第 2 章 動詞と時制 23
2.5 過去完了・未来完了・完了進行形
36 第2章 動詞と時制
(1) I haven’t read today’s paper yet.
(2) She has never talked with the boy.
(3) Have you returned the book yet?
(4) I have been a soccer fan since I was a child.
He will have arrived there by this time tomorrow.
彼は明日の今頃までにはそこに着くだろう．
2.
経験：「(未来のある時までに)〜したことになるだろう」If I read this book again, I’ll have read it four times.
もう１度この本を読んだら，私は４回読んだことになる．
3.
状態の継続：「(未来のある時まで)ずっと〜だったことになるだろう」By next April, he will have lived here for eight years.
来年の４月で彼はここに８年住んでいることになる．
2.5.3 完了進行形
1.
現在完了進行形(have[has] been 〜ing)ある動作が過去のある時から現在まで続いていることを表す．
It has been snowing since New Year’s Day.
元日から(ずっと)雪が降っている．
How long have you been waiting for the bus?
あなたはどれくらいバスを待っているのですか．
2.
過去完了進行形(had been 〜ing)過去のある時まで，ある動作が続いていたことを表す．
He had been sailing for a week when the storm came.
嵐が来たとき彼は１週間航海を続けていた．
3.
未来完了進行形(will have been 〜ing) 未来のある時までの動作の継続を表す．By the end of this month, he will have been learning English for six years.
今月末で，彼は６年間英語を学んでいることになる．
EXERCISES 10
1.
次の°1 の文の動詞を，文のあとの指示に従って書きかえなさい．またその文 の時制を適当に変えて文°2 を完成しなさい．(1)
( °1 The football game (just start). [現在完了]
2
° When we go to the stadium, .
38 第2章 動詞と時制
(2) (
1
° I (never travel) by plane. [現在完了]
2
° before that time.
(3) (
1
° Hiroshi (read) the novel. [現在進行形]
2
° since this morning.
(4) (
1
° She (work) in the garden all afternoon. [現在完了進行形]
2
° She looked very tired, for .
【答】
(1)
1
° The football game has just started.
2
° the football game had just started
(私たちが競技場に着いたとき，フットボールの試合がちょうど始まった.) (2)
( 1
° I have never traveled by plane.
2
° I had never traveled by plane (3)
( °1 Hiroshi is reading the novel.
2
° Hiroshi has been reading the novel (4)
( 1
° She has been working in the garden all afternoon.
2
° she had been working in the garden all afternoon
2.
次の各文の( )内の動詞を適当な形に直しなさい．(1) When I woke up, the sun (already rise).
(2) I (not hear) from him since he left school.
(3) I (often be) to America before I visited Mexico.
(4) She (never see) a kangaroo until she went to Australia.
(5) You (talk) for hours. Won’t you stop now?
(6) Sam felt sleepy as he (drive) since early morning.
(7) I showed Nancy the scarf which you (give) me.
(8) I waited outside the room because someone (lock) the door.
【答】(1) had already risen (2) have not heard (彼が卒業して以来彼から連絡が ない.) (3) had often been (私はメキシコを訪れるより前に何度もアメリカへ行っ たことがあった.) (4) had never seen (5) have been talking(君は何時間もしゃべ り続けだ．もうやめませんか.) (6) had been driving (7) had given[*gave] *２ つ(以上)の過去の事柄を述べる場合，それらが起きた順序が過去完了を用いなくても 明らかな場合は，過去時制を用いる傾向がある．特にbefore, afterなどの接続詞が用
いられる場合は，それだけで前後関係が明らかなので，過去時制を用いることが多い．
(あなたが私にくれたスカーフを私はナンシーに見せてあげた.) (8) had locked
3.
日本文に合うように( )内の語句を並べかえなさい．(動詞は適当な形に 直すこと)(1) 私たちが駅に着いたとき，すでに列車は出てしまっていた．
(when, reach, the station, we, the train, already, leave).
(2) グリーン先生は昨日まで１度も授業に遅れたことがなかった．
(Miss Green, be late for, never, her class, till yesterday).
(3) 彼らは日が暮れるまでサッカーをしていた．
(play, they, get dark, it, until, soccer).
(4) 今度の金曜日までには私はこの仕事を終えてしまっているでしょう．
(this, by next Friday, I, work, finish).
(5) 健は家に帰ってからずっとテレビ・ゲームで遊んでいる．
(play, Ken, since, his video games, with) he came home.
【答】
(1) When we reached the station, the train had already left.
/ The train had already left when we reached the station.
(2) Miss Green had never been late for her class till yesterday.
(3) They had been playing soccer until it got dark.
(4) I will have finished this work by next Friday.[未来完了]
(5) Ken has been playing with his video games since (he came home.)