ɂ.ɇ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɋ.Ɇ. ɇɟɣɦɚɧ, ɋ.ȼ. ɋɨɡɢɧɨɜ I.N. Bondarenko, S.M. Neiman, S.V. Sozinov
ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɆȽɋɍ ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɺɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ.
In article position of modern roofing materials in the domestic market, and as is presented a construction of ventilated and not ventilated roofs. The analysis of roofing constructions and materials on set of criteria is made.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɭ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ.Ʉɪɵɲɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ,ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ, ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,ɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɪɵɲɢ,ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ,ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ – 400ɋ ɞɨ + 90 0ɋ.ɗɬɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ (ɞɨɠɞɶ,ɫɧɟɝ,ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ,ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ,ɜɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥ-ɜɚ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ.
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ: ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɭ,ɧɚ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɚ: ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɵɩɨɤ.Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɢɬɭɦɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ (ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ). Ɋɹɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɥɹɯ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɥɭɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨ 100 0ɋ), ɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɬɭɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ,ɫɬɟɤɥɨɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɛɢɬɭɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 70-90 0ɋ.Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɥɡɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ.
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ [1].
ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɥɸ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɜɟɬɟɪ, ɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 450. Ɉɬɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɞɭɬɢɣ,ɨɬɪɵɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ) ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɜɟɪɢ ɢ ɨɤɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɳɟɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ: ɤɚɤ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɤɪɵɲɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɦ [1]. Ⱥ ɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɤɪɟɩɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ.Ⱥɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ: ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (CO,NO, NO2, SO2 ɢ ɞɪ.);ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ;ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ; ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɹɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɡɠɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɥɢɰ ɨɬɨ ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ [2].
Ʉɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.Ɇɹɝɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɜɟɪ (ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ), ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɵɲɢ,ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ.ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ.ɋɧɟɝ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɤɪɵɲɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ (ɫɧɟɝɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ) [1]. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ,ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ,ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɪɵɲɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20 ɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɲɢɮɟɪɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ)ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ.ɉɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ:ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ 40÷80 ɥɟɬ),ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɚ,ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɮɟɪ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.Ʉ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ 20 ɜɟɤɚ 70 % ɜɫɟɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ ɛɵɥɢ ɲɢɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɚɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɲɢɮɟɪ)ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ. ɒɢɮɟɪ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɥɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɹ ɲɢɮɟɪɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 44,4%, ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ 38,5% ɢɡ ɧɢɯ(20,89%- ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ,ɫɬɟɤɥɨɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.; 9,67%-ɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥ, ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.; 6,19%- ɛɢɬɭɦɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɝɧɢɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ (ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ); 1,16%- ɛɢɬɭɦɧɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɬɢɩɚ ɪɭɛɟɦɚɫɬ); 0,59%- ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ), ɟɜɪɨ-ɲɢɮɟɪɚ (ɨɧɞɭɥɢɧ) 2,8%, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ 3,4%, ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɧɚɫɬɢɥ 10% (4,8%-ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢ 5,2%-ɩɪɨɮɧɚɫɬɢɥ), ɛɢɬɭɦɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ 0,5%, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ 0,4%. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɲɢɮɟɪ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɥɹɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ: ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
1.Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ - ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ,ɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥ,ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥ, EPDM ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɨɧɞɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɛɢɬɭɦɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ.
2.Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ - ɩɪɨɮɧɚɫɬɢɥ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ.
3. Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ – ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ: ɈȺɈ «Ⱥɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬ», ɈȺɈ «Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬ», ɈɈɈ
«Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ», ɈȺɈ «ɂɫɤɢɬɢɦɫɤɢɣ ɲɢɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ». ɈɈɈ
«Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɬ ȼɨɥɧɚ», ɈȺɈ «Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɬ Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ», ɈȺɈ «ɅȺɌɈ», ɈȺɈ
«ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ».ɁȺɈ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
«ɋɭɯɨɥɨɠɚɫɛɨɰɟɦɟɧɬ», ɈȺɈ «ɋɨɞɚ», ɈȺɈ «ɋɩɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɄȺɐɂ», ɈȺɈ «Ɍɢɦɥɸɣɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ Ⱥɐɂ», ɈɈɈ «ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɲɢɮɟɪ», ɈȺɈ «ɒɢɮɟɪɧɢɤ», ɈȺɈ «əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ» [3].
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ: ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɫɬɢ, ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ,ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ: ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1
ɏɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫ.1 ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.Ⱦɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ 80 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ 100 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ²,ɱɬɨ ɜ 3-13 ɪɚɡ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥ) ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 15-120 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ², ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɡɚ 80 ɥɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ (ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞɚ,ɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥɚ) ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2-3 ɪɚɡ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɉɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ (ɩɪɨɮɧɚɫɬɢɥ, EPDM ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɨɧɞɭɥɢɧ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ, ɛɢɬɭɦɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ),
ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɨɬ 5-8 ɪɚɡ. ɏɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, 13ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ², ɫɚɦɵɦ ɥɺɝɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ EPDM ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ 1,4ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ².ɋɚɦɵɦɢ ɬɹɠɺɥɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɬ 45-50ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ²,ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɚ 4 ɪɚɡɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ.
ɉɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ (ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ), ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ 25 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɧɞɭɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɢɬɭɦɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞɚ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɢɡɨɥɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥɚ (5-15 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ), ɷɬɨ ɨɬ 2-5 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ.ɋɚɦɵɦ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ EPDM ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ,ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ 1000 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ,ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2.ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ:ɦɚɫɫɵ,ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ,ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ: ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɇɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ 4-ɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (Ɉɧɞɭɥɢɧ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ, ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥ ɢ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ).ɋɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ 12%, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ 0,35 ȼɬ/(ɦ·ºɋ). ɉɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɭ ɮɢɥɢɡɨɥɚ 0,17 ȼɬ/(ɦ·ºɋ), ɱɬɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɞɭɥɢɧ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ 0,2 ȼɬ/(ɦ·ºɋ), ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ 0,21 ȼɬ/(ɦ·ºɋ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ.
ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɱɟɪɞɚɤɨɦ, ɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ 20 ɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ,ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ (ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ) ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɱɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɶ,ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɱɟɤ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ,ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ (ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ)ɢɡ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɫɵɪɭɸ ɩɨɝɨɞɭ.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɣɞɟɬ ɢɡ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɟɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ. Ɂɢɦɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɵɟ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɵ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɵɯ, ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɤɥɚɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɥɟɣ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3,4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ (ɍɪɚɥ ɢɡ ɏ/ɐ, Rockroof, Parok, ɋɷɧɞɜɢɱ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɋɢɦɩɪɨɥɢɬ ɋȼɄ-6), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɭɬɟɩɥɺɧɧɵɟ (ɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ)ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ: ɩɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɦ² ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɤ: ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɺɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ɂɡ ɪɢɫ.3 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɍɪɚɥ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɺɜɨɣ (1400 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ²
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɢ 1120 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ² ɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ). ȼɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɋɢɦɩɪɨɥɢɬ ɋȼɄ-6 ɫɬɨɢɬ 1500 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ², ɫɚɦɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ Parok, 1800 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ². ɇɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (ɫɷɧɞɜɢɱ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ, Parok, Rockroof) ɫɬɨɹɬ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ Parok ɫɬɨɢɬ 1400 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ² (ɧɚ 280 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ), ɫɷɧɞɜɢɱ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɫɬɨɢɬ 1200 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ² (ɧɚ 80 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ), Rockroof ɫɬɨɢɬ 1500 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɦ² (ɧɚ 380 ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ).ɂɡ ɪɢɫ.3 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ,ɱɬɨ ɍɪɚɥ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦ² ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Parok (ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ 16,5ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ²ɢ ɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ 24ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ²), ɪɢɫ.4. ɇɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɍɪɚɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɹɠɺɥɨɣ 55ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ², ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɷɧɞɜɢɱ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ 20ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ², ɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Rockroof 34ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ². ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɹɠɺɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɋɢɦɩɪɨɥɢɬ ɋȼɄ-6 (160ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ²), ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɍɪɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ (75ɤɝ ɧɚ ɦ²). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ Parok ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ:
1. ȿɪɨɩɨɜ Ʌ.Ⱥ., Ɋɨɳɢɧɚ ɋ.ɂ. ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ:
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ.ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ, 1998, ɫɬɪ. 26-30
2. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ɇ., əɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ ɇ.Ȼ., Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɭ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ:ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ.Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2004,ɫɬɪ. 3
3. Ɋɟɩɢɧɚ ɀ. ȼ., ɑɟɦɹɤɢɧɚ ɇ. Ⱥ., Ɍɚɪɫɤɚɹ-Ʌɚɩɬɟɜɚ ȿ. Ƚ. ɏɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ;ɇɈ «ɏɪɢɡɨɬɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ», ɈȺɈ «ɇɂɂɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɫɛɟɫɬ».
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2009, ɫɬɪ. 128-134
The literature:
1. Eropov L.A., Roshchina S.I. Coverings and roofs of civil and industrial buildings: Textbook.
Vladimir, 1998, p. 26-30
2. Bondarenko I.N., Jastrebova N.B., Bondarenko A.I. Destroying influence of harmful automobile emissions on constructions and furnish of facades of buildings: Textbook. Moscow, 2004, p. 3
3. Repin J.V., Chemjakina N.A, Tarsky E.G. Chrysotile asbestos cement building materials. Fields of application: NO «Chrysotile Association», JSC «NIIproektasbest». Ekaterinburg, 2009, p. 128-134
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɡɚɳɢɬɚ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɪɢɡɨɬɢɥ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ,ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ,ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ,ɦɚɫɫɚ,ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ,ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Keywords: Material, construction, protection, climatic changes, chrysotile cement sheet, durability, cost, weight, frost resistance, efficiency.
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