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早 稲 田 大 学 大 学 院 基 幹 理 工 学 研 究 科

博 士 論 文 概 要

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I n f l u e n c e o f A l l o y i n g E l e m e n t s a n d M e l t i n g C o n d i t i o n s o n G r a p h i t e M o r p h o l o g y a n d

M a t r i x i n F e - C a n d N i - C A l l o y s

F e - C 及 び N i - C 合 金 の 黒 鉛 形 態 と 基 地 組 織 に 対 す る 合 金 元 素 と 溶 解 条 件 の 影 響

申 請 者

ZOU Ying

鄒 瑩

2 0 1 2 年 2 月

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T h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n h a s a b e t t e r c o m p r e h e n s i v e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y ( s t r e n g t h , t o u g h n e s s , w e a r r e s i s t a n c e , e t c . ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n , a n d t h e m a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e t h e a u t o m o b i l e p a r t s s u c h a s t h e c h a s s i s , t h e c r a n k s h a f t a n d t h e s u s p e n s i o n , a n d t h e i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y p r o d u c t s n a m e l y t h e c a s t i r o n p i p e a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n m a c h i n e r y . S i n c e i t s i n v e n t i o n i n 1 9 4 7 , m u c h r e s e a r c h w o r k h a s b e e n c o n d u c t e d i n o r d e r t o e x p l a i n t h e f o r m a t i o n m e c h a n i s m o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e p h a s e i n i t . T h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f t h e c a s t i r o n i s d e t e r m i n e d b o t h b y t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y a n d t h e m a t r i x . H o w e v e r , t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e o f t e n a p p e a r s i n t h e h e a v y s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i r o n c a s t i n g s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t u n d e r c o o l i n g d u r i n g t h e e u t e c t i c s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i r o n c a s t i n g s p r o d u c e d f r o m t h e r e c y c l e d B - c o n t a i n e d s t e e l s c r a p , u s u a l l y h a s a f e r r i t e m a t r i x w h e n C u e x i s t s . B o t h o f t h e t w o a s p e c t s w i l l l e a d t o a d e c r e a s e o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y o f t h e h i g h - s t r e n g t h s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i r o n c a s t i n g s . I n t h i s s t u d y , a s e r i e s o f r e s e a r c h e s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e f a c t o r s a n d t h e c o n t r o l l i n g m e t h o d s o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y a n d t h e f e r r i t e m a t r i x i n t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . T h i s t h e s i s i s c o m p o s e d o f 7 c h a p t e r s .

I n C h a p t e r 1 , t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n , i t s i n v e n t i o n a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d . T h e u n s o l v e d p r o b l e m s o f t h e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o f t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e o n i t s m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t y a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f f e r r i t e i n t h e m a t r i x w e r e m e n t i o n e d . I n t h i s c h a p t e r , t h e m a i n a i m s o f t h i s s t u d y w e r e s t a t e d a s f o l l o w s .

1 ) T h e f o r m a t i o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e a n d t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i n h e a v y c a s t i n g s .

2 ) T h e e f f e c t s o f t h e c o o l i n g r a t e , t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e h o l d i n g t i m e o n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y i n N i - C a l l o y s ; t h e c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e m a t r i x a r o u n d t h e g r a p h i t e .

3 ) T h e i n f l u e n c e o f a l l o y i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e m a t r i x o f c a s t i r o n , e s p e c i a l l y t h e a c t u a l i n f l u e n c e o f C u o n t h e m a t r i x o f t h e f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . 4 ) T h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n B a n d C u a n d i t s c o u n t e r a c t i o n m e t h o d .

I n c h a p t e r 2 , t h e p a s t r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y a n d t h e m a t r i x w e r e i n t r o d u c e d . A b o u t t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e , t h e r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e f o r m a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s , t h e s o l i d i f i c a t i o n o f s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n , t h e g r o w t h m o d e l s o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e a n d t h e s p h e r o i d i z i n g t h e o r y w e r e i n t r o d u c e d . A b o u t t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e , i n t r o d u c t i o n w a s f o c u s e d o n t h e

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f o r m a t i o n m e c h a n i s m . T h e m o r p h o l o g y c a t e g o r y o f t h e f l a k e g r a p h i t e w a s a l s o i n t r o d u c e d . I n t h e e n d , t h e p a s t r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e m a t r i x a n d t h e e f f e c t o f a d d i t i o n e l e m e n t w e r e i n t r o d u c e d .

C h a p t e r 3 i s a b o u t t h e f o r m a t i o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e g r a p h i t e i n t h e e u t e c t i c s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . T h e f o r m a t i o n m e c h a n i s m o f t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d b y s t u d y i n g o n t h e c o o l i n g c u r v e s v i a t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s a n d c a l c u l a t i n g t h e i r d i f f e r e n t i a l c u r v e s t o c o n f i r m t h e o n s e t a n d e n d p o i n t s o f t h e s o l i d i f i c a t i o n , a n d t h e n c o m p a r i n g t h e s e c u r v e s w i t h t h e o b s e r v e d g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y . F i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e a s f o l l o w s . 1 ) T h e t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s c u r v e s o f t h e e u t e c t i c s o l i d i f i c a t i o n d e c r e a s e c o n t i n u o u s l y b o t h i n t h e N i - C a l l o y a n d t h e F e - C a l l o y . 2 ) T h e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e g r a p h i t e i n t h e N i - C a l l o y a n d t h e F e - C a l l o y a r e d i f f e r e n t . 3 ) I n t h e N i - C a l l o y , t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e c r y s t a l l i z e s b e f o r e t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e , w h i l e t h e o p p o s i t e i n t h e F e - C a l l o y . 4 ) T h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e c o o l i n g r a t e d e c r e a s e s t h e a r e a f r a c t i o n o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i n t h e N i - C a l l o y . 5 ) T h e a d d i t i o n o f S i b e t w e e n 3 . 5 % - 4 % i n t h e F e - C a l l o y d o e s n ’ t c h a n g e t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y , w h i l e t h e a d d i t i o n o f C e i n c r e a s e s t h e c h u n k y g r a p h i t e f r a c t i o n .

C h a p t e r 4 i s a b o u t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e m e l t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y a n d t h e g r a i n n u m b e r o f m a t r i x . T h e i n f l u e n c e s o f t h e c o o l i n g r a t e , a t m o s p h e r e a n d h o l d i n g t i m e o n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y w e r e s t u d i e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g i e s u n d e r d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s u s i n g t h e 0 . 5 g N i - C a l l o y s a m p l e s i n t h e A r o r A r + 3 % H 2 a t m o s p h e r e . T h e e t c h p i t p a t t e r n s o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e a n d t h e m a s s i v e g r a p h i t e w e r e o b s e r v e d b y S E M a n d t h e g r a i n n u m b e r s o f t h e m a t r i x a r o u n d t h e g r a p h i t e w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d b a s e d o n E B S D . T h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h i s s t u d y . 1 ) T h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d h o l d i n g t i m e a r e i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r s t h a t a f f e c t t h e f a d i n g a n d t h e c h a n g e i n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y . 2 ) B a s e o n t h e r e s u l t o f i n f l u e n c e o f t h e a t m o s p h e r e c h a n g e f r o m A r t o A r + 3 % H 2 i n E x p e r i m e n t - 2 o n t h e g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g y , i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e o x y g e n p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e h a s a n i d e n t i c a l e f f e c t a s t h a t o f s u l f u r i n t h e F e - C a l l o y a n d t h e N i - C a l l o y . 3 ) T h e g r a i n n u m b e r o f t h e m a t r i x a r o u n d t h e g r a p h i t e i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e n u m b e r o f d o m i n a t e n u c l e u s s i t e s o n t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e s u r f a c e . 4 ) T h e g r a i n n u m b e r o f t h e m a t r i x i s f e w e r i n t h e a l l o y w i t h t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e t h a n t h a t w i t h t h e m a s s i v e g r a p h i t e . C h a p t e r 5 i s a b o u t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f c o p p e r o n t h e m a t r i x s t r u c t u r e o f c a s t i r o n . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f C u o n t h e m a t r i x o f t h e h i g h - p u r i t y f l a k e g r a p h i t e

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c a s t i r o n a n d s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n w a s d i s c u s s e d . F i r s t l y , i n o r d e r t o e x c l u d e t h e p e a r l i t i z a t i o n e f f e c t o f S , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f C u o n t h e m a t r i x w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g h i g h - p u r i t y ( v e r y l o w S c o n t e n t ) f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . T h e r e s u l t s h o w s t h a t w h e n t h e S c o n t e n t i s m o r e t h a n 0 . 0 1 % , t h e m a t r i x o f t h e f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n i s c o m p l e t e l y p e a r l i t e , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f C u . M n a n d P a r e b o t h p e a r l i t i z a t i o n e l e m e n t s i n t h e f l a k e a n d t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , C u i s t h e p e a r l i t i z a t i o n e l e m e n t i n t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n , w h i c h i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , w h i l e i n t h e h i g h - p u r i t y f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n , i t i s a f e r r i t i z a t i o n e l e m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f C u o n t h e f l a k e g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n m a t r i x i s c l a r i f i e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e b e c a u s e t h e h i g h - p u r i t y a l l o y s w e r e u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e p e a r l i t i z a t i o n e f f e c t o f C u i n t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n i s a u n i q u e p h e n o m e n o n a s a r e s u l t o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e t h i n C u f i l m a r o u n d t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e , w h i c h i s c o n f i r m e d b y a s p e c i a l e t c h i n g m e t h o d .

C h a p t e r 6 i s a b o u t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f b o r o n w i t h c o p p e r a n d i t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e m a t r i x o f t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . T h e f e r r i t i z a t i o n e f f e c t o f B o n t h e m a t r i x a n d i t s c o u n t e r a c t i o n m e t h o d w e r e d i s c u s s e d u s i n g N a n d T i t o r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f s o l u b l e B i n t h e m e l t . M o r e o v e r , t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f B w i t h C u a n d B w i t h M n , a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f B o n t h e s e g r e g a t i o n o f C u w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h i s s t u d y . 1 ) B c o u l d p r o m o t e t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d a r y g r a p h i t e o n s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e s u r f a c e a n d i n c r e a s e t h e f e r r i t e f r a c t i o n i n t h e m a t r i x i n t h e C u - a l l o y e d s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e c a s t i r o n . 2 ) T h e a d d i t i o n o f N a n d T i c o u l d c o u n t e r a c t t h e f e r r i t i z a t i o n e f f e c t o f B , w h i l e T i i s m u c h m o r e e f f e c t i v e . 3 ) T h e f e r r i t i z a t i o n e f f e c t o f B o n l y e x i s t s i n t h e C u - a l l o y e d s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i r o n . 4 ) T h e C u f i l m c o u l d f o r m a r o u n d t h e s p h e r o i d a l g r a p h i t e i n t h e B - f r e e s a m p l e s , w h i l e i s a b s e n t i n t h e B - a d d e d s a m p l e s . 5 ) I n t h e C u - a l l o y e d s a m p l e s , B d i s t r i b u t e s o n t h e s p h e o i d a l g r a p h i t e s u r f a c e . C h a p t e r 7 i s a s u m m a r y o f t h e 6 c h a p t e r s b e f o r e .

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No.1

早稲田大学 博士(工学) 学位申請 研究業績書

氏 名 鄒 瑩 印

(2012 年 2 月 現在)

種 類 別 題名、 発表・発行掲載誌名、 発表・発行年月、 連名者(申請者含む)

論文 1. Hideo Nakae, Masayuki Fukami, Takayuki Kitazawa and Ying Zou: Influence of Si, Ce, Sb and Sn on Chunky Graphite Formation, China Foundry, 8, 96-100, 2011.

2. Yuji Kato, Ying Zou and Hideo Nakae: Influence of Melting Conditions on Graphite Morphology in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Using Ni-C Alloys, Key Engineering Materials, 457, 37-42, 2011.

3. 鄒瑩, 駒田賢一, 中江秀雄: 片状黒鉛鋳鉄及び球状黒鉛鋳鉄の基地組織に及ぼす銅の 影響, 鋳造工学, No.7, 378-383, 2011.

4. Ying Zou, Motoharu Ogawa and Hideo Nakae: Influence of Boron on the Matrix of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron and Its Counteraction Method, Proc. Materials Science and Technology (MS&T), 409-416, 2011.

5. Ying Zou, Yuji Kato and Hideo Nakae: Influence of Melting Conditions on Graphite Morphology in Ni-C Alloy and Grain Number of Matrix, ISIJ. International, No.3, 441-446, 2012.

6. Ying Zou, Motoharu Ogawa and Hideo Nakae: Interaction of Boron with Copper and Its Influence on Matrix of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, ISIJ. International, No.3, 505-509, 2012.

7. Y. Zou, Y. Hayashi, H. Kojima, K. Yamazaki and H. Nakae: Influence of Mold Material and CE Value on Shrinkage of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, Proc. the 70th World Foundry Congress. (in press)

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No.2

早稲田大学 博士(工学) 学位申請 研究業績書

種 類 別 題名、 発表・発行掲載誌名、 発表・発行年月、 連名者(申請者含む)

講演 1. Ni-C 合金の黒鉛形状に及ぼす冷却速度,溶融雰囲気と保持時間の影響: 鋳造工学会第

156 回全国講演大会, 2010.05, 加藤佑司, 中江秀雄.

2. 球状黒鉛鋳鉄の基地組織に対するボロンの影響とその無害化: 鋳造工学会第 157 回全 国講演大会, 2010.10, 小川元春, 中江秀雄.

3. Influence of Si, Ce, Sb and Sn on Chunky Graphite Formation: WFC-69(ポスター), 2010.10, Hideo Nakae, Masayuki Fukami, Takayuki Kitazawa.

4. Influence of Melting Conditions on Graphite Morphology in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Using Ni-C Alloys: SPCI-9, 2010.11, 加藤佑司, 中江秀雄.

5. 鋳鉄の基地組織に及ぼす銅の影響: 鋳造工学会第158回全国講演大会, 2011.05, 駒田 賢一, 中江秀雄.

6. Influence of Boron on the Matrix of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron and Its Innocent-treatment: Materials Science and Technology (MS&T) 2011, 2011.10, Motoharu Ogawa, Hideo Nakae.

7. Influence of Mold Material and CE Value on Shrinkage of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron: the 70th World Foundry Congress, 2012.04, Y. Hayashi, H. Kojima, K. Yamazaki and H. Nakae. (This presentation will be delivered in April, 2012.)

8. BとCu添加球状黒鉛鋳鉄の基地組織に及ぼす熱処理の影響: 鋳造工学会第160回全国 講演大会, 2012.05, 中江秀雄.

参照

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“In vitro studies on the mechanistic details of adhesion and wound healing of epithelial cell sheet therapy”, JSPS A3 foresight international symposium on nano-biomaterials

Global circadian transcription rhythms without robust kai-gene cycling in the heterocyst-forming multicellular cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp.