θ
=▼
Catte group
Dall
Women Socid Economic
PenOdlza10ns
The flgwe 4 shows poltical act市ism incubttes to all types of act市 ism in the dict滋o五al
poltical structwe,before 1979 periodo Reversely,the very ooltiCal)霞tiVism loses its control in the low‐risk cost political situation,post 1990.It indicates that the role of the political pany has been shinied to vanous groups like as etlujc,women,Dalit,religious,regional etc.
There are two possible reasons on this shitting,flrst in general people had an expectation that under the mbrena of p01itical ideology an these issues vnll be addressedo As one activist, Madan Gurung replies on a question, since when you are involved in the indigenous
nationalites lnovements。
My p鉗
サ 001itiCal)president gⅣ e me this responsibility.Actually,I hLd an image or expectttion thtt under the poltical ideology all these identity issues would be solved but post 1990 we, properly, failed to address these issues therefore various identity organizttions emerged thus ow p田 サ deCided tointЮduce this(indigenous nttionalities)department, as one of the ■ont organizations,to recnlit indigenous nationalities people.
面 雨 ０コ
﹁
① α Ｏ
① Ｎ 一０
﹂輛 ０ 匡輛 ポ Ｗ
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Hcad lndigenous Nationlies Depttent
Secondly,this response clettly indicttes thtt political p田 り,aS an inte.1lleditt institution bei″een people and stlte to mediate■e interest,expection and g五evances of people,has been failed thus vanous nonopol■ ical organL憂■ions,in p五nciple,has been emereged in Nepal.
Figure 4:Correspondence analysis ofperiodizations andけ peS Of act市ist
り
Eigen Values:Cas―
aり Dmlention lDimendon 2
0。
065004
0。
002747
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Over the last 200 yetts,Nepal has ch〔mged considerttly(Gellner 1997→ and in recent decades the rJ:e,intensity,袖 d spectruln of chttge have been noteworthy,particularly since the 1990so This may be comptted to Tttow's(2003)̀̀moVement society''concept,which he created for contemporary global contextso ln the sme vein,in the 1960s,sociologist Daniel Bell proclaimed thè̀end of ideology"(Lloyd 2003);fol10Wing his footsteps,many social scientists predicted a stage of societal development where ideological connict would gradually be transl江ed into a more pluralistic,pragmttic consensus(MCAd狙
,McCarthy,
and Zald 1996)。 ThiS SCems to ring true for Nepal,where ethnic organizttions,regional movements, civil societies, Dalit groups, and women movements, to nme a few, are proliferating as new altemative intermedifries, somehow challenging/replacing political patties in lnediating between people and the state.Atter 1990, a rigorous current of diverse activism and movements gained a signiflcant advancement including the ̀recognition' (selt SOCial, and political) of traditionally subordinate groups including Dalit,women,indigenous nationalities,ctc。 ,and follllation of other organizationso Consequently, political pttЁ ies and socia1 0rganizations have been compelled to endorse those new identities formally in their agenda and have introduced new depattments(ethniC,Dalit,social issues)intO their owll organizttional structureso Now,all political parties have introduced those dep劉 飩ments as patt oftheir integral wingso Before this political movement, those ethnic, Dalit, and regional movements were supposed as communal and sectoral activisms,and it is interesting to note that those political activists, who tte now in their parties' front organizations and central conllnittees,were previously hesitant to reveal their involvement in and comnlitinent to the previously independent social and ethnic concemso Activist organizations or groups that have served as gateways into the necessary networks that promote the mobilization and advancement of activisn19 but which 額e also act市ism groups in their own right,including women's associttions(α ttα Sα
"乃
α), clubs,and developmental organizations。
The political activists in the period of 1991‐2005 found negative weak assOciationo After 1990,Nepali constitutions opened up opportunities for all follll of activismso The suppressed voices cme out individually or collectively,even in organizational formo Here again,it is believed th試 ,the last typology of dell Porta(1996)― whiCh has a wide range oftolerance and little repression or facilitation would well represent Nepalo The Maoist insurgency brought up in centre the identity politics in Nepalo Act市 ists are gtthered in the name of identity other
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than political bannero The rise of cultural nationalist,regional,IDalit,and women appetted in the public sphere as powerful forceo lt is also an ilnpact of globalization. According to Weigert et al(1986)̀by the 1980s,identity had become a stock teclmical te111l in sociology e and a Widespread social labelo However,until 1940,it was unknown。 'It is also truc in Nepal
that identity groups cme actively tt the stte period of tilne through the coniict based experiences with the sttte despite non political agenda of identity:for ex〔 mlple rimal,cthnic, and languageo However for its ownership political constitution plays a vital rolee
7。6 Regions and lnotivational factors
The coHlespondence analysis attibuted NULLo Mosaic plot 5 suggests regions and
・ motivational factors found independent in all tiles。
The sttdy had an assumption thtt across the types,time― fralnes ttld regions have different motivational factorso The mosaic plot 3 suggests that eight types and three periods enfold associational relationship with motivational factors. However,as said ettrlier hillomountain and t〔rai Madhesh regions have found independent with all motivational factors. These regions have no sep鉗 江e identical archetypal associttion with individual recruitment
motivational factors。
Why the study assumption has notlnet?There ttre tto possible explanttions:flrst,these two D regiOns:tttai ttd hill―
mountain incubate analogous social ttd cultural settingso Nepal centric categories: ]Dalit,cthnic, and caste groups have been coexisted in both regionso Dalit and caste cttegories tte product of the same philosophy,myth,ideology ttld source,the Hindu traditions.For exttple:touchability and untouchability,the caste and ethnic boundaries etc (See Chapter Threc).Likewise,ethnic groups hⅣ e maintained own distinct spaceo Therefore, the constituent properties of both regions' social structure produce silnilar motivational factorso Second, the basic pre― conditions for individual recruitment into activism are:
education,ideology,責 物′rJIン 狙d νJ17J′J,食Inily background ttd trust ne槙 〃ork nodes to be an activist are co―on in Nepal.The life world philosophy creates images which impinge an individual to get involved in activism。
●
Mosaic plot 5:Regions and lnotivational factors
Reg10n3 and M● tivauOnal FactoE
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︱一
⁚
⁚ Ｉ Ｌ
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:̲̲￨
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Act市ists,except Dalit hⅣe fowld■Om elite(in the rel誠市e sense)grOups,however this study has suggested that even in relative context lDalit activists too have found iom elite Dalit backgroundo ln general,the fundamental reason would be that the ordinary and poor people could not launch and sustain activism。 On the other hand,those who do not have future visibility ofhture calculttion ofselfstatus they do notjoin act市ism。
7。 7 Chapter conclusion
Of ive motivttional factors,resistance against existing social evils(,物r′′ちνJル′′′)iS a Nepal centric motivational factor. It is produced by the Hindu practices of touchability and untouchabilityo lt is culmany deeporootedo The rest four: ideology, socialization, social
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seⅣice, and self awareness are universalo From the tilne me perspective: before 1979 socialization was the strongest motivational factoro From 1980‐ 1990 two motivational factors: ̀self awareness' and ̀social seⅣ ice' emerged as eminent motivational factors。
Likewisèresistance against social evils'and̀ideology'are connected with the period,1991‐
2005。 Ethnic, caste group, women and social activists tte at the centre of the flve mot市江ional factors whereas economic,Dalit and religious types of act市ists tte loctted in their periphery from centre to periphery perspectiveo Noticeably, Dalits' recruitment motivational factor is quite different than the rest types of activistso However, ccononlic activists too rationalise the motivational factor very differentlyo Somehow,political activists are centrally deviatedo lnterestingly, the mosaic plot 5 suggests only before 1979
periodizations have positive association with the lnotivational factor̀socialization'。
Most signiflcantly, socialization and ideology have causal relationship across the periodiz誠lonso While society shiis from traditionalism to modemity, the effect of
socialization has decreasing impact on activist recruitinent.For instance,three periodizations:
before 1979,1980‑1990,and 1991‑2005,occupy socialization at the rate of45。 4 percent,35。6
percent ttnd 30。 2 percent respect市 ely(see Appendix 7)。 The trend indicttes thtt rel江市ely educated and modem people have less impact of socialization comptted to traditional people.
Ideology has increased in modem society comptted to traditional one with 13。 8, 15。
0,and
20。4 percent before 1979,1980口 1990,and 1991‑2005 respectively(see Appendix 7,table 23).
Very interestingly, stte table 23 suggests that all types of activists have increasing trend within lnotivational factors。
D)alitsをre found strongly motivJted by ttrJ′ ち
ソJЛ″J′J.Likewise,cconomic activists have strong association with social serviceo Social activists are found strongly correlated with self
av√arenesso Socialization and ideology〔I・e closely associated lnotivational factors for political and religious activistso Women and caste group activists〔 re deviated towards ttrJ′J,ソ′′り´J′J.
Interestingly,in teHns of motivational factors ethnic activists are in between social service and ideology。
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b
Chapter Eight
Summary,Finding and Conclusion
8。1 0verall sunllna理 ソof the dissertation
Activisnl,universally coherent rnechanisms of social,political and cultural changes,is one of the practices of cmpaigning to re― Inake the world through which individual or collectivities give voices and claims to their grievances and concems about the rights,welfare,and well―
being of themselves and others engaging in various foI二 1ls Of aCtiono This research,prilnarily centered on two indispensable lnechanisms of activist recruitinent― motivatiOn and network
― exanlined the Nepali activists' recruitment process that various type of activists have espoused across the time and spaceolt is a comparative study of eight types ofmodem Nepali
activists in three time― frames and two regionso The time口periods,discemed on the basis of key political changes or contained political namre fOr example, high authOritti〔 ul, authoritarian and liberal. Silnilarly,the l助 Lrai and mountain‐hill are two studied ecological reglons。
The study has set out to explicate the answer of how does a person became m activist and whtt makes a person speciflc type of activist across the time and space。 On the foundttion of these questions four ottect市 eS are developed i)to exp10re ttld lmderstand the indi宙 dual mot市江ions and agencies of Nepali act市 ists,ii)to cOmpare the recruitment processes of the different kinds of activists across different historical periods and different geograrphical locales for the purpose of understanding the effects Of these two variables on the recruitment process,iii)to analysc how motivttion is transl江 ed into differential networking mechttisms, and iv)to deflne md malyse the different pattems of recruitment process ttongst the different types of activists for the puttose of distilling out universal ttd group― speciflc motivational factors that generate activism.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the studyo Activists'motivation and networking axis for recruitinent are accessed using in― depth interviews and archival sourceso The association of motivttional factors across types,time― frames and regions tte exaΠlined using correspondence analysis and mosaic plotso These results tte developed
through the so缶
鉗e ̀̀R", however, the general descriptions of activist are displayed●
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calculating through SPSSo The conception recruitinent implies,for qualitative layered ttd single structure in quantitative, in a different way in two methodological approacheso The study has been divided into two chapters each for these analyses。
The study has covered 800 various activists from Ktthandu,Kaski and Dhttusa districts in 2004‑2005。 Of them eight types,three times frmes ttld two regions have exttnined in this studye An activist's quantitative attibutes is covered in four notions:organizational,personal, family and political。 Of the 800 activists,25 percent each from Kaski and J袖 山 ,ur ttd the rest 50 percent cttied out from Katlunandu districto Moreover,25 percent each'from central and local level activist are accessed from the Katllnandu districto Unlike political organization structure of multi layer, social and cultural organizations tte found uniquc in terms of their nature and even legal provisionso Following all these reality the organization are redeined into two mttor diViSiOns:i)mOnO level″
md五
)multi level organizttions。Bcc2Щse of membership overlttping ttld political instttility inally,some minor attustment are rnade in the distribution of respondent selection in the flled however met all tttgeted 800 respondent following the same district wise tttgeted respondent allocatione
8。 1。l How commparlsons are made
Compar誠
市e design,on types ofact市ism or movements across the time and space,鉗 e rare insocial movement studies(Klandel11lans and Staggenborg 2002).Most Of the studies on activism and social movements have conducted covering on single case,event in a single
point of tilne―period and location(ibid)。 ThuS,the study has set out an endeavor to cover types of activist,across the three time― frttmes and two regionso However,it has excluded the comparison137。faCtivists ttd non―activist or regular citizen138。 The Study has suggested cross categories and different time口periods attribute the heterogeneous̀causal rnechanisnl'139 to get involved in the activism.
The te111l and concept of̀causal mechanisnl'have been borrowed fronl McAdanl,Tttow and Tilly (2001); they discuss on envirolmental, cognitive and relational mechanisms。
Undoubtedly,activist recnlitlnent is not homogeneous intellectual currents itsel■
One would
137 McAdanl correctly observers that̀the comparison made in rrlost studies of movement participation be●
Ⅳeen participants and nonparticipants is inappropriate because rrlost nonparticipants would never participate in a
movement,cither because they do not sympathize with its goals or because they would never ptticipate in
器 翌
:ズ∬市絆濡 11lm慧 撃 ri説 淵露 :糧 電誌蝋 il::紀 ibs∞
mp面Ю
tt」田 響轟 Ⅷ 留躍‖ 1お お :11:謄 蹴 :鵬 繋 :舞 Ladh量
d dtts Jttentsthat d rrelations among specifled sets ofelelments in identical or closely siinil劉「ways over a variety of situations.
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get various concepts and theories to examine recruitment(high/1ow cost)of the activist.
However,this study has examined the flve mot市ational factors for all types of act市 ists,in three periodizations and two regions in different political structures, democratic 140。 r authoriねri〔m(undemOcrttic)141。
What is democracy?Why it is labeled democracy?In fact,those questions Ere problematic。
Democracy eam varieties of concepts,deflnitions and ideologies therefore,here,the study has examined for conducive enviromnent to fo■ 11l the organization,to recruit members,and right of expression through the pe∝ eful mems(eVen Other than stte sponsored act市ities)。
Those rights had assured by the ̀The(Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990'。 Thus, lacking to fo.111 0rganizadons the Rttla regime(pre 1951)and Panchytt system(1961‑1990) have been deflned as undemocratic period.
8。 1。 1。l The types
Political,cthnic,caste,women,Dalit,religious,social and economic types were comp鉗 江市e units in the study.It is a classiflcation oftypes of activist organizations which remained close to Nepali wり s of宙ewing things(Gellner ttd Karki fo■ hcoming)。 Of these eight types of classiflcations:Dalit,cthnic and caste have constituted Nepal centric deflnitional properties (See Chapter Threc)and the rest tte universal in the modem world.Like αルstt is a region but now it is emerging as political ethnicityo Religious ttld social act市 isms tr¨e out their long historyo ln the dissertation,political organizations have deflned to those organizations who themselves claim as ̀political organizations/forces' and registered in the election
co―
ission following the 1990s constitution ofNepal(See Appendix 9).Ethnic activists have frequently exchanged with the ̀cultural nationalist' or ̀indigenous nationalities'(See Appendix 10);WhO have been launching activisn1 locating to ̀language md culture'at thècentral elements'to deflnècultural nttionalist'identityo Caste group
acti宙sm included the Hindus,except the Dalitso Primarily,the Kshetry[Chhetry]Nttional Federation142 haS Surveyed in it.Of course,religion is one of the key ingredients to constitute an ethnicityo Nevertheless, religion itself has its own septtate long history of activism compared to modem folills of secular activism.
140 seC Passy(2003)for the detailed recruitment pattems in democracy.
141 see Anheier(2003)for the recruitment ofact市
ists/participant in non‐ democratic political strllcture。
142 Ainong the so caned high Caste Hindu groups,conllnunity organization are not popular and if some exists only rituaHstic organization are however the Kshetry Mahasang is in the scene these days.
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8。 1。1.2 The periodLations
The periodizations,the existence or inanifestation ofpolitical and social ideology,have been framed on the key political and social durationso The rational of the periodizations in the activists' recnlitlnent lies in ■uctuations in the traJectories of motivational factors in
differential activists'identities ioe.9 hill狙 d ttrai,political and ethnic etco Whitter(2004:541) correctly points out this by quoting M面 eim;̀one maOr outcome ofactivism mobilizttion is the foHnation ofa political generation,a cohort ofactivists who ιre colnmitted to the cause in enduring ways'。 The sme is true in Nepal substantive political mobilizations are evident of folllM■ion ofthe new social milieu.Thus,looking those key political events,the smdy has labeled One tilne― period: before 1979 period comprises Rana rule143, conStitutional monttchy144,田ld the King's coup145劉 ld banned to political partieso ln the 1980 referendum was held between the multiparサ demoCracy ttld refolllled p鉗 サーleSS the P劉lchytt System.
Similttly,Nepal e可 oyed multip霞サ demOCracy in 1990 againo The 1951〔 md 1960 time―
frmes occupies key political ch〔 mges,although,in the study,these both time― frames have included in pre 1979 tilne era because these tilne― periods have found very small respondent SiZe(See pOpulttion selection)。
Recnlitinent varies through numerous factorso Processes of individual recruitlnent under authoritarian political structure tte undoubtedly different then from those that occur in democratic periodso Thesc NepaH key political events have folllled as well as denlise,decline, shin;ed into in new activislnso Those events occurred within a single life span and have offered opportunities for contentions,oppositions,and original activist dynanlics,producing new periodizations of activists in Nepale Cultural nationalist,]Dalit,women,social,and tttai acti宙
sms,鉗
e also seen to be malogous to political events(religious activism may be a partial exception here).8。 1。 1。3 The regions
Looking tt the maOr concentrttion ofact市 ists,two cities(Ktthnandu ttld Pokhara)frOm the Hill劉Qd one city(Jttakpur)frOm the tarai purposively were selected(See mtts in Appendix H).And interregional compttison has been attempted amongst those regions based act市 ists at their conventional recognitiono Two te111ls:̀ αdttθSJ'and̀′αrαJ4'were used exchangeably each other to depict residing people.However,recently,these very terms have transfo.11.ed
143 The Study focuses the tilne― period since the 1940s.
144 1t covers the time口
period since 195 1‐ 1960,the multi patt polity with King's prominent role.
145。n]December 15,1960,king Mahendra banned political pany and t00k an political powers.
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themselves into telills implying ethnic identityo PeOple have been contested each other,the Tharus, one of the indigenous conllnunities of Nepal, have been robustly contested the labeled of αグ物θsJ to them. Likewise, the plain Hindu people have been reised to the recognition of tarain to themo Thus,keeping these current discourses unexplored,the study has followed the Nepal Gove―ent's1991 census classiflcttion of′ αttα″ (Hill)and train
or=ηαdhθsttJ146.
However,′ ηαdhθsJ activisnl is typically ̀tarai or Madhes Origin' people activism for their regional,linguistic,dress based rights147 eXCluding thèHill(Эrigin'′αttαグ′people who have been residing there since the days of ancient timeso These regions show not Only the geographical idiosyncrasy,and then,undoubtedly,articulate a huge garp in their all walks of lifeo Tttai region has been socio― historically knitted with Bihar, West Bengal and Utt霞 Pradesh oflndian Sates。
An idiomatic expression Rθ ′J∠露r Bθ′Jtt Rお ″ ̀relation of daughter and bread'[my English
transk■ion]with lndia is the e宙 dence of self acquaintance with lndian(in tellllS Of present political unit)ciVilizttion.Jを makpur was the capital city of Vidcha State148 in the prehistory, one of the richest,the Hindu civilizations inソ α″α′bαrsttα θr bttαrα′αbttαrsttα 149 during the contemporarry periodo lt has been established as a great religious,social and political focal point of the JηJ′力JJα150 territoryo Symbolically,we could say that Nepal adnlinistered Maithili population/region like as lndia adnlinistered Mithila population/region in its socio― cultural background roots,shaping the activism to a great extento lt does not rnean that outer agencies 額e inactive or functionless to construct tarain activism。
The sttdy has accessed overlapping concepts:individual lnotivation,role of agencies and the recruitment mechanisnl, ilnplying the experiences of a dozen activists in the route of 146 Munda9 Jaine,Dhuniya,Koche,Kisan,Halkhor,Meche,Kamar,Dom,Mali,Chidimar,Tttpuriya,Nurttlg, Bhediyar/Gaderi, Bing/Binda, Dhimal, Rttbhar, Gangai, Barae, Bantar, Jhangar/Dhangar, Santha1/Satar, Malwadi, Badhac, Kayastha, Raput, Haluwai, Kumhar,Nuniya, Dhobi, Khatwe, Tatma, Loh鉗 , Sudhi, Ranbanshi,Kanu,Httam/Thakur,Kalwar,Mallah,Baniya,Brahman‐ Tarai,Kewat,Sonar,Dusadh/Paswan/Pasi,
輝 琳
椰
l
鷺 懺v」
Ⅶ 鋤a呻
軋 輛 ぬincludes Saptari, Siraha and Sarlahi districts in Nepal and Sitamadi,Madhubani,Darbhanga and Samastipur districts,Bihar lndia.According to Mahendra Malangiya(2054:7),Mithila extends 96 kos(192 miles)from the Kosi river in the cast to the Gandaki river in the west and 64 kos(128 miles),om the Ganga river in the south to the HirFlalayan forests in the North.Chanda Jha,an errlinent Maithil Poet,describes the boundary of Mithila as the Ganga River in the south,the Himalayan forests in the north9 the Koshi River in the east and Gandaki River in the west.
149 The telHlッ
α″α′bα /s力α οrb力α″α′αbα rs力α is a cultural unit other than present poHtical boundary.For the rnore
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