異腹混合哺育による早期社会化が子豚の行動と発育に及ぼ す影響
誌名
誌名 Animal behaviour and management ISSN
ISSN 18802133
著者 著者
田中, 智夫 熊木, 友香子 西田, 浩司 植竹, 勝治 巻/号
巻/号 49巻4号
掲載ページ
掲載ページ p. 147-152 発行年月
発行年月 2013年12月
農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センター
Tsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
E 仔
ectsof early socialization by mixing with different litter during suckling period on behavior and growth rate of pigletsToshio T
必.J
AKN*,Yukako KUMAKP, Kouji NISIDN, Katsuji UETAKP1 School ofVeterinary Medicine, Azabu Uniuversity, Chuo同ku,Sagamihara 252・5201,Japan
2 Livestock Indus
町
TechnologyStation, Kanagawa Agricultural Technology Center, Ebina 243・0417,Japan* Corresponding au
血
or.E‑mail address:tanakat@azabu‑u.acj.pAbstract
In order to reduce the mental and physical dis住essat weaning on piglets, the effects of early socialization by rearing with different litter mixtures during the suckling period were studied. N ewbom piglets were reared in both group‑farrowing (Exp. group) and ordinary‑farrowing systems (Cont. group) during
也
esuckling period and regrouped after weaning. Production perform佃 ceswere almost the same in both groups. Agonistic behavior between piglets toward members of the 0也
erli伽 wasobserved more frequently也 姐
towardlittermates after weaning,
especially in the control group. Skin damage of the control group was worse at five weeks of age,
immediately after regrouping. Thus,
early socialization by mixing with di能
rent出
ersWI也
intwo days after bir血might reduce
也
ed.is位巴ssof weaning and increase the welfare level.Key words: agonistic behavior
,
group‑farrowing,
pigletsAnimal Behaviour and Management
,
49 (4): 147‑152,
2013 (Received 6 June 2013; Accepted for publication 29 July 2013)Introduction
In Japan
,
piglets are generally weaned at白
reeor fo町 weeksof age, 組dregrouped wi也
oneor more other litters after weaning. This weaning method is very s仕essfulfor piglets because separation 合om出
err dam, contact wi出 国 由rniliarpiglets, and change of pens occur at the same time.The suckling and the ensuing weaning periods have a large effect on subsequent growth of piglets (Plaske et a
. l
2003). Keeling and Jensen (2002) reported白紙
piglets mixed with other litters a食.er weanmg frequently perform aggressive behaviors toward each other to establish the new social order. Therefore
,
weaning stress exacerbates aggressive behavior and decreases the grow也
rate( p
arra抗etal . 2 0 0 6 ) .
One of the methods for reducing such harmful influences of piglets after weaning is nursing with a di
旺
erent出
eruntil we姐 ing. Li and Wang (2011) showed白 紙 也
epigs reared in a group‑farrowing system were more toler姐tof unfarniliar pigs compared to pigs reared in the conferment system after regrouping. Group rearing before weaning also improves the growth rate (Hessel & Reiners 2006) and social hierarchy formation after weaning (D'Eath 2005).However
,
there have been few studies on也
ee能
ctsof group‑farrowing on the behavior and performance of piglets during
也
esuckling period,
and what kinds of effects continue after weaning.百
lerefore,newbom piglets were reared in both group‑farrowing and ordin釘y‑白町owing systems during the suckling period and regrouped after weaning,
and the behavior and growth rate of piglets in bo白groups before and after weaning were obse四ed.
Materials and Methods
All experimental proced町 田 were performed according to
也
eguidelines ofthe Animal Care and Use Committee of Azabu University.Animals and feeding
A total of 330 Landrace piglets (34 litters) and 20 Large White piglets (2 litters) were used. These piglets were bom and reared in the farrowing組 dgrowing pens of the Livestock Indus
句r
Technology Station, Kanagawa Agric叫加
ral Technology Center, Japan,企
omJuly 2011 to Apri12012. They were numbered by ear cutting,
and had也 町
tailsdocked and teeth cut before也
eywere two days old. All piglets and也 出
d叩 ISwere fed ad libitum and had
企
'eeaccess to water.EARLY SOCIALIZATION EFFECTS ON PIGLETS
Experimental design
Tw'O litters 'Of the same breed b'Om within tw'O days
'Of each 'Other were paired. Eighteen p
氾
rswere made and divided int'O tw'O gr'Oups 'Of nine pairs each. I n 也e experimental gr'Oup, the partiti'On between tw'Oadj'Oining
伽
TOwingstalls was rem'Oved, and tw'O litters were c'Ombined within tw'O days after bir也
S'O, b'Oth litters c'Ould appr'Oach and suckle t'O b'O也dams.I n 也Ec'On仕'01gr'Oup, b'Oth litters were reared separately. All piglets were weaned at
島 町
weeks'Of age, and m'Oved t'O gr'Owing pens at five weeks 'Of age. At也attime, 16 piglets企'Om tw'O出
ers,eight piglets each, were regr'Ouped by b'Ody weight and sex rati'O. New penmates weref:畑出
arin experimental gr'Oups姐 dunfamiliar in c'Ontr'Ol gr'Oups.Measurements
Behavi'Oral 'Observati'Ons were d'One at 'One, tw'O,組d
也reeweeks 'Of age bef'Ore weaning, and five, six, seven,
and eight weeks 'Of age a食erregr'Ouping. In也.egr'Owing peri'Od, 'One pair each in b'O也experimenta1and c'On仕'01 gr'Oups had l'O'Ose b'Owels, which decreased也errgr'Ow也
rates
,
s'O their data were excluded.Data 'On resting, suckling, feeding, and 'Other behavi'Ors were c'Ollected by sc姐 sampling, and ag'Onistic and disturbed (ear licking, tail biting, etc.) behavi'Ors were c'Ollected by
ト o
sampling at 5・nnn intervals f'Or 3 h (13:00・16:00) per day. I n 也e experimental gr'Oup during the suckling p巴ri'Od,the number 'Of piglets伽
tsuckled企'Om their 'Own dam 'Or the 'Other S'OW was c'Ounted. Skin damage was sc'Ored by number 'Of abrasi'Ons企'Om 0 (n'O abrasi'On) t'O 3 (11 'Orm'Ore abrasi'Ons).
B'Ody weight and feed c'Onsumpti'On were rec'Orded weekly, 組d
仕
leaverage伽姐
ygain was calculated. Statistical analysisBehavi'Oral and pr'Oductive data were analyzed by
也
eMann開whi阻eyU
‑test. The number 'Of piglets suckled by也e仕'Ownd叩1'Or姐0也erS'OW was analyzed using a Chi‑square test in也
eexperimental gr'Oup during the suckling peri'Od.Results Bef'Ore weaning
The average prop'Orti'On 'Of piglets也atperf'Ormed maintenance behavi'Or (resting, suckling and feeding) is sh'Own in Table
1.百
lerewere n'O si伊ficantdifferences between the tw'O gr'Oups at 'One, tw'O, and也reeweeks 'Of age.Ag'Onistic behavi'Or am'Ong littermates was 'Observed in b'O也 gr'Oupsin ab'Out 10‑19% 'Of the 'Observati'On peri'Od (Table 2). H'Owever, in the experimental gr'Oup,
m'Ore time was spent in aggressi'On and fighting against the 'Other litter piglets c'Ompared t' O 也err 'Own littermates (Pく0.05at tw'O weeks 'Of age).
Disturbed behavi'Or was als'O 'Observed m'Ore
企
equently in也
e experimental gr'Oup,
especially between 'Other litters at tw'O姐dthree weeks 'Of age, but a big individual variati'On was seen (CV: 0.71・1.50; Table 3)Table 1. Meiin!enance behavior during the suckling period (%)
Age Resting Licking Feeding Others (wks) Con t. Exp. Con t. Exp. Con t. Exp. Con. t Exp.
58.7 60.5 17.7 16.6 0.0 0.0 23.6 22.9 2 54.2 49.4 17.2 18.0 1.2 0.8 27.4 31.8 3 52.8 44.3 15.0 18.1 5.6 4.6 26.6 33.1
Table 2. Agonistic behavior during the suckling period (%) Age Control group Experimental group (wks) Littermate Littermate Other litter
10.3土4.9 10.6:!: 6.4y 18.5:!: 10.8x 2 16.0:!: 8.1 14.5:!: 7.7b 24.7:!: 8.4a 3 15.6:!: 9.6 19.3:!: 7.7 24.7:!: 11.1 x‑y: P <0.1, a‑b: P<0.05
The level of skin damage in the experimental group was slightly higher (worse) than in
也
econ仕01group,組 d
出
edifferences were si伊ificantat two weeks of age(P
く0.05,
Table 4). However,
the damage level was not very severe.Average body weight at weaning was 6.8
士
0.9kg in the experimental group and 7.4::!::: 1.3 kg in出e con仕01group, and daily weight gains in both groups were 193::!::: 30 g and 211 ::!::: 31 g, respectively. Therefore, productivity was slightly lower in the experimental group, but the difference was not signi五cant.More than 80% of piglets in the experimental group suckled
企
om也
eirown dam, and only 1・3piglets sometime suckled企
omthe other sow.After weaning
The average proportion of piglets
血
atperformed maintenance behaviors (resting and feeding) is shown in Table 5. Feeding behavior occurred more企
equently(P
く0.05),and resting was less(P
く0.1)in the con住01 group也
anin the experimental group at five weeks of age. However,
these differences disappeared a食erSlXweeks of age.
Table 3. Disturbed behavior during the suckling period (%) Age Control group Experimental group (wks) Littermate Littermate Other litter
1 1.9:t1.5 1.4:t 1.5 0.8:t 1.2 2 3.1 :t 2.4 1.7 :t 1.2 2.2:t 1.6 3 2.5 :t 2.2 3.6 :t 3.0 3.7:t3.4
Table 4. Skin damage during the suckling period (%)
Age Level 0 Level 1 Level2 Level3 * (wks) Con t. Exp. Cont目 Exp. Con .t Exp. Con .t Exp.
1 98.4 97.1 1.6 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 86.5a 73.5b 12.8y 23.1x 2.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 3 81.1 74.6 17.8 23.2 1.1 2.2 0.0 0.0
合 0:no abrasion
,
1: 1‑5 abrasions,
2: 6‑10 abrasions,
3: 11 or more abrasions x‑y: P<0.1,
a‑b: P<0.05Table 5. Maintenance behavior during the growing period (%) Age Resting Feeding Others (wks) Con .t Exp. Con .t Exp. Con .t Exp.
5 51.9y 61.3x 17.5a 14.0b 30.6 24.7 6 56.6 55.5 19.8 20.0 24.0 24.6 7 54.5 55.6 22.3 21.4 23.2 23.1 8 55.0 58.6 20.7 19.7 24.3 21.7 x‑y: P<0.1
,
a‑b: P<0.05EARLY SOCIALIZATION EFFECTS ON PIGLETS Tab1e 6 showed the agonistic behavior against their
own 1ittermates and other 1i取rpig1ets of both groups. More time was spent in
仕 立
sbehavior with the other 1itter pig1ets compared to the littermates(P
く0.01・0.1),
especial1y in the contr01 group at five weeks of age(P
く0.05).
There were no significant di
民
rencesin disturbedbehaviors between COll'住01and experimenta1 groups or 1ittermates and the other
出
ers(Tab1e 7).The leve1 of skin damage was s1ightly 10wer (better) in the experimenta1 group
也 姐 也
eCOll'仕01 group,
and由
e differences were si伊ificant at five weeks of age (Table 8). However,
the damage was not very severe and recovered as the pig1ets grew.Table 6. Agonistic behavior during the growing period (%) Age Control group Experimental group (wks) Littermate other li
抗
er Littermate other li枕
er5 6.8
: f :
4.3B 37.2:!: 7.0A* 8.3: f :
2.8b 17.0:!: 7.6a* 6 10.2:!: 7.2b 28.8土14.2a 11.1土5.8y 18.8:!: 8.0x 7 12.5:!: 6.3B 30.6:!: 9.8A 13.5: f :
4.6B 25.3:!: 6.5A 8 16.7:!: 11.2 33.7土20.6 16.1 :!: 7.0b 28.8土12.3a x‑y: P < 0.1 a‑b: P < 0.05,
A‑B: P < 0.01 (within the same group and row)*: Differences between control and experimental groups are significant (P <0.05).
Ia~l_e 7. Disturbed behavior during the growing period (%) Age Control group Experimental group (wks) Littermate Other litter Littermate Other litter
5 4.2:!: 6.4 5.4:!: 5.5 5.6土5.2 6.1 :!: 6.6 6 15.1 :!: 13.3 16.2:!: 14.6 15.5:!:17.0 15.1 :!: 18.6 7 20.3:!: 15.8 24.3:!: 15.8 18.4:!: 16.8 17.7:!: 15.8 8 20.1:!:13.9 21.0土13.6 14.6:!: 14.5 15.5:!: 14.4
Table 8. Skin damage during the growing period (%)
Age LevelO Level 1 Level2 Level3 * (wks) Con .t Exp. Con. t Exp. Con .t Exp. Con t. Exp.
5 59.4B 84.8A 31.0A 15.2B 6.5 0.0 3.1 0.0 6 81.8 82.9 18.2 17.1 0.0 0.0
。 。
0.07 88.3 87.7 11.7 12.3 0.7
。 。
0.0 0.0声4、
8 82.2 76.9 17.0 21.6 0.8 1.5 0.0 0.0
* 0: no abrasion
,
1: 1‑5 abrasions,
2: 6‑10 abrasions,
3: 11 or more abrasions A‑B: P <0.01Average body weights at eight weeks of age were 14.2土2.5kg in the experimenta1 group and 15.1:t3.5 kg in
血
econ住01group,
and也
edai1y gain in both groups was 330:t 123 g姐 d328士
123g, respective1y, and也
edi:fferences were not significant.Discussion
Hessel and Reiners (2006) reported
白
atthe most of maintenance behaviors and resting behavior of piglets did not change, but也
atsuckling behavior increased after they were mixed with other litters at 12 days old.百
lesepiglets might be competing for teats. In the present study,
the average proportion of piglets白
at performed maintenance behavior inc1uding suck1ing in the experimental group was not di能:rentfrom白紙
of the con仕01group. The piglets that were mixed with another litter before也
.eywere two days old were socia1izedI l l m l
ediately,
and might not be a:ffected by social facilitation.On the other hand, agonistic behaviors between mixed litters were more
企
equent1y出 姐
Wl也 血 也
e same litter. Ear and tail biting between mixed litters were observed during the suck1ing period.百
leauditory,
visual, olfactory, and tactile organs of pigs developI l l m l
ediately after birth (Rohde & Gonyou 1991). Therefor巴,the piglets in the experimental groups could discriminate their littermates from piglets of another li伽r.However,
the damage before weaning was not severeヲ andmlxmg litters at two days old had no harmful e:ffect.The agonistic behavior between the other litter piglets was obse四edmore often compared to
也
at toward littermates,
especially in the con仕01group,
which was regrouped with unfamiliar litter after we鉱山
19.At five weeks of age,
just after regrouping,
the skin damage of the control group was worse. Petersen et al .
(1989) reported mixed suck1ing piglets are gent1e.百
leexperimenta1 group piglets of this study might have become slight1y more peaceful due to early socia1ization.In conclusion, early socialization by nnxmg di:fferent litters wi
白血
two days after b仕出
mightreduce menta1 and physical dis出 ssat we鉱 山
gand is relatedto increased welfare leve 1.
Acknowledgments
This research was p紅tiallysupported by a research project gr組 tawarded by the Azabu University.
References
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,
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ee‑rangingdomestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23,
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Gonyou HW. 1991. Atむactionof newbom piglets to auditory, visu a1, olfactory and tactile stim叫i.Journal 01Animal S cience 69, 125・133.EARLY SOCIALIZATION EFFECTS ON PIGLETS
異腹混合晴育による早期社会化が子豚の行動と発育に及ぼす影響
田中智夫, .熊木友香子l・西田浩司2・植竹勝治1
1麻布大学獣医学部,相模原市中央区 252‑5201
2神奈川県農業技術センター畜産技術所,海老名 243‑0417
*
CorrespondiI i
g author. E‑mail address: tanakat@azabu・u.ac.]p要 約
本研究は、離乳時における子豚の肉体的および精神的苦痛を軽減することを目的として、授乳期に 異腹混合飼育することによる早期社会化の効果について検討した。隣り合う 2つの分娩房にいる2腹 を1反復として、分娩後2日以内にその隔柵を除去する実験区と、腹ごとに飼育する対照区を設け、
各9反復(計36腹)を供試した。いずれの区も、 4週齢で離乳し、 5週齢時に体重と性を考慮して 各腹から原則として8頭を選抜して群の再編成を行った。平均日増体重などの生産形質には両区間に 有意な差は見られなかった。離乳時に初めて異腹の子豚と対面した対照区では、実験区と比較して異 腹聞の敵対行動が多く発現し、群再編成直後の体の傷も有意
( P < 0 . 0 5 )
に多かった。したがって、分娩直後の異腹混合飼育による早期社会化は、離乳に伴う子豚の苦痛軽減の一助となり、ひいてはブ タのウェルフェアの向上につながると考えられた。
キーワード:敵対行動,異腹混合晴育,子豚
Animal Behaviour and Management, 49 (4): 147・152,2013 (2013. 6. 6受付;2013. 7. 29受理)