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早稲田大学大学院情報生産システム研究科

博 博 博

博 士士 論士士 論論論 文文 概文文 概概概 要要要要

R e s e a r c h o n O p t i m i z a t i o n o f R e s e a r c h o n O p t i m i z a t i o n o f R e s e a r c h o n O p t i m i z a t i o n o f R e s e a r c h o n O p t i m i z a t i o n o f W i r e l e s s S e n s o r N e t w o r k a n d W i r e l e s s S e n s o r N e t w o r k a n d W i r e l e s s S e n s o r N e t w o r k a n d

W i r e l e s s S e n s o r N e t w o r k a n d IIII t s t s t s t s A p p l i c a t i o n f o r P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m s A p p l i c a t i o n f o r P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m s A p p l i c a t i o n f o r P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m s A p p l i c a t i o n f o r P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m s

申 請 者

HUANG, Bo

情報生産システム工学専攻 モバイルシステム

LSI

研究

2008 12

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A s a p op u l a r t e ch n ol o gy f or u bi q u i tou s w i r el es s c om mu n i c a ti on , B l u e t oo th h as b e en i n s tal l ed n ea r l y 2 b i l l i o n d e vi ce s al l o v er th e w o rl d . B y u s i n g t h e u n l i c en s ed 2 . 4 G H z I SM (i n d u s t ri al , s ci en ti fi c , m ed i ca l ) b an d , B l u e t oo th p r o vi d es l o ca l wi re l e s s s e rv i ce w i th i n 1 00 me t e rs , s u p p or t i n g 3 Mb p s d at a r a te , r e ac h i n g 480 Mbp s i n t h e f u t u r e s p e ci f i c a ti on . B e fo re c o m mu n i c at i o n , B l u e t oo th d e vi c es mu s t f or m a n e tw or k . I ts s p e ci fi c at i on p ro v i d es a mi n i n e t wo r k n a med p i c o n e t , o n l y i n cl u d i n g u p t o 8 d e v i c es . To i n cl u d e mo r e d e vi c es , an o t h e r n e t wo r k n a med s ca t t ern e t i s f or me d b y c on n e c ti n g p i c on e ts t o ge t h er.

C om mu n i c a ti on s i n s i d e s c a tt e rn et ar e ca rr i ed ou t th ro u g h p a th s f or me d b y a n u m be r o f h op s be t we en d e v i c es . I f a p at h i n c l u d es t o o ma n y h o p s , t i m e d e l a y i s ge n e ra t ed . M o re o ve r, ro u ti n g p ro c es s to s e e k a p a th al s o i n cr e as e s th e ti me d el a y. N e w s c a t te r n e t s t ru ct u r e to s h o rt en th e ti me d el a y i s a n i mp o r ta n t re s e ar ch s u bj e ct .

Wi r el es s s en s o r n e t wo r k or g an i z es a n d m an ag es a n u mb er o f l o c al wi r el es s s en s o rs ( fo r e xa mp l e , B l u e to o t h , Z i g -B e e , U WB d e vi ce s , e t c . ) t h a t a r e d en s el y d ep l o ye d a r ou n d an a re a . I t p r ov i d e s re gu l a t i on s o f h o w th e wi r el es s s en s o rs fo r m a n e t w or k an d wh a t e ach s en s or s h o u l d d o . B e s i d e s h i gh l y e f fi ci en t d at a t ra n s m i s s i on , w i r el es s s en s o r n e t wo r k re qu i r es l ow p o w e r a n d h i g h s t ab i l i t y. L o w p o w er ma ke s t h e n e t wo r k wo r k l o n g er, wh i l e h i gh s ta bi l i t y en s u r es i t to ac h i e ve h i gh p e r f or ma n c e d u r i n g th e w h o l e l i fe ti m e . H o we v er, co n v en ti on al a r ch i t ec tu r es c an n o t s u f fi ce t h e t wo r e qu i r em en ts s i mu l tan eo u s l y.

N e w wi re l es s s en s or n e t wo r k a r ch i t e c tu re t o ba l a n c e t h e t wo re qu i r em en ts s i m u l ta n e ou s l y i s a s u b je c t o f th e r es ea r ch .

I n d o o r p os i t i on i n g s ys t em i s es s e n ti a l l y a wi r el es s s en s or n et w o rk an d a n e ces s a r y s u p p l e m e n t f or GP S ( gl ob al p os i t i on i n g s ys t em ) t h a t i s on l y av ai l a bl e ou td o o rs . I t i n cl u d e s a n u mb e r o f wi r el es s s en s or s t o d e te c t ob j ec t s . T h e re a r e obs t ac l e s i n i n d o o r c i r cu ms ta n c e , co n c eal i n g o bj e c ts . Ho w to d e te c t th e co n c ea l ed o b je c ts i s an i mp o r ta n t r e s e ar ch s u bj e c t . I n c o n v en ti on al s o l u ti on s , mo re s en s or s ar e d ep l oy ed t o el i mi n at e u n d e t ec t ab l e a re a re s u l t i n g fr o m obs t ac l e s . H o we v er, s u ch s ol u ti on s i n c r eas e th e co s t an d m ak e t h e s ys t e m mo r e co mp l e x . B y c o m bi n i n g wi r el es s s yn ch ro n i za t i o n an d u l t ra s on i c s i gn al mod u l a t i o n te ch n i q u es , a n e w s o l u ti on ad op t i n g u l tr as on i c s i gn a l s as d e t ec ti on med i u m i s p r op os e d t o d et e c t th e c o n c eal ed ob j ec t s , wi th ou t d ep l o yi n g mo re s en s o rs .

C h ap te r 1 [ I n t ro d u c ti on ] T h i s ch ap t e r d i s cu s s es th e cu r ren t d ev el op me n t s o f w i re l e s s t e ch n ol og y a n d th e re s e ar ch s ce n ar i o c o v er i n g th r e e re s e ar ch ar ea s o f B l u e t oo th t ec h n ol o g y, wi r el es s s en s o r n e t wo r k an d i n d o or p os i t i on i n g s y s te m . T h e ob j ec t i ve an d s c op e o f t h e r es ea r ch ar e i n d i ca t ed i n th i s ch ap t e r a s we l l .

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C h ap te r 2 [ So l i d ri n g : A N o vel B l u et o ot h S c at t e rn e t S t r u c tu re ] A n e w B l u e t oo th s c at t e rn e t s tr u c t u r e S ol i d r i n g an d i t s ro u ti n g a l go ri t h m a r e p r op o s e d i n th i s c h ap t er. I n c on ve n ti on a l s c a tt er n e t s tr u c tu r es s u ch as r i n g an d t r e e , co mm u n i c at i o n p a th s i n c l u d e t o o m an y h op s , i n c re as in g th e p a th l en g th an d t h e ti me d el ay d u r i n g t h e c om mu n i ca ti on s . M or e ov er, n ei th e r o f th e t w o s t ru c t u r es i s f or me d r e gu l a rl y. A s a r es u l t , th e r ou ti n g p r o ces s e s to s e e k c o mm u n i ca t i o n p at h s al s o ge n e ra te t h e t i m e d e l a y. T h e s e d e cr ea s e th e c o mm u n i ca t i on p er f o rm an ce o f t h e s ca t te r ed B l u e t oo t h d e v i c es . O p p os i t e l y, S o l i d r i n g i s a 3 D (3 -d i m en s i on ) s t ru c tu re an d or g an i z ed re gu l a rl y. B e cau s e o f i ts 3 D s t ru c tu r e , S ol i d ri n g s i g n i fi ca n tl y d e cr ea s e s th e n u mb e r o f h op s i n c om mu n i c a ti on p a th s an d s h o r ten s th e t i me d el a y. A s S ol i d r i n g i s f or m ed r e gu l ar l y, th e l o c at i o n o f ea ch d ev i ce ca n b e eas i l y p red i c t ed . A s a res u l t , th e r ou ti n g al g or i t h m i s s i mp l i f i ed a n d t h e t i m e d el a y i s s h o r te n ed . So l i d ri n g i s c o mp a red wi t h t r ee a n d ri n g s t ru c tu re s . T h e r es u l t s s h o w t h a t th e a ve ra g e p a th l en g th i n S ol i d r i n g i s on l y 50 % -9 0 % o f th os e i n t r ee a n d ri n g . T h e a ve r ag e t i m e d el a y i n S ol i d ri n g ke ep s n o mo r e th an 50 % o f th os e i n t r ee an d r i n g . A s a s u m ma r y o f th i s c h ap te r, a n e w B l u e to o th s c a t te rn e t s tru c tu r e S o l i d ri n g i s p rop os ed an d i t i s p r o ved t h a t S ol i d ri n g s h o rt en s t h e ti me d e l a y re ma r ka bl y.

C h ap te r 3 [ A n E n e r g y -e f fi c i en t D a t a Di s s e mi n a ti on S c h e me f o r Wi re l e s s S en s or N e t wo r k ] I n th i s c h ap t er, a n e w a r ch i t ec t u r e L E S C S (l o w -e n e r gy s ta t i c cl u s te ri n g s ch em e ) i s p r op o s ed f o r w i r el es s s en s o r n e t wo r k . Tw o c on ve n t i o n a l ar ch i t e ct u r es o f s ta ti c c l u s t e ri n g a n d d yn am i c cl u s te ri n g a re an a l y z ed . I n s ta t i c cl u s te ri n g , t h e cl u s t er s ar e n e v er r e f or med a f t er i n i ti al l y c on s t ru c ted , r e s u l ti n g i n h i gh er s ta bi l i t y bu t s h o r te r l i f e ti me . C o n t r ar i l y, d yn a m i c c l u s t er i n g r e fo rm s th e cl u s t er s f re qu e n t l y to bal an c e en e rg y co n s u mp ti on s o f s en s or s , p r ol on gi n g th e l i f et i m e bu t d e c re as i n g th e s ta bi l i t y. I n th e r es e a rc h , th e n e w a rc h i t ec tu r e L E SC S i s d es i g n ed to i n te g ra t e th e ad v an ta g es o f s ta t i c c l u s t e ri n g a n d d yn a m i c cl u s te ri n g . I n L E SC S , th e c l u s t er s a re n ev e r r e fo r med a ft e r i n i ti al l y c on s t ru c ted , s am e as s t a ti c c l u s t er i n g . I n s i d e ea ch c l u s te r, o n e s e n s or i s as s i gn ed a s c l u s t e r h ead , w h i ch i s c h a n g el es s . A n ot h e r s e n s o r i s as s i g ned as g at e wa y t o t ran s m i t d at a f o r al l s en s o rs i n s i d e th e cl u s t er. C l u s t e r h ea d r eas s i gn s s en s o rs a s ga t e wa y f r eq u en t l y to b al an ce e n e r g y c on s u mp ti on s o f s e n s o rs an d p ro l o n g t h e l i fe t i m e , s i m i l ar to d y n a mi c cl u s te ri n g . L E SC S i s co mp a r ed wi th t h e co n v en ti on al d yn am i c c l u s t e ri n g . T h e a ve r ag e l i f e ti me o f a l l s e n s or s i n L E SC S ke ep s u p to 15 0 % o f th a t i n t h e c on ve n t i on al d y n a mi c cl u s t er i n g . C on s i d e r i n g s o me ap p l i ca ti on s n eed a l l s en s or s k eep w o rk i n g , t he l i fe t i me o f t h e f i r s t f ai l i n g s en s o r i s a l s o co mp a red . S u ch l i fe t i m e i n L E SC S k e ep s 15 0 % -2 00 % o f th a t i n t h e co n v en ti on al d yn am i c cl u s t e ri n g . A s a s u m ma r y o f thi s c h ap t er, a n e w wi re l e s s s en s o r n e t wo r k ar c h i te c tu re L E SC S i s p r op o s ed a n d i t i s p r o ved t h a t L E SC S

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ke ep s t h e s tab i l i t y an d p ro l o n g s th e n e t wo r k l i fe ti m e s i mu l ta n e ou s l y.

C h ap te r 4 [ R e s e ar ch o n wi r el es s a p p l i c a ti on : a n e w s o l u ti on f o r c on ce al ed ob je c t d e te c ti on i n i n d o or p o s i ti on i n g s y s t em ] I n th i s ch ap t er, a n e w s o l u ti on t o d et e c t co n c ea l ed o b je c t i s p r op o s ed f o r i n d oo r p os i ti on i n g s ys te m . T h e u n i q u e p oi n t o f th e n e w s o l u t i on i s t h a t i t ad o p ts r e fl ec t ed s i gn al s , w h i ch a re r e ga rd ed as n o i s es i n co n v en t i on al s ol u t i on s , as a n a s s i s tan t a p p r oa c h to d e te c t ob j ec t . I n th e d es i gn ed u l t ras on i c s ys t em , th r ou g h a co n tr ol l er, t h e s e rv e r s yn ch r on i ze s th re e tr an s mi t t er s to e mi t u l tr as on i c s i gn al s t o th e r ec ei v er, wh i ch i s t h e d et e c ted ob j ec t i n t h e s ys t em . O n ce re c ei vi n g th e s i gn a l s , t h e re ce i ve r s en d s t h e re c ei ved s i g n a l s t o t h e s er v er. I f t h e d i re c t s i gn al s a r e r e cei v ed , t h e d i r e ct d i s tan c es a r e c al cu l a ted by u s i n g th e p rop a ga ti on ti m es o f t h e d i r ec t s i gn a l s f ro m t h e t r an s mi t t e rs t o t h e r e ce i ver, s am e as t h e c on v en ti on a l s o l u ti on s . I f t h e re c ei ve r i s con c ea l ed an d on l y re c ei ve s th e r e fl ec t e d s i gn a l s , t h r ou g h ge o me t ri ca l r el a ti o n s h i p , t h e d i re c t d i s tan c es ca n b e co n v e rt ed f ro m th e p rop a ga ti on d i s t an c es o f re fl e c ted s i gn al s as w el l . Wi th t h e d i r ec t d i s t an ce s f ro m th re e t ran s m i t te rs t o th e re ce i ver, th e s er v e r e s t i m a te s t h e p os i t i o n o f t h e re c ei ver. Mo r eo v er, be ca u s e th e r e fl ec t ed s i gn al s a r e ea s y to b e i n t er f er ed b y n oi s e s , u l t ras on i c s i gn al s ar e m od u l a ted b y B P S K (bi n a r y p h as e s h i f t ke yi n g ) t o ma ke t h e r ef l e c t ed s i gn a l s mo r e r e co gn i z ab l e . E xp e ri men t i s c a rr i ed ou t i n a 4 m × 4 m × 3 m ( l e n g th × wi d t h × h ei gh t ) s p a c e , w h e r e th e re f l e c ti on r a te o f th e fl o or i s 0 . 8 . T h e re s u l ts s h ow t h at t h e d et e c ti on e rr o r ke ep s n o mo r e th an 1 cm , s u f fi ci en t f or i n d o o r p o s i ti on i n g s y s t e m . A s a s u mm ar y o f t h i s c h ap te r, b y u s i n g re f l e c ted u l t ra s o n i c s i gn al s i n s t ea d o f d ep l oy i n g mo r e u l t r as o n i c t ran s m i tt e rs , th e p rop os ed n e w s ol u t i on c an d e t ec t c on ce al ed ob je c t (u l t ras on i c r e ce i v e r ) an d i s p ro v ed to be a cc u ra t e e n ou g h b y th e exp e ri me n t .

C h ap te r 5 [ C on c l u s i on ] I n t h i s ch ap ter, t h e c o n c l u s i on i s d ra wn a n d t h e fu tu r e wo r k i s d e s c r i bed f o r th e re s e ar c h .

A s a s u mm ar i za ti o n , t h e r es ea r ch c on ce n t r at es on t he o p ti mi z a ti on o f wi r el es s s e n s o r n e t wo r k an d i t s ap p l i ca ti on o f p os i t i on i n g s ys t em s . A n op ti mi z e d s t ru c tu re i s d es i g n ed to r eal i ze h i gh l y e f f i c i e n t c o mmu n i ca ti on s fo r s c at t er e d wi r el es s s en s o rs (B l u e t oo th d ev i ces ) . A n o p t i m i zed a r ch i t e c tu re i s p rop os ed t o ke ep s t abi l i t y an d p ro l o n g l i f et i m e fo r wi r el es s s en s o r n e t wo r k . A n e w s ol u t i o n to d e te c t con c ea l ed o b je c ts i s i n t r od u c ed fo r i n d o or p os i t i on i n g s y s te m . T h es e p rop os al s ar e c on s i d e r ed as fa v or a bl e co n tr i bu t i on s f or con s tr u c t i n g t h e n e x t -g en er a ti on p os i t i o n i n g s y s te ms ba s ed o n s ca t t er ed wi r e l es s s en s o rs .

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