急性輸送ストレスがニワトリ (Gallus domesticus) の副腎に おける反応に及ぼす影響
誌名
誌名 Animal behaviour and management ISSN
ISSN 18802133
著者 著者
Kober, A. K. M. H.
青山, 真人 塚原, 直樹 杉田, 昭栄 巻/号
巻/号 47巻3号
掲載ページ
掲載ページ p. 97-103 発行年月
発行年月 2011年9月
農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センター
Tsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
‑ Short Report ‑
The e f f e c t s o f acute t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t r e s s on the a d r e n a l gland o f the domestic chicken ( G a l l u s domesticus)
A. K. M. Humayun KOBER1, 2, Masato AOYAMA¥ Naoki TSUKAHARA1.3, Shoei SUGITA 1*
lDepartment of Animal Science, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Utsunomiya shi, 321欄8505,Japan; 2United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceラTokyoUniversity of Agriculture and Technology,
3・5‑8Saiwaichou, Fuchu‑Shi 183開8509,Japan
3Utsunomiya University Center for Optical Research & Education, 7・4♂Yoto,Ut給sunomlぢya.胸.刷δ.
ネCorrespondingauthor. E‑mail address: [email protected]仕u.ac.JP
A b s t r a c t
An experiment was conducted to examine the effl巴ctsof two types of cages and acute transportation stress on selected physiological and biochemical parameters of the adren
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algland ぱ0ft出h巴chicken (0.αallルus,ぬdo川meωμ川s;[刀ticu:釘'jY'斗exp巴αn
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I釘n鴎er批1戎twas conducted dlぽ1ぜ羽rηingt白
h巴p己Iη'iodf合旨omDecember 2010 tωo F巴b匂
rua創1γ 2011. Th巴twelve chickens were divided into three groups (Cl, Tlラ andT2). The chickens were caged in two勺'pesof cage: one was a standard wire‑bottomed aluminum cage (95 x 60 x 70 cm), and the other was a small plastIc cage (68 x48 x 20 cm). 1n the C 1 group, chick巴nswere caged in standard wire‑bottom巴daluminum cage for 30 min, with 2 chickens per cage and no transpOIiation. In the Tl g:t・oup,chickens were caged in standard wire‑bottomed alumimun cage and transported for 30 minラ with2 01' 3 chickens per cage. In the T2 g:tO叩,
chickens were caged in small plastic cage and transpOIied for 30 minラwith3 chickens per cage. The cages were loaded onto openむucksand transpOIied for・30 min (Tl and T2). The plasma cOIiicosterone (CORT) levels of tr・anspOIiedchickens wer・esig:t1Ificantly higher・than tllOse of con釘ols(Pく0.05);these results confrrm that acute杖ansportatIonhas a sなongstressful effec t.Under these conditions, the highest plasma levels of CORT were found in the T2 g:t'oup; however, these values were not sig:t1Ificant1y different to those of the Tl g:t'oup. West巴m blot analysis of PhosphoSer40 tyrosine hydr・oxylaseand tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal gland did not show any significant differences between contr叶 andtranspOIied chickens. Thus, thes巴resultsindicate that acut巴(30min) transpOIiation stress in chicken induced a significant rise in plasma CORT, but the two different types of cages had no significant effect on plasma CORT levels in chicken duang transpo出 tionat lower (between 4 to 5'C) temperature
Key words : chicken, cages, transportation s出 ss,cOIiicosterone, tyrosine hydroxylase
Animal Behaviou1' and Management, 47 (3): 97・103,2011 (Received 6 May 2011; Accepted fo1' publication 6 July 2011)
Introduction
Transportation of live commercial chickens is an inevitable husbandlY practice and can be a fatal stressor in domestic birds (Mittchell et a .11992; Terlouw et a .12008ラVoslarovaet al. 2007). Moreoverラ
the types of transpOIiation cages may play r・olein the ability of the chicken to cope as a homeothenn animal that encounters environmental changes during transport. A small cage may result in a reduction of the average cost of transport per animalラhowev巴r,stocking density must be considered in tellliS of animal welfare. Crating causes an increase in plasma cOIiicosterone (CORT) levels, which is an indicator of stress in both laying hens and broilers (Beuving & Vonder 1978; Kannan &
Mench 1996). The duration of crating (Kannan &
Mench 1996) and the method of crating (Duncan 1989) can also influence the stress response.
The serious consequences of transport stress in poultry also include changes in physiological variables (in pruiicular, hematological parameters, enzymes and honnones), and pathological changes (in particulru', changes in the adrenal gland), which can a能ctthe welfare of the birds (Gyimothy 2004). The adrenal gland is known to be an organ related to str・ess responses, and the functions of the adrenal cOIiex ru'e controlled by activation of the hypothalrunic側pituitruy‑ adrenal (HPA) axis. The adrenal cOIiex secretes glucocorticoids, such as cOliicosterone (CORT), in response to vぽiousstress stimuli. Thus, CORT is a good indicatOI・ofsむessresponse intensity, pruiicularly in its acute phase (McFarlane & Cmiis 1989). Fr・eeman et al. (1984) observed an increase in plasma CORT levels resulting from stress in chickens transported fOI・
two hours and four hours. On the other handラ the adrenal medulla is an important neuroendocrine
TRANSPORTATION STRESS IN CHICKEN component 0王thesympathetic nervous system, and也e
adrenal medulla secretes cathecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (Dalin et al. 1993). In acute sむ:ess,the plasma concentrations of catecholamines increase in birds (Siegel 1995). The activity of tyrosine hydro
可
lase (TH),せle rate‑limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis (Levitt et a .11965), is highly regulated through multiple phosphorylation sites (Zigmond et 昌1.1989).Phosphorylation is increased by the activation of neural circui仕y(Haycock & Haycock 1991; Kumer& Vrana 1996).官 邸 activationoccurs rapidly and promotes incr・eased catecholamin巴 biosynthesis inlmediately after stress‑induced nerve stimulation. Until now, no studies have determined whether 01' not Phospho・刷Ser40tyrosine hyd1'oxylase (P‑TH) can be used as an acute stress indicator fo1' chicken.
Almost all previous studies have examined the effects of transportation fo1' long periods and fo1' 耐ge numbers of chickens at the same time, although sometimes only a small number of chickens are transp01ted企omone place to加otherovel・ashort time period. In such cases, usually small cages are used. To oUl knowledge, howeve 1',few studies have reported the effects of different cage types and acute transp01t on stress responses in domestic chicken. The1'efo1'e, the present study was Ulldertaken to compare the effects of two types of cage and acute (30 min) transport on stress 1'esponses in也edomestic chicken
Materials and Methods
The expe1'iment was conducted during the pe1'iod
合
omDecembe1' 2010 to February 2011. The ambient tempera加rerange during the expe1'iments was between4釦 d5"C目
Collection of chickens and management
Twenty healthy male commercial Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus domesticus), aged approxirnately five months and weighing 3.0・3.5kg, were used to conduct the present study. The chickens were obtained from the To必gi P1'efectural Livestock Experiment Station, Tochigi, Japan. The chickens were reared in an environmentally controlled 1'oom unde1' standard conditions of tempera旬1'eand light.百lee>正pe1'irnental chickens we1'e transferred to wire‑bottomed alU111In滋n cages about 1 month befo1'e the experiments to enable them to adapt to th巴newenvironment. Two or three chickens were housed in each cage. The chickens were fed a commercial diet (Nachurarupettofuzu Inc. N註kaiti Hazama S
滋
ω1'a伊wa,Japan), and water was provided ad libitum during the p1'e‑experimental period. All chickens we1'e cared fo1' acco1'ding to guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals at Utsunomiya University.Road transoortation (st1'ess orocedure)
T1'ansportation in the familiar cage 01' in the unfamiliar smalle1' ca伊 wasused as stressors in this study. The twelve chickens we1'e divided into drree groups (Cl, Tl, and T2). The chickens were caged in two types of cage: one was a standard wire欄bottomed alurninum ca伊 (95x 60 x 70 cm) in which bi1'ds were usually kept, and th巴otherwas a small plastic cage (68 x48 x 20 cm). In the Cl gr・oup,chick巴ns(n = 4) were kept in their own cages fo1' 30 minラwithtwo chickens per cage and no 包湖lsp01tation. In the T 1 gr.oup, chickens (n 5) wel・et1・ansp01tedfo1' 30 min by loading their四geon a甘uck,with 2 or 3 chickens pel司
cage (Fig. 1 A). In the T2 group, chickens (n口 3)羽 明.e
Fig.1 A.γ.wo or three chickens were kept in standard wire‑botiomed aluminum cage (95 x 60 x 70 cm) and loaded onto an open truck for transportation. In the control session普fourchickens (two animals x twice) were kept in the same cages but transportation was not performed. B.γhree chickens were kept in a small plastic cage (68 x48 x 20 cm) and loaded onto an open truck for transportation.
KOBER, AOYAMA, TSUKAHARAAND SUGITA
caged in an unfamiliar small plastic cage and transported for 30 min, with 3 chickens per cage (Fig. 1 B). In addition, two chickens were caged in a small plastic cage for 30 min without transportation to know whether small cage will induce the remarkable physiological changes or not, it was designated as C2 group. The chickens that were usually kept together・
were used for the same experimental group, and re‑grouping was not conducted throughout the experiment. Each experiment was conducted separately during 9:00・9:30.Water and feed were available for ad libitum consumption during the holding period until the chickens were caged. The cages were loaded onto an open truck. In the transport trial, each group was transported at an average of 15 kmIh (maximum 40 kmIh) in a truck around the Utsunomiya University. At the time of transportation, the ambient temperature was be制reen4 and 50C, and humidity was between 38 and 43%. No food or water was provided for control or
仕 組spo巾 dchickens during the experimeutal period. Blood and adrenal gl:and samoling
Blood samples (10 rn1) were collected
会
om control chickens and from仕 組sportedchickens after 30 min of transportation (9:30). We had to sacrifice chickens to collect their adrenal gland郡 白stas we could, because some stimuli before the sacrifice could a能
ctthe reaction of the adrenal gland. Therefore we sampled blood wheu we sacrificed chickens by the exsangnination (Kaunan et a .11997). In addition, exsangnination is considered humane when performed bγa trained person (Gr・acey,1986), and brings about a1most inunediate unconsciousness due to diminished blood supply to the brain. Blood was withdrawn into a heparinized加beand immediately cooled in an ice container. Heparin was added to blood samples to a final concentration of 10 IU/m .1Imm巴diately af王er blood collection, chickens were decapitated by cervical dislocationラ 組dthe entire adrenal glands were sampled, fi'ozen quickly in liquid nitr・ogen,and stored atヴ
OOC until Western blot analysis. The time taken for blood初 dadrenal gland sampling from each chicken did not exceed 2 min.
Extraction and assav
Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm fOl
10 min at 40 C immediately afミersamplingラ andthe plasma was stored at ̲70oC until analysis of of plasma CORT conc巴ntrations.RadioIlunmnoassay was used to detα"1nine plasma CORT cοncen佐at10nsラ asdescribed in a previous publication (Aoyama et a .12009). In brief, 50μL of each extracted sample was taken. As the antibody against CORT, FKA‑420 (Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd., Japan) diluted 1:10,000 was used. As the labeled CORTラ NET‑399(Perkin Elmer・Incぅ Waltham,MA) adjusted ω10,000 dpl11 per tube was used.
western blot analvsis
The al110unt of Phospho‑Ser40 tyrosine hydroxy欄
lase (P剛TH)and tyrosine hydro
司
rlase(TH) protein was measured by Western blotting analysis. In brief,也Badrenal gland 企om individual chickens was homogenized with a pestle in extraction bu能r(20m M 4・(2‑hydroxyethyl)イ‑piperazineethanesulfonic acid, 20m M ethylene glycol teraactic acid, 20m M sodium fluoride, 20m M potassium chloride, 20m M ethylene欄 diaminetetraacetic acid, 20m M beta‑ glycerol‑ phosphoric acid disodium salt, 20mM di也10
出
reitol, 20m M benzamidine hydrochloride hydrate, 20m M sodium orthovanadate and O.lm M pheny1methyl‑ sulfonyl fluoride). After centrifugation (l5,000g, 10 min), the protein concentr註tionwas detennined with a DC protein assay kit (Bio‑Rad, Richmond, CA, USA).The extract was boiled with sampling buffer (62.5 m M hydro喝 破lethyl叙mnom巴thane (Tris), 12.5% glycer叫,
1.25% sodium lauryl sulfate, 1.25% 2‑l11ercaptoethanol, and 0.10% bromophenol blue), and 10 !1g of adrenal gland protein extract was separated by 10%
SDS‑polyaclylamide gel electrophoresis. Next, the sample were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (ATTO, Japan), and the membrane was blocked in 2% bovine sernm albumin (BSA) in Trisゐu俄red saline‑Tween (TBST). All subsequent washes were also perfonned in TBST at ambient temperature on a shaker. The blots were incubated with pnm紅y如 tibody (mouse anti‑r・at TH monoclonal antibodies, dilution 1:1000, LS嗣C 40054, Life Span BioScience; and rabbit anti‑bovine Phospho・Ser40TH polyclonal antibodies, dilution 1:1 000, P 1580‑40, Colorado BioScience Park) in 1% BSA overnight at 40C. The membrane was washed by TBST and then incubated with secondary antibody (TH: goat anti‑mouse IgG (日+L)‑conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, dilution 1: 10000, Bio帽Rad,USA; and Phospho皿TH:goat叩 lti吐油bitIgG (H+L)‑conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, dilution 1: 10000, Bio幽Rad, USA) for 1 h at roOl11 temperature.地巴rthree washes with TBST for 10 min, the l11embrane was incubated with Enhanced Chemiluminescence輔Plussolution (GE Healthcara, USA) and exposed to X開rayfi1l11 (GE Healthcara, USA) for 30 seconds. After the film was sC31medラ theoptical densities of the P岨THand TH umnunoblotting bands were l11easured by using Il11ageJ so会ware. The ratio of P幽TH and TH for each experimental group was calculated 合omthe values of these densities.
Statistical analvsis
Values 31巴expressedas the l11ean土standarderror (SE). One‑way‑ANOVA and Tukey's test (Yoshidaラ
1998)明 日 used to detennine the significance of differences among the groups. Differences were considered significant if Pく0.05.
Results and Discussion
Regardless of the type of cage used for transpOlt‑
TRANSPORTATION STRESS IN CHICKEN tation, the plasma CORT levels of the transp01ted
chickens wer・esignificantly higher than that of the conむ叫s(Pく0.05)(Fig. 2). Several studies have shown that transportatioll stress inα'eases plasma CORT levels (Freeman et a .11984; Cheng & Jefferson 2008). E1rom (2000) and Scholtyssek & Ehinger (1976) have demonstrated the intensi句1 of the sむ'ess response, pruticularly ill the acute phase and reported higher plasma CORT in chicken. ln addition, Duncan (1989) reported that chicken that were caged and transported on a vehicle for 40 min had higher plasma CORT concentrations than birds that wer・ecaged and loaded onto the vehicle but not仕 組sp01t巴d.
The highest levels of plasma CORT were found in the T2 (10.95土 3.10ng/mL) group; however, these values were not significrultly di
任
erentfrom those of the Tl (8.61土1.70ng/mL) group (Fig. 2). Plasma CORT levels in C 1 groups wer・e0.75土 0.10ng/mL. Plasma CORT levels oftwo birds in C2 groups were 1.40 ruld 2.30 ng/mL. Although we did not include the results of C2 group for statistical analysis because there were only two birds and the stocking density was diffeI・ent fi'om that in T2 (two and three birdsラrespectively),just being in a unfamiliar small cage for 30 min did not seem to have the significant effects on plasma CORT concentrations in chicken at lower、(between4 and 50C) temperature. ln addition, not only the size but also the type ofth巴mater・ials(wire net vs plastic) nor the cage wall (the walls of wire‑net cage wel・eopen but small plastic cage were not open) did not seem to induce tlle15
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C1 T1 T2 Fig. 2 Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels in
control chickens and chickens exposed to transpoはationstress (30 min). C1, chickens (n
=
4; two birds x twice) were caged in normal wireやottomed aluminum cages for 30 min, with no transpoはation; T1, chickens (n = 5; two or three birds at the same time) were caged in standard wire‑bottomed aluminum cages and transported for 30 min; T2, chickens (n=
3) were caged in small plastic cages and transported for 30 min. Bars show average values. a,なb:Data with different leUers differ significantly (One 凶way.剛開欄剛欄剛. A
Tukくey'stes
試
t,P < 0.05).remarkable changes in plasma CORT levels. These findings corroborate the results ofKannan et a .1(1997), who rep01ted no significant difference in plasma CORT levels among broilers that were kept ill cages for 0, 1,2, 3, or 4 h prior to processing but were not transported. In rulother study, Be叩uv
札
n略
1喝
g(1980)ぬ0bs悶eれrve吋
da組nlllCαr邑偲as問巴 in plasma CORT in laying h巴nsover 7 h of cratロ
un喝
g, alt也hough註白1巴c∞
oncent杖ra託tiぬonswere fおiruねrぢ
cons坑ta創ntduring the fir路st4 h of crating. On the other hand, Kannan &Mench (1996) observed that hens caged (86 x 56 x 23 cm, 9 birds/cage) for 4 h after handling had increas巴d CORT concentrations; however, those birds were subjected to between 8 and 10 h of fasting before they were handled and caged
The chrulges in the tllermal microclimate to which birds are exposed in the tr組 sport were found to represel1t one of the importal1t sources of transp01tation stress (Mitchell et a .11992). Kataria et a .1(2008) rep01t巴dthat serum CORT, increased significantly in broiler chickens at high runbient temperatures (42・450C).Similarly, Yunianto et a.1(1997) reported that environm巴nttemperature acts as stressors and bodl high and low ambient temperature increased plasma CORT concentrations in chicken. It a1so may be point巴dout that present experiment was conducted in winter. If the experiment will be conducted in summer, the results could be diぽerent.The stocking density of birds in this study was not the perfectly same among the experiments because the number of bu'ds in some group was two but others 佐官ee. We had failed to compare the effects of the difference in stocking density, especially in non‑transp01ted control group. However, there was no remru'kab1e difference in plasma CORT levels between the chickens stocked in different density (two vs three birds at the srune time) in T1 group. Although we may have to exrunine the e自己cts of stocking densityラ especially in non剛transportedcontrol group, in the futm・estudy, it was obvious that transp01tation increase plasma CORT level児mru"kablyand the type of tlle cage did not seemed to affect its extent
The adrenal cortex is not dle only area associated with the stress response. Catecholamines, which ru"e produced in the adrenal medulla, also contribute to the stress response in birds. To dle best of our knowledge, thi
KOBER
,AOYAMA
,TSUKAHARAAND SUGITA
A
4← P‑TH
4恥 一 TH
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C1 T1 T2 Fig. 3 A. Immunoreactive expression of PωTH
and TH in the adrenal gland of control chickens and chickens exposed to trans‑ po
尚
tion stress (30 min) by Western blot analysis. B. The amount of P‑TH was determined by Western blot analysis of control chickens and chickens exposed to trans‑ poバationstress (30 min). Protein bands were quantified by optical density and the changes are represented in the graph. The amount of P‑TH is expressed as a ratio in the P‑TH/TH immunoblotting bands. See the legend of Fig.2 for the abbreviation of groups.min. Since we challenged only one transportation period (30 min) and only one phosphorylation site (Se1'40),おrthersれldiesare needed to clarif
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whethe1'the amount of P‑TH c加 bea貸 出edby transportation in chicken 01' not, but the 30 min transportation no1' to be in unfamiliar small cages did not seemed to induce the 1'ema1'kable activ引ionof the sympathetic nervous system at cold climatic condition.
From these findings it can be concluded that 30 min of acute transpOliation activated the HPA axis, and the type of the cage had no remarkable effects on it, at cold climatic condition
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KOBER, AOYAMA, TSUKAHARAAND SUGITA
急性輸送ストレスがニワトリ ( 6 a / / u s domesticu~ の副腎における寂応に及ぼす影響
A.K M.H11InayllIIKOBER1へ 青 山 真 人 塚 原 直 樹iぺ 杉 田 昭 栄 1* l宇都宮大学農学部生物生産科学科,宇都宮市 32ト8505
2東京農工大学大学院連合農学研究科,府中市 183‑8509
3宇都宮大学オプティクス教育研究センター,宇都宮市 321・8585
要 約
トラック輸送およびその際に使用する運搬用ケージのタイプが、ニワトジ (Gallusdomesticus)の 副腎に及ぼす生理学的および生化学的影響について検討した。 2010年 12月から翌年 2月の問、 12
~~の成オスニワトりを、 Cl 、Tlおよび T2 の 3 つの実験芭に分けた。 Cl 誌においては、通常飼育に
用いていたのと同じ金鰐ケージ (95x60x70cm)にニワトリを 2羽入れ、輸送を施さなかった。Tl 区においては、前述した通常飼育用の金網ケージをトラックの荷台に積載し、 2"‑'3羽を問時に 30分 間輸送した。T2区では現場でニワトリの輸送の際に用いている小型のプロラスチックケージ(68x48x20 cm)に3羽を入れ、 30分間輸送した。輸送終了直後の血中コノレチコステロン (CORT)濃度をラジ オイムノアッセイで、高JI腎組織中のチロシン水酸化酵素 (TH)およびリン首会化 THの発現量をウエ スタンプロット法で測定した。その結果、ケージのタイプに関わらず、輪送をした区(Tl, T2区) はC1区と比較して血中 CORT濃度が有意に高く (p< 0.05)、輸送がニワトリにとってストレスとな ることが示唆された。 T2区の血中 CORT濃度はTlのそれと比較して若干高かったが、Tlと T2匿 の関に有意差はなかった。 THの発現輩に対するリン産変化THの発現量の割合は、 3つの実験区いず れの間にも存意差はみられなかった。これらの結果より、 30分間の輪送はニワトリにとってストレ スとなるが、小型ケージに収納されて輪i
まされることは、少なくとも冷涼な気候下で30分開であれ ばストレスとはならないことが示唆された。キーワード:ニワトリ、ケージ、輸送ストレス、コノレチコステロン、チロシン水酸化欝棄
Animal Behaviour and Management, 47 (3): 97‑103,2011 (2011. 5. 6受付;2011. 7. 6受理)