ȿ.Ⱥ. ɒɧɵɪɟɧɤɨɜ
E. A. Schnyrenkov
ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɁɆȺ ɂ ɉɈɋɌɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɁɆȺ ɇȺ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ȽɈɊɈȾɋɄɈɃ ɁȺɋɌɊɈɃɄɂ
FORMING OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT: FROM MODERNISM TO
POSTMODERNISM
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɚɧɢɥ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-ɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɝɨɪɨɞ.Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ,ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɨ,ɩɨɤɢɧɭɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
1. ȼɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚ-ɧɢɸ,ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ (ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ).
2.ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɤ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ,ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨ ɫ ɨɫɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ.
3. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ
4. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ.
5. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
6.Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
7. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ,ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ,ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ-ɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ,ɧɟ ɢɦɟɜɲɚɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ,ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢ-ɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ,ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ,ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚ-ɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ,ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɢ ɝɧɨɫɟɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɟɺ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ,ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɟɺ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ-ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ?
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ,ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɫɟ-ɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ,ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ-ɬɨɪ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɧɚ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.Ɇɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɬɟɯ,ɤɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ,ɨ ɬɨɦ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ - ɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥɢ.ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɀ.
Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ Ʌ.Ʉɨɫɬɚ ɢ Ɉ. ɇɟɦɟɣɟɪɚ [2] ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹɦ.Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ.Ɂɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡ-ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ.Ɍɚɤ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɬɨ Ƚɨɪɨɞ-ɫɚɞ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɗɛɟɧɟɡɢɪɚ ɏɨɜɚɪɞɚ [3], ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ-ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ʌɟ Ʉɨɪɛɸɡɶɟ [4]. ɗɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɵ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨ-ɞɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ:ɝɨɪɨɞ-ɫɚɞ ɗ. ɏɨɜɚɪɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬ-ɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ 1935 ɝɨɞɚ [5], ɚ ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɨɪɛɸɡɶɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜ-ɲɢɦɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɜ 1961-1970 ɝɝ. ɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ 1971 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɂ ɝɨɪɨɞ-ɫɚɞ ɏɨɜɚɪɞɚ, ɢ ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɨɪɛɸɡɶɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɥɢɫɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ȼ 20-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ,ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ,ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ,ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ.ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɧɚ ɬɨ,ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɹɜ-ɥɟɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɜɢɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ-ɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜ-ɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ.ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-ɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜ-ɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɢ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɢɫɬɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ Ʉ.
Ɇɚɥɟɜɢɱɚ,ȼ.Ʉɚɧɞɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ Ʉ.ɋ.Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ,ɂ.Ⱥ.Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜ,Ƚ.Ȼ.
Ȼɚɪɯɢɧ [6], ɂ.ȼ.ɀɨɥɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ [7].
ɇ.Ⱥ.Ʌɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.Ʌɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ Ⱥ. Ȼɚɤɭɲɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ – Ɇ.ə.Ƚɢɧɡɛɭɪɝ [8].
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ,ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɜ ɫɜɨɺ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ,ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɸ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.Ɉɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ.Ɉɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ,ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɵɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ.Ƚɨɪɨɞ – ɷɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ,ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤɨɦ. ɋɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ.ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ – ɤɚɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ,ɩɨɛɟɞɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ,ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.ɗɬɨɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨ-ɞɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟ-ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ,ɨɯɜɚɬɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɦɢɪ ɜ 20-ɯ ɝɨ-ɞɚɯ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɭɦɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ (ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ) ɫɜɨɺ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ƚɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ,ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ,ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɬɨɪɝɨ-ɜɵɦ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɫ ɩɪɢɧ-ɰɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚ-ɧɚɦɢ ɦɢɪɚ [9].
ȼɬɨɪɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ,ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɛɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ,ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɜɲɢɯ ɷɬɢɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ,ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɝɨ-ɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ -ɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ,ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ,ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɟɺ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ. Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɰɟɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢ-ɦɨɫɬɶ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ,ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ.ɋɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ,ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨ,ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɚ ɜɟɪɯ ɧɚɞ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɞɭɳɢɦ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɩɨ-ɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣ-ɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ,ɬ.ɟ.ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɯɨɞ,ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ. ɉɟɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,ɤ ɱɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɬɚɥ «ɫɴɟɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ»,ɤɚɤ ɲɚɝɪɟɧɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɠɚ,ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ-ɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɝɨɪɨɞ-ɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ. ɗɤɥɟɤɬɢɤɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɬɢɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚ-ɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ. ɂɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɫ-ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. ȼ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ,ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ,ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɹ.ɇɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ,ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɱ-ɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɹ.ȿɫɥɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɭɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ,ɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɊɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɫɷɪɚ ɇɨɪɦɚɧɚ Ɏɨɫɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɋɚɧɬɶɹɝɨ Ʉɚɥɚɬɪɚɜɵ,ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɜɢɧɬɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɭ ɇ.Ɏɨɫɬɟɪɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɧ,ɚ ɭ ɋ. Ʉɚɥɚɬɪɚɜɵ ɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ – ɜɨɬ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ,ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ,ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɦɨ-ɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɠɟɧɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ.ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ,ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ,ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɨɡ-ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɟɦ,ɱɟɦ ɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ.ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɝɪɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜɵɫɬɭ-ɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ-ɧɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɥɨɦɤɭ, ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɚɪɯɢ-ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ «ɯɚɦɟɥɟɨɧɚ». Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɤɚɤ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ,ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ,ɉɚɪɢɠ ɞɠɟɧɬɪɢ-ɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɭ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ,ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX-ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ,ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ – ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭ-ɪɭ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,ɨɩɭɫɬɟɜɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ.Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚ-ɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɠɟɧɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ.Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ-ɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ,ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ,ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɱɚɳɟ ɯɚɨ-ɬɢɱɧɨ,ɱɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ,ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ,ɢ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɝɨɪɨɞ,ɚ ɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ «ɬɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ»ɢ
«ɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ», ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ «ɬɚɤ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,ɛɭɞɟɬ»ɢ «ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɫ-ɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ». ɂɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ,ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ,ɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ,ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ.
ɇɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ,ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɞɟɢ ɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ, ɜɵɪɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ
ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɧ-ɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ. ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ,ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɜɫɺ ɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ-ɩɨɜ. «ȼɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɸ»ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɨɢ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.Ⱦɠɟɧɤɫ ɑ.əɡɵɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. ɉɟɪ.ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. - Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1986. - 136ɫ.
2.ɂɤɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ.ɍɬɨɩɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɬ.Ɍ.1. - Ɇ.:ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ-Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, 2001. - 656 ɫ., 1055 ɢɥ.
3. Ȼɥɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ Ɇɢɥɤɚ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ: 1918-1933 [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. // ɀɢɥɢɳɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ:ɜɟɤ ɏɏ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. - Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. – Ɇ.: «Ɍɪɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ», 2001. – 192 ɫ.
4.Ʉɨɪɛɸɡɶɟ Ʌɟ.Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. – Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1970. – 248 ɫ.
5.ɏɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ Ⱦ.Ɂɨɞɱɢɣ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. - Ɇ.: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ, 2007. - 304 ɫ.,ɢɥ.
6.Ȼɚɪɯɢɧ Ɇ.Ƚ.Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. – Ɇ.:ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1979. – 224 ɫ.
7.Ⱥɣɪɚɩɟɬɨɜ ɒ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɂ.ȼ. ɀɨɥɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. – Ɇ.:
ȿɞɢɬɨɪɢɚɥ ɍɊɋɋ, 2004. – 96 ɫ.
8.ɂɤɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.ɍɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. - Ɇ.: Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ-ɋ, 2004. - 400 ɫ.
9. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ-Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ/Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ-Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.1900-1950. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɢ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ]. - Muenchen: Prestel, 1996. – 710 ɫ.
The literature
1. Dzhenks CH. JAzyk arkhitektury postmodernizma [Tekst]. Per. s angl. - M.: Strojjizdat, 1986. - 136 s.
2. Ikonnikov A.V. Arkhitektura KHKH veka. Utopii i real'nost' [Tekst]. Izdanie v 2-kh tt. T.1. - M.:
Progress-Tradicija, 2001. - 656 s., 1055 il.
3. Bliznakova Milka. Sovetskoe zhilishhnoe stroitel'stvo v gody ehksperimenta: 1918-1933 [Tekst]. //
ZHilishhe v Rossii: vek KHKH. Arkhitektura i social'naja istorija. - Monograficheskijj sbornik. – M.:
«Tri kvadrata», 2001. – 192 s.
4. Korbjuz'e Le. Tvorcheskijj put' [Tekst]. – M.: Strojjizdat, 1970. – 248 s.
5. KHmel'nickijj D. Zodchijj Stalin [Tekst]. - M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2007. - 304 s., il.
6. Barkhin M.G. Arkhitektura i gorod [Tekst]. – M.: Nauka, 1979. – 224 s.
7. Ajjrapetov SH.A. O principakh arkhitekturnojj kompozicii I.V. ZHoltovskogo [Tekst]. – M.: Editori-al URSS, 2004. – 96 s.
8. Ikonnikov A.V. Utopicheskoe myshlenie i arkhitektura [Tekst]. - M.: Arkhitektura-S, 2004. - 400 s.
9. Moskva-Berlin/Berlin-Moskva.1900-1950. Katalog vystavki [Tekst, illjustracii]. - Muenchen: Pres-tel, 1996. – 710 s.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ,ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ,ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ,ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ,ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ,ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ,ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɞɟɦɨ-ɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ,ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ,ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɠɟɧɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
Key words: Modernism, postmodernism, architecture, urban building, urban space, formation of the urban environment, social behavior, totalitarian regime, democratic regime, economic growth, indu-strialization, gentrification.
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