関西学院大学リポジトリ

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(1)Ｉ脅レデ. Activism in lヾ epal メL study on activiStS'Inotivation, ￨. 、. networking and recruitinent processes. Dissertttion sublmitted to. the Graduate School of Sociology,. Kwttsei Gttcuin University,Nishinomiya,Jap〔 m. Mrigendra BJladur Kttki Tribhuvan University,Ktthmttldu,Nepal. 2010 ●.

(2) Abstract ●. This dissertation, a study on activisln in general and activist recruitment in pttnicular,. cxplores embedded multiple motivational factors and networking pattems, and argues for cohesive importance of ecological,ideological,and contextual transactionso Nepal一 a locus of political tumult一 has been a seething cauldron of signiflcant,robust and rapid changes on. its recent historyo Nevertheless, tectonic political alterations 一 autocratic Rana rule, multiparty polity with kingship,partyless Palcha7ytt regime,constitutional monttchical multip劉飩y systeln,and abolition of rnonttchy―. have emerged since 1950.In the conduits of. these political transformations, Nepal is enduring rapid and massive social and cultural changes or shiftinge Since 1990,particulι rly the post― Maoist insurgency,various folllls of acti宙 sm ttld social movements(SMs)are replacing the role of political parties or somehow ●. overcolning set political ideologies― socialisnl,liberalisnl,and democracy― with spttked social mttkers:ethnicity,caste,region,religion etc tte in centre ofdiscourseo However,it is a. global phenomenon ttd has been, especially in Nepa19 building a consciousness of new ideology.. Activism is one of the practices of ca.mpaigning to re―. Inake the world through which. individual or collectivities give voices and claims to their grievances and concerns about the rights,welfare,and well― being ofthemselves and others engaging in vttrious folllls of aCtion。 It forms one ofthe rational rnechanislns of sOcial,political and cultural changeso Nevertheless,. the constituent properties,motivating factors,networking pattems and recruitinent processes. vary across the space,tilne ttd types of activismo This study attempts to flnd out Nepali activists'Inotivational factors,networking patterns and dynanlic recruitinent processes across these sociological vari〔 Ilts一 tilne,space ttd types一. posing two questions i)how dOes a. person become an activist,and ii)hOW dOes a person become speciflc type of activist?It is a. compan劉ive study of eight types OfNepali activist一. political,religious,cthnic,caste,Dalit,. women,social,and econonlico The recruitment patterns have been exalnined across the three political structures一 high authorittri狙 ,authoritarian ttd democrttico The attributes of polity. have been measured on the ground of individual and collective freedom guttanteed in the state constitutiono Furthe.11lore,tWo regions―. the tarai and lnountain/hill― also are examined. in the study。. The study, methodologically, has employed a blending approach 一 qualitative and quantitative― to illustrate the micro lnechanislns of activist recruitmento Activist is a central. unit of the studyo Micro questions,of afflliated organization,individual infollllation,■ Inily. ●. background and political inclination,have been posedo Nevertheless,the present disse■. ation. attempted to connect rnicro― level transactions with whatever level of social structures―. Inicro,. meso, and macro through embedded pattems of networkingo This study excludes the participants òf the moment' or`clailnant,' no matter how they could embrace population with theoretical signiflcanceo An activist is a person who, intentionally and voluntarily, engages full tilne or patt time in at least one organization with f111lled end goals,whether.

(3) those be halting or changing extant authority of whatever its form:culture,institution,group etco The respondents selected for the purpose of qutttitative malysis were members of both. executive and working committee, and of a follllal or infollllal organization, although organizational rnembership may not always be an essential componentto be an activisto. The. depth interviews,. body of data, complementary of each other, comprises dozens of in― biographies, autobiographies,〔 rchival sources and the 800 quantitative studieso The study. ●. was cttied out in Katlunandu,Kaski and Dhanusa districts of Nepal from 2003 to 2005。 Since there is no recognized offlcial list of activist, the respondents were selected by employing snowball― smpling method.The quantitative data have been analyzed by way of SPSS Version 13 mainly for the cross― tabulation md the sottware``R"2。 9。 l progr〔】nme has been used to build up correspondence analysis and develop rnosaic plots. Of the total eight chapters, four chapters一. Four and Five qualitative and Six and Seven. quantitative一 fornl main body of analysise Chapter One delineates the basic properties一. rescarch questions,hypothesis,o切 ect市 eS,COnceptual frmework,methodology ttld methods. ●. of the dissertation― developed fronl the flve activists' life histories. The methodological. question has designed posing the question of`how'instead of`why'inasmuch as the a■. swer. of why indi宙 dual joins an act市 ism also can be responded from the former questiono Thus, the dissertation gives equal weight to the activists' experiences and quantiflcation of motivational factors in differential activist recruitment.Both structural and attitudinal aspects. of individual's interaction within network nodes一. the social,political,cultural settingòther. than'the psychological methods一 are in centre ofthe dissertatione Chapter Two, the literature review section of both theoretical and empirical, is divided territorial一 in general,and mainly into three layers: social rnovements and philosophical一 activism and activist recruitment in pmicularo The chapter Sets twofold intents for these. C. reviews,flrst,an individual receive the image of one's life worldviews through undercurrent. activisnl, SMs and contiguous philosophieso Second, activists' sources of reference nonlination ttc heterogeneous.New knowledge,the study proposing that every individual constructs a split universe of investigation, generates new folllls of COnSciousness where ind市 iduals are act市e suttect With Cre江市ity and initiat市 e in the e対 stential world. Nepal's setting,on bureaucratization of polity―. state ideologies一 over society and culture. and vice versa,is illustrated in(Chapter Three.These〔. re reference nodes for the formation. and counter follllation of grievances, and perceptions which generate action where an individual cross― cuts with own image,locttion and identityo The chapter ttgues thtt Nepal gradually faces coercive deflcit since the loss of w劉「with East lndia Company[BritiSh]in 1814-1816。 In other words,this lost war imposed tt extemal power over the Nepali state ttd. restricted an ambition of f阻rther territorial annexation that spawns intense political engagement and conflicts within bttα rdars nobilities and the then palace as well。 One ofthe sub sections ofthis chttter cOnceming the history of act市 ism in Nepal spells out a traectory ofNepali activism thtt is being shitted from family to ideology and from ideology to identity。. Further, the study has illustrated the vector of differences in religion, language, caste/ethnicity,dress,Brahn〔 mism etc.. ●.

(4) ノ／／. In the study,the notion of recnlitment specifles two conceptions for qualitative purpose it includes process lnechanislns― Inotivation,networking and the recnlitlnento Similarly for the quantitative purpose it authorizes only single structureo Chapter Four focuses on motivation follllationo lt deals with individual lnOtivations,role of agencies and rec」 uitment lnechanisms ●. for which seven interpret市 e dimensiOnal bttmers一 acquisition of self identity,誠 a宙 sm, gender,ideology,recognition,individual capabilities,and human dignity― have been used。 The chapter flnds that individual motivations tte elusive conceptual intellllediarics。 Contextual dynanlic lnatrixes creates and recreates individual lnotivations and vice versa.It is. a signiflcant mechanisln to consolidate or deviate on embedded patents of associational networks or develop new networking. Motivations facilitate interacting with alter nodes。 Pre口 image,events,contexts. interact and get new space for activism precipitationo lt would. therefore be inappropriate to overlay a unifled theoretical position to analyse their motivational properties and denonlinationse The activists' life experiences show that. motivation portrays conscious, subconscious and unconscious reasons that propel an individual to hold puttoseful activity,the activismo The activity would be in favor or against one's deflned strLICtureo lnstead,the chapter has presented activists' various processes and. perspectives, in their original form and language as much as possibleo The chapter underscores that the activist's motivation is not Only socio― psychological predispositions,but. shaped by a vttriety of factors such as distinct biographical availabilities, inbom role. performances, educational backgrounds, and vttrious grievances according to their sociological positions md network pattems。. Cha/pter Five is dedicated to how mOtivations tte transfomed into diverse networking pattems,although motivation and netwOrk somehow overlap at one point like as sometimes the same agency ttd otteCt dilutes in the recruitment mechttismo However,networks plり a p市 otal role in the act市 ist recruitment whether its structural ntture be homophily一 simiLrity breeds connection 一 or heterogeneous transaction, so■ and httd, of network ties and interventionso The chapter attempts to flnd out the network structure md its multiplexed一 individual ttd social transaction ― processes in the activist recruitment employing flve mech〔 misms:a)emOtiOn,b)intimacy. c)eduCttional institute,d)ね mily,田 ld e)identity. Activists' life histories sOmetiines appett as complex phenomenon to segregate each mechanisnl,although these elucidate the recruitment processeso These life histories adduce that network plays a central role in the recruitment process nevertheless it is not a new discoveryo Moreover,it is equally true that consensus has not yet lnade within scho12rs to look at the importance and the role ofnetwork in activisnl or social rnovements'literature。. Networks facilitate and inteⅣ ene to generate an individual's motivation into the activist recruitment,providing patterns of social dialogues, and identitieso Here, in this study, as discussed earlier, all respondents tte activists. Therefore, it is tt analysis of successiall ●. network mechanisms or storieso Thus, the study excludes failed or de― network cases。 Undoubtedly most of the activists have to overcome network barriers but level of bttiers would be salient。.

(5) Chapter Six displays activists'quantitative attributes,for example,the general demographiC infollllation, organizational,personal, fanlily and political。. Of total surveyed activists, 8。 4. percent activists tte found new or becttηte flrst time members of their involved organizations/institutionso However, ove… helmingly, 91。 6 percent activists responded that they have cither one or lnultiple lnembership background in te111ls of their previous activism. ●. membership experiences.Similarly,mttOrity 58。 l percent act市 ists are found politically recruited at the very early ages through school,peer associates or playmates, 1髭. Inily, and. social environlnent。. Chapter Seven flnds out motivational factors in activist recnlitlnent一. ideology,resistance. against e対 sting social e宙 ls(た νrJ′ J,ソ J″ J′ J),SOCializadon,self awareness and social ser宙. ce。. These factors, implying ground― level concepts to middle― level concepts, and again middle― level concepts to higher‐ level concepts,are developed froln the flled following the. grouded theroyo Association of these flve mot市 ational factors delineate across the types, tilne-lrames and regions employing the correspondence analysis and the mosaic plotso The flnding exclnp五 fles the ebbs and flows ofarchetypical or nollll江. ●. iVe motivadonal factors.. The lDalit,a Nepal centric activism peⅣ asive with the string of evil events,occupies a very posit市 e strong relttion with the mot市 ational factor,the social e宙 ls(た νrJ′ J,ソ J″ J′ J)。 Similttly,. econonlic activists have the sme density of deviation with the motivational factor,the social seⅣiceo lnterestingly,these two types of act市 ism tte not associtted with the mot市江ional factors,social seⅣ ice andた γrJ′ J,ソ Jわ "J′ J respectivelyo ln the context of regions,no deviation is. foundo The socialization is a motivational factor found most in■ uential in the dictatorial political system and traditional social structure of before the 1979 periodo Howevё r, it occupies the neutral state of in■ uences in the remaining time― frameso Calculating the association ofthe types of activist and motivational factors across the periodizations,political act市 ism,in the high― risk cost circumstalces,was only dominttt type before 1979.Reversely,. the very political activisnl loses its absolute control and replaced by the other types of acti宙 sm in the 1980-1990 period by JttL巧江i ttld Caste groupe Likewise,Dalit,social, ccononlic and women activism emerged during 1991-2005,in the open and liberal political struclLlree Correspondence analysis shows that in the 1991-2005 time口 period motivational J,ソ iレJ′ J and self awareness are closely associatedo This chapter cast light on the factorsた νr′ ′. flve motivational factors.The chapter exanlines the variations of flve lnotivational factors in three time― frを mes,two regiOns ttd eight types of activists.. Chapter Eight recapitulates the studyo lt includes overall sumlnan/, main flndings and conclusion of the dissertation.Similarly,it sketches out recomlnendations for further study. The chapter compttes the present study with McAdttn(1986)mode1 0f indi宙 dual. recruitment like as it has been used in Kosaka's theory of structure, action and image to generate and regenertte dynamisms of act市 ism。 Of the eight act市 ist types,Dalit IIId economic activists have maintained clear distances then the remaining types of activistso The. concept of Dalit 一 touchability and untouchability 一 is deeply rooted in Nepali social 肋 rJ′ あソ″7J′ J. constitutions,thus it is linked with unique md explicit motivational factor一 The ideology of caste systenl is philosophically ingrained with the ttr“ α 一 fFα rα bd物名 sα. θttJ′ αα″グん″ンα α 一theOryo The theory itself bounds with the continuum ofthree lives一 “ “ “. lV. ●.

(6) past,present and future― where an individual secks,defends,and dep劉威s witho These core institutional orders of the Nepali societies keep distances with the generate embedded residual rnotivational factors as discussed above.. ●. ●. ●. rest of the societies and.

(7) ヽヽヽ、. ●. ●. ●. Vl.

(8) Table of Contents Chapter One ●. lntroduction. page l-25. l General background. l。. 1. l.2 0utline ofthe dissertttion. 3. l.3 Research question:a preliminary illustration ofrecnlitment processes of flve activists l。. 4 Hypothesis. 11. l。. 5 Recnlitinent process goes:my ll ■ellectual oゥ ssey. l。. 6 Conceptual framework ofthe study 7 Resettch lnethodology,techniques. 12 14 17. l。. 8 Structure ofthe dissertation. 23. l。. ●. 5. Chapter Two Literature review. 26-44 28 34. l A study on socialrnovements 2。 2 The Nepalese religions lmd philosophy 2。. 2。. 3 Methodology. 41. Chapter Three The setting 3。. l Geography ttd dynasties. 3。. 2 Pcople and the state. 45-67 45 47 50. 3。. 3 Some statistics. 3。. 4 History ofActivism in Nepal. 53. 3。. 5 Vector of difference. 3。. 6 Chapter conclusion. 59 67. Chapter Four lndividual motivation,role of agencies and recruitment mechanism 68口 4。. l Acquisition Of self identity. 4。. 2 Social and Cultural atavisnl:the discovery ofrole in three lives continuun1. 3 Gender 4。 4 1deology 4。 5 Recognition 6 1ndividual ca/pabilities. 4。. 7 Dignity. 4。. 8 Chapter conclusion. 73. 74 76 78. 4。. 4。. 88. 71. 82. 79. 87. Chapter Five Translation of motivation into diverse ne徹 Ⅳorking pattern ●. 89-108. 5。. l Emotion(s) 2 1ntimacy. 5。. 3 Educational institute. 92 97 100. 5。. 4 1dentity. 103. 5。. Vll.

(9) 5。. 107. 5 Chapter conclusion. Chapter Six Demographic dynamics of the activists. 109 110 111 112 118 125 128 131. l Designing questionnaire schedule 6.2 The flnal questionnaire schedule 6。. 6。. 3 Respondent selection. 6。. 4 Activists'infoHnation. 6。. 5 1ndividual proflle. 6。. 6 Fanily proflle. 6。. 7 1deological(politiCal)inf0111latiOn. 6。. 8 Chapter conclusion. 109-132 ●. Chapter Seven Comparison of differential recruitment across periodizations and regions 133-167 7.l Analytical framework ofrecruitment process 2 FollllatiOn ofmotivational variables 3 Middle level concept to motivational factors 7。 4]Discussion and analysis 7。 5 Associttions ofperiodizations,motivttional factors ttd types ofactivist 7.6 Regions and lnotivational factors 7。 7。. 7。. 7 Chapter conclusion. ●. 134 134 139 144 153 165 166. Chapter Eight 168-185. Summary,flnding and conclusion 8。. 1 0verall sunllnary ofthe dissertation. 2 MaOr flndings 3E)iscussion on McAdtt recruitment model 8。 4 Recommendations for further study 8。 8。. 8.5 The post― script. 168 176 181 183 184. 186-212 213. References. Acknowledgement Appendices. ●. Vlll.

(10) List of Appendices Appendix l:Dynasties/Kings ofNepal Appendix 2:CoH・ espondence ttalysis Appendix 3:Mosaic plot ●. Appendix 4:Case studies(I― V) Appendix 5:McAdam's model ofhigh risk cost act市 ism(■ gure l) Mosaic Plot:l Types of activist and motivational factors. Mosaic plot:2 Motivational factors and periodizations Mosaic plot:3 Type of activisln across the periodizations Mosaic plot:4 Regions,types of activist across the periodizations Mosaic plot:5 Regions and lnotivational factors across the periodizations. Mosaic plot:6 Regions and lnotivational factors Mosaic plot:7 Social recognition of father and types ofactivist Mosaic plot:8 Social recognition of grandfather and types of activist Mosaic plot:9 Types of activist and their close relatives in elite position. Mosaic plot:10 Regional activists and their close relatives in elite position ●. Appendix 6:Inten√ iew questionnaire schedule. Appendix 7:Tables Table:22 Activist's organizational association(nOt grouped) Table:23 Periodizations and lnotivational factors. Table:24 Frequency distribution ofmotivational factors Table:25 Geographical regions and lnotivational factors Table:26 Table:27 Table:28 Table:29. Activists'close relatives in elite position Activist close relatives and types of activist Types of activist and categories of recognized post Types of activist and their number and lnotivational factors. Table:30 Educational status and types ofactivist Table:3 1 Religion and types ofactivist. Table:32 Gender and types ofactivist Table:33 0ccupation and types ofactivist. D. Table:34 Time― frame. and types of activist. Table:35 Regions and types of activist. Table:36 Motivational factors ttd types of activist Table:37 Types ofactivist and lnotivational factors across different tilne― frames Table:38]Educational status and lnotivational factors. Table:39 Regions and lnotivational factors Table:40 Sex and lnotivational factors Table:41 Activists'professiOn and lnotivational factors. Table:42 Table:43 Appendix Appendix Appendix. Regions and lnotivational factors Literacy growth rate in Nepal 8:United Nations advertisement to recruit its personnel 9 Politica1 0rganizations in 1990 cOnstitution ofNepal(Part 17) 10:Deflnition of indigenous nationalities. Appendix ll:Maps Nepal(COuntry map) Kathmandu district Dhanusa district. Kaski Appendix 12:Code lnanuals ●. Appendix 13:The Software``R"working processes Appendix 14:Briefrecruitlnent life histOry ofthe central colnlnittee leaders ofthe comlnunist party of. Maoist Nepal Appendix 15:Qualitative respondents. lX.

(11) List of Figures Figure l:McAdam model ofhigh― risk/cost. activism. Appendix 5. Figure 2:CoH・ espondece analysis oftypes of activist and lnotivational factor Figure 3:Correspondence analysis ofperiodizations and inotivativational factors Figure 4:Correspondence analysis of periodizations and lnotivational factos. 150 156. Mosaic Plot:l Social recognition of father and types of activist Mosaic plot:2 Types ofactivist and rnotivational factors. 148 152 154 164 168. 165. Mosaic plot:3 Social recognition of grandfather and types ofactivist Mosaic plot:4 Type of activisll across the periodizations Mosaic plot:5 Regions and lnotivational factors. Mosaic plot:6 Motivational factors and periodizations Mosaic plot:7 Regions,types of activist across the periodizations Mosaic plot:8 Regions and lTlotivational factors across the periodizations Mosaic plot:9 Types of activist and their close relatives in elite position Mosaic plot:1 0 Regional activists and their close relatives in elite position. Mosaic plot:1 lRegionsandtypesofactivist. ●. Appendix 5 Appendix 5 Appendix 5 Appendix 5 Appendix 5 Appendix 5 ●. List of tables Table l:Region based ethnic/caste population distribution and their percentage Table 2:E)istribution ofrnother tongues. Table 3:The religious lnake up ofNepal according to the decennial censuses. Table 4:Na口 le ofthe associated organization/institution(grOuped) Table 5:Factors that inspired for involvement in the activities ofthe organization Table 6:Associated organization/institutions and designation of activists Table 7:Other fleld of activism Table 8:Political parties'information. Table 9:Age group and country of birth Table 10:. Ecological belt,religion,urban/rural and overseas at birth. Table ll:Knowledge on otherlanguage except Nepali/English. page. 52 53. 54 114 116 117 118 119 120 121 121. Table 20:Most liked principles. 122 123 124 125 126 127 127 129 130. Table 21:Events that inspired for inclination in the stated principle. 131. Table 12:Language spoken with various generational fanlily lnembers Table 13:Occupation of the activists Table 14:Caste/ethnicity representation in the suⅣ ey. Table 15:Educational status Table 16:Religion and activist Table 17:Local people know your grand father by the general people Table 18:Activists'father'local level recognition by the general people Table 19:Activists and their core relatives'occupational position. Table 22:Activists'organizational association(nOt grouped) Table 23:Periodizations and rrlotivational Factors. Table 24:Frequency distribution ofmotivational factors Table 25:Geographical regions and lnotivational factors Table 26:Activists'close relatives in elite position Table 27:Activist close relatives and types of activist. Table 28:Types of activist and categories ofrecognized post Table 29:Types of activist,their number and lnotivational factors Table 30:Educational status and types ofactivist Table 31:Religions and types of activist. Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7. ●.

(12) Table Table Table Table. ●. 32:Gender and types ofactivist 33:Occupation and types ofactivist 34:Time― frames and types of activist 35:Regions and types ofactivist. Table 36:Motivational factors and types of activist Table 37:Types ofactivist and lnotivational factors across different til■ e― frames Table 38:Educational status and lnotivational factors. Table 39:Regions and lnotivational factors Table 40:Sex and lnotivational factors Table 41:Activists'profession and lnotivational factors. Table 42:Regions and lnotivational factors Table 43:Literacy rttte growth in Nepal. ●. ●. Xl. Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7 Appendix 7.

(13) Acronyms ADB. Asian Development Bank. ANNFSU(flih) Akhil Nepal National Free Student Union,Fi■ h Convention ANNFSU(SiXth) Akhil Nepal National Frec Student Union,Sixth Convention. ASCOL. Amrit Science College. BA. Bachelor in Arts. BED. Bachelor in Education. BL BP Kloirala. CBO CDO CNAS CP Mainali CPN DIGP FM GM Shingh. HMG/N I.A. IoCom. IED. IL INGO ISc. KC KP Bhattarai. KP Oli LLoM MA ML MP. NBM NC. ●. Bachelorin Law Biseshwor Prasad Koirala. Colmmunity Based Organization Chief District Offlcer Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies Chandra Prakash Mainali Colmmlunist Party ofNepal Deputy lnspector General of Police Frequency Medium Ganesh Man Shing. His Macsty OfGovemment Nepal Intellllediate in Education. Interπ leditte. in Law. Intemational Non Govemmental C)rganization lntellllediate in Science. Anglicized folll1 0f`Khttri Kshetry' Krishana Prasad Bhtttarai. Krishana Prasad Oli Legal Lcgistrums Magistrate(Masters in Law) Master in Arts Marxist Leninist Member ofParlialment. Nepal Vidhyarthi Manch Nepali Congress. Ne.Bi.Sang. Nepal Bidhyarthi Sang. NEFIN. Nepal Federation of lndigenous Nationalities. NGO NGO. NKBS. ●. Intellllediate in Arts Intellllediate in Commerce. Non Govemmenta1 0rganization Non― Govemmenta1 0rganization. Nepal Krantikari Bidhyarthi Sang(Nepal Revolutionary Student. Union). NRBF NSMs NSU NSU. PM RPBSU RPP SLC SMs Tu UK UML. Nepal Rastriya Vidhyarthi Federation New Social Movements Nepal Student Union Nepal Student Union. Pri口 le. Minister. Nepal Democratic Student Union Rastrlya PraJatantra Party SCh001 Lcaving Certiflcltte SOCial Movements. Tribhuvan University United Kingdom. USA. Unifled Marxist and Leninist United State ofAInerica. VDC. Village Development Committee. WWII. WOrld War Second. Xll. ●.

(14) Chapter One lntroductiOn. 1。. l General background. Nepal has been a seething cauldron of political change for alinost 20 years nowo Tectonic political changes have occuHed in Nepal over last six decadeslo The political system has gonc. through ive mttor trttsfo■ 11lations in this periodo Before 18 February,1951,Nepal was ●. govemed by an autocratic Rana family dictatorshipo lt was highly hier〔劉. [d ritualistic(Gellner(1997a)).Hindu sα srrtt and″. I・. chical,authoritarian,. り αr閉鰐 ″ αs(epiCS)Were. sources of sttte. laws that gave a progression of Sanskritization (ShttHna(2004)), and Syllabus of follllal educationo A■ ;er the successiall democratic revolution of 1951,Nepal enJoyed a lnonttchical democracy until 1960。. Constitutionally,this opened up various political and social avenues. for collective and individual opportunities in various fo.11ls Of aCtivisnl, and econonlic advancement。. From 15 December,1960 unti1 8 Mttch,1990,under thc Partyless Palchaytt system,2 Nepal again reverted to a traditional monttchy.It promoted modem education,rule of law,and. economic development(Gellner(1997a)).Nevertheless,it bamed the multi party polity, outlawed oppositional activisnl, and continued the ideology of the integrative3 Nepali nationalism4 1nOdel of the Rana regilneo ln response to lhe massive student movement raised. in 1979(see Chapter Seven),King Birendra amounced a referendulm thtt gave a locus of public discourseso The 49-day long Peoples'Movement― I(en01H10uS Street demonstradons) of 1990 threw out the Panchayat systeln, consequently reintroduced the parli〔 Inentary constitutional monarchyo Most signiicantly, for the irst time, constitutionally the sovereignty shi■ ed to citizen from the King(see chapter Threc).. ●. study indicates to a policy of inono― linguistic,Inono― regional,mono‐ dress.It is a rnore or less continuation of. Ranas'poHcy。. 4 By the terlmi nationalisnl,in this context the study indicates to both notions:to refer to the process by which ethnic groups and coFnmunities are inobilized for action to attain poHtical ends,and attempt to generate loyalties. are developed to the sttte(BraSS(2005:9‐ 10))..

(15) A Maoist insurgency took root in Nepal in 1996。. It il― obilized the country and made it. virtually impossible for the govermnent to ruleo As of this pttalysis, a new follll of. enviroment is now being created in Nepal,狙 d at this time,it is not yet clett what kind of govermnent will emergeo To date,a new interiln constitution has been promulgated and a ●. constitutent assembly has been elected to wite a new constitution。. On 28 May,2008,Nepal. tumed into a republic state,abolishing one ofthe oldest rnonarchies ofthe world of over two. millemia(see Appendix l).The abolished Shah Dynasty ofNepal was in fact 240 yetts old。. 5. 1n the midst of a1l ofthis political and social fbment and change,Nepali society has become,. and is continuing to become, a politicized societyo RefoH二貶■lons, transgressions, and contention have been basic feanI・es OfNepali activisnl and social inovements。 `The structure of group differentiation'has been contested by the po五 cy of`pttallel ethnic structure'6 in the changing socio― political settingso Nepal is a tapestry of more than a hundred different castes and ethnic groups,like about eight dozen linguistic and various regional groups,and many of. these groups tte now becoming politically act市 c(see Chapter Threc)。 It Seems as though almost every day new activist groups tte coming into existenceo ln addition,lhere tte the traditional political patties based on their respective ideologies。. Particularly since the 1990s,various act市 ist organizttions(see research methodology)and social movements(SMs),are substituting the role of political parties,intelittlediating citizens. and the state in Nepal.However,in the SMs'intellectual traditions,itis not a new innovation. or discovery(Daniel Bell quoted by McAdam,McCarthy and Zald 1996;Della Porta and Diani 2003;Snow eto al。 1980;Tilly 2004)。 SMs have been stamped as one of the rttional mechanisms of social,political ttd cultural changeo Nevertheless,no consensus exists ttong intellectuals,acadenlics and SM activists regttding the conceptualization of SMs'constituent properties,employed lnethods and recognitions on the follll and nature of collective actions. (McAdam,McCarthy,and Zald 1996;McAd枷 ,and Dimi 2003;Dimi 2003;Della Po■. a. and Diani 2003;Snow,Soule,and Kriesi 2004;Zirakzadeh 2006),someWhtt alnoThous (Zald(1996:261))。. 5 sluSSer(1982)writeS Licchavi cao AD 300 to ca.879;transitional ca.879 to 1200;early Malla 1200 to 1382; late Malla 1382 to 1769;Shah 1769 to present(aboliShed on 2008),but interrupted by loss ofpower for a. century,Rana1846to1951whenalocalfarrlilyusurpedthepowerbutnotthethroneoftheShahsp18。. 6 According to Paul Brass(2005:11)Donald Horowitz suggest two ethic policies for multi ethnic countries:1) The structure ofgroup differentiation,where ethnic group relations are characterized by hierarchical relationships in which one group is`superordinate'and another is 6subOrdinate',2)paranel ethic structure: where an ethnic groups have equal status。. ●.

(16) 1。. 2(Dutline of the dissertation. This dissertttion,a compttative smdy of eight types of modem Nepali activists一 religious,cthnic,caste,Dalit,women,social and economic(see cha/pter Threc)―. political,. is centrally. concemed with understanding the motivation,networking,狙 d recnlitment process in threc periodizttions ttld two regionso Correspondence alalysis(see Appendix 2)and mOSaic plot. e ShOⅦ thtt each type of act市 ist involves nollll江市e,or archetypa19 (see Appendix 3)h額√ processes,7 by which an individual becomes a speciflc type of activisto There are,for example,. typical motivttional dynatticsわ ′ J,ソ J″ ′ ′ J(resiStimce against social evils)by Which a Dalit J′. becomes a lDalit activist,and socialization and ideology push a person to become a political activist. ●. This smdy presents a number of these typical mot市江lonal factors ttld their recruitment processes and then compares them on their similarities and dissilnilaritieso The purpose of this comparative analysis is to flnd the motivational factors8 that propel a person to become. an activist in Nepalo Each process is an ideology9 of how an individual gets motivated to become an activist,connected to an existing network or gets a network of activists to become an activist and recruited into activismo These ideologies will be presented and analyzed from the point ofview ofthe activists themselves。. 10. The smple groups that have been studied can be deflned in telllls of different types of ι re. overlapping categorieso The most fundamental activist categories tte the categories that indigenous to the Nepali terrain.H This wOuld include ethnic activists,caste activists,Dalit. activists,Madeshi一 or tarain― activists,and Pahadi― or hill― aCtiVistso ln addition,there are also activists in the Nepali nlilieu that are universal in the lnodern world,and this smdy will be looking atthenl,too.This will include political,social,狙 d women activists。. One of my flndings has been thtt the typical recruitment mot市誠ions of each group vary in different historical periods and types of activistso For exttple,the recnlitment process of a. 理樹榊￨‖‖讐蔦胤彙鷺訛血 μ 3.…∝ hS. :。. 町器1器 lユW甘翼 :llttltts∝ J hd宙山面m「d“emぷ m∝we」 r部 ∝ d血∝ ●. meaning that allows her,hil■ lto deflne the individual perceptions and preferenceso Sec also Winiam H.sewen. (1992)fbr eXplanation ofthe individual and social interaction processes incurring individuany in the strllcture of. meaning.Kosaka(2006)sketChes Out a facilitative interplay in the social landscape of structure,action,and. i晴「 LX:群 1:器 ∬ l≧ 13富. ::;「題轟. urban category fomulations,sec Pigg(1992)。. 濯 T器. 3illfTギお畿 ;電 l譜 :為τ黒. ・. :∬i燎』Td°.

(17) typical ethnic act市 ist who came of age in 1960 will be different from the recruitment process of the ethnic acti宙 st who came ofage in 1990。. In keeping with these indings,this study will. present and analyze data that show this variation in different historical periods and different geographical spaces。. This study will be looking at three mttor hiStOrical periods in contemporary Nepali history。 Each of these periods had and is deflned by a signiflcantly different social,political milieu。 These different rnilicus shaped the recruitment process of the activists in different wayso The. three periods under obseⅣ ations are before 1979,1980-1990 and 1991 to 200612。. The regional or geographical component of my analysis exanlines and compttes the recruitment process in two of the threc ecological belts of Nepal: combining the hill, or Pahad region and the Mountain or Himali region in one category and the plain,or tttai region. ●. as other categoryo We found that the locale of the recruitment process affects the way it unfolds。. The prima理 /1nethodology of this dissertation is one through which the study explore the recruitment process to sec how an individual becomes recruited in an organization, and compare different groups of activistso lt has not,however,taken up the task of comparing activists with either non― activists,or decremental or regulιr citizens。. 13 1t haS employed the. multi― Inethod approaches assembling three different sets of data: archival data, in―. depth. interviews,and fleld survey interviewso Thc heart of this study consists of 800 quantitative. interviews and dozens of in‐ depth qualittltive interviews that have been conducted with activists frolm the Ktthm[andu,Kiaski,and Dhanusa districts ofNepalo The interviews were all behⅣ een the ycars 2003 and 2006.. 12 The OVeran data cOnection period covers frorrl February 2003 to January 2006,howeverin the case of quantitat市 e survery it was carried out in 2004-2005,thus l have applied 2005 in the quantit誠市e survey(see. 町織蹴 ::量鷺器驚ふ w油鉗跳面嘔 dhК 饉銚帥 d ttM曲ぷ wo∞ ■ つ d亜鴨」山∝ three categories ofparticipation,the subscribers(passiVe rrlembers who contribute flnanciany to the organization),adherents(irregular act市 e members),and aCt市 ists(regularly act市 e members).. ●.

(18) 1。. 3 Research question:a prelinlinaw illustration of recruitlnent processes of rlve. activists. There is a long history of act市 ism in Nepal(SCe chapter Threc).Indi宙 dual and collect市 e ●. participation,activisnl,and social movements14 are by no means new phenomena,from the. carly 19th century onwttd,commoner励 ″″α r15 haVe been mobilizing against the `わ “. established power structure of Nepal through both overt and clandestine ineans。. 16 But there. was activisnl even before that timeo The religious and social activism in Nepal,in fact,dates back to antiquity。. In general,金 Inily,organization,and identity(ide010gy)have been the fundamental factors behind conective actions and political activisnl in Nepal. For example,collective political actions were carlier lilnited within Pandey,Thapa,Basnet,and Shah Families and in the latter. days of]Rana familieso Sti11 later, activisln statted from poHtical organizationso By 1990 various identity groups,ioeo ethnic organizations,reHgious groups,and regional associations,. to nme afew,were crystallizing activism in Nepal. Since the promulgation of the new constitution in the 1990,activisln has become a way of life in Nepalo Activisln has erupted in multiple effervescences in the short period of time. since 1990,and as a result,we now have many social hues and political spectrums in Nepal. Nepal has become a``boiling cauldron" of``seething unrest。 "17 1n the last decade, a deep scated tension has descended upon Nepali society,as an almost daily cavalcade of collective action and adverslttrial activism is now overwhelming Nepal。. One school of thought believes. that it is disrupting daily life,crossing all boundaries of democratic movement framework, heading disintegration towards,threatening to make Nepal a failed stateo The power of the mob seems to grow every dayo lt has been erupting in public and senli― public places,and dollninating life in Nepal。. 18 As discussed ettrlier,Nepali history is evident that these folllls of. activism tte vehicles of change in the society,political structure,and culture propelling them. 14 For an intensive discussion ofthe boundaries,altemations,and overlapping ofthose concepts,see Snow9 Soule,and Kriesi(eds。 (2004)).. 15 The Rma rlllers used to address the Nepali people as`D“. ″″α ち'Or commoners,not as citizenso The `力 recognition of the Nepali people as citizens is a later introduction,and this has been made into an issuc and slogan different sorts ofactivists.. 16 seC Oldfleld(1880),Rana(2002),Rana(2004),Joshi and Rose(2004),in large detail elaboration.. 17 The terin and concept`seething unrest',I have borrowed from Tocqueville(1987:39),and`bOiling cauldrons' ●. from Tarrow(2003),referring to Europe in the middle ofthe eighteenth century,which was appeared in Japan during the 1960s.See Tiny 2006 for rrlore elaboration. 18 see histo理 /Of activism in Nepale The βα″グ物α,a new contentious vehicle,which has evolved into,the core of a powerlall coercive demand culture,involves the rFlaking of street protests that immobilize public life and. destroy pubHc and state propeゥ .Emulating the Maoist insurgency dozens ofrnilitant groups have also appeared on the scenee.

(19) toward an equitable position in all the spheres of lifeo This is not unnatural.But it does not mettl that the author is advoctting to all types of act市 ities.The only focus ofthe smも ″is tO. exttine recruitment process of act市 ists,not making valuc judgments inね vor or against àctivists'oràctivism'themselves. ●. To the extent that we have a history of activisnl in Nepal,the last century of resistance,. mobilizttion,鉗ld act市 ism has produced archetypal recruitment narr江市eso Within each ofthe different types of activist group一 be it m ethnic,caste,class or gender group―. the sttmЮ. ness. of the recruitment narrat市 es is uniquc and dramatico This nar江市c homogeneity is also found to occur within different historical periods and different geographiCal regionso There is,. for exttple,a typical Magar recnlitment narrative for the 1960's in Nepal,and a different and yet typical Magar recruitment n田江市e for the last decade. ●. Each of these archetypal narratives describes the empirical regularities thtt occur in the. mot市江ion,networking pattems,and recruiting mechanisms of thtt particular type of act市. ist. and seems to center upon dynmics that involve family,identity,peers,grievances,books, events,and so fortho All of these stories reveal a multifactoral recruitlnent process,and the study begins by presenting a few case smdies thtt exemplitt Several ofthe different types of archetypal recruitment narrat市 es thtt h額 √ e arisen in Nepal.. Case studies. Case I. Yog Maya was bom in a very orthodox Hindu family whereas Ranas ruled the land.The clash of images between the contemporary patriarchic social values and her failed nlarriages. produced a struggleo Her own■ Inily members,neighbors,and the state authorities fo.11led one the side of that struggle and Yog Maya othero They fought and ultilnately,the clash of images dragged Yog Maya in to the activist's identityo The interface comes from the two notions of deflning life:the contemporary social system that was govemed by the orthodox Hindu ritualistic ideology and her choices oflife that were in shattp contradiction。. She had no fomal lnodenl educationo She discovered herself from the transactions〔 Inongst her agency and the exiting social and cultural envirol■ ment and political structure. Her àgency'was constituted through the traditional religious rnethod of`mediation'. ●.

(20) Her family's maltreatinent and failed nl〔弧Tiages, authoritarian political system apparently functioned as the mot市江ing factors to tum her into become田[act市 ist(see Appendix 4(case I)).. Case II. Khadga Man Singh's outrage evolved against the Rana rulers to whom he had milial connections and which consolidated in the course of his socialization.He received a modem education and had participated in the lndian freedom lnovement against the colonial power。 Kinship and friendly association played a great role pushing hiln towards political activism. (see Appendix 4(case Ⅱ))。 Case III ●. Mahesh Sing'Tharpa Magar comes from a good econonlic ttlnily background but politically inact市 e.He joined lett political act市 ism in collegeo The educttional institute is itself a. facilitative space where he met lei political leaderso He renounced col―. unist ideology. because of his encounters of ethically based discrimination both in the patty ttd in societyo lt. is very established telttll and concept of bα. ttν. ηbα グ. [Brahnanism],the mOnOpoly and. discrimination from the BIrttans caste group in generalo The very concept encroached in the contentious literttures in the ettly eighties in Nepal(Sec history Of act市 ism),hOWever one. could observe this sense in the verses of Yog Maya(see Appendix 4(casc HI)).. Case IV Drauptti Dtti,a Dalit19 act市 ist,is a member of a highly discrimintted community in Nepal. She felt inequity along with her consciousness follllation through the different sources of social intercourse,for instance,friends at her school,the behaviour of her teachers,ctco She got support from her mother and brothers and social exposure,and acquired leadership skills. from her immersion in θttθ JJbθ ′ J sJ濡乃α [infOrmal women educttion](see Appendix 4(case IV)).. Case V Anil Th〔よur is leader of Nepal Sadbh〔 Ⅳana. Party(a mOvement of the Madhesν ttrai―. southern plain dwellers),ex Cadre ofNepali Congress p弯 ●. ,mOtivtted by his peer associttes. and social environment to become a lnember of Nepal Student Union,the front organization. 19 The teHn]Dalit cme into vogue from lndia during the 1960s.Earlierthey were known as. [untOuchables].See chapter Two.. ασ力乃 "′.

(21) of Nepali Congress p劉威y. He changed his ideology through the social interaction and reinterpretation from the day to day experienceso He realized that tttains fre being exploited by the hill people,especially by political leaderso Consciously,he switched to new ideology。. Grievances generated comparing between the position of the hill〔. nd tarain people(See. Appendix 4(case V)). The flrst two case studies are representative life histories of two activists who came of age. during the Rana regime.20 The third,fourth,肛 ld ith,in contrast,come from the P劉 lchyat period.21 The recnlitinent narrative of the fourth activist is uniquc in that she was recruited. into activism during the late Panchyat period―. which was a time of a relatively moderate. social and political environlnento The study has presented these case studies because they. illustrate certain pattenl of recruitment of differential activists in Nepal.. ′. The te.111 ●. ``differential recruitment"(Soci010gists have been using the using(Jenkins1983;Zurchera. and Snow 1981;McAdm 1986) The central task is to flnd the motivational factors that push a person to become a differential activisto A cttenll l。。k at these flrst four activists' life histories will reveal push factors. co― on. to an of theme Those push factors include events,family,friendships,social evils,. and state repression.But given the ubiquitous nature ofthesc elements,we are led to question. why only some individuals become activistso All of these cases offer their own unique recruitment process,帥 d we could argue that the focus here should be on the sociology of individual lnotivation,networking,and recruitment processes of an activist,supposing every individual as a separate universeo However,the recnlitment of activists is not something that occurs simply at the level of the individual. Social networks, social structures ttd social mechanisms impinge on and shOpe the overall process ofindividual recruitinent.. In a very isolated rural village,one can note,Yog Maya stttned a mOdem folll1 0f SeCular activisln by employing non― secular methods.As a lnember of alBrahan family,she fought against her ttlnily,the]Br(■ Inanic value system of her tilne and its gender preJudices,and. folllled the flrst modeHl folill of women's association in Nepalo The autocratic political. structures of the Rana regime stood against her and tried to destroy her movement。 Nonetheless,her rnovement created a signiflcant space for itself in the history ofpolitical and. social organizations in Nepalo lt was a rare explicit struggle between a group of people ●. 20 The Rana rtlled beh″. cen 1846 and 1951。. 21 The Panchayat Period started frorr1 1961 characterized by a pattless political systern up to 1990..

(22) challenging au■ ority and power holderso She went on to form an organizttion ttld fought against the social ttd political structures ofher tilne.. Were these actions created by social strain and social inequities,or were they psychological ●. acts caused primarily by individual psychological factors?Those in power atthe tilne sav√ her actions as irrational or immoral.Conventional and lnodeHl sociological theory rnight analyze. her behavior in a number of different wayso For exttple,it could come under the rubric of social disorganization or breakdown theoryo And collective behavior,resource mobilization, political process,Marxist,and new social movement theorists would interpret it differently.. Some schol鉗 s22 would ttgue thtt the human agency― in the sense ot indi宙 dual freedom― sufflcient in producing ttd p劉 ●. socio口 political. is. icipating in the activism conllnunicating with the ttbient. milieu because “ of a certain level of discontentedness or grievanceso They. would base their cause on those verses of Yog Maya: Your seal is sovereign;clear any path。. Your order is supreme;nme any wish。. Fy=:蹴l堂簡L猟電ln∝ ぉ v∝ 。 К " Of course,this casc has left out a signiflcant insight and space to the social scientists.It is. deflnitely true that throughout history, many individuals have iniuenced their society through their various fol二 1lS Of aCt市 ism. Nollll狙. and/or movementso Amold van Germep(1909),COlm. (1961),肛 ld ViCtor Tumer(1995)would a■ ribute act市 ism to the millemial. movement theoryo Whatever theory one abides by,Yog Maya was the flrst lnodem political and woman activistin Nepalo Given the lack of sufflcientinfomation,it is difflcult to be very. clett about the precise nature of the stages of her recruitment process,how she recruited herself into activism would be a pronlinent questiono Nevertheless,looking at the suffering to. which she was sutteCted by the hmily,society 2nd the sttte,both the r江. lonalist24 and the. structuralist25 cal flnd templttes from which to build up their theoretical positions on the. evolution ofYog Maya's activisnl and reform movements。. 26. A cursory investigation ofthese flrst four case studies suggests that at the rnacro level,farnily. or social support, individual relationships, individual pathology, networks, political OppOmnities and obstacles,cultural shaping,and mobilizing structures are the factors that act. ●. 1洲な翼駐. '∫. ,ド. 吼. 田 dAham. o∞. O fOra detaild mJがヽ Jhman. agttd鑑. な::3‖ 孟胤賢 f鮒議 ,おも猛 l槻胤ind“ 器キバ:お路 ;鮒 Ъ F旧ぷ長. 26 seC Passy(2003),Gloud(2003),MisChe(2003),Mcdam(2003),and Diani(2003)for eXtens市. e discussione.

(23) as conduits for the recnlitinent of differential activistso Except the flrst case,27`the Others'. support the emotions and activism recruitment paradignl, which is beconling a central concem ofthe current social rnovement studies 28 This is paniculι rly truc of the last caseo lt shows how the recruitment process of a Dalit. ●. woman was motivated by state discrilnination,social discrimination,and the acquisition of cognit市 e knowledge.Very close to her,Thakur joined pOlitics through peer associttion,. however later changed the ideology realizing regional disparityo ln general,McAdam(2003). sees social movements as the result of a Ìnix of personal pa■. ology and social. disorganization。 ' Social rnovements have been st〔 Inped as one ofthe rational lnechanisms of. social,political and cultural changes or halt of these changeso Nevertheless,there is as yet no. consensus. ttong. intenectuals,. acadenlics,. and. activists. themselves. abOut. the ●. conceptualization of social rnovements,about the constituent properties of activities,or about. the correct methods thtt should be used to recognize and analyze collcctive action(McAd狙. ,. McCarthy,Zald 1996;McAdam,and Diani 2003;Diani 2003;Della Porta and Diani,2003; Snow,Soule,and Kriesi 2004;Zirakzadeh 2006)someWhtt amorphous(Zald(1996:261))。 Taking the cuc of those studies,various lnovement theories have been invented。. 29 However,. in Nepal,to the best of my knowledge,duc attention has not been paid to the importance of canゥ ring out sociological study at the micro level by either native or foreign scholars,. focusing speciflcally on the recruitment process of activistso An analysis of the history of. Nepali movements provides us with an opportunity to leam about the nature of activist recruitment itsell. Thus,I attempt to answer the following lnain questions:. How does a person become an activist? How does a person become a speciflc type of activist through tilne ttd over space?. ●. I館. 菫業1■警鶴]帯1■ 鶏FtthaJohnStmttQ面誓 1製. (1994)),McAdam,McCatthy and Zald(edS(1996))。. 10. d∝ dS.

(24) 1。. 4 Hypothesis. Taking the abOve case studies as a device for illustrating and formulating the central hypothesis,it seems thtt perce市 ed mistrettment ttld the resulting perceptions of griev〔 ●. mces. or ideologies〔 re the foundation of lnotivational factors and in lnOst recruitment cases develops. within established political and social settingso Yog Maya became an activist because she was. maltreated by society on the grounds of contemporary social and religious scripts and the vision of the social leaderso lf Khadga Man Singh grew up with a robust feeling of outrage against the Rana rulers,there were ample reasonso His ancestors were killed by Kunwarロ Rttlas30,額lceStral property was conflsctted nine times and imocent father was imprisoned。. Drauptti Dtti found her way of act市 ism from the modem educttion to demolish the perceived existing barriers between the high and the low caste people in the societyo Mahesh. Sing Thapa Mag額 ,too,chosc his speciic traectory Ofactivism from the maltrettment meted out by lhvo lBrahan Judges based on the work division behⅣ een different castes and ethnic groupso Anil Thakur,Inost likely,sought his genuine self in the course of social ttd political transactions。. To understttd these different cases,the working hypothesis is thtt the flve mot市. 江ional. factors,developed from the activists'responses,of activist recruitment va7ry in threc units of. inquiries→ aCrOss the eight types of act市 ist,b)three time― frmes,and c)two regions。 Correspondence analysis ttd mosaic plots will be used to test these set hypotheses.Against the background of these flve activists' shtted experiences, resettch questions,. 狙d. my. working hypothesis,the following ottectiVes can now formultted.. Object市 es: a) TO eXp10re and understand the individual lnotivations and agencies ofNepali activists。. b)TO COmptte the recruitment processes of the different kinds of act市 ists across different historical periods and different geographica1 locales for the purpose of understanding the effects ofthese two vttriables on the recruitinent process.. C)TO analysc how motivttion is trttsl誠ed into differential networking mechmisms。 d) TO deine ttd ttlalyse the different pattems of recruitment process amongst the different types of activists for the purpose of distilling out universal ttd group― speciflc motivational factors that generate activism。 ●. 30二. am using deliberately,the fom Kuwar‐ Rana because Jung Bahadur was Kuwar butthe Rana stttus later. adapted attaining the politcal power..

(25) As pointed out above,the research has focused on a number of different fo.11ls Of aCtivism in. Nepal: political, Dalit, cultural nationalist, religious, social and women activismo The research has sOught to use a population suⅣ ey method to uncover the ways in which political parties,cthnic organizations and religious institutions contact,in■. uence,recnlit,and organize. ●. activists to their causeo ln that context,one of basic flndings has been that even though the different types of groups have different goals,their basic mobilization,recnlitinent processes,. and employed technologies are somehow silnil鉗. .. This author hopes thtt the stuゥ will present an altemttive and complementary perspective to. sociological theories and understandings of the recruitlnent of activists in Nepal。「 Fhis contribution shOuld enable the follllulation ofnew pOlicies,programmes and agendas for both. activists and the stateo We could assume that understanding of what really motivates the ●. activists will also beneflt the organizers,campaigners,and activists themselves alike。. 1。. 5 Recruitment processes:Iny own intellectual《〕dyssey. On FebrLla珂 √1,2003,I was employed as a PhD fellow tO wOrk on an academic progr〔 entitled`the impact Of activism in Nepal:an anthropo10gical and historical study。. Inme. 'It was a. joint program caried out by the Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies CNAS of Tribhuv〔 m University and the lnstitute of SOcial and Cultural Anthropology,University of Oxford from 2003 to 2006。. In the smdy,we encountered different types of archetypal life stories of Nepali activists,in the recruitment processes,p〔純icularly in the cOurse of mot市 adon(re)fOlill江 iOn9 entry to existing ne● 〃orks or the build up of a new network structureo Among thenl,One case cme across with a unique life history ofan activist。. A lettist student was an executive member in the free student union tt Kirtipur(Central Cmpus,Tribhuvan Universityo During the pilot suⅣ. ey ofthe questionnaire schedule,he was. asked when and where he flrst heard the word`conlnunist'for the flrst tilne.He rephed that the flrst tilne was at his house,and that atthattime he was studying〔■lower― secondary level。. When lュ rther asked how he was recruited into this ideology,he explained: I am an inhabitant of Gorkha district, had tO walk 45 minutes tO reach the school。 One day,on the way back to home,I entered to a tea shop where local. 励αJtts(elite)were sitting together,drinking tea,one ofthenl,aノ Sα 力 S″α(District. JJJa′ α ″ qッ ″ `乃. Pttchaytt Member)queStiOned me raising his inger,`Òh. are you conlmunist?"I asked to him``why?"He replied``why you stitched up. 12. ●.

(26) in the eyes of king's photo?"At that tilne,in the second and third pages of school books,the King and Qucen'S photos used to put in all school books。 Since l did not have bag,used to keep all books in hand,and covered up by transpttent plastic covero However, I was unknown of political lneanings, back to the house and did not sleep well but did nottellto any oneol had hettd ●. at rny house that one ofthe teachers atlny school was a conllnunist,who was highly respectedo Next day,I Inet hiln and asked``whatis a communist,sir''he. laughed ttLd aSked why?I briefed the incident,then,he gave me communist literttures and became a communisto Ltter,I knew thtt Communist P鉗サ had sent hiln at the school to organize the people。 Pr〔. Inod Shallila,2003. A■ier telling lne this story,the student wondered whether,ifthis had not happened,he would. now be a comunistor not。. ●. Hcaring this sto理ん I recalled an incident of own childhoodo l was brought up in a beautinll Rai― mttority. diStrict,the Bhapur,situtted in the castem hilly regiono ln a sumy moming,I. was playing with my younger brothers in the agα ″ [hOuse COurtyttd].A middle aged man. passed us holding an envelope in his hando l don't remember who he waso After a while, when l entered in the house,my mother was boiling milk in agθ ″α31[c。。king place].I Was stunned sceing falling tettr― drops from her eyeso And listening to her words:flrst,my son is. not``thief',袖 d second,he has not``killed ttyone".I didn't grasp the situation except those ``words"and that`ìncident". When l was older l lemed the details ofthis incidento A post rnan had brought a lnessage of my eldest brother's ilnprisonlnent。. One of my relatives had witten that letter from. Ktthmmdu.My eldest brother was a gradul前 e student J:Tri― Chttdra College ttd had involved in the then opposition politicso Hc had gone to Tribhuvan lntemational airport to receive Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala,the ex‐ Prime Minister who was retuHling to Nepal from lndia adopting a`national reconciliation policy'atter spending eight years exile on IDecember. 30, 1977.My brother was imprisoned for eighteen months in Nakkhu Jailo He was charged with distributing pamphlets and sticking posters in public places to welcome Koirala.. Despite of the gove― ent chttges of αrα s″ ″α″如ノ α [nOn_nttional elements]額 ld villagers' tag of``bad‐ son"of parentso l supported his political ideology since the schoolinge However,. most of my school teachers,peer associates all used to support another political ideology。. There is a very popular revolutionaw song``α ″αグ′ グJ. bα ttJ″ J. ttθ. λα′ J bα scttα γグ Z"た力J. bttα J. ●. 31 Agena is notthe main Chulo[cooking place].It iS am aiditional cooking place where宙. sitors can touch ttd sit together.Generany,in Agena rnilk,tea boiled and flring during the cold season getting together farFlily rrlembers. It is another cooking place than regular rnoming‐ evening food cooking.. つＪ.

(27) sν ttα. わ. sα ttα. J〃 αsJ. bα ″ θrα "[MOther. thirsty of good fortunes(happiness)32]。. ttd sisters!how long(yOu)suⅣ 市e being sufferer of Even though,I was very much iniuenced and loved. the deserving content ofthe songo l always advocated for rny brother's pany and vOted for its candidttes.I favored its sister org〔. mizttion Nepal Student Union(NeoBioSang),fOr whose. ●. candidate l voted in the free student union election tt college and during my university life。. Though l initially supported my brother's patty,I had no real political knowledge of what it. stood foro Nevertheless, I supported that ideology, on the basis of my existing values of. brotherhood,肺 ily solidarity,and socializttiono My father frequently spoke about BP Koirala,Gmesh Mtt Singh(GM)and Krisna Prasad Bhattarai(KP)and the Nepali Congress party.Hc had been a regular BBC news listener(in Hindi),and used to convey the world politics within family and宙 sitors tt the house.He received his educttion from Dtteeling, ●. India.. I read political books, having become preoccupied with ideological preferenceso l got an. image of good and bad(ide010gically)from b100d― ties rather than from rttional analysis.. Here l agree with Ketti Kosaka's(2006)line Of image and knowledge follll江 iOn and reformation. He says image overlaps with knowledge sometilnes and produces actiono My nettork developed within single ideological(pOlitical)Circleo This was a patt of iny ideological folllM■ 市e process,although l have not become a follllal member of any p霞. this point,I found an article on`Recruitment to High―. Su― er'in. サ.At. Lsk Activisnl:The Case of Freedom. American Joumal of Sociology,by Dough McAdam in 1986.This article gave. me a theoretical ground。. Interacting with these two locations of ttlnily backgrounds illiterate'33 whereas the other was `politically active'. ― one being `politically. 一 one can visualize two distinct. traectories ofrecruitmento These cases do not exhttust all the possibilities;there are certainly. otherso But this was how l conceptualized it at the start of my research to understand recruitinent processes,which later became a passion for me.. 1。. 6 Conceptual framework ofthe study. The conceptual framework explains the individual recnlitinent model which is prilnarily. adapted from McAdm (1986),額 ld describes how image,action,額 ld structure regultte each. 32 This is my EngHsh translation. 33 1n this study,the term`politicaHy initerate'is used to denote a farnily that has no poHtical knowledge.. 14. ..

(28) other ttd how social ch〔 mge occur Kosよ a(2007)model and the empirical dttao A regul鉗 individual denotes to a person,who betts normal medical stateo An individual prilnarily ties or differ with surrounding knowledge structure and self and socia1 locationo Having dialogue ●. with such multiple facets ttld multiplex relations an indi宙 dual gets his own identityo Here multiple facets indicates to those motivational factors nttely against social evils,ideology,. family,person,events,books,ethnic cause,social service ctco However,the study discusses much rnore on different rnechanisms― rnicro causal factors interact with daily lives― I follow. the deflnition of McAd狙 ,Tttow,鍼 ld Tilly(2003)。 According to this deflnition,a precondition makes a difference in. ¨t市 ism. recruitmento McAdttn's(1986)model. differentiates between low― risk cost activisln and high― risk cost activisln.He deflnes low口 risk and high口 risk on the basis of anticiptted thretts froln the authority or opponent sections,for ●. instttceo The discussion on this model will be made in Chapter Eight(See the model in Appendix 5,flgure l). `Structure' is one of the most important, elusive, and under theorized concepts in social sciences(SeWell(1992)),hoWever,it would be said thtt the recruitment is also a structure, and the study attempts to deal with its three steps:rnotivation,networks,and involvemento ln. this context,Kosよ a's theory(2006)of triad mOdels― image,action〔 md structure一 effectively deflnes how action regulates or mediates image and structure, and how an individua1 locates and relocates in the structure, in a way that is a step advanced from Giddens'theory of structure.. Building on these theoretical insights, the conceptual frttework for this smdy has been designed as followso The detailed discussion and it thematic explanation has presented in Chapter Seven(see 7。 2).. ●. 15.

(29) Regular lndividual. connict. ●. Motivational Factors. ldeology Resistance against E対 sting Evils(κ″ rJ′ ちBJル J′ J) Socialization. Self awareness. Social Work ●. Transition. Identity. Motivation. Network. ﹁目りＦ ” 目０﹁目〓リニｏｏＦ ” 目 ”望日. ﹁〓りＦ ” 目０﹁目〓︼≦ ＦｏＦ ” 目 “望日. Image/Action(Re)Formation. Differential Recruitments. Types ofActivism. Political,. Ethnic,. Religious, Dalit,. Caste, Social,. Regions. Periodizations. Hill,&. Before 1979,. Taral. 1980‐ 1990,&. Women,&. 1991‐ 2006. Econolmic. Increasing lntegration into Activist Networks,Deepening ldeological Socialization9. Construction ofAct市 ist ldentity. ●. 16.

(30) 1。. 7 Research lnethodology,techniques. This dissertation, employes multiple methodological arpproaches,has integrates the use of both qualitative and quantitative datao The prilntt data,collected from in― depth interviews, ●. population studies and fleld observttions(see Chapter Six)are the heart of the dissertttion。. To complement this dattl,autobiographies,published life histories,and ttchival documents have also used(see Chapters Six and Seven). The deflnition oftheàctivist'has been always been problematic,thus any study focusing on. activists must acknowledge the overlapping meanings, conceptualisations, and shifting positions or identities associated with the term.Very generally speaking,one could describe. an activist as an individual who supports or paЁ ●. icipates in any protest, movement, or. collective action.. Thus, a member or participant of the undercuHlent various categories of activisms, movements,collective actions could constitute the theoretical target population for this study。. For the sake ofthe study's feasibility,participantsòfthe rnoment'or`claimants'have been excluded in the study.This ntturally leads to the question:who is tt act市 ist?An act市 ist,for the purpose ofthis study,is a person who is consciously ttld voluntttily engages(full time or part time)in tt least one org〔 mizttion thtt has certain end goals,whether those be halting or changing ext〔 Ilt authority whatever its fom:culture,institution,group etco The organization. may not always be an essential component for the overall deflnition ofàn activist'。. In this. study,however,the quantit江市e respondents were selected becι mse they were members (Cither execut市 e or working commttec)of a f0111lal or informal orgttizttiono Thus,. organizations were included as m indispensable component ofactivism。 Sociologically,it would be alwarys challenging to quanti取. `humm mOtivttion',putting aside. the discourses of`motivation'。 In this dissertation,flve rnotivational factors have discovered following to activists'flrst reference`worldview'for their psychological precipitation in the acti宙 sm. recruitment(see charpter Seven).Kosよ a(2006)propOSes the`dynamics of human. image/s'through the three tyre model:image/s,action,額 ld structureo How does action/s mediate the structure and images?How does an individual incur, create and recreate the image/s through the various follllS Of CO― unications?This theory was employed as one of the sources for explaining the production ttd reproduction ofactivisnl,panicularly using two ●. or various nodes'frequent action and interaction.. 17.

(31) The study has divided existing organizations intO two camps,following from the nature of their organizational set― up: mono― level or multi_levelo The monO― level type denotes. organizations and institutions having only one registered comnlittee, whereas multi― level organizations contain a centre committee and district committees, or have more than two ●. bralcheso P01itical parties oNepali Congress,Communist Pal喧. /Of Nepal Unifled Marxist. Leninist,Rastriya Pra江袖 tra P額け,Nepal Sadbhawana Pary,Samyukta Jma Morcha ctc), some ethnic organizttions(Thttu Kaly肛よarini Sabha,Tamu Chha ttin,Tttnang Ghedlmg,. Kirtt Rai Yり ″ oHはla ctc)and religious organizations(VishWa Hindu Mttlasang Nepal Chapter,ctc)all have multi― level organizttional structtres。. The social organizations,youth organizations,and women associations smdied,as well as the. Bagmtti Bachau Abiy〔 m,Phewa Tal SttШ よ shan Samiti,R江枷江e Ama Smuha,B巧鉗ang ●. Yuwa SanlaJ all tte mono― level organizationso ln telllls of the distribution Of membership, general and active those h″ o types tradition is populι r in political p劉飩ies,hOwever,in ethnic. organizations and social organizations honorary,life long. νおお励α [exeCut市 e]are. mOre. popular. From those memberships an executive body is folilled or elected which deseⅣ. es. execut市 e rights to day― to― day functioning,however,need to rectitt frOm general convention along with active members orin some cases general rnembers'assembly. Here,the recruitment of m act市 ist(iS?Involves?)a sttte Of recognition ofinvolvement in an organizadon,cither legally(fol三 1lal membership)34。 r SOCio― politically35。 The ties between. individual or collective emotions,rnotives,grievances,enviroments and the end goals ofany organization are an essential component in activism recruitlnent,but they are not a follllal. requiremento Cross directional processes in recruitment where legal(follllal)recruitment. motives, here refered to as ottect― driven recruitment, 鉗ld individua1 0r emotional. mot市江ions,here referred to as sutteCt‐ dr市 en recruitment,c〔 m predictte one another, depending on the activist in question. 1。 7。. l Unit and level of analysis. For this study,the individual is the unit of analysiso The multiple method approach coniates. various cttegories of e宙 dence and theoretical insights tO access both physical and non‐ physical avenues of coordination, outreach, and alliance follllation and the recruitment. ●. 34 For quantitative use。. 35 1n SOme cases,activists found retired members or without organizations and included in in‐. 18. depth interview..

(32) pattems and processes。. 361n―. depth interviews, statistical analysis, and ttchival sources tte. methods used to develop a body ofthe dissertationo As Matsuda correctly says:. Several background factors have led to a renaissance in the traditional concepts of qualitative research which includes`thick description'狙 d`deep. ●. interviews'。 One of these factors is needless to say,the intensiflcation of the deep‐ seated. scepticism towttd otteCt市 ism ttld positi宙 sm, estttlished, conventional methodological standttds for modenl scienceo When the extent to which social resettch could otteCtitt prOfOundly indi宙 dual,inconsistent hulnan behaviour and unconscious thought was raised,the view opened up by ethnograrphies and life stories once again came to the fore'。. Mttsuda(2007:1) A suⅣ ey method has been used to obtain the quantitative data for the generalization of the populationo This set of data has some lilnitations:abstract and isolationo This method could. e. not alaways arpproprittely explain the feelings,emotions,doubts,etc(see Klandellll劉 lS and Smith,2002 for detail).Therefore,quantit江市e,qualit江市e and archival sets of dtta have yielded in the study.800 survey interviews and more than eight dozens in― depth interviews have been carried out.These different data sets are complementary to each other,and it is believed their combination produces an appropriate picture of the recruitment processes of Nepali activist。 Life histories or in― depth interviews are pmicu12rly able to capture the structure ofrneanings.. When individuals talk about themselves,they express the meaning of their practices and convey their sutteCt市 e interpretttion of their acts(Denzin(1989)).Survey questionnaires were conducted at the individual― level to measure activist's motivational factorso ln―. depth. interviews have compHmented the suⅣ eys and were anticipated to glean hrther theoretical insightso Assembling both qualitative and quantitative data, new infolll.atiOn has been ga■ ered.The infoI111latiOn received has been exanlined through discoursc analysis。 1。 7。. 2 Measurement of motivation. Keeping the conscious target ofactivism recnlitinent',an individual rnay or rnay not read the book.In a silnilar vein,an individual would or would not rneet any person to get involved in any:R111l of aCtivism.In general,recruitinent occurs as a result of ties between or〔. Inongst. agencies and structures or causeso Here,the study is very close with Weber' general causal logic theory.The infusion ofthe two or rnultiple nodes may generate new logic and space for. ●. identity transition fmd the imovttion of recruitment(サ nttnicso The study has tracked Cliddens'concept ofmotivation of action. 36 see Snow et.al。. (1980),MiSChe(2003),Klandermms and Staggenborg(2003)for details.. 19.