光照射はハクビシンに対して忌避効果があるのか?
誌名
誌名 Animal behaviour and management ISSN
ISSN 18802133
著者 著者
豊田, 英人 江口, 祐輔 古谷, 益朗 植竹, 勝治 田中, 智夫 巻/号
巻/号 47巻2号
掲載ページ
掲載ページ p. 82-88 発行年月
発行年月 2011年6月
農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センター
Tsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
‑ Original Article ‑
Does l i g h t r e p e l masked palm c i v e t s ?
Hideto TOYODA1, Yusuke EGUCHe¥Masuo FURUYA3, Katsuji UETAKE1, Toshio TANAKA1
1 Graduate School ofVeterin31Y MedicineラAzabuUniversity, Sagamih31'a 252ろ201,Japan
2 National Agricultur巴ResearchCenter for Westem Region, Oda 694心013,Japan
3 Saitama Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Chichibu 368・0023,Japan
*
Corresponding au也or.Email adゐ'ess:egucl可
@affrac.goj .
pAbstract
The damage caused by masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) has increased recently in Japan. To prevent animal damage at night, illuminating devices ar巴widelyused. They 31'e also used to th巴preventdamage by palm civetsラalthoughno scientific evidence oftheir effectiveness has been shown. We examined the behavioral responses of captive palm civets at the tim巴ofand immediately a食erillumination in three illumination conditions (合ont,side, and above) to verif
シ
theeffic部yof illumination as a method of damage control. Five of six palm civets ignored or showed interest (i.e.ヲapproachingor exploring) in the light sourc巴ラwhileone individual showed a weak startle response. IlIumination had no effect on behavior, and time was spent near the light source. The present sれldyfound the palm civets showed an interest in the light rather than avoiding it. We conclude that illuminating devices have little effect as a method to prevent damage by masked palm civets.Key words : animal也magecontrol, behavior, illuminaむo,nmasked pa1m civets, repellent effiωt
Animal Behaviour and Management, 47 (2)・82‑88,2011 (Received 2 September 2010; Accepted fo1' publication 15 February 2011)
Introduction
1n recent ye31'S, masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) have caused V31・ioustypes of damage in many regions of Japan. First, crop loss has increased in orchards because they eat fiuit (Torii 1986; Zhou et al 2008), 311d the cost amounted to 319 million yen in 2008 (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2008a). Secondly, they invade and live in the ceiling spaces, underfloor spaces, and garden sheds of housesラ producing excrement that not only danlages the houses but also adversely affects human health (Ministry of Agriculture, Foresむy and Fisheries 2008b). Additionallyヲ collisionsbetween wildlife and vehicles present senous PI・oblems for both road safety and wildlife conservation, and palm civetvehicle collisions are also repolted (Khattak 2003; Grilo et a l.2009). Fmther, tllese damages will increase in the future because the habitat of palm civets has expanded since the e31'ly 1940s (Minisuy of AgTiculture, ForestJy and Fisheri巴s2008b). Therefore, establishment of methods to con
u ‑ ひ
1these types of damage is urgent.Currently in Japanラcomprehensiveresearch based on ethological and ecological infonnation about target animals is being conducted to prevent animal damage (E♂lchi et a l.2002) 1n p31ticular, ethological research on the physical and sensory abilities of wild boars is
Eguchi 2003). Consequent1y it is important to understand the behavioral characteristics of animals to achieve damage conむ0.1
For palm civet control, elec
u ‑
ical fences and windshield nets have be巴n developed based on the behaviors of palm civets, and they produce the desired effect (Furuya 2009). However, building electrical fences takes time and effort when widely usedフsothe burden on people is increasing. For this reason, easier methods of damage conu ‑
ol in affected 31・eaare desired.Besides physical barriers, some research applying soundヲ odor, 釦d light, based on the sensibility of animals has been perfonned (Muller‑Schwarze 1994; Belant et a .l1996; Gilsdolf et a. l2002).官lese strategies have the advantage of being easier and less expensive than physical b31Tiers. Among them, the illuminating device is generally used to prev巴nt damage that occurs at night. The illuminating device aims to al31'm 311Imals away from affected areas by momel1tarily and drastically changing sUlTomlding luminance, and its effectiveness as a method for control of damage by palm civets is also reported (Suzllki &
Yoshinaga 1999). Fmthennor巴ヲ thelight refl巴ctor・has already been put into practical use to discollrage animals fiom crossing roads and causmg wildlife‑vehicle collisiol1S (Schafer & Penland 1985). This suggests the possibility that an illuminating device
TOYODA, EGUCHI, FURUYA, UETAKE AND TANAKA which is most active at night, is wary of changes in
brightness. However, 仕le efficacy of preventive methods USillg light has not been demons回ted scientifically
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the reaction of masked palm civets in captivity at the moment of illumination and the changes in behavior after extinction of the light to demonstrate the effect of an illuminating device as a method to control damage. 日rrthelmore,a field experiment using black bears showed也atthe effects of i1lumination vary according to the position of the light source (Maita 2005), so the secondary aim was to examine the effect of difference in source position on palm civet behavior
Materials and Methods 1. Animals
Six adult masked palm civets were used. All
animals were captured in Saitama Prefec加re,Japan, 企om2006 to 2008. Table 1 shows their characteristics. The animals were housed separately in commercial dog cages (Marukan.Co.,Ltd., Dじ117,W765
x
D540x
H640 m m or lris Ohyama, OK72N, W549XD717X H590 mm), and fed 100 g of commercial dry dog food (Unicharm Petcare Co.) per animal once a day at 9:00 am.
2. Experiment facility
This study was conducted at the Saitama Prefectural Agriculture and ForesむyResearch Center, Green Tea and Local Products Laboratory. The experimental cage was made of transpぽent acrylic sheets to monitor the inside. Three halogen lights (Kohnan Shoji Co., Ltd., LFX・30・023 500W) were used as light sources and set up in 合ont,beside, and on the ceiling, 100 cm 合om也ecenter of the illurnination line, respectively (Fig 1).
T able 1. Characteristics of test animals
lndividual Sex Estimated age (months) Date captur号d A ♀ 21 2007/02/25 B ♀ 27 2006/11/07 C ♂ 21 2006/12/04 O ♂ 15 2007/07/01 E ♂ 27 2008/04/30 F ♀ 27 2008/04/30
94
b
Figure 1.正xperimentalcagea: Front light source, b: Side light source, c: Ceiling light source, d: IIlumination line.
DOES LIGHT REPEL MASKED PALM ClVETS?
T able 2. Ordeγof presentation of illumination (しatinsquare design) Period 1
Individual A B C Test day 1 FI SI CI Test day 2 SI CI FI Test day 3 CI FI SI
Period 2
︒ 一 円
muq E
一g α
円 F
一 α
円 割
FI: front illumination, SI: side illumination, CI: ceiling illumination Table 3. Definition of each behavior 8ehavior
Exploring Grooming Scent ma出ing Resting Other
Definition
Approaching and sniffing objects Scratching body with mouth or leg Rubbing perineal region on floor Hunching back and crouching 8ehaviors other than listed above
3. Procedure
The tests were conducted separately for two periods using three anima1s each,会om May 19th through May 27th (individuals A, B, and C), and from June 30th through Ju1y 8th (individuals D, E, and F) in 2008. Al1 anima1s were acclimated to the expeIimental cage for 3 d befor・ethe experiment. In this phase, the animal was p1aced in area 4 of the experimenta1 cage and left for 20 min after it耐ststepped across the illumination line. After the acclimation phase, the animals' reactions to one of the following four illumination conditions per day were observed;血e front illumination condition (日), side illumination condition (SI), ceiling illumination condition (CI) and the norνillumination condition (NI). The order of presentation of illumination conditions was determined by a Latin square design (Tab1e 2). NI was conducted with all anima1s the day after the acclimation phase There was a one‑day interval between each test to eliminate the effect of the previous test on each test, except between NI and the next test. The tests including the acclimation phase started at 1900 and were finished by 2100 because p昌1mcivets are most active at night. Three animals we1'e tested per day. Al1 animals were subjected to one trial per illumination condition. In a test, the animal was placed in area 4 of the experimental cage. After that, the animal was il1uminated on1y once for 10 sec when it first st巴pped across the illumination line and 1eft for 20 min after extinction of the light. The animal was not illuminated more than 10 sec even if it remain巴d on the illuminatioロline
Th巴behaviorwas recorded using a digita1 video camera (Sony Co・ラ DCR‑TRV70). Subsequent observation was conducted to record the behavior. The behaviors after illumination were classified as exploringラgroommgヲscentmarking, resting, and other (Tab1e 3). Additionally, the experimental cage was
divided into four areas and the position of the animal in it was 1'eco1'ded fo1' 20 min afte1' illumination. Also in NI, 1'ecording of出ebehavio1' and position of each animal was started when it had fi1'st stepped ac1'oss the illumination line.
The intensity of each illumination condition was m時 suredby a digital illuminometer (51002. Yokogawa Meters & Instruments Co.) before each test. The illuminometer was set up in the center of the illumination 1ine in the direction of each 1ight source町 FI, SI, CI, and NI were 1020・12201x, 990・11201x, 17印刷1990 1x, and 0.01剛3.591x, respective1
y .
As a refe1'ence,仕leintensity of the 1'oom under fluorescent lights was 400‑500 lx4. Statistical analysis
If an animal did not step across the illumination line within 20 min after being put into the expe1'imenta1 test cage, th巴measurementdata of the animal was not included in出巴 statisticalanalyses. The behaviorand position of the anima1s dming 5 min and 20 min after illumination were analyzed. The total amounts of time the animal spent performing each behavior in each test were calculated. To d巴t巴nnineif there was a significant difference among the four illumination conditions, the behaviora1 data was ana1yzed using Fr・i巴dmar1'stest followed by a multiple comparison using Scheffe's F test
The total amounts of time the animals spent in each area in each test were also calculated. To determine if there was a significant difference among the four illumination conditions, the positioning data was analyzed using Friedman's test followed by a
I11ultip1巴compar'isonusing Scheffe's F test
Fmthermor・e,the number of crossing of the illumination line in each test during 5 min and 20 I11in after illuminationラandthe amounts of time the anima1 spent in area 1 umnediately after illumination were
TOYODA, EGUCHI, FURUYA, UETAKE AND TANAKA
calculated. To determine if there was a significant difference among the four illurnination conditions, these daぬ were analyzed using Friedman's test followed by a multiple comparison using Scheffe's F test
Results
The dぬat匂為Oぱfin泌凶d必l吋VidωualE in FI and individual F in S
剖1were r汲加1ぬO低tir郎1ω叫clu白dedbecause both remained in1mobile f
おor2却omin af食t巴ぽrbeing pu凶tinto the 巴X却p巴伐1
Startling, approaching, exploring, and ignoring were observed in response to the light. Individuals C and F approached and explored the light source in FI. Individuals A, C, and E approached, and individual B explored the light source in SI. In CI, individual A showed a sta氏leresponse as soon as the light went on, and then it stood on its hind legs, and following the wall of the experimental cage, explored the light source Individuals B and D displayed only the exploration response in a similar way to individual A. Reactions of
the aninlals other than those above were all disregarded (Table 4).
The total amounts of time sp巴nton each behavior during 5 min and 20 min after illumination showed no significant difference among the four il1urnination conditions (Table 5)
Except for a significant difference in area 4 during 5 min (p
<
0.05), no significant difference was observed in the total amounts of time spent in each area during 5 min and 20 min after illurnination among the four illumination conditions. The total amounts of time spent in area 4 during 5 min after illurnination tended to lessen in order of NI, FI, SI, and CI, but was not significantly different in a multiple comparison (Table 6)The number of crossing of tlle illurnination line during 5 and 20 min, and也eamounts of time first spent in area 1 after illumination showed no significant difference among也e four illurnination conditions (Table 7).
γable 4. First reaction of masked palm civets to iIIumination Individual ドl SI CI
A Ig ap 5t
8 Ig ex ex C ex ap Ig
O Ig Ig ex
E ap Ig
F ex Ig
5t: startling, ap: approaching, ex: exploring, ig: ignoring, and一:no data
Table 5. Total amounts of time spent on each bchavior during 5 or 20 min aftcr illumination Unit: second
5 min 20 min
Other Scent marking Grooming Resting Other NI 158.5土25.0 26.5土6.7 7.8土5.2 0.0土0.0 107.3土23.8 74.0土22.8 87.0土20.7 0.0土0.0 472.0土33.8 FI 168.8:ヒ27.8 19.3土4.3 29.8土12.3 0.0こと0.0 82.3土25.5 528.5土77.5 82.0土27.1 219.3土103.1 11.8土11.8 358.5土93.6 SI 198.8土19.5 23.0土8.2 23.8土12.9 。。こと0.0 54.5土18.2 606.3土75.8 89.0土16.7 155.3土86.8 0.0土0.0 349.5土112.1 01 191.3土33.6 21.0会12.0 30.3会17.9 00念。。 57.5土21.7 666.3:1: 123.8 自7.5土32.1 74.5土31.2 0.0念。。 391.8会99.1 Each datum is represented as meaゎ 土SE.ト10signifcant difference among four illumination conditions was shown
T otal amounts of ttme Uni. tsecond 20 min
Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area4 NI 57.5ごと26.2 33.8土13.4 47.0土11.2 161.8土36.5 280.3ニと110.6 160.0土9.3 212.8土49.2 547.0土100.0 FI 863土27.5 40.3士16.7 52.5土16.4 121.0士286 3738:1:78.9 186.8土56.1 319.3士109.2 320.3士103.9 SI 110.8土26.2 47.8土13.0 67.3土31.1 74.3土20.4 373.0土110.4 271.3とご105.3 168.8土65.4 387.0士69.7
149寸8土41.5 350.0二と134.3
DOESLIGHτREPEL MASKED PALM ClVETS?
Table 7. Number of crossing of illumination line during 5 or 20 min after illumination and amounts of time first spent in area 1 immediately after illumination.
Number of crossing Amounts of time first spent in area 1 5 min 20 min (sec)
NI 2.3土0.9 9.0土3.3 26.8土10.1 FI 2.3土0.5 10.5土3.8 33.3念12.0 SI 2.5:i::0.9 10.3こな2.7 50.5こた25.9 CI 3β土0.7 11.5土3.1 88.3土55.4
Each datum is represented as mean 会 SE.No signifcant difference among the four illumination conditions was shown
Discussion
We did not obtain data of individual E in FI and individual F in S1. Th巴setests were conducted on the
S叙netest day 3 of period 2. On the day before, the weather was unsettled and it rained occasionally with thunder. Possibly the animals were a:ffected by this weather.
All animals, except individual A, ignored or showed interest (i.e.ラapproachedor explored) the light source when it went on in each il1umination condition. ln Cl, individual A showed an instantaneous and weak startle response at the moment of il1mnination, yet it did not show aversive behavior to the light source after that. A behavioral experiment using frightening devices suggested that a light stimulus was a better repellent than sound for coyotes (Darrow & Shivik 2009). A study of domestic cats reported the behavior of the animals changed according to the light intensity: orienting or appr・oachingat 40W or less, and aversion at 100W or more (Wyrwicka 1972). ln this sれldy,we used the strongest light intensity commercially availableラbutit still did not have a repel1ent e:ffect on masked palm civets.
ln general, animals are distressed either when they are thwaried or when conf1icted about two mutually incol11patible desires (Hafez 1975). ln a conf1ictual or fiustrating situation, arlIl11als tend to increas巴grooming or resting behavior (Mimura 2000). None of the behaviors of the palm civets was changed in any illumination condition, which suggests the light illumination is not a stressor for・theanImals.
ln addition, arlIl11als ar'e thought to avoid ar'eas where aversive stimulation exists. However, the palm civets did not avoid the area near' the light source even then immediately a食erillumination, but stayed longer, suggesting that the light stimulation also did not have spatially repellent e:ffect on the anil11als.
The result of this study disagrees wIth a previous field repOli (Suzuki & Yoshinaga 1999). ln this study, we used palm civets living in captivity. Possibly the behavior of these animals was di妊erentfi'ol11 those in the wild. However, instinctive behaviors are expected to be similar al110ng anil11als of the same species. ln a behavior討 experiment to verif
シ
th巴 effect of an aversive substance on captiv wild boars, Eguchi(2003; 2006) indicated the possibility that animal damage was decreased by setting an aversive substance because it temporarily increased the caution of animals not toward the substance but toward enviro11l11ental changes. Therefore, palm civets may not be a会aidof changing brightrress but be wary of enviro11l11ental changes indicated by installation of illuminating devices, and that reduced the damage in the field. An animal's war'iness of enviro11l11ental changes is decreased by habituation (Eguchi et al. 2002). The palm civets might have shown an interest in the light illumination instinctれせy,so using illuminating devices to prevent animal damage control may eventually lead to th巴oppositeresult. ln conclusion, our results suggest that using il1uminating devices will not be an effective
l11easure against damage by palm civets. Additionally the palm civets appear to be essentially una:ffected by differences in brightness, which is likely to enable them to live around a private houses and encourage an increase in house intmsions司
The present study del110nstrated that an anil11al damage controll11easure that is generally thought to be effective was practically ine:ffective. ln a similar' case, Ramp and Croft (2006) examined the behavioral response of captive karlgaroos創ldwallabies to the wildlife warning ref1ectors designed to scare anil11als away fi・omroadways, and concluded that the ref1ector had 1ittle aversive effi巴cton these two l11acropodid species. Resear'ch on the white鴨taileddeer and mule deer also demonstr従edthat wildlife warning ref1ectors were ineffective in reducing deer‑vehicle collisions (Waming et al. 1991; Romin & Dalton 1992). Ward et a l.(2008) test巴dthe ability of ultrasonic and water jet devices to deter b註dgerdarnage, arld suggested neither device offered sufficient benefits to justi今theiruse.To prevent damage by animals, a method that is easy and inexpensive is more attractive, but economic and psychological damage wiU be caused if anil11al damage occurs despite the fact that measures said to be effective have been mldertaken. Thus, v巴rif
シ
ingthe e釘icacy of a wide variety of control measures to prevent animal damage based on the anil11al's behavioral characteristics is indispensable to establishment of 1110re effective measm・esin the future.TOYODA, EGUCHI, FURUYA, UETAKE AND TANAKA
Acknowledgments
We would like to th釘u<the staff of the Saitama Prefectural Agriculture and ForesむyResearch Center in Chichibu for th出 helpand offering也巴experimental facility.
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DOES LIGHT REPEL MASKED PALM ClVETS?
光照射 i まハクピシンに対して怠瀧効果があるのか?
豊田英人1・江口祐輔2・吉谷益朗人植竹勝治1.田中智夫1 1麻布大学大学院 獣震学研究科,相模原市 252‑5201
2近畿中国四国農業研究センター 大田研究拠点,大田市 694心013
3埼玉県農林総合研究センター 秩父試験地,秩父市 368‑0023
要 約
近年、ハクピシン (Pagumalarvatα,)による様々な被害が自本各地で問題となっている。夜間に発 る鳥獣被害への対策のーっとして、照明装置が広く利用されており、夜行性動物で、あるハクピシ ンの被害に対しても応用されている。しかしながら、これまでハクピシンに対する光燕射の忌避効果 について科学的に裏付けた研究は報告されていない。本研究では、鳥獣被害対策としての光照射の効 果を検証するため、 3方向(正面、側面、頭上)からの光照射に対する飼育下ハクピシンの光照射時 の反応と消灯後の行動変化について調査を行った。光照射は各供試個体に対して、 l条件につき 1凹 行し、;照射時間は 10秒とした。光照射時には、頭上照射条件で l個体が弱い驚得反応を示したが、
各照射条件で無視、接近、探査が観察された。消灯後の行動には照射条件関で変化がなく、空間利用 時間の割合は光源に近いエリアで増加した。本研究の結果から、ハクピシンは光照射を忌避せず、む しろ興味を持つ可能性が示唆された。よって、ハクピシン被害対策として照明装置を利用することは、
効果的な対策とはいえないことが示された。
キーワード:鳥獣被害対策、作動反応、光照射、ハクピシン、思避効果
Animal Behaviour and Management, 47 (2): 82‑88,2011 (2010. 9.2受付;2011. 2. 15受理)