6。 7。l First contact with the ideoloⅣ
Of the 719 respondents,ovenⅣ hellningly 58。 l percent activist replied that they received the poHtical ideology at their either childhood or schoolingo During the youth time or colleges
25。9 percent acknowledged the ̀ideology', very nominal respondents, l percent incurred during their seⅣice tilne.
Table 21 Events that inspired for inclination in the stated principle
い
lSt Rtesponse
No %
Response No %
Response Combine No %
2n 3r
Principles No %
Ideology Falmily
Against social evils Events
Books Person
Peer association Self awareness Social environment Educational lnstitute C)thers
Rtesistance Social exclusion Social service Ethnic cause
Knowledge
ProIIlotion of Political party Historical tradition Preservation of
2ノ2 ノ26 69
5∂
39
5∂
Jσ 3′
27
2′
9 9 イ イ 5 イ 3 ノ 2
′
29。5 ノ7.5 9.σ
∂。ノ
5.イ
∂。ノ 5 イ.3
3。∂
2.9 ノ。3 ノ.3
θ.σ
θ.σ
θ。7 θ.σ
θ。イ θ。ノ θ.3
θ.′
96 27
27
7.6 イノ fノ 。5
5ノ ノイ.イ
σθ ノ6。9 イ3 /2.ノ ノイ J。9
3
θ。∂ σゴ.7
●
6。8(Chapter conclusion
Ofthe 800 activists,25 percent each from Kaski and Janakpur and the rest 50 percent cattried out from Katllnandu districto Moreover,25 percent each fronl central ttd local level activist accessed from the Katllnandu districto However,following to the nature and legal aspects of organizational or institutional attributes later organizations tte divided into two maJor clusters:1)mono level and五)multi level org〔mizttions。 Of tota1 800 respondents,male ttld female are 74 and 26 percent respectively.Because of lnembership overlapping and poHtical instability flnally,some minor changes lnade in the distribution ofrespondent selection in the flled however rnet all tttgeted 800 respondent following the same distribution of district wise respondent a1location.
Activists have rnultiple choices,of activisnl,to report except the registered one but in second and third response it decreases by 15 percent and 46 percento The social refollll Variable occupies single largest position, in combine responses, secures 54。 4 percento lt clearly expresses maJorlty of activist claims thtt whttever type it would be their involved activism they want to rttionalize or believe their ottect市e Of act市 ism is social ser宙 ce.In telllls of flr,t response,variable politics secure flrst position with 26。 O percent pushing down social refollll,wOmen and ethnic variables in second,third and forth position.But the very variable located at one step down in the combine result with 43。 9 percent,10 percent short then social refom。
The motivttional factor(middle level)̀eVents',̀book'9̀ethnic c〔 mse',鉗ld̀social seⅣice' maintains flfth,sixth,seventh and eighth ranking in the combine catego理 んhowever iuctuates in their flrst,second ttd third ranking orderso All respondents replied in flrst lnotivational factorso However decreases the reply rate with 41。 25 percent and 78 percentin the second and third responseso lt lncans,of the total respondents only 176〔 re found that they〔re lnotivated by the allthree mot市 江ional factorso Similarly nearly sixty percent 470 act市 ists referred̀two motivational factors'at their activism recruitment rnotivational factors。
The mttority,58。 l percent of the tota1 719 respondents,act市 ists tte fond thtt they received their political ideology either in house or at school or childhood or playmates those who tte absentin the schoolo Atthe colleges or during the youth hood 25。 9 percent acknowledged that they received political ideologyo lnterestingly very nonlinal respondents, only one percent activist foulld they join politics in their seⅣice periodso All these dtta indicttes thtt Nepali society is very well knitted and social institutions(Ile highly iniuential over individuals'
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●
acti宙tyo This is in contradiction with Westem and American processes of recruitment,which are basically evolving based on the state of individual autonomy and the grounds of secular locio ln Nepal, networks and linkages, based on not only ideology but family and
socialization experiences, are an essential part of how activists describe their activism .
histories。
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●
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Chapter Seven
Comparison of differential recruitment across periodizations and e reglons
This chapter sets out two main ottectiVes:irst,how tte the motivadonal factors folllled?An attempt is made to illunlinate the processes of rnotivational factor follllatiOno Second,since it is a cross―seCtiOnal descriptive sttdy,an endeavor has been made to see the association and causttion of these mot市 江ional factors across the types of act市 ists,periodizations and regionso Quantitttive dtta tte centre of ttlalysis,however,mot市 江ional factors reifled in fusion of the qualit誠 市e ttld quantitat市e dtta124。 unlike pre宙 ous chapters(Four ttld F市 c),
the notion ̀recruitinent' designates a ̀single structure' in this chapter. In other words, it hasn't segregtted the constituent properties(the miCrO̲processes)Of recruitment,for ex〔 mlple motivation,and networking,septtately.
The motivational factors produce corresponding nlicro and inacro lnechanisms125 emp10ying the three step processes126,thrOugh the ground response to medium― level concepts127,and middle― level concepts to higher― level themeso Motivational factors are interchangeable with high―level themes in the study.All thèresponses'are the result ofonly question(see Chapter SiX)COrrespondence analysis is the central analyzing techniquc in this chaptero For the graphic presentations,the rnosaic plot,especially to calculate the pattcHl ofthe relationship of motivational factors in two ways or multi ways contingency tables,has been appliedo Since the data tte categorical,they have been collected using snowball smpling methods,with responses of only one questiono Thus,the results of coHlespondence malysis will be the centre of discussiono Prior to this discussion, the processes and techniques have been employed to develop these motivational factors will be explained。
124 1n the interview9 the same questions had asked in different fbm to both respondents fbr detail see chapter One(research methOd).
125 MeChanism is the micro processes ofconcept sedimentations sec(Chapter鋪 126 corbin(2008:160)has uSed hⅣ /o).
o step processes to develop higher― level themes or categories,but in the study three step processes has employed to develop causal factors.
127 conCepts word that stand for ideas contained in the dtta,see Corbin and Strauss(2008:159)。
●
before 1979 1980‐ 1990
1991‐ 2005
…
Of籠 饉VLt
…Rdぃ Ja叩Cato Omup DJnWO‑3
軸
E∞n赫
ld00鞠y
卸
ath
Resisttnce ttind E賣Jbn∞ Sociai Evi:8(陶劇 .M蔵‖囀
SodJ Se商 Soda:Awan■o38
7.l Analytical framework of recruitment process
This analytical framework,as discussed in the previous chapterS(One,TWO and Six)about ・ the socie、、history,philosophy and political constitutions ofNepal,has developed to lnap out
the association with activists recruitment process across the three periodizations and two regions of the cight types of activisto The periodizations and regions produce different motivational factors which pussed or pulled universal,at least in the modem era,and Nepal centric various types ofactivism。
7。2 Formation of motivational variables
Mot市 江
ional variables developed on the response of a question of̀please specitt the three mttOr factOrs(in rank Order)WhiCh inspired you to join the above mentioned org〔 mizttion?S破 options were predeined l)ide010gy,2)book/1itertture,3)event(S),4)an indi宙 dual,5) family,6)resiStance to existing social evils[た
ν
rJ′JツJたァ
J′′
],and 7)other(SpeCify)?'(See table 5 for more details)。 Of the three options,the flrst option has choosen to develop the motivational factors in this study.(Э ut of the 800 flrst responses, 545 activists replied on predeflned rnotivational factors and 255 responses fell in the other categories in flrst response.From this 31。87 percent other categoeis,16 more rniddle―level motivational factors redeflned。
These are:1)ethniC Cause,2)extenSiOn ofpolitical ideology 3)resiStance,4)social exclusion, 5)educttiOnal institute,6)peer aSSOCittion,7)politiCal party,8)social en宙
roment,9)
historical tradition,10)self awareness,H)knOWledge,12)social Ser宙ce,13)promOtiOn of own professiona1/group interest,14)preseⅣ 江iOn of own art religion and culture 15) historical tradition and 16)impaCt Of ideology(see Charpter six for more details)。 The aim,to
segregate in these 16 nliddle‐ level categories,was to capture the nlicro level meaning of the
●
●
●
respondenso However,apparently,it seems overlapping categories but we could say these〔
re
septtate in the activists' vocabularry and intention128.Interestingly,those responses,carlier placed in the other category,〔 re found close to social seⅣ ice category in the second level.
Process of nliddle level concepts formation from̀the other categow'
Middle level First response variables of other responses(reSpondents'(actiViStS)respOnse Conce̲t, patterns in their own word)
Ethnic cause(43)
Ethnic development
Re‐establishment ofethnicソ α′夕α'pride
Ethnic identity
To execute own responsibility(for be10nging toノ αの
Ethnic identity
Ethnic identity(belOnging to community) Ethnic identity and rlghts
Ethnic identity and unity Ethnic preservttion Ethnic recognition
Ethnic social status(suppression,exploitation) Ethnic status
Ethnic unity Ethnic advancement Ethnic advancement Ethnic advancement
E対sting Mtthi'S SOcial,economic,political position 6srar' For ethnic identity
For ethnic identity and pride For ethnic prosperity For ethnic advancement Forthe ethnic development Ethnic discrimination
Atter appointment in Jan可 江i TaSkfOrce by the govemment IInpact ofthe Nepali indigenous nationaHties lrlovement lnsult of(my)ethniC identity and class
C)wn ethnic pride Ethnic cause(linguiStic)
Magar's Langhali Family oα rttα″)
Mainstreanling to disadvantaged ethnic group No ethnic representation
Own ethnic identity ald its prosperity
Lcarning from other community,who fought for their ethnic rights lttd friendship Lcarned fronl offlce,the offlce was dedicated upon ethnic rights and friendship
Purely ethnic advancement(identけ &language) Purely own ethnic identity,noHns,values and pride To get rights ofown language,culture and ethnicity
TO Seekノα′″α(ethnic/caste)related respect and its protection
lnvolvement in various organizational activated dedicated to ethno― rights Hin口persons'discrirnination
To establish ethnic identity Ethno‐ discriinination in offlce
Curiosity on indigenous nationalities(iSSuc and activities) Socialisll fbr social advancement through social work Extension of Political ideology(2)
128 The additional supportive arguments of activists were note down in separate note book.
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To spread out(strengthen)politiCal(ide010gical)in■ uence through FNCCI Working with αα α Sα″
"力α(mother association)t00rganize women for vote pa吻 gave this responsibility ̲̲̲̲̲̲̲̲― ―
Resistance(13)
Fought against Panchayat System Against Hinduization
Against dowry system(fought)
In process to understand existing discrirrlination towards women Panchayati rulers'suppression
Suppression ofold rlllers
lttuStiCe OfRttput/Brahman(ethnic discrimination)
Resistance against modernity(in order tO preserve Hindu religion) NegHgence and discrirrlinatory poHcies of old govemment toward Tarai
Suppression ofHindu religion
Catastrophic enlistinent ofthe Nepal govemment lnterested to contribute for social change
――――― ―― ― Chanenges against touchabili二 五and untouchability Social exclusion(8)
Social exclusion[to enSure rights against touchability and untouchabiHty(I faced social discard and neglect)]
Exclusion based various types of experiences
State's discrirrlinatory policy towards indigenous people 01d authorities'exploitation(in Order to upHtt Dalit)
Social exclusionary practices towards Dalit(in Orderto uplit Dalit) Exclusionary policies(■Om Offlce lleamed e対sting exclusionary policies)
Conceiving social and cultural exclusion(disCrilnination) Feeling exclusion
Educational institute(9)
School's en宙ronment(teachers'impact) School's environment
sch。。16s enVironment
School's en宙 ronment(friends association) School's environment(friends relationship) Literary progralm at school
Because of educational institute
lnvolved in the school's activities against wrong decision and function.
Act市 ities(drama,political)in campus
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●
Peer association(16)
Active activities of friends Frlends
Frlends Frlends Frlends
Friends(HnguiStic activities)
Pcers companionship̀sα ′カメsα″gr″'
Pcers companionship ̀sα′カプsα″gα′' Pcers companionship ̀sα′カメsα″gα′' Friends contact̀sα ′カルsαttα ″滋7'
Peers companionship̀sα ′力Jsα″gα′' Pcers companionship̀sα ′カメsα″gα′' Companionship(friends)
Companionship(friends/neighborhood)
False activities of friends
lmpact of student politics(■ iends) Political party(4)
Parり gave me a responsibility Bccause patty deserves good image
Mother pa吻 (negHgence of big political party) Pany p01itics
Social environment(9)
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Social environment̀月hJ″α PrαttαツJr眈dttα:αgcんο'
Social environment,having intension to do something
11l social en宙ronment(StOp to male ptttner in ill‐ act市ities at the location) Lcaming from social en宙 ronment(leaming from other mother‐associations)
Historical social discrimination(social en宙 ronment) Impact social en宙ronment(neighborhood competition)
Rapid in口rrligration in Kathmandu 1990s people's revolution
Post‐1990's Open en宙 ronment(Jalitya mOvement) ̲
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Historical traditions(9)
In■uenced by tradition Traditional practices To preserve social tradition
To protect traditions(religious&c市 1lization)
Behefin reHgion
lnstitutional(traditional)actiVities
Since unknown history cultural organization do exist even in Panchayat period Ethnic traditions
To protect and develop own ethnic Alory Self awareness(40)
Selfawareness SelfExperiences
Selfmotivation to work something Selfawareness
Self awareness
Self awareness(realization)to prOtect religion Selfmesteemed
Automatic̀swα″ 響,力
"rttα'
Automttic̀swα″ 理り乃
"″
励α'
Because ofHindu(believer or follower) Because ofreligious llind
Keen intention to do something lnsight enHghten
Awakeningソαgα″α″'(linguistic)
Mot市ation to work for society Personal relation with the president PersonaHty development
Personally felt alientted from own Society
Selfawareness(100king fronl others'work through competition)̀α ″
"た
οグした力αsθた力′'
Selfaware(aSSurance to work with women's rights and friendship) Communists'working style and practices
CompIIative developmental activities(α lり′α″α肋 ツJms 3グ ルメグノ) Conceiving social responsibility
Congressi environment
Contact ofAnandamarga(a modern Hindu sect)
E)issatisfaction ofpolitical institution Existing political and social discriinination Extrovert behavior
Having good lnotives
Having lei background,active since childhood
lnspired from the performances of Nepal army(in the Dα s力αノ″and r滋″fest市als, Nepal army used to fol日 ned ritual based organization to continue our identity and traditions)
Iniuenced by god Eshoo Krista Mental peace
Own vision(劉tOmatic) Practicany to work something
Time and circulmstances̀sα η α/α′α″お′乃J′′'
TraveHng̀θ しsb乃″α α″'
When l was in elder brother did pray to Eshoo
Individual experiences
Self―motivated
Knowledge(4)
Knowledge[offlCe was focused on against ethnic discriminttion]
Knowledge(se10 0n(aware On misinterpretation ofBauddha religion)̀D力 αr″α'
Knowledge(getting knowledge on natllral environment protection in Japan) Knowledge received through self obselevation(100king the communist behavior and
̲ practical activities) Social service
(39)
Social service Social service Social service Social service Social service Social service Social prosperity Social work Social work Social reform To advertise Janakpur To advocate for Dalit To uplin lower class children
To work for local youth(aSSuming they are in wrong track)
An ethnic group forrned(Organization)thrOugh l decided to do something for my community
Citizen security calmpaign and realization ofTarai discrimination cOnective efforts for people‐centric work
Community development Conception of social service Conception of social service Conceptions of reHgious service For the contribution on social change
Social servicc(Cu」OSity toward Mtthi community) Developmental intension for own locatioǹtο ′'
Devotion in social seⅣ ice
Equahty in socic、 、abolishing class based strllcture FeeHng ofresponsibility ofendangeredl children For Community development
For educational development For Peoples'awareness
For the developrrlent ofBuddha religion(Dhama)
Gurung women work for community(pro宙ding suggestion to ttα 力
"rθ 's wife) Involvement in social work
Looking Phewa lake's crumbling status
To clean up local settlement̀′ ο′sαrs響)力αノgαr″α sα げ' To extend Madarsha education(social WOrk)
To help single woman
To strengthen kinship relation/1ike Marwari welfare committec(Sθ wα Sα メリ
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●
For social advancement,ost retirement Promotion of own professionalノ group interest(34)
Professional cause Professional development
Professional development and social service Professional■ iendship
Professionai necessity Professional protection Professional protection Professional protection
Professional rights and friendship
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●
Professional rights/friendship Professional rights/friendship Professional prosperity Professional prosperity Professional advancement
Professional progress/preseⅣation Protection ofprofessional￡ riendship
To enhance professional rights and friendship To ensure professiOnal rights
To manage the work
Against to professiOnal suppression Econolmic assistance
For professional prosperity For the professional friendship Framers'rights/friendship To enhance labors'friendship
To ensure rights for discrilninated labors To protect labors'right
To solve labors'problem Exploitttion of labor Farrrlers'rights/friendship Labors'service
For labors'rights and friendship Women participation
Women rights/friendship
●
Preservation of art,religion and culture(14) Protection ofDhttma(religiOn) To preserve culture and literature To preserve own ethnic historical glory
Preservation ofreligion was ottect市 es Ofthe organization To explore kinship's rights and friendship
Religious service to its protection and advancement Language,culture,development and their prosperity Forthe development of own language,religion,ethnicity To preserve language and culture
For own language development
Preservation and advancement of own culture Preservation ofrnother language
Linguistic attachlment
Preservation ofown religion/culture Others(12)士
Speciflc ottect市e fOr good govemance(c市 il pressure) To work collectively(fOr sOcial work)
To help people(emOtiOnally)
Having intention ofgood motives̀rα ″θttθs bttα″θ″α'for the society and community lntention to do sOmething
Social thought,to do something for conlinunity Competition(to serve society,and nation) Purity(social disorganization)
C市il security Social bettennent
Social vol江 ility(to prO宙de stability) Intentionany(to do something)
The words lnd sentences in the brackets arejustinc江 1。n ofrespondents for their cttse。
7。3 Middle level concepts to lnotivational factors
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I have followed the grounded theory of Corbin and Strauss(2008)to genertte cttegories一 motivational factor in this study一 from nliddle levlel conceptso Five motivational factors―
ideology, resistacne against to e対 sting social evils(肋rJク ソJルJ′J), SOCializ江 lon, self―
awereness and social service一 generated fronl the 22 middle level concepts ater nuance . inspection the lneaning ttd intent of the respondents129。 These motivational factors explain
what a group ofrniddle― level concepts and ground rc)sponses are pointing to or are indicating all concepts, regardless of level, arising out ofこlatao Neverheless, it is true that these motivational factors are seemed more abstract however in the analysis ofthe study,to capture the expericenses,lneaning and intent of the respondents,I have picked up their(aCtiVists) own words ttd stories as lnuch as possible.
Formation process of Ⅱliddle level concept to lnotivational factor
Motivational Factors Middle Level Concepts
ldeology ldeology Ethnic cause/s
Extension ofpolitical ideologies lmpact ofldeology
Resistance against to existing social evils(た
"″
ノ″ッ漱7J′lib Events
Against social evils Resistance
Socialization sOcial exclusion Bo()k(s) Person Fanlily Political pany
Edしlcadonal institutions Pcer associations Social environments Selfawareness IIis'tOrical traditions
Selllawareness Social service Knowledge
Social service
Prolmotion ofOwn Professional group/interests
Preservation of art,reHgion,culture C)thers
129 Repondents'additional or complementary explanations were written down in the separate note‐
book during the fleldworko Silnilarly,every day we used to discuss on the content,intemtion and possible explanation on the responses ofthe respondents.
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Blending the ield experiences,10cal meming(in terms ofgeogrtthy ttd philosophy)狙
d
sociological litereatre,the study has deflned these flve rnotivational factors as follows:
7。3。l ldeology
ldeology,the motivational factor,is not reifled only with political ̀isnl',i.co comunisnl, democratic socialisnl, liberalisln, Maoisnl, Gandhism etco The study follows the original concept in the lrue sense of the tellll,in the intellectual engagement of Destutt de Tracy and Terror quoted in MacKenzic(2003:3)一 thO rttiOnal study of ideas that is called ideology (idea/010gy)。 Further Eisler and Loyc(1983)aptly ObSeⅣes thtt the old,primttily religious ideology based on assumptions of a static ttd hierarchic universe― in which humttllity was doomed by its̀sin― fullness'to live in àvale of tetts'一 was progressively challenged in the course ofthe industrial and scientiflc revolutions that swept the Westem world by burgeoning new social,cconomic,and political ideologieso Likewise,the ideology has not been deflned
as lettist vso pragmatist or non― letist following Japanese and Korean traditiono ldeology is a set of ideals at element preeminent potential foHns of social association or institution.It is an attached expressive view which lnight refer to any tι rget i.e. Dalit, women, indigenous nationalities,religion,region etco An activist sets out an end tttget having certain ideas or concepts that point out to deflne one's deflnition that is ̀ideology' in this contexto Even though some tilnes it overlaps with socialization,however,in this study,it is a rationalization of one's idea,one step rnore advanced than socialization.
7。3。2 Resistance against existing social evils(ル riti,ツ:比ritめ
Activists refer to the very te.ill̀sOCial evils'一 たクrJ′ぁソ″7J′J― as their rnotivational ttx〕 tors to get themselves involve in the activismo However,it constitutes different rneanings to different activists across the individuals belonging to vttrious locationso To analyzègoods and evils', Gttcia(1987:385)referS tO Ross,whO draws a distinction betweeǹthe attunCt市 e Or attributive use ofthe wOrd[̀g00d'],as when we speak ofa good runner or a good poenl,狙 d the predictive use of it,as when it is said that knowledge is good or that pleasure is good。 "
Hc again quotes Ross that̀in ordinary usage the flrst rneaning― that of̀̀good ofits kind"―
is much the comoner;it appetts to be the carlier'。 Having engaged with the discourse of good and evil,Garcia claims that― there are no―thing special kinds of good and evil,intrinsic good and evil,which can be deflned in te.11ls of rnoral good and evilo Here,my point is that
●
there are social processes from where citizen pick up thèintrinsic'sttte ofjudgment whtt is evils and whatis good。
In the study,the concept ̀evi1/s' in English langua´ ge has been employed to express two different Nepali concepts:i)̀肋rJ′′'and ii)̀ツJルJ′J'。 An extensive Nepali dictionary(1983), deflnes,if the preflx̀K露' in added to the nouǹrj̀′ J',it cttries the meaning bαグ',ル εqン,
グ♭ναJνα′Jθ4,J θrα′,sJκ,′4α
"ψ
jσJθ夕
S,Jη
rθρθr,sθαrθJIン'ctCO Likewise,Sanskrit Englishdiction〔
Ey(Williams(2005))useS the preflx̀ku'to meanル
たrJθ rα′Jθ,滅
フ′rθεJα′JO ,残 βεJθ り,Wα あ′J′rJg θss,乃J ″α θθ etco HerèrJ′だis rule;it implies thtt it iequently and widely employs its blanket‑lneaning to denote social and cultural applicationo Here,social or cultural concepts〔 re explanatory concepts of the ruleo Thus,̀た γrJ′J'denotes the social and cultural wicked rules, customary traditions and treatinents. In various ways and folllls individuals possessed the meaning ̀た νrJ′J' to indicate cultural, social discrilnination, alienation,hunliliation,and negation by certain cultllral,social traditions and practiceso The same dictionaries express the lneaning of̀た フr′′J'to denote the practices or traditions which 鉗e against social beneit,interest,welfare or realityo By ntture it,is a defens市 e mot市 誠ional concept,to all suffered individuals and collectivities aフ s well。
Again following to the same dictionary, 万―is an alttached preflx of a word that refers to negat市ity,differences,adversity,mttimum change or halt。 つJルJ′だtoo,expresses bad deeds, acquiring negative aspects of culture or practices against one's own existing knowledgeo lt is 帥 offensive vocabulary of authority,or power holder,or individual se1l or cOnllnunity sell For example,mostly community orgmizations set,p one Of their otteCt市 es to preseⅣ e or continue respective co―unities'social and cultural status quo,Inaking the statement to stop encroaching practices,ideologies which〔 re dmaging,diminishing their own identiち らstams quo etco The rating categories of this motivational factor are events,against social evils, resistance and social exclusion.
7.3。3 Socialization
Socialization, as its sociological meaning has implied in the study, is the processes, techniques,and technology130 which constitutes its own archetypal,original ntture across the society and co―unityo As noted ettlier,the socializttion components are family,person, book, educational institute, peer association, politi.cal pany, sOcial tradition, 狙 d social
130 chapter four and flve deal the processes of uniqueness of activist recruitment technologies,and tactics.
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