sweden Rural roads strategy and policy(with ILO)
IDA Road Rehabilitation, Rural and Provincial Infrastructure Operation*
PSD
ADB Capacity-building in Tourism;
EC Support for small and medium sized industries;
UNDP, UNIDO, ILO Support for Siem Reap tourism development (APSARA);
Australia Support for revision of Investment Law(with FIAS)
France Tourism development; support for SMEs.
Germany Japan
IDA Country Framework Report for PPI, PPISeminars*, Cultural Heritage
LIL*
IFC,FIAS,MIGA Investments (IFC) and capacity-building (IFC/MPDF, FIAS, MIGA)
MACRO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
IMF PRGF; fiscal, banking, macro TA;
ADB Capacity- building in external aid and debt management; Second
Five-Year Plan; Capacity-Building in Labor Statistics;
UNDP, Sweden Socioeconomic survey; Capacity building for the Ministry of Planning (socioeconomic surveys and poverty monitoring); support for preparation of the National Human Development Report
France TA for Ministry of Economy and Finance (VAT and public accounting) IDA Socioeconomic survey; TA Credit; Structural Adjustment Credit; PRSP*;
Capacity Building Operation, Capacity-building for Poverty Monitoring*, Public Sector Reform Operation
LAND MANAGEMENT
ADB Agriculture Sector Program Loan-land law revision;
EC Capacity-building in land management (ministry)
FAO Data on land issues;
UNWFP Data sets on land issues and food security;
UNHCR Technical support for land law working group; support to victims of land rights abuses;
UNICEF Data on land issues;
UNCHS Needs assessment for urban mgmt and poverty reduction; land policy formulation; municipal capacity-building;
UNDP Support for land rights of indigenous people under land law Mekong R. Commission Data on land and wetlands access in Mekong region;
Finland Cambodian cadastral project: survey and registration
Germany TA for land titling department; land registration pilots in 2 provinces
Japan Land use mapping
IDA Land issues and Policy Note*, Land Management Operation*
AGRICULTURE/RURAL DEVELOPMENT
ADB Agriculture Sector Program Loan; Agriculture Sector Review;
Improvement of Agricultural Extension Services;
EC PRASAC rural development program in SE Cambodia; vocational
training in rural areas
FAO (RICE) pest control, integrated pest management, reinforcing provincial agricultural organizations and local rural development institutions;
strengthening agricultural statistics, codex committee;
UNDP, IFAD CARERE2/ Seila: rural development in NW Cambodia;
UNICEF Community Action for Social Development (CASD);
UNWFP Nationwide food aid for recovery and rehabilitation; safety net for food insecure households
Australia Agricultural extension program; Agriculture quality improvement project;
rice research; food security strategy
France Pilot smallholder (rubber) plantation agriculture; Prey Nup land rehabilitation; peri-urban agricultural development (1999); rural credit projects; capacity-building for Ministry
Germany Agriculture/Agronomy higher education; NW silk development;
Integrated food security in Kampot, rural development in Kampong Thom Agriculture Productivity Improvement, Social Fund Ⅰ,Ⅱ,
IDA Northeast Village Development, Rural Dev. Operation*
FORESTRY
ADB Capacity-building in Forestry Management
FAO Capacity building for Forest management, forest crime monitoring and reporting, regional wood energy research, forestry research;
UNDP, Australia, UK Capacity building for forest crime monitoring and reporting, Forest Crime Prevention; Support for Rural Livelihoods (in addition to Support for Urban Poverty Alleviation)
IDA SAC, Forestry LIL*
ENVIRONMENT/NATURAL RESOURCES
ADB Strengthening the Ministry of Environment, Integrated Natural Resources Mgmt Loan;
FAO Participatory resources management in Tonle Sap region;
UNDP, UNESCO, EC, IDRC, IUCN, Denmark, UK
Environmental capacity-building, management, impact assessment, inventory, protected areas management
IDA Biodiversity LIL
EDUCATION
ADB Education Sector Review ； Management of Human
Development-Education Sector Development Loan (secondary) Textbooks;
EC PASEC program-Teacher Training; school inspectors; capacity-building;
construction and rehabilitation of primary schools UNDP(w/ASEAN, Japan) Community-based vocational training;
UNICEF Cluster schools, education for community development; management
information systems and planning; capacity-building, curriculum and textbook reform;
UNESCO Community temple learning; planning, management information system;
UNHCR School construction in NW;
UNWFP Pre-pilot school feeding program in Takeo province
Australia Secondary exams project; post-graduate scholarships; English language training for ministry officials
UK English language teacher training; secondary school inspectors
(CAMSET);
France Support to university departments; French language teacher training;
Germany School of Medicine; capacity-building；training of engineers
Japan Skills training (ONEST); Cambodia-Japan friendship skills training/youth invitation; association aid to refugees; JRSC school construction; science curriculum advisor;
Netherlands Vocational training for employment generation;
Russia Graduate scholarships (Masters’, PhD), capacity-building for ministry
Sweden Primary Schools
IDA Social FundⅡ, Education Quality LIL, Higher Ed. & Leadership
Development, Basic Education Quality*
HEALTH
ADB Basic Health loan; HIV/AIDS TA; Basic Health Services TA;
Management of Human Development-Health; Basic Health Services Ⅱ loan;
EC Malaria control; reproductive health
WHO Support for healthcare reform and institutional development (SWAP
preparation), water supply analysis;
UNAIDS HIV/AIDS program coordination
UNFPA Reproductive health-incl. education; safe motherhood, birth spacing, STD prevention, census support, gender
UNHCR Emergency healthcare in the NW;
UNICEF Healthcare institutional development, maternal and child health; health and nutrition; HIVAIDS awareness
UNDP Support to Ministry of Health for health sector reform
IOM Cambodian Mental Health Development Programme
Australia Health promotion and primary healthcare delivery in rural areas;
HIV/AIDS small grant facility; pilot project on public expenditure management in health;
France Support to Calmette Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, HIV/AIDS program, health research (Pasteur Institute);
Japan Maternal and Child Health, TB Control, immunization, polio
UK Health reform program
IDA Disease Control Project, Social FundⅡ, Healthcare Financing Study*, Health Sector Support Operation*
FINANCIAL SECTOR
IMF Building supervisory and enforcement capacity in the National Bank of Cambodia;
ADB Financial sector Development TA; Financial Sector Program Loan; Rural Credit and Saving loan;
IFC, UNDP Support for transformation of ACLEDA bank into a licensed microfinance institution
France Pilot rural credit program.
OTHER
ADB Capacity-building for regional cooperation
IOM, EC, UNICEF Capacity-building for government and NGOs (advocacy, social mobilization, gender); community empowerment
UNWFP Developing capacity for disaster management; supplementary feeding programs for women and children
EC, several bilaterals Demining
Australia Civil Society development
UNESCO, France, Japan, China Cultural Heritage restoration
[出所] World Bank. (2000). Memorandum of the President of the International Development Association and the International Finance Corporation to the Executive Directors on a Country Assistance Strategy of the World Bank Group for the Kingdom of Cambodia