㢌㎡ࢆᣢࡕࠊ
hl-,hr-,hm-,hn-ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚࢃࡗࡓ 㔜Ꮚ㡢ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ ࢱㄒࡢ㛫
⥭ᐦ࡞᥋ゐ ࢆಖ ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡽࠊࢱㄒ㢮ఝࡋࡓ≉
ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୕㸬ࣝࢱㄒ᪘㸦
Altaic Family㸧
୰ᅜ
㒊ᅜቃᆅᖏࡢ᪂ࡽⵚྂ ࠊᮾ ୕┬ࡅ࡚ࡢ
ᆅᇦࡇࡢㄒ᪘ࡢ㊊㊧
ࢆ
㎺ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᙼࡽࡣ㐟∾⏕άࢆ㏦ ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᐃ
ఫࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸧ࠋࡑࡢάື
ࡢ⯙ྎࡣ ᭦
す༡ࡢᑠ
ࢪࡲ࡛ᘏ ࡧࠊᮾ
ࡣࢩ࣋ࣜࢆ㈏࠸࡚
ịὒࡢ
㎶
ࡾࡲ࡛㐩ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢㄒ᪘ ࡣࠊࢳࣗ ࣝࢡ㸦Türk㸹 ✺དྷ
Tūjué㸧ㄒࠊࣔࣥࢦࣝ㸦Mongol㸹ⵚ ྂ
Mĕnggŭ㸧ㄒࠊࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫ㸦Tungus㸹㏻ྂ
᪁Tōnggŭsī㸧ㄒ࠸࠺୕ࡘࡢࡁ࡞ୗ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୕ࡘࡢ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㡢㡩ᵓ㐀ࠊࢩ ࣥ ࢱ
ࢵࢡࢫ㸦Syntax㸸ᩥἲ㸧ࠊㄒᙡ ࡣ࡚ࢃࡓࡾࡼࡃఝ ࡓࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୕
⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢᑐ ᛂ㛵ಀࡣᮍ ࡔ᫂ࡽࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘࡣ㸸ᖖ
ᙧ
ែኚࡢࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣࢩࣥࢱࢵࢡࢫࡢ᥋ᑿ㎡ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊㄒ
ᖿ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣㄒ᰿ࡀỴ ࡲ ࡗ࡚ㄒ
ྃࡢඛ㢌⨨ࢀ࡚ࠊ᥋ᑿ㎡ ࡢ୍ࡘ୍ࡘࡀ୍ᐃࡢ
㡰ᗎ࡛⦆ࡃ ⤖ࡧ ࡅࡽ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࢀࡀ࠸ࢃ
ࡺࡿࠕ⭺╔ㄒ㸦agglutinating language㸧ࠖࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࠼ࡤࢺࣝࢥ㸦
Türk㸹✺དྷ
Tūjué㸧ㄒ࡛ࡣࠊbaba㸦∗ぶ㸧lar㸦」ᩘ㸧-nm㸦ᡃࠎࡢ㸧-dan㸦ࡽ㸧ࡣࠕᡃࠎࡢ∗ぶࡓࡕࡽࠖゎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ Ⅼࠊ㡢ኌ
㠃ࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ ẕ㡢ㄪ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⡆༢ゝ࠺ࠊࡑࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢ༢ㄒࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡇ⌧ࢀࡿẕ㡢ࡀ i-,y-,e-,o ゝࡗࡓ๓⯉ẕ㡢ࡤࡾ࡞ࡿࠊ ࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ -,u-,a-,o ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ዟ⯉ẕ㡢ࡤࡾ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢺࣝࢥㄒࡢ㸸Sev-il-dir-eme-mek㸦ࠕ ⮬ࡽࢆឡࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࡉ ࡏࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ㸧
ࡢゝㄒࡔ ẕ㡢ㄪࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ ⱝᖸࡢ㐪 ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋẕ㡢ㄪ ࡣᏊ㡢ᙳ㡪ࢆ
࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ๓⯉ẕ㡢 ࡣ◳
ཱྀ㡢⤖ ࡧࡘࡁࠊዟ⯉ẕ㡢ࡣ
㌾ཱྀ㡢 ⤖ ࡧࡘࡃࠋࡇࡢゝㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࡣ
㸸ㄒ
㸫┠ⓗㄒ㸫ືモ࡛ࠊ
ືモࡣᖖᩥࡢᮎ
ᑿ ࡁࠊಟ㣭ᡂศࡣ⿕ಟ㣭ᡂ ศࡢ๓⨨ࢀࡿࠋ
୕㸬ࣝࢱㄒ᪘㸦 㸧
㸦୍㸧ࢳࣗࣝࢡㄒ
37
ࢃࡎ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮾ㒊ㄒὴ ࡢゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩࡣ
㸸ᴫࡋ࡚ẕ㡢ㄪࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ↓ ኌ Ꮚ㡢ࡣㄒ㢌 ㄒᮎࠊ᭷ኌᏊ㡢ࡣㄒ୰ࡋ⌧ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋⵚ ྂす
➃࡛ヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࢱࣥ
ࢾ࣭
࢘ࣜࣕ ࣥࣁ 㸦Tannu uryanxay 㸹
၈ດⅲᱱᾏTángnŭ wūliánghăi㸧ㄒ(12)ࡶࡇࢀᒓ ࡍࡿࠋ୰㒊ㄒὴ ࡣ᭷ኌ ࡢㄒ㢌Ꮚ㡢ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ẕ㡢 i ࡣẕ㡢ㄪ
㛵 ࡋ࡚୰❧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ ࡋ࡚᪂ ศᕸࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢱࣛࣥ
ࢳ㸦ሪີወTălèqí㸧(13)
ࠊࣁ ࣑㸦Kumul㸹
အᐦHāmì㸧ࠊࢡࢫ㸦Aksu㸹㜿ඞ
⸽Ākèsū㸧ࠊ࢝
ࢩࣗ࢞ࣝ㸦Kaxgar㸹ၻொ Kāshí㸧ࠊࣖࣝ࢝ࣥࢻ 㸦Yarkant㸹 ⴥ∞⨼
Yèĕrqiāng㸧➼ ࠸ࡗࡓᆅᇦࡢ࢘ ࢢࣝ㸦Uigur 㸹⥔
࿃∞Wéiwúĕr㸧ㄒࡀࡇࢀヱᙜࡍࡿࠋ
㟷ᾏ ࡢࢧ࣮ࣛࣝ㸦Salar㸹⸃ᢼ∞
Sālāĕr㸧ㄒࡶࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉධࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ す㒊ㄒὴ
ᒓࡍࡿゝㄒࡣ᪂㒊ࡢ࢟ࣝࢠࢫㄒ㸦
Kirghis㸹ྜྷ∞ྜྷ᪁ Jíĕrjísī㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ༡ 㒊ㄒὴࡣࢺࣝࢥ ㄒࢆྵࡳࠊศ
ᕸ㡿ᇦࡣ ୰ᅜᅜእ࠶ࡿࠋࢳ
ࣗࣝ
ࢡㄒࡢ᭱ྂࡢᩥ⊩ࡣ㸶ୡ⣖ࡢḢࡢࠕ࣮ࣝࣥ㸦Runic form㸧ࠖᩥᏐ࡛᭩ࢀ
ࡓ
ᩘⅬࡢࢩ ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ☃ ᩥࡢࠊ
㸯㸯ୡ⣖ࡢ✺དྷㄒ㸫
ࣛࣅㄒᑐ↷㎡ࠊ
㸯㸲ୡ⣖ࡢࣛࢸࣥㄒ㸫࣌ࣝࢩㄒ㸫 ✺དྷ ㄒᑐ↷ ㎡࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒࢆ ⾲ ࡍࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᩘ✀㢮ࡢᩥᏐࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ࣮ࣝࣥᩥᏐ௨እࠊ࢘ ࢢࣝᩥ
Ꮠࠊࣈࣛࣇ ࣑࣮㸦Brahmī㸧ᩥᏐࠊࢳ ࣋ࢵࢺᩥᏐ࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᚋ ࢫ
࣒ࣛᩍࡀᗈ
ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ ࢇࡢゝㄒࡀ
ࣛࣅᩥᏐࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
㸦㸧ࣔࣥࢦࣝㄒ
ࣔ
ࣥࢦ ࣝ㸦Mongol㸹
ⵚྂ Mĕnggŭ㸧ㄒࡢศᕸᇦࡣࣔࣥࢦ ࣝࢆ୰ᚰࠊす ࡣ୰ኸ
ࢪ
ࠊ ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜࠊ ᮾ༡ࡣ୰ᅜ 㒊ࡢᩘ ┬ཬࡪࠋࢳ
ࣗࣝࢡㄒྠᵝࠊ ࡇࡢࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉࡶ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡢ
⏝ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋẕ㡢ㄪࡣᔂࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡞࠾Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣔࣥࢦࣝㄒࡶ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᨭὴศࢀࡿࡀࠊ
┦ࡢᕪ␗ࡣࢃࡎ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦1㸧ࣁ ࣝࣁ㸦
Khalkha㸹ၻ∞ၻ Kāĕrkā㸧᪉ゝࡣእⵚྂࡢ㒊 ศࢆ༨ ࡵࡿࠋ㸦2㸧ࣈ ࣜࣖ ࣮ࢺ㸦Buriat㸹
ᕸ㔛㞞≉Bùlĭyătè㸧᪉ゝࡣ㒊ศࡀすࢩ࣋ࣜ ศᕸࡍࡿࡀࠊࣔࣥ
ࢦࣝ㒊ࡸᪧ㯮㱟Ụ
Hēilóngjiāng┬ࡢす 㒊㸦⌧⯆
ᏳXīng’ān
┬㸧ࡢ୍㒊ࡢࠊࣂࣝ࢞ 㸦Barga㸹
ᕮ∞Bāĕrhŭ㸧࡞ࡢᆅᇦࡶศᕸࡍ
ࡿࠋ㸦3㸧
す㒊᪉ゝࡣ࣒࢝ࣝ ࢡ㸦
Kalmük㸹ຍ∞✕ඞ Jiāĕrmùkè㸧᪉ゝ㸦᫂௦ࡢ⎰๒Wălá
ࡢᮎ
⿰࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࡶࡤࢀࠊⵚྂす 㒊ࡸ ᪂
㒊ศᕸࡍࡿࠋ㸦4㸧
༡ 㒊ᡈ ࠸ࡣᮾ㒊᪉ゝࡣࢳࣕࣁࣝ㸦Chahar㸹ᐹ
အ∞ Chāhāĕr㸧ࠊ⥀㐲㸦Suíyuán㸧ࠊࢪ࢙࣮࣍ࣝ㸦Jehol㸹⇕ἙRèhé㸧ࠊᑀኟ
ᮾྛ ┬ࡢ୍㒊࠸ࡗࡓෆ
ⵚ୍ྂᖏ ศ
ᕸࡋࠊ⏑⢔ࠊ㟷ᾏ࡛ࡶࢃࡎࡔࡀࠊࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ᪉ゝࡀヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢲࢢ ࣝ㸦Dagur㸹㐩
⬌∞Dáhúĕr㸧ㄒࡣ㯮㱟Ụ┬ࡢᎤỤNènjiāng ὶᇦࡸ⯆Ᏻ┬ࡢ
ࣇ࣭ࣝࣥ
ࣈࣝ㸦Hulun Buir ࣭࣍ࣟࣥ ࣂࣝࡶゝ࠺㸹
㈅∞Hūlúnbăiĕr㸧୍ᖏ
ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦ཎὀ4㸧 ࣔࣥࢦࣝㄒὴᒓࡍࡿ௨ୖ ᣲࡆࡓ᪉ゝࡣ┦ࡢ
ᕪ␗ࡀࡈࡃࢃࡎ࡛ࠊ᭱ ࡶ 㔜せ࡞ᕪ␗ࡣࣔ ࣥࢦࣝㄒᩥㄒࡢཱྀ ◚᧿㡢ࡢ d t ࡀ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
࠸࠺ࡇ࠶ࡿࠋ༡㒊᪉ゝ࡛ࡣ
ཱྀࡢㄪ㡢Ⅼࢆಖ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࣁ ࣝࣁ ᪉ゝ࡛
ࡣ
i ࡢ๓ࡢሙྜࢆ
㝖ࡁࠊdz ts ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࣈ࣮ࣜࣖࢺ᪉ゝ࡛
ࡣ
ts- ࡣ s- ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࣒࢝ࣝࢡ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣ dz ࡀ z ኚ ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣔࣥࢦࣝேࡣ㸯㸱ୡ⣖࠸ࢃࡺࡿ࢘ࢢࣝᩥᏐࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ
ഹࡢᡭ┤ࡋࡣࡋ ࡓࡀࡔࡑࢀࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩥᏐࡣ₎Ꮠྠᵝࠊୖࡽ ୗ᭩ࢀࠊ ᕥ
ࡽྑ
ᨵ⾜ࡍࡿࠋ㸯㸱ࠊ㸲ୡ⣖ࡇࢀࡣูࡢ
ࢳ࣋ࢵࢺࡽఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࣃ
ࢫ
ࣃᩥᏐ(14)ࡀࢃࢀࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡍࡄ ᤞ ࡚ཤ ࡽࢀࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿ ᭱ྂࡢࣔ ࣥࢦ ࣝㄒᩥ⊩ࡣࢳࣥ
ࢠࢫ㸦Chinggisࠊࢪࣥࢠ ࢫࡶ㸹 ᡂ
ྜྷᛮChéngjísī㸧 ờࡢ㡭ࡢ
⾜☃ᩥ࡛ࠊ࢜ࣀࣥ㸦Onon㸹
㒘Ꭴ Ènèn㸧Ἑ㏆࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀ
௨
ᚋࡢࡶࡢࡔࠊࢢࣘࢡờ 㸦
Güyük㸹ྂ వඞ
Gŭyúkèࠊඖ ࡢᐃ
᐀㸧ࡢ༳❶ࡢᩥᏐ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᙼࡀᅄ ୡᩍⓚᐄ ࡚ࡓᩥ᭩ᤫ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
㸦୕㸧ࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫ㸦
Tungus㸧ㄒ
ࢶ
ࣥࢢ ࣮ࢫㄒࡣࢩ࣋ࣜᮾ 㒊ཬࡧ୰ᅜࡢᮾ㒊ศ
ᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈨ᩱࡀஈࡋ࠸
ࡓࡵࠊ ṇ☜࡞ศ㢮ࡣྍ⬟ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍⯡ ༡ࡢ ࡘࡢࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉศࢀࡿ
⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༡ ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ
‶Ὢ Mănzhōuㄒࠊ࣍ࢪ࢙ ࣥㄒ㸦୍⯡ࢼ
࣮
ࢼNanaiㄒࠊࡲࡓࡣ
ࢦࣝࢹGoldiㄒ ࡤࢀࡿ㸹
㉪ဴHèzhé㸧ࠊࢯࣟࣥㄒ㸦
Solon㸹
⣴Suŏlún㸧➼࠸ࡗࡓゝㄒࡣᪧ㯮㱟Ụ┬ ᪧྜྷ
ᯘ┬ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡢࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ࣐ࢿࢠࣝ㸦Manegir㸹
⍨ᾖඞ∞Măniēkèĕr㸧ࠊࣅࣛࣝ㸦Birar㸹
␌ᢼ∞ Bìlāĕr㸧࠸ࡗࡓゝㄒࡶ
ᪧ㯮㱟Ụ┬ ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡢ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢゝㄒࡢ
㒊ศࡣࢩ࣋ࣜศᕸ ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪂ࡢࣜ㸦Ili㸹ఀ≑
Yīlí㸧ࡶഹ࡞ࡀ
ࡽ
‶Ὢㄒࢆヰࡍ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ
(15)ࠋᙼࡽࡣΎ ࡢึࡵࡢ㸦‶Ὢ
᪘㸧ᒡ⏣රࡢᮎ⿰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ዎQìdānࡣ
㸯㸮ୡ⣖₎Ꮠࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ ࡽࡢゝㄒࢆグ㘓 ࡋࡓࠋ
ዪ┿Nǚzhēnᅄ㸬ࣥࢻ࣭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘㸦 㸧
㸬࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣟࢿࢩㄒ᪘㸦 㸧
㸦୕㸧ࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫ㸦 㸧ㄒ
39
ࡣ
㸯㸰ୡ⣖ዎࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࢆࡲࡡ࡚ࠊྠᵝࡢᛶ᱁ࡢᩥᏐ
̿ዪ┿ᩥᏐࢆࡾฟࡋࡓࠋዪ ┿ࡣ
ࣔࣥࢦࣝேࡢ⤫ୗ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࣔࣥ
ࢦࣝேྠᵝ࢘ࢢࣝᩥᏐࢆ
⏝࠸ࡓࡀࠊ
ዪ┿ᩥᏐࡣ㸯㸴ୡ⣖ࡢ㡭 ࡛ࡶࡲࡔ‶ᕞᆅ ᪉࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
ዪ┿ᩥᏐࡣᴟࡵ࡚」 㞧࡞ࡢ࡛㸯㸴ୡ⣖ⵚྂ ᩥᏐᡭࢆຍ࠼࡚‶ᕞᩥᏐ ࡀࡾฟࡉ ࢀࡓࠋ
ᅄ㸬ࣥࢻ࣭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘㸦
Indo-European Family㸧
ࣥ
ࢻ࣭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘ࡣࡑࡢศᕸࡀࣥࢻ ࡽࣛ ࣥ㧗ཎࠊᑠ
ࢪࢆ⤒࡚ࠊḢᕞ㝣 యᘏ ࡧࡿㄒ᪘࡛࠶ࡾࠊከࡃࡢୗ
ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣࡇࡢㄒ
᪘ᒓࡍࡿࡢࡣ᪂ ࡢࢱࢪࢡ 㸦Tadjik㸹
ሪྜྷඞTăjíkè㸧ㄒࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢱࢪࢡㄒࡣࣥࢻ࣭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘ࡢ୰ࡢࣛࣥ㸦Iranian㸹ఀ⹒
Yīlán㸧ㄒὴ
ᒓ ࡋࠊ࣌ࣝ
ࢩ㸦
Persian㸹Ἴ᪁Bōsī㸧ㄒࠊࣇ࢞ࣥ㸦Afghan㸹㜿ᐩờĀfùhàn㸧ㄒ࠸ࡗࡓゝㄒ㏆࠸㛵ಀ
࠶ࡿࠋ
᪂ ࡣᩘ✀ࡢṚ⁛ࡋࡓゝㄒࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀศࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢺ࢝
ࣛㄒ㸦
Tocharian㸹ྤⅆ⨶Tŭhuŏluó㸧ࡣࣥࢻ࣭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘ࡢ୰࡛⊂❧ࡋࡓ୍ᨭ
ὴ
ࢆᙧ ᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠㄒ
᪘ࡢす㒊ᨭὴࡢࢱࣟ㸫ࢣࣝࢸࢵࢡ㸦Italo-Celtic 㸹ព
ถ∞≉Yìdàlì-Kăiĕrtè㸧ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㏆࠸ࠋ㸿 㸦࢝
ࣛࢩ࣮ࣕࣝKarašahr㸹↉⪆Yānqí㸧㹀
㸦
ࢡࢳࣕKuča㸹டⲐQiūcí㸧ࡢࡘࡢ᪉ゝศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᩥᏐࡣ୍
✀
ࡢࣥࢻ
⣔ࡢᩥᏐ࡛ࠊ㸵ୡ⣖㸦၈ ึ㸧ࡢࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿ᩿
∦ⓗ࡞グ㘓ࡀṧ ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࠊ
ࢥ࣮ࢱࣥ㸦Khotanese㸹㜓Hétián㸧ㄒࢯࢢࢻ㸦Sogdian㸹
❏ Sūlìࠊ⢖
≉
Sūtè㸧ㄒࡢᩥ⊩ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ၈ึ᪂ ࡛ヰ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
⣔⤫
ⓗࡣࣥࢻ ࣭࣮ࣚ
ࣟࢵࣃㄒ᪘ࡢᮾ㒊
ᨭὴࡢࣛࣥㄒ⣔
ᒓࡍࡿࠋ㸦ཎὀ5㸧㸬࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣟࢿࢩㄒ᪘㸦
Austronesian Family㸧
㸦ཎὀ6㸧 ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣟࢿࢩㄒ᪘ࡣࠊ࣐࣭࣏ࣛࣚࣜࢿࢩㄒ᪘㸦Malayo-Polynesian Family㸹㤿᮶ள⋾ᑽすளMăláiyàpōlìníxīyàㄒ
᪘㸧ࡶࡤࢀࠊ ࡣྎ‴ࠊ
ࣥ
ࢻࢩࢼ༙ᓥ༡➃ࡽ༡ࡣኴᖹὒᘏࡧࠊᮾࡣࣃࢡ 㸦Paques㸹ᕮඞ
Bākè㸧ᓥࡲ
࡛ࠊす ࡣ࣐
ࢲ࢞ࢫ࢝ࣝᓥࡲ࡛ࠊ༡ࡣ
ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮
ࣛࣥࢻࡲ࡛ཬࡪࠋࡇࡢㄒ᪘ ࡣ
ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ㸸すኴᖹὒㅖᓥࡢࣥࢻࢿࢩㄒὴ㸦Indonesian㸹
༳ ᗘᑽす
ள Yìndùníxīyàㄒ
⣔㸧ࠊᮾኴᖹὒㅖᓥࡢ࣏ࣜࢿࢩㄒ
ὴ㸦Polynesian㸹⋾ᑽすளPōlìníxīyà
ㄒ
⣔㸧ࠊ୰ኴᖹὒㅖᓥࡢ࣓ࣛࢿࢩ
ㄒὴ㸦Melanesian㸹⨾ᢼᑽすள Mĕilāníxīyà
ㄒ⣔㸧ࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࢿࢩㄒὴ㸦Micronesian㸹㑌ඞ⨶ᑽすள
Màikèluóníxīyà
ㄒ⣔ 㸧ࠋᏛ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ๓ࡢ⪅ᚋࡢ ⪅ࢆษ ࡾ㞳 ࡋ࡚ࠊ๓
⪅ࢆ࣐
࣭࣏ࣛࣚࣜࢿࢩㄒ᪘ࡋ࡚ࡲࡵࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࢿࢩㄒὴࢆ࣓ࣛࢿࢩㄒ
ὴධࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ศ㢮ࢆ᥇ ࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸦ࡇࡢㄒ
᪘ᒓ ࡍࡿゝㄒࡣ㸧
ྎ‴ࡢ㧗◁ࡓ ࡉ ࡈ㸦୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ㧗ᒣ
Gāoshān࠸࠺㸧
᪘ࡢヰ ࡍゝㄒ ࡢࡳ࡛ࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ ㄒὴ ᒓ ࡍࡿࠋ
ࣥ
ࢻࢿࢩㄒὴࡣ
࣐༙ࣛᓥࡢ
࣐ࣛㄒࠊ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡢࢳ࣒ࣕ ㄒ㸦Cham㸹
༨Zhān㸧ࠊྎ‴ࡢ㧗ᒣ
ㄒࡢࠊ
すኴᖹὒࡢࣇࣜࣆࣥࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ㸦ࢪࣕ࣡ࠊ
ࢫ
࣐ࢺࣛࠊ࣎ࣝࢿ࢜ࠊࢭࣞ࣋ࢫ㸧ࠊ࣐ࢲ࢞ࢫ࢝ࣝ
ᓥ➼ࡢᆅᇦࡢゝㄒࢆྵࡴ ࠋࡇࡢ ㄒ
ὴࡢヰ⪅ࡣ୍൨୍༓
ᩘⓒேୖࡿࠋゝㄒ≉ᚩࡣ㸸」㡢⠇ࡀᇶᮏ࡛ࠊ㡯ᑐ
❧
ࢡࢭࣥࢺ(9)ࢆᣢࡕࠊ᥋㢌㎡ 㸦
prefixes㸧ࠊ᥋୰ ㎡ 㸦infixes㸧ࠊ ᥋ᑿ㎡ 㸦
suffixes㸧࠸ࡗࡓ㝃
ᒓᡂศ㸦affixes㸧ࢆከ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⭺╔ㄒᒓࡍࡿࠋㄒ㡰ࡢ≉
ᚩ
ࡢ୍ࡘࡣ⿕ಟ㣭ᡂศࡀಟ㣭ᡂ ศࡢ๓⨨ࢀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ㸸 ࠕ⯪ ࠖ ࡣࠕ⯪ ࠖࡢᚋࠕࠖࢆ ࡅࡿ࠸ࡗࡓ㡰࡞ࡿࠋ
ྎ‴ࡢ㧗ᒣ᪘ࡣ㒊࡛⣙
༑ࠊ
භே࡛ࠊᴫࡡࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ 㸦
1㸧ࢱࣖ ࣝ᪘ 㸦
Atayal㸹
Ὀ㞞Tàiyă㸧̿᭱ࡶ
ᗈ⠊ᅖศᕸࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ༡
ᢞNán-tóuࠊᇟ㔛Bùlĭ
ࡽⰼⶈ
Huālián௨
ࡢᗈ࡞ᒣᆅࡣ࡚ᙼࡽࡢᒃఫᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ༡
ᢞNántóu
ࠊྎ ୰
Táizhōngࠊⱑᰩ
Miáolìࠊ᪂➉
Xīnzhúࠊ
᱈ᅬTáoyuánࠊ
ྎTáibĕi
ࠊ
ᐅ⹒Yílánࠊ
ⰼⶈHuālián࡞ࡢㅖ┴ ศᕸ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ
␒ Bĕifān
ࡢࡧྡࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᭦ ࢱࣖࣝࢭ
ࢹࢵࢡ㸦Sediq㸹㉏ᚨඞ Sàidékè㸧ࡢ ࡘࡢࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋேཱྀࡣ ⣙୕භࠊ
༓ேࠋ㸦
2㸧ࢧࢩ
ࣖࢵࢺ᪘ 㸦
Saisiyat㸹
㉏ኟSàixià㸧̿᪂➉Xīnzhú ┴ࡢ
ᣦᒣWŭzhĭ-shān
ⱑᰩMiáolì┴ࡢᮾDàdōngxī୍
ᖏศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋேཱྀࡣ⣙༓ேࠋ
㸦
3㸧ࣈࢾࣥ᪘㸦Bunun㸹ᕸ㎰Bùnóng㸧̿୰㒊ࡢ᪂㧗ᒣXīngāoshānࡢ ࠊᮾ ࠊ ༡ ୕㠃 ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࠊ
ࡣ༡ᢞ
Nántóuࠊ༡ ࡣ㧗㞝
Gāoxióngࠊ
ᒊᮾ
Píngdōngࠊ ᮾ ࡣ
ྎ
ᮾ Táidōng ࠊ
ⰼⶈHuāliánࡢ ᒣᆅ ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᆅᇦࡼࡾ⛣ ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࣈ
ࢾࣥ᪘ࡀ
ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேཱྀࡣ⣙ ୍
ඵ༓ேࠋ㸦
4㸧ࢶ࢛࢘᪘㸦
Tsou㸹᭪Cáo㸧̿᪂㧗ᒣ
Xīngāoshānࡢ
すഃᒣ㯄ࠊ
⩏
Jiāyì┴ᮾ
ቃࡢ㜿㔛ᒣ
Ālĭ-shān ᆅ༊ࠊ㧗㞝
Gāoxióng ┴ᮾࠊୗ
ῐỈXiàdànshuĭxīࡢ
ཎὀ
41
Ỉ※ᆅ༊ศᕸ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୕ࡘࡢୗ
༊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㒊ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ㜿㔛 ᒣࢶ࢛
࢘᪘ࠊ୰㒊ࢢ
࣮ࣝࣉࡣ࢝ࢼ ࢝ࢼࣈ 㸦Kanakanabu 㸹⡆㟝
Jiănzĭwùࠊ༩㑣ᕸKănàbù㸧ࠊ༡㒊ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࢧࣟ㸦Saaroa㸹⸃㜿㩃㜿
Sà’ālŭ’ā㸧࡛࠸ࡎࢀࡶୗῐỈXiàdànshuĭxī
ࡢୖὶ ఫ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋேཱྀ ࡣ⣙༓
ᅄࠊⓒேࠋ㸦5㸧ࣝ࢝᪘㸦Rukai㸹㩃ถ
Lŭkăi㸧̿ࣈࢾࣥ᪘ࡼࡾ༡ࡢᆅᇦఫࡴࠋ㧗㞝 Gāo-xióng ┴ࡢす
┴ቃࡢཱྀ⃮ Zhuóshuĭxī ὶᇦཬࡧᒊᮾ
Píngdōng 㒊ࠊྎᮾ
Táidōng す㒊ࡢቃ
⏺ࡢᒣᆅ ࡛ࠊேཱྀࡣ㒊࡛⣙
භ༓ᅄࠊⓒேࠋ㸦
6㸧ࣃ࣡ࣥ᪘ 㸦Paiwan㸹
‴Páiwān㸧̿ࣝ࢝
᪘ࡼࡾ༡ఫࡴ ࠋᒊ ᮾ
Píng- dōng ┴ࡢ୰㒊࡛༡ ࡣᜏ
Héngchūn ༊ࡲ࡛ࠊ ᮾࡣ
ྎᮾTáidōng ┴ࡢす ༡ࡢ
┴ ቃࡢᒣ
ᆅయࠋேཱྀࡣ ⣙୕
ࠊ୕༓ேࠋ
㸦
7㸧ࣉ࣐ࣘ᪘㸦Puyuma 㸹
␌⍨Bìmă㸧̿ྎᮾTáidōng┴ࡢす ༡ࡢ༝ ༡
Bēinán-xī㯞㔛
Dàmálĭxī ὶᇦࡢᒣ㯄 ࡢᖹᆅ ఫ ࡴࠋேཱྀ ࡣ⣙
༓୕ࠊᅄⓒேࠋ㸦
8㸧࣑᪘ 㸦Ami㸹
㜿⨾Āmĕi㸧̿ྎᮾTáidōngࡽࠊ
ⰼⶈHuālián࠶ࡓ
ࡾࡲ࡛
ᘏࡧࡿࠊἢᾏᆅᇦࡢ
⦪㉮ࡿ㇂ᖹ㔝㒊ศᕸࡋࠊே
ཱྀ⣙ேࠋ㸦
9㸧࣑ࣖ᪘㸦
Yami㸹⪨⨾Yēmĕi㸧̿㸦 ᮾ༡
ᾋࡪᑠᓥࡢ㸧⹒ᕋLányŭࡢ ࠊ ᮾ ࠊす ୕㠃 ࡢἢ ᾏᆅᇦ࡛ࠊேཱྀ ࡣ⣙
༓භࠊⓒேࠋ
ཎὀ
㸯㸬ᮤ᪉᱇Lĭ Fāngguìࠕ୰ᅜࡢゝㄒࠖ,ࠗⱥᩥ୰ᅜᖺ㚷㸦1944-1945㸧࠘㸹࿘ᘚ᫂ Zhōu Biànmíngࠊ㯤
ㄔHuáng Diănchéng ヂࠕ୰ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿゝㄒࠊ᪉ゝࠖ,ࠗᅜㄒ᪥ሗஎห࠘➨ 258-264 ᮇཧ↷ࠋ
ࡲࡓⴷྠ㱭Dŏng Tónghéࠕ୰ᅜࡢゝㄒࠖ,ࠗ୰ᅜᩥㄽ㞟࠘ᡤ 1953 ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬࣋ࢿࢹࢡࢺ㸦P.Benedict㸧ࠕࢱㄒࠊ࢝ࢲㄒࣥࢻࢿࢩㄒ㸸す༡ࢪ࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞
⣔⤫ほ㸦A New Alignment in Southwestern Asia㸧ࠖࠗ, ࣓ࣜ࢝ே㢮Ꮫ⪅㞧ㄅ㸦American Anthropologist㸧࠘
Vol.44, 1942 ཧ↷ࠋ࣋ࢿࢹࢡࢺẶࡣࢱㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ࢝ࢲㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᖐᒓࡍࡿࡋࠊᾏ༡
ᓥࡢ࣮ࣜㄒࡶࡇࢀྵࡵࠊࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ࣐࣭࣏ࣛࣚࣜࢿࢩㄒ⣔⤫㛵ಀ࠶ࡾࡍࡿࠋࢢࣜ
࣮ࣥࣂ࣮ࢢ㸦Joseph H. Greenberg㸧ࡣࡇࡢㄝࢆᩜ⾝ࡋ࡚ࠊࢱㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ₎ㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㢮ఝ ࡣ⏝ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢពぢࡣᙼࡢࠕṔྐゝㄒᏛ↓ᩥᏐゝㄒ㸦Historical Linguistics and Unwritten Languages㸧ࠖ,ࠗ⌧௦ࡢே㢮Ꮫ㸦Anthropology Today㸧࠘, 1953, p.282 ぢ࠼
ࡿࠋ⚾ࡣ௨๓ࠊࢱㅖㄒࡢᶒጾ࡛࠶ࡿᮤ᪉᱇ඛ⏕ࡇࡢ௳ࡘࡁᡭ⣬࡛ఛࡗࡓࡇࢁࠊ㏉ಙ࡛
ࠕᙼ㸦࣋ࢿࢹࢡࢺẶ㸧ࡢㄽࡣᴟࡵ࡚㞧ᢕ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ⣽࡞ᐇࢆవࡾぢ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ㆟ㄽࡢ వᆅࡀ࠸࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࠖࡢࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ㡬࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡦࡲࡎᮤ᪉᱇ඛ⏕ࡢࠗⱥᩥ୰ᅜᖺ 㚷࠘ࡢㄝᚑ࠸ࠊ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὀグࢆࡅ࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㸦ゝㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉྡࡋ࡚
ࡢ㸧ࢱㄒࡣࢱ㸦ࢩ࣒ࣕ㸧ᅜࡢᅜㄒΰྠࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆࡉࡅ࡚ࠊྎ Tái ㄒ㸦Daic㸹᪥ᮏㄒ࡛
ࡣࢲㄒ⛠ࡍࡿ㸧᭩ࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢྡ⛠ࡶྎ‴Táiwān ㄒㄗゎࡉࢀࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࢱ㸦Tai㸹ὈTài㸧ㄒ࠸࠺ྡ⛠ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࢱᅜࡢᅜㄒࡣࢩ࣒ࣕ㸦Siamese㸹ᭃ⨶Xiánluó㸧 ㄒࢇ࡛㸦୧⪅ࢆ༊ูࡋ࡚㸧࠾ࡃ(16)ࠋ
㸱㸬ᙇ⌺ࠕ࣑࣭ࣕ࢜ࣖ࢜ㄒࡢኌㄪࡘ࠸࡚㸦ⱑഞㄒኌㄪၥ㢟㸧ࠖ,ࠗṔྐゝㄒ◊✲ᡤ㞟ห࠘➨㸯㸴ᮏ,
1947, p.11ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ㄽ㒊ศ࡛ḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸸ࠕ࣑࣭ࣕ࢜ࣖ࢜♽ㄒࡣඵࡘࡢኌㄪࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ
࣮ࣜ㸦࠺ࡕࡘࡣධኌ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᅄࡘࡀ㝜ㄪࠊṧࡾࡢᅄࡘࡀ㝧ㄪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝜㝧ㄪࡢศࡣኌẕ ࡢ↓ኌࠊ᭷ኌࡢู⏤᮶ࡍࡿ͐͐ኌẕࡢ↓ኌࠊ᭷ኌࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡗ࡚ኌㄪࡀศࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ
₎ㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡸ࣒࣭࢝ࢱㄒࢢ࣮ࣝࣉྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣⱥㄒ࡛ࡶⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ ᅜࠗLanguage㸦ゝㄒ㸧࠘29-3, 1953 ࠋ
㸲㸬ࢲࢢࣝㄒ㸦Dahur㸧ࢆᮤ᪉᱇ඛ⏕ࡣࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫㄒὴࡢ༡㒊ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࣟࢩ
ࡢ࣏ࢵ࣌㸦N.Poppe㸧Ặࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࡼࢀࡤࠊࣔࣥࢦࣝㄒὴᒓࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣓
࢚ࠊࢥ࣮࢚ࣥ୧Ặ⦅ࡢࠗୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࠘ᨵゞ∧㸦Antoine Meillet et Marcel Cohen, Les Langues du
Monde,1952㸧p.372 ࡛ࡶࣔࣥࢦࣝㄒࡢ༡㒊᪉ゝධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸳㸬᪉ኊ⊱Fāng Zhuàngyóuࠕ୕✀ࡢྂ௦すᇦゝㄒࡢⓎぢࡑࡢゎㄞ㸦୕✀ྂすᇦㄒஅⓎ⌧ཬ⪃
㔘㸧ࠖ,ࠗዪᖌᏛ⾡Ꮨห࠘, ➨㸯ᕳ➨㸲ᮇ, pp.1-32 ཧ↷ࠋ
㸴㸬࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣟࢿࢩㄒ᪘ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠗୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ㸦ᨵゞ∧㸧࠘ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓྎ‴ࡢ㧗◁᪘ࡢ ศᕸཬࡧேཱྀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⰹ㐓ኵRuì Yìfūࠕ୰ᅜẸ᪘ࠖ,ࠗ୰ᅜᩥㄽ㞟࠘ᣐࡗࡓࠋྎ‴࡛ࡣ ࠕග㸦ኻᆅᅇࢆࢫ࣮ࣟ࢞ࣥࡋࡓᅜẸඪࡢྎ‴ࡢ୍᧔㏥㸧࡛ࠖྎ‴ࡸࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦㝣㸧
ྛ┬ฟ㌟ࡢ㌷Ẹࢆ㝖ࡁࠊሧ༡ㄒேཱྀࡣ⣙ࠊභⓒேࠊᐈᐙㄒேཱྀࡣ⣙ⓒᩘ༑ே࡛ࠊ୧⪅ࡢ
ྜࡣᑐ୍࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦 グ㸧ྛ ゝㄒࠊ᪉ゝࡢヰ ⪅ࡢᩘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮍ ࡔಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿᩘᏐࡀฟ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࠋࣇࣛࣥ
ࢩࢫ㸦John de Francis㸧Ặࡣࡘ࡚Chen Han-seng (17)Ặࡀࠗ
China Handbook୰ ᅜ ᖺ
㚷 1937-1943࠘
, Compiled by CHINESE MINISTRY OF INFORMATON, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1947ぢ࠼ࡿ㸦ᆅᇦู㸧ே
ཱྀᩘ㉿ඖ௵Zhào Yuánrèn
Ặࡀࠕ୰ᅜࡢゝㄒ᪉ゝࠖ♧ࡋࡓゝㄒᆅᇦࢆ㔜
ࡡ
ྜࢃࡏ࡚
⟬ฟࡋࡓ⤫ィ⤖ᯝᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ ₎ㄒභ ᪉ゝࡢヰ⪅ࡢேཱྀ ࢆḟ ࡢࡼ࠺
᥎ᐃࡋࡓ㸸ᐁヰ᪉ゝ 348,500,000 ேࠊ࿋ㄒ᪉ゝ 37,000,000 ேࠊ⢚ㄒ᪉ゝ
22,000,000ேࠊ
ᐈᐙ᪉ゝ 20,000,000 ேࠊ㛼༡ㄒ᪉ゝ 8,500,000 ே㸦ྎ‴ࡢ㛼 ༡ ㄒ
ヰ⪅⣙ ࠊ
භⓒேࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸̿̿➹⪅ὀ㸧ࠊ㛼ㄒ᪉ゝ 6,000,000 ே㸦ࠗ
Nationalism and Language Reform in China୰ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ゝ
ㄒ
ᨵ㠉࠘, 1950, p.196㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⤫ィࡣᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡞ࡀࡽಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
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