DIVERSIFICATION AS THE TOOL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESIGN ORGANIZATION
K. V. Postnov
ȾɂȼȿɊɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɄȺɄ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɆȿɇɌ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɉɊɈȿɄɌɇɈɃ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ
DIVERSIFICATION AS THE TOOL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɭɱɚ-ɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ (ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ) - ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ).
ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɞɨɜ-ɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ) ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ (ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ) - ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ).
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ) ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ-ɫɬɢ,ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ)ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɦ.Ʉ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ)ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɪɵɧɤɚ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ,ɤɚɤ:
x ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
x ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɭɫɥɭɝɢ);
x ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ,ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ;
x ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ)ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ).
Ɇɟɪɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ (ɭɫɥɭɝ).Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚ-ɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
-ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɦ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ,ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ;
- ɤɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɢ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ,ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ (ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ – ɞɨ 15%) ɞɥɹ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɛɸɪɨ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ «ɈȺɈ «Ɇɨɫɩɪɨɟɤɬ», «ɈȺɈ «ɉɂ-2», ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɄȻ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ.Ɇɟɬɨɞ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨ-ɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ,ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ,ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɡɧɚ-ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɫɦ.ɬɚɛɥ).
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨ-ɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɨɦ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ-ɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫ-ɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɪɨɜ (ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɨɜ)ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ,ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɞ-ɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɬɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɪ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ,ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨ-ɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧ-ɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.ɉɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ,ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚ-ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚ
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɍɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɭ ɜ ɫɞɚɱɟ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɨɛɴ-ɟɤɬɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɍɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤ-ɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɭ ɜ ɫɞɚɱɟ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧ-ɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚ-ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵɞɥɹ ɩɨɞ- ɪɹɞɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɧɞɟɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ-ɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ (ɫɜɨ-ɛɨɞɧɵɯ)ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɩɨɞ-ɪɹɞɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɰɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯɤɨɦɩɚ- ɧɢɣɢɛɚɧɤɨɜ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ — ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɢ,ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ,ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɧɜɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ-ɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ,ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵɞɥɹ ɜɥɚ- ɞɟɥɶɰɟɜɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɢɧɜɟ- ɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɍɫɥɭɝɢ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɞɚɩ-ɬɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ,ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ,ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ,ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ:
-ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɦɟɠɧɢɤɨɜ (ɇɂɂ,ɢɡɵɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) (ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ);
- ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɜɨɞɵ - ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.) - ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ.
-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ-ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ,ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ,ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) - ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɢɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ (ɫɦ.ɪɢɫ.2)
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫ-ɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɭɸ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ), ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɚɞɪɨ-ɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ.ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨ-ɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ:
9 ɉɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ) ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ,ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɗɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ,ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ,ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫ ɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (Project Management), ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ,ɧɨ ɢ ɮɢ-ɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɮɢɫ-ɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɨɮɢɫ-ɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɊɎ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ Ɇɨɫɠɢɥɇɂɂɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɈɈɈ «Ɍɗɉɗɧɟɪɝɨ», ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ «ɋɩɟɰɠɢɥɩɪɨ-ɟɤɬ»,ɈȺɈ «Ɇɨɫɩɪɨɟɤɬ», «ɉɪɨɟɤɬɫɩɟɰɦɨɧɨɥɢɬ»ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ.Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ - ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ,ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ.Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ Ƚɂɉɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ-ɰɢɢ,ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ,ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ,ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɭɱɟɬ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ,ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɫ-ɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɭɤɨ-ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ,ɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬ-ɧɨ,ɧɨ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ.
9 Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ «ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ» ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨ-ɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ.Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ:
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ,ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ,ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɟɦɤɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ,ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-ɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
9ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟ-ɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,ɧɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-ɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ)ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɫɛɵɬɚ:
Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɪɚɰɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɗȼɆ.
ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɩɢɣ,ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɟɬɨɜ.
Ɋɟɡɤɚ,ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɚ,ɮɚɥɶɰɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɩɢɣ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ȼɪɨɲɸɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɗɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
ɋɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ,ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ,ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ,ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ,ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ,ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɨɪɬɚ,ɦɟɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ɍɫɥɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ.ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ,ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ: ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ (ɛɢɡɧɟɫ), ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɚ, «ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɞ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ».
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ "ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ" ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ,ɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ.ɉɨɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɥɸ-ɱɟɜɵɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚ-ɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ-ɧɭɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,ɧɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ - ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ,ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɟ,ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ (ɛɢɡɧɟɫ)ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚ-ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɠɢɪɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ,ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟ-ɥɟɧɢɟ,ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ,ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭ-ɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ,ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ – «ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɞ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ» - ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɫɥɟ-ɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɵɧɭɠ-ɞɟɧɨ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ,ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ.ɇɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ,ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨ-ɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ,ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ (ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɚɥɸɬ,ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɛɟɪɭɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ "ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɯ".
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ,ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,ɬɟɦ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɘɝɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪ, ɋɬɚɜ-ɪɨɩɨɥɶ)ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ.
Ʉɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɯɨɡɹɣ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɜɟɪ-ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
Ƚɨɞɵ Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
1991 1995 2000 2005 ɇɚɱɚɥɨ
2010 ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɋɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɋɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɫɦɟɠɧɢɤɨɜ
ɋɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ-ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ 3000
200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱦɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɀɭɥɢɧɚ ȿ.Ƚ., Ɇɹɝɤɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ʌ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥ
«ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ», 2006 ɝ.
2. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ. ɂ. Ɍɪɭɲɤɟɜɢɱ. ɋɟɪɢɹ: ȼɍɁ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ:ȼɵcɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2004 ɝ.
3. «Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝ)ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ -ɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ». Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɇɢɧɫɬɪɨɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 2000 ɝ..
4. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ.Ʌɨɩɚɬɲ ȼ.Ⱥ,Ʌɨɩɚɬɢɧɚ Ʌ.ȿ.ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ 7-ɟ,ɢɫɩɪ.ɢ ɞɨɩ. Mɨɫɤɜɚ,
«Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ», 2001 ɝ.
5. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɋɜɨɞɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ (Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ PMBOK®). Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2004 ɝ.
The literature
1. Zhulina E.G., Myagkov Ɍ.L. A diversification of activity of the enterprise. Moscow, magazine
"Human resource management", 2006
2. A.I.Trushkevich. The organization of designing and. A series: HIGH SCHOOL. To students of higher educational institutions. Moscow, Publishing house: vyshejshaja school, 2004
3. «Recommendations about expansion of kinds of production (services) and the organization of enterprise activity of project institutes in the conditions of the market». Moscow, publishing house Minstroja of Russia, 2000 ɝ.
4. Lopatsh V. A., Lopatin L.E. The Russian explanatory dictionary. Edition 7, corr. and add. Mos-cow, "Russian", 2001
5. A management to the Arch of knowledge on management of projects (Management PMBOK®).
The third edition. Moscow, 2004
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ,ɩɪɨɟɤɬ,ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ,ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ,ɡɚɤɚɡ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ,ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ,ɫɩɪɨɫ,ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ,ɰɟɧɚ,ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
Keywords: diversification, the project, the design organization, management of projects, the order, object, the documentation, expansion, demand, potential, the price, business process.
Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧ: 287-49-19, ɞɨɛ. 3042
e-mail:[email protected] Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ:Ⱥɤɢɦɨɜɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɧɚ,ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤ.ɬ.ɧ.
ɆɇɈȽɈɎɍɇɄɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ȽɂɉɋɈɐȿɈɅɂɌɈȼɕȿ ɉɈɊɂɁɈȼȺɇɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ
MULTIFUNCTION GYPSUM-ZEOLITE POROUS MATERIALS Ȼ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɉɪɥɨɜ
B.M.Rumyantsev, A.V.Orlov
ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɆȽɋɍ
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ.
Relevance of the work associated with the ability to improve habitat by creating new types of finishing materials and expand the range of advanced materials based on gypsum binders.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨ-ɜɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɇɂɂ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚ-ɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.ɗɬɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɥɚɤɚ, ɦɟɛɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɹ, ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɜɫɟɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚ-ɧɢɹ,ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ,ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ-ɬɚ, ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞ-ɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ.ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɚɦ,ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ)ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɤɚɯ ɷɤɫ-ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ.Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɵ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹ-ɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ, ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɯ, ɡɜɭɤɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ: ɝɢɩɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɹ-ɠɭɳɟɟ,ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɉȺȼ), ɜɨɞɚ,ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ.[5]
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ (38,3 ɦɥɧ.ɬ., 2007), Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (31,5 ɦɥɧ.ɬ., 2007), ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (30,4 ɦɥɧ.ɬ., 2007). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɝɢɩɫɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 ɦɥɪɞ.ɬ)ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 180 ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ),ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5,5 ɦɥɧ.ɬ.ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ,ɱɬɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ʉ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ 1 ɬ. ɝɢɩɫɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ 6 ɪɚɡ ɧɢɠɟ,ɚ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɬɥɚɧɞɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ.
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (350…600 ɤɝ/ɦ3) ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵ-ɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵ-ɦɢ (ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ 1,5…ȼ 3,5) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɧɨɝɢɩ-ɫɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧ,ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɜ, ɡɚɳɢ-ɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ,ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟ-ɤɪɵɬɢɣ.[2]
ɉɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ,ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ (ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ)ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ,ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚ-ɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ: ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɚ,ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ,ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨ-ɫɮɟɪɵ.Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟ-ɪɚɥɵ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ,ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟɮɬɟ-ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ..
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɵ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ,ɛɥɟɫɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ,ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɥɚ-ɦɭɬɪɨɜɵɣ.Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 3,5-5,5 ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ɇɨɨɫɚ.ɐɟɨɥɢɬɵ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ (ɢɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɡɦɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ, ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ,ɬɚɛɥɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ)ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɚ ɞɨ 10 ɫɦ.ɂɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 1,9 – 2,8 ɝ/ɫɦ3,ɧɚɫɵɩɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɚ 0,75 – 1,2 ɝ/ɫɦ3. ɐɟɨɥɢɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɯ-ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɡ-ɦɟɪɨɜ.ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ,ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɚ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪ, TO4 -ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɝɞɟ T - ɚɬɨɦɵ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ.ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ.ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ ɰɟɨ-ɥɢɬɚ.ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ,ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.[3]
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ,ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɨ-ɥɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ 2006 ɝ. 4,2 ɦɥɧ.ɬ,ɜ ɬ.ɱ.ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɐɨɤɨɥɨ 100 ɬɵɫ.ɬɨɧɧ. ɇɚɢ-ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, əɩɨɧɢɹ ɢ Ʉɨɪɟɹ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.
Ⱦɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɄɨɪɟɹ əɩɨɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ Ʉɭɛɚ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ ɇɨɜɚɹɁɟɥɚɧ- ɞɢɹ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɘɠɧɚɹȺɮɪɢɤɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɋɇȽ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-ɫɬɜɨ, ɬɵɫ.ɬɨɧɧ
1500 -2000
150 140
-160
65,5 37,5 30 30 25 I8 15 15 6 4 4 4
Ʉ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
- ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ;
- ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɨɫɜɨɟ-ɧɢɹ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ;
-ɦɚɥɨɬɨɧɧɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ:
ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ (ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ),ɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,ɱɬɨ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɟ,ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ,ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɰɟɨ-ɥɢɬɚ,ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ,ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɨɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟ-ɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɮɟɧɨɥ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɨɥ,Ⱦɋɉ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨ-ɞɨɦ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɦ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ,ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ,ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɜ.ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɜɭɤɨɩɨɝɥɨ-ɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɨɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ.Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.Ƚɢɩɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ). ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ.ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢ-ɟɣ Ⱥ.ȼ.Ɏɟɪɪɨɧɫɤɨɣ, - Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɋȼ, 488 ɫ., ɫ ɢɥɥ.
2.Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜ Ȼ.Ɇ.Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. Ɍɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɆȽɋɍ.Ɇ., 2010.
3.Ʉɭɛɚɫɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.ɐɟɨɥɢɬɵ - ɤɢɩɹɳɢɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ//ɋɨɪɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ. 1998. ʋ7.
4.ɇɚɝɨɪɧɵɣ Ɉ.ȼ.Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ,ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɨɥɢɬɨɜ.ɉɟɪɦɶ, 1999.
5.Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜ Ȼ.Ɇ.Ɉ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɩɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɆȽɋɍ, 2003ɝ.
6.Ɏɟɪɪɨɧɫɤɚɹ Ⱥ.ȼ.ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. «Ⱥɥɜɢɚɧ»,Ɇ., 2006.
The literature
1. Gypsum materials and products (production and use). Reference book. Edited by A.V. Ferronskaya. - M.: Publishing house ACB, 488 p., with illus.
2. Rumyantsev B.M. Technology of decorative acoustic materials. Textbook. Typography MSSU. M., 2010.
3. Kubasov A.A. Zeolites - boiling stones// Soros Educational Journal. 1998. ʋ 7.
4. Nagornyi O.V. Crystallization, structural and chemical modification and adsorption properties of zeolites. Perm, 1999.
5. Rumyantsev B.M. About scientific basis of porisation of plaster systems. Collection of reports MSSU, 2003.
6. Ferronskaya A.V. Improving the efficiency of production and application of plaster materials and products. “Alvian”, M., 2006.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ;ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ;
ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ;ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ;ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ; ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-ɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;ɰɟɨɥɢɬɵ;ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚ;ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ.
Key words: decorative and acoustic materials; temperature-humidity regime; acoustical comfort; fire safety; porous gypsum material; surfactants; sorption capacity of materials; zeolites; molecular sieves;
ion exchange.
E-mailɚɜɬɨɪɚ [email protected] Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ:Ʉɨɡɥɨɜ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɞ.ɬ.ɧ.