m v k E C
日本整形外科スポーツ医学会
目 次
1 . Sport s and R e c r e a t i o n a f t e r T o t a l Knee A r t h r o p l a s t y
膝関節全置換術後のスポーツとレクリェーション
横浜市立大学医学部附属浦舟病院整形外科 岡 本 連三...・H ・..…1
2 . Surgery f o r S p o n d y l o l y s i s Occurring i n Young A t h l e t e s
若年スポーツ選手における脊椎介離症に対する手術療法
国立療養所箱根病院整形外科 有馬 亨…一…… 8
3 . A Study t o Compare A r t h r o s s c o p i c F i n d i n g s with V a r i o u s D i a g n o s t i c T e s t s f o r S h o u l d e r Comlex Syndrome i n B a s e b a l l I n j u r i e s
野球における肩障害CShoulderComplex Syndrome)の鏡視下所見と臨床テストの相関
更埴中央病院整形外科・外科 吉 松 俊一…...・H ・17
4 . S p o r t s A c t i v i t i e s a f t e r C h i a r i P e l v i c Osteotomy
Chiari骨盤骨切り術後のスポーツ活動の現状と限界
久留米大学医学部整形外科 樋口富士男…………28
5 . E f f e c t o f Endurance E x e r c i s e on Energy Metabolism i n Rat Hindlimb M u s c l e . A 1 3 P̲MRS Study
ラッ 卜後肢骨格筋における持久性トレーニングのエネルギ一代 謝に及 ぼす影 響 についての検討 ‑J'p‑MRSを用いてー
徳島大学医学部整形外科 江 川 洋 史 … ..・.H ・..33
6 . C l i n i c a l s t u d y o f Chronic L a t e r a l l n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e Ankle
Department or Orthopaedic Surgery. National Police Hospita
. I
Korea7 . H i s t o l o g i c Changes i n Dog I n t r a a r t i c u l a r P a t e l l a r Tendon T r a n s p l a n t s
Kwon
I c
k Ha...43I t s Light‑Micro s c o p i c and E l e c t r o n ‑ M i c r o s c o p i c Findings‑
Department of Orthopedic Surgery. Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine. Korea
Yeu Seung Yoon...56
8 . Arthroscopic Capsualr Suture for Anterior I n s t a b i l i t y of the Shoulder D e p a r t m e n t o f O r t h o p a e d i c S u r g e r y
,C o l l e g e o f M e d i c i n e ̲ Chungnam N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l
,K o r e a
Kwang J i n R h e e ‑ ‑ ‑ … …
‑‑659 . Endoscopic ACL Reconstruction
D e p a r t m e n t o f O r t h o p e d i c S u r g e r y
,Chonnam U n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l
,K o r e a
1 0 . Experimental Study of Femoral Isometric Point of the Posterior Cru c I ate Ligament
Eun Kyoo S o n g ‑
・・・・・・・・・・・77D e p a r t m e n t o f O r t h o p e d i c S u r g e r y
,Hallym U n i v e r s i t y
,C o l l e g e o f M e d i c i n e
,K o r e a
Kee Byoung L e e ‑
・・・・・・・・・・・86整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 274
S p o r t s and R e c r e a t i o n
a f t e r T o t a l Knee A r t h r o p l a s t y
膝関節全置換術後のスポーツとレクリェーション
Renzo Okamoto
岡本連三 T
omihisa Koshino腰野富久
Naoto Mitsuki
三 ツ木直人
Hachiro Goto後藤八郎
Kazuo Hirakawa
平川和男
Kunio Suzuki鈴木邦夫
.Abstract
• Key Words.
Total knee arthroplasty, Sports, Recreation 膝関節全置換術 スポーツ レクリェーション
E昭htyモ凶Itpatients (one hundred and eighteen knees) were searched on the possible parti‑ cipation in sports and receat間Iafter total knee arthroplasty. Even if the major町 (92%)of the patients were rheumatoid and 98% of knees were replaced by knee prostheses using bone ce‑ m瓜 sixty‑fourpatients (73%) participated in some kinds of sports and recreation activities Fifty苧sevenpatients participated in taking a walk; 33 in travelling, 25 in gymnastics. 12 in driv‑ ing, 5 in swimming. 4 in hiking, 4 in gateball, 3 in cycling. One knee was revised because of the breakage of prosthesis caused by high level of athletic exercise
.要旨
膝関節会置換術を施行した88名, 118膝について,術後のスポーツとレクリェーション活動 を調査した。大多数 (92%)は慢性関節リウマチであり, 98%は骨セメント使用の人工膝関節 であったが, 64名 (73%)はなんらかのスポーツとレクリェーションを楽しんでいた。散歩は 57名,海外も含めて旅行は33名,体操25名, ドライプ12名,水泳5名,ハイキング4名,ゲー トボール4名,サイクリングは3名が行っていいた。毎日のように階段昇降訓練を行ない,歩 行訓練,体操を繰り返した1例l膝に人工膝関節の破損とゆるみが生じた。
岡本連三 I Renzo Okamoto
干232横浜市南区浦舟町3‑46
I
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery横浜市立大学医学部附属減舟病院
I
Yokohama City University School of Medicine整形外科 ω5‑261‑5656
型車スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 275
Introduction
RecentJy, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has popularly been performed in order to reconstruct the destructed knee due to rheumatoid arthritis or to osteoarthritis and to recover the knee function and walking ability. Walking ability of the pa守 tients has often been improved after TKA,l2l̲ It is really desirable for the patients to maintain the long survivoship of their knees with TKA and we are likely to give instructions to the patients hav‑ ing less activities of daily living. However, sports and recreation may bring high quality of life for the rheumatoid and osteoarthritic patients, and some patients may play sports instead of doctor's suggestions. In the present study, the sports and recreation activities of the patients were searched and the sports and recreation suitable for the pa‑ tients was discussed.
Material and Methods
The series contained 88 cases, 10 men and 78 women; one hundred and eighteen knees, 63 right knees and 55 left knees. A verage age was 59 years, ranging from 33 to 77 years. Eighty‑one pa‑ tients had rheumatoid arthritis and 7 osteoarthri・
tis. Average follow‑up periods were 3 years, rainging from one to 11 years.
Resurfacing type knee prostheses were used; Geometric in 9 knees, U.C.I. in 16, Kinematic Con‑ dylar in 91 (anteriorly joined type in 71, posterior cruciate retention type in 20),
ル
liller‑Galantein one, and AMK in one. Geometric, U.c.I. and Kinematic Condylar were inserted using bone ce‑ ment and the others without bone cement. Sportsand recreation activities were checked up directly or by the telephone.
Table 1. Sports and recreation lollowing total knee a同hroplasty(88 patients : 81 with rheuma‑
toid arthritis, 7 with oste伺バhritis)
Items 01 sports and recreation patients walking 57 travelling 33 gymnastics 25 driving 12
sWlmmmg 5
hiking 4
gate ball 4
cycling 3
Results.
Sixty‑four patients, that is, 73% of patients par‑ ticipated in athletic and recreation activities. Walking is the most frequently done. Fifty‑seven patients (65%) were taki時 a walk (table 1). Travelling including a tour abroad like the Hawaii tour was tried by 33 patients. The gymnastics in‑ cludi時 a]apanese danci時 (fig.1), radio and TV gymnastics, aerovicus, stretching and yoga were employed by 25 patients, driving by 12, swimming by 5, hiking by 4, gateball by 4 and cycling by 3 (fig.2).
Revision surgery caused by the high level of athletic exercise was done in only one patient (fig 3). The patient was 65γear‑old man with rheuma‑ toid arthritis. Both knees were replaced using Kinematic Condylar type prostheses (Kinematic anteriorly joined type prostheses). He took a walk
内L
and went up and down the stairs every day in order to keep up physical strength. However 3 years after surgery, his right knee showed severe
a
C
整スポ会誌 VOL.13NO.3 276
varus deformity. At revision, the breakage was found to occur at the connecting area of the cen tral peg and medial tibial component
b
Fig. 1 ‑a, This patient is a 50・year‑oldwoman with an ank‑
ylosed knee. The lateral radiograph 01 the right knee taken belore operation. Range 01 motion is 12
・
‑24・
andarc 01 motion is only 12・ ‑
Fig. 1 ‑b. The lateral radiograph 01 the right knee taken 4 years after total knee a巾roplasty(uncemented Miller/Galante prosthesis). The range 01 motion is 0'‑120' and arc 01 motion is 120・‑
Fig. 1 ‑c. At the present time the patient can play the Japanese dancing and can often travel lor sight‑ seeing in Japan together with her Iriends.
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Fig. 2‑a. This patient is a 56‑year‑old man with rheumatoid arthritis. The radiographs of his bト
lateral knees, both of which were replaced by Kinematic anteriorly joined type prosth‑ eses. Five years after surgery, range of motion is 0
・
‑145・
inthe right and 0・
‑130・ I n
the left. Bone cement was used for fixation but there is no loosening and sinking
Fig. 2‑b. The patient can ride a bicycle by himself and enjoy the cycling every day. He can sometimes take a walk together with his grand children. He is treated by a DMARD, named bucillamine. The inflammation is well under contro .lCRP is 0.2 mg/dl, and blood sedimetation rate is 20 m m per one hour.
DMARD : disease modifing anti‑rheumatic drug.
‑ 4
整スポ会誌 VOL.l3NO.3 278
Fig. 3‑a. This patient is a 65‑year‑old man with rheumatoid arthritis. 60th knees were replaced by Kinematic anteriorly joined type prosthesis. He took a walk and went up and down the stairs every day in order to keep physical strength
However 10 months after surgery, absorption of bone appeared under the metal tray of the medial tibial component in his right knee and 3 years after surgery, his right knee developed severe varus deformity. The radiograph of his right knee shows the bending of tibial component (see an arrow) and the loosening of the medial paバof the tibial componen t.FTA : femoro・tibialangle
Fig. 3‑b. At revision surgery, the tibial component was observed to be broken. The breaka‑
ge is found to occur at the connecting area of the central peg and medial tibial componen t.
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Discussion
Total knee arthroplasty has often provided the patients to be able to walk independently') Wyatt') reported that 156 (95%) of 172 patients with TKA participated in athletic activities. Their mean age was 68 years ranging from 35 to 88 years and post‑operative knee score was 92 points (73 ‑100 points). Age, general health, and pre‑ operative level of athletic participation were re‑ ported to correlate with post‑operative participa‑ tion, while sex and clinical knee score did not. This high athletic participation following TKA was influenced by the physicion's instruction on post‑operative activity level and was thought to be caused by the fact that the majority of patients were osteoarthritic
In this series, 73% of patients participated in sports and recreation activities in stead of almost rheumatoid patients. The recent development of so‑called anti‑rheumatic drugs is thought to contri‑ bute to this relatively high participation in sports and recreation following TKA. This evidence is the one of the good news for the arthritic patients and elderly, since sports and recreation activities improves the level in quality of life.
The rnajority of patients were operated using bone cement. Follow‑up periods was 3 years on average and relatively short. However, even if TKA was carried out with bone cement, adequate sports and recreation gave pleasure to the pa‑ tients and there were no cases with the prosthesis loosen. Ranawat') reported the survivoship of total condylar knee arthroplasty with bone cement fixa‑ tion. The excellent survivorship was observed
6 ‑
even if long‑term follow‑up periods of up to 11 years. However two knees had component loosening
In this series, only one revision surgery was performed because of breakage of prosthesis fol‑ lowing athletic participation. The patient took a walk, and went up and down the stairs almost ev‑ ery day in order to maintain and improve his physical strength (fig. 3).
Therefore, in order to obtain long survivorship following TKA, the patient should select appropri‑ ate sports and recreation
The following sports and recreation are consi‑ dered to be recommended to the patients after TKA. That is, full weight bearing sports without intense knee flexion and extension such as walk ing, travelling, hiking, gateball and fishing, and the light weight bearing sports with knee flexion and extension such as light gymnastics, driving, swirnming, cycling and riding horse. Further stu‑ dies are needed to determine the effects of sports participation on the results of TKA.
Conclusion
1 ̲ Eighty‑eight patients with 118 total knee arthroplasties were studied on the postoper‑ ative sports and recreation activities. Aver age follow‑up periods were 3 years, ranging from one to 11 years
2 ̲ Eighty‑one patients (92%) had rhel arthritis and seven had osteoarthritis. A ver age age was 59 years, ranging from 33 to 77 years
3 ̲ Resurfacing type knee prostheses used were Georn巴tricin 9 knees, U.C.1. in 16, Kinematic
Condylar in 91 (anteriorly joined type in 71 and posterior cruciate rete凶 ontype in 20),
Miller‑Galante in one and AMK in one. 4 ̲ Sixty‑four patients (73%) participated in
sports and recreation activities
5 ̲ Walking was participated by 57 patients, travelling by 33, gymnastics by 25, driving by 12, swimming by 5, hiking by 4, gate ball by 4 and cycling by 3
6 ̲ One knee prosthesis (Kinematic anteriorly joined type) was broken by the high level ex‑ ercise including going‑up‑and‑down苧stepsex‑ ercise every day.
Reference
1 ) Ranawat, C.S., and Boachie‑Adjei, 0 : Survi‑ vorship analysis and results of total condylar knee arthroplasty, Eight‑to ll‑year follow‑up period. Clin. Orthop. 226 : 6‑13, 1998 2) Wyatt, R. et al Athletic activity following
total knee arthroplasty, Program of Combined Congress of The International Arthroscopy Association and The International Society of The knee, Poster exhibit, No.81, Toronto, Canada, 1991.
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S u r g e r y f o r S p o n d y l o l y s i s O c c u r r i n g 泊 Y o u n gA t h l e t e s
若年スポーツ選手における脊椎分離症に対する手術療法
Toru Arima Hideki Takeuchi
有 馬 亨 寧 竹内秀樹**
Takatoshi Noguchi
野口隆敏・
Yutaka Nakamura
中村豊**
• Key Words.
Spondylolysis, Young athletes, Intrasegmental wiring 脊 椎 分 離 症 若 年 ス ポーツ選手 脊椎分節ワイヤリング固定術
.Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the surgical results of intrasegmental wiring and bone grafting for spondylolysis in young athletes
Materials consist of ten cases of lumbar spondylolysis mostly in teen ages, with difficulties in sports activities. Bilateral lytic defects were grafted with iliac bone fragment and followed by fixation with intrasegmental wiring
Postoperative symptoms were improved in all cases, and 70% of cases returned to the initial sports or recreational sports. Bony fusion rate was 70% on X‑Ray, but only 60% on CT in aver age of one year postoperatively. It seemed to be difficult to obtain solid fusion for CT‑Type IV of our classification by this surgery
In conclusion, intrasegmental wire fixation is recommended for the spondylolysis in young athletes. It is necessary to evaluate on CT the condition of lytic prtion preoperativrly and the state of fusion postoperati vely
有 馬 亨 │・Departmentof Orthopedic Surgery, 干157東京都世田谷区千歳台1‑13‑4‑403I Hakone National Hospital
03‑3484‑6080 国立療養所箱根病院整形外科
・
・
Departmentof Orthopedic Surgery,Tokai University, School of Medicine 東海大学医学部整形外科学教室
‑8‑
整スポ会誌VOl.l3NO.3 282
.要旨
若年者脊椎分離症に対してlooselaminaを締結して骨癒合を獲得するintrasegmentalwiring 法の成績およびスポーツ復帰について検討した。
症例はスポーツ活動に支障のある主として10代の腰部脊椎分離症10例である。分離の判定は X線のほかCTにても行なった。手術手技は分離部を郭清しして腸骨片を移植しmtrasegmen‑ tal wiring固定を行なうものである。
術後成績では全例に自 ・他覚症状の改善がみられ,スポーツ復帰率は70%であった。骨癒合 率は術後1年の X線像では 70%でああったが CTでは60%でああった。本術式はわれわれの CT分類でのTypeNには骨癒合獲得が困難であり,適応とししてとりおよび椎間板変性の少 ないものに限られる。
結論としてintrasegmentalwiring法はスポーツにおける若年者の分離症に有用性があるが適 応の考慮が大切である。分離判定ならびに骨癒合判定にはCT検査は不可欠である。
Introduction
Spondylolysis is common disease occurring among athletes. It has even become necessary to perform surgery on young athletes with low back pain or leg pain that prevents them from con‑ tinuing sports activities
The purpose of this paper is to examine the sur‑ gical results of intrasegmental wiring and bone grafting used to tighten the loose lamina of young spondylolysis patients, as well as the degree to which such results can promise an early return to sports actlvities
Materials Methods
Material consist of ten cases of lumbar spondy‑ lolysis including two cases of minimal degrees of spondylolisthesis. The patients included eight males and two females with an age distribution ranging from eleven to twenty‑three years, and an average of seventeen years. Their level of spondy‑ lolysis was mostly located in L5 (Table 1)
The sports activities contributing to these cases,
‑9‑
Table 1. Materials of the surgery for spondylolysis
• Sex : Male 8, Female 2 cases
• Age: 11・15y 3 cases 16・19y 4 cases 20・23y 3 cases (Ave 17̲3y)
• level at lysis :
l4 1 case
l5 9 cases
in descending order, were Soccer (four case) , Baseball (two cases), Basketball (two cases) and Field & Track(two cases). The duration of symp‑
toms ranged from ten months to thirty‑six months with an average of seventeen months.
The follow‑up duration ranged from six months to twenty‑seven months with an average of fifteen months.
Concerning the surgical methods, the bilateral lytic portion is cleaned of fibrocartilagenous tis‑ sue and then grafted with iliac bone graIt. Next, double Leque wires were passed around the base
盤スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 283
of transverse process and tightend to each other under the spinous process (Fig. 1).
Postoperative managernents requird bed rest for two weeks. followed by the wearing of a brace or soft corset at least for three rnonths
Results
As preoperative syrnptorns. low back pain (especially when bending backwards) was seen in all cases. and leg nurnbness in three cases
There was no rnotor and sensory defecit cases. and SLR test was positive in one case.
Syrnptomes were evaluated with JOA score of 15 full points. Preoperative points were 12 points in three cases. 13 points in 6 cases and 14 points in one case. Postoperati vely these recovered to 15 full points in all cases
Step 1
In addition. one‑leg lurnbar hyperextension test was positive in 70% preoperatively and becarne negative postoperatively. Spinous process tender‑ ness test in prone‑extension was positive in 50%
preoperatively and all cases becarne negative postoperativelyn
More extensively. X‑Ray types of spondylolysis were divided using Oyaka.s classification') : Type
1
‑田crackstage. Type町‑V progressive stage. Type刊ー咽 pseudarthrosisstage. TypeN
was recognized in two cases. Type V in three cases and TypeV I
in five cases (Fig. 2).CT types of spondylolysis were divided in four stages using our cJassification system. CT‑Type 1
; a crack without bone absorbtion and CT‑Type 2 ; a crack with bone absorbtion. CT ‑Type 3 pseudoarthrosis with slight or rnoderate bone
Step 2
(TOKAI UNIV. 1990)
Fig. 1. Surgical methods ; Intrasegmental wiring and bone grafting
ハU
整スポ会誌 VOl.l3NO.3 284
Fig. 2. X‑Ray types of spondylolysis (Oyaka's classification, 1959)
Fig.3. CT Types of spondylolysis (Arima 1992)
市EA1i
整スポ会誌VOl.l3NO.3 285
Table 2. CT Types of spondylolysis and state of fusion
Type of Complete Lysis Fusion
II (4) 4
m
(3)2
N (3)(10 cases)
6
sclerosis, CT‑Type 4 pseudoarthrosis with hypertrophic bone sclerosis (Fig. 3) CT ‑Type 2 was found in four cases, CT‑Type 3 in three cases, CT‑Type 4 in three cases.
As for bony fusion on X‑ray, solid fusion was obtained in seven cases, partial fusion in two cases and no‑fusion in one case. However, accord ing to CT analysis, solid fusion was obtained in only six cases, partial fusion in no case and no fusion in three cases. It is interesting that three cases of CT‑Type 4 present partial or no‑fusion (Table 2). Therefore, includi昭 solidfusion and partial fusion, union rate was obtained in 70% of all cases
Concerning returning to sports activities, three cases returned to the original sports, four cases to recreational sports and three cases will return to sports in the near future. The timing of their re‑ turn to sports was four to six months after surgery in most cases. Regarding complications, two cases of wire breakage were encountered
Partial N o Fusion Fusion
1 1
1 3
70% Fusion
Cilnical Study
The first case was a 11・yearold male baseball player, presenting L5 spondylolysis with minimal slipping. He had not been playing baseball suffi ciently for more than one year. After the segmen‑ tal wiring, he was able to return to sports activi‑ ties within six months. Bone union was obtained on CT one year and six month postoperatively (Fig.4, 5).
The second case was a 15‑year‑old male of soc cer player with L4 spondylolysis. He had suffered from low back pain for more than eight months. After surgery, he was able to return to his initial sports activities. Six months later, it seemed that bony union was solid on X‑ray, but not yet obtained on CT. This case suggested that CT was more accurate than X‑Ray to assess the state of fusion (Fig. 6, 7)
‑ 12ー
HT 1 1 V / o male
整スポ会誌V01.l3NO.3 286
L5
L5
Fig. 4. Case 1. 11 y/o male, 8aseball .L5 Spondylolysis
Fig. 5. Case 1. postop 1.5 Y, Solid fusion was obtained on CT
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Fig.6. Case 2. 15 y/o male, Soccer, L4 Spondylolysis
Fig.7. Case 2. postop 6 months, Solid fusion was seemed on X‑Ray, but not obtained on CT.
14 ‑
Discussion
In spondylolysis or minimal degree of spondy‑ lolisthesis. symptoms usually occured during mo‑ tion. especially backwards bending. In functional radiogram. the affected lamina was moved to post erior in extension position with widening of pars defect (Fig. 8). In this position. the affected lami‑ na "floated" by the pull of muscle tension and tenderness of the spinous process easily occured. Jt is notable that these loose laminas were recog‑ nized during surgery in all cases
In young age spondylolysis. the intervertebral discs are less degenerated. therefore. intersegmen‑ tal wiring is the ideal method. because it is possト
ble to fasten the loose lamina without loss of in‑ tervertebral motion
整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 288
This segmental wiring methods was reported by Scott. and afterwards several modified methods were reported with a high percent of bony union rate3叫.However. in many of these literatures. bony fusion was assessed by X‑ray and not CT.
In our study. the bony fusion rate was 70% on X‑ray. but only 60% on CT ; thus. it is dangerous to assess the state of fusion only by X‑ray. There守
fore. CT examination of spondylolysis is not only important preoperatively but also postoperatively
The three main advantages of this surgery are:. 1) limited i附 asegmentalfusion. 2) less invasive surgery. and 3) early return to sports activities.
The indications for this surgery are limited to 1) spondylolysis and spon吋dylolis試the白 悶s剖is with m即lin川i1口Ima剖1di凶spμlaceπIT附
patients. and 3) those with a less degenerated
Fig. 8. In functional X‑Ray. the affected lamina was moved posterior in extension position with widening of pars defect(Arrow).
phυ
唱EA
整スポ会誌VOL.l3 NO.3 289
disc. Lastly, it must be carefully noted that CT‑ Type 4 cases have difficulty obtaining solid fusion by this method. For these cases we recommend anterior spinal fusion from the point of view that the intervertebral disc becomes degenerated to a high grading, with segmental instabitity.S)
Conclusion
1) Intrasegmental wire fixation is recom‑ mended for spondylolysis and spondylol‑ isthesis with minimal displacement in young athletes
2) This surgery is less invas川 and enable the patients to return to sports activities with early stabilization.
3) It is necessary to evaluate on CT, both the condition of lytic portion preoperatively and the state of fusion postoperatively.
pn
u
'4
A
References
1 ) Ciullo, J.V. et al. Pars interarticularis stress reaction, spondylolysis, and spondy‑
lolisthesis in gymnasts. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 4:95‑110, 1985.
2) Oyaka, S. A study on the spondylolisth‑ esis. ]. Jap. Orthop. Ass. 33:58‑74, 1959 3) Bradford D.S. et al. : Repair of the defect in
spondylolysis or minimal degrees of spon‑ dylolisthesis by segmental wire fixation and bone grafting. Spine, 10:673‑679, 1985. 4) Hambly M. et a. l: Tension band wiring‑
bone grafting for spondylolysis and spon‑ dylolisthesis‑A clinical and biomechanical study. Spine, 14:455‑460, 1989.
5 ) Arima T. Anterior spinal fusion for lum‑ bar spondylolysis. Bone' Joint. Ligament. 5:337‑344, 1992.
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A S t u d y t o C o m p a r e A r t h r o s s c o p i c F i n d i n g s w i t h V a r i o u s D i a g n o s t i c T e s t s f o r S h o u l d e r C o m l e x S y n d r o m e i n s a s e b a l l I n j u r i e s
野球における肩障害 ( S h o u l d e rComplex S y ndrome) の 鏡視下所見と臨床テストの相関
Shunichi Y oshimatsu
吉 松 俊 一
Satoru Inoue井 上 悟
Rikio Amano
天 野 力郎
Yutaro Onishi大 西 雄 太 郎
Yoshiki Hamada
浜田 良機 ・
Noriya Akamatsu赤 松 功也・
• Key Wordes •
Clinical Shoulder Test, Arthroscopic Findings, Shoulder Complex Syndrome
肩テスト 鏡視下所見 肩複合障害
• Abstract Objective
The subjects involved in the study were 750 high‑Ievel baseball players, whose physical condi‑ tions were examined which special attention to shoulder injuries
Materials and methods
A variety of diagnostic tests, consisting mainly of Y tests, were performed on 118 patients with shoulder injuries before arthroscopic management, and the sites of shoulder pain were checked Results
A single injury rarely exists in the joint and several injuries are usually complicated, so patho. logical changes that may be refered to as the shoulder complex syndrome" are recognized in a throwing injury
Conclusion
A comparative study between the pain site identified by the player, the results of various di‑ agnostic tests on the shoulder, and subsequent arthroscopic findings has helped to more readily recognize the pathological features of shoulder injury in ambulatory patient.
吉松俊一 I Shunichi Yoshimatsu
干387 長野県更埴市更埴中央病院
I
Dept of orthopaedic surgery&
surgery 整形外科・外科 0262‑73‑1212 I Koshoku Central Hospital・山梨医科大学整形外科
・
Deptof Orthopaedic Surgery Yamanashi Medical College円︐︐
整スポ会誌VOL.l3 NO.3 291
.要旨
〈目的〉
スローイングの中心となる肩関節の野球障害についての病態について検討した。
〈研究方法〉
ハイレベルの野球選手750名について肩俸害の面よりコンデイションについて調査した。118例の鏡視下 手術を行った肩障害について,術前に
Y
Testを中心に種々な診断テストを行い,疹痛部位と鏡視下所見との比較検討を行った。
〈結果〉
鏡視下所見と肩関節疹痛部位
関節内には単一のみの障害はほとんどなく,いくつかの障害が合併しており TrrowinglnjuryはShoul‑ der Complex Syndromeと名付けた。Throwingの完全復帰という点でのPrognosisが必ずしもよくないの は,こういった多面的な障害が合併しているからだと思われる。
Objective
Baseball is a sport in which unique physical rhythms in both the upper and lower parts of a player's body are harmoniwed as a whole to cre ate energy that is reflected by his batting and throwing or pitching. Thus, a player's ability to perceive and use these rhythms is of great import‑ ance
However, it is actually more difficult than it appears for players to maintain their coordination through the maintenance of optimal balance be‑ tween the upper and lower body
A player is often forced to assume some unnatu‑ ral posture while playing. Sports are always accompanied by injuries, but unbalanced or un‑ coordinated movement can be identified as a cause responsible for most of them. By unbalancing a player's physical condition, one injury can become worse or lead to further injury.
As we have often witnessed, even a slight imba‑ lance of rhythm easily causes the recurrence of in‑ juries after the recovering player has returned to
the field, especially when greater physical exer‑ tion requires more speed and power
Players are not always in their best condition when they train or play games on the field
It is particularly difficult work near the limit of to control the condition of pitchers who are 80%
responsible their physical throughout a game So・calledbestcondition')" or super best condi‑ tion" is therefore required in difficult games.
Since the motion of throwing is an indispens able element in baseball, we have currently been studying the pathology of injuries in the shoulder joint, which is a part of the body that is fun‑ damental to throwing
Materials and Methods
The subjects involved in the study were 750 high‑level baseball players whose physical condi‑ tions were examined with special attention to shoulder injuries
The investigation was made by classifying medical cotrol of an injury into 3 stages
A variety diagnostic tests, mainly consisting of
︒ ︒
ー
Y tests'}, were performed on 118 patients with soulder injuries before arthroscopic management (Table 1), when the s巾sof shoulder pain were checked
These sites were compared with the findings at a microsurgical level and the results of diagnostic
Table 1 Propoはlonsof Baseball Injurles Throwing Injuries
Professional baseba ll Amateur
College
baseball baseball High
&
Middle schooll574
500
400
300
200
m
118 5( 4%) 39(33%) 31 (26%) 43(37%)
整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 292
tests of shoulders in an effort to understand the pathogenesis of shoulder injuries due to throwing in ambulant practice.
Results
1. We investigated a total of 2,097 cases of baseball injuris. These consisted of 574 cases of injury in the shoulder, 494 in the elbow, 59 in the hand, 453 in the waist, 300 in the knee, 143 in the foot and 74 in the leg.
The incidence of injury was highest in the shoulder, elbow and lumbar region(Fig.1)
456
1 0 01 1 1 1 1 59 1 1 1 1
門
sh叫 Ider Elbow Hand/Finger Spine Knee F
∞
t/Ankle Leg271
231
211 20!'6
141 1 0!'6
「
31
ーに
Shoulder Elbow Hand/Finger Spine Knee Foot/Ankle Leg
Flg. 1 The Incldence of Injury In each Pa同
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整スポ会誌VOLl3NO.3 293
2. These cases of baseball injury were classified into three stages of medical control for inves‑ tlgatlOn;
1) Self‑control required, 2) Special attention required, and 3) Proper treatment required
Stage in which proper treatment is required A total of 598 cases were classified in this stage. It was necessary for these players to be placed under careful medical control(Fig.2)
80th the shoulder and the elbow joint predom‑
227
216 200
1 00
5
minated the numbers of injuriesl with 227 cases of the former and 216 of the latter
The proportion of injuries in the shoulder joint was 38% and in the proportion was 36% injuries in the waist accounted for 17%, a figure that was higher than expected.
3. The ratio of shoulder joint injuries in each control stage was investigated
Shoulder
lnjuries in the shoulder joint totaled 574 cases. The number of injuries in each control stage is
101
32
針 剛Ilder Elbow Hand/Finger Spine Knee F∞t/Ankle leg Treat.町内 (,,)
5 0'61 38"
361
171
Shoulder Elbow H制対IFinger Spi問 Knee F∞t/Ankle Leg
Flg.2 Treawment n=598
n u
n〆 旬
整スポ会誌 VOL.l3NO.3 294
given in Fig. 3. This figure shows that there were tlOn
many cases of somewhat severe 町uryin con‑ Shoulder injury (Fig.4)
trol stages 2) and 3) . The proportions of incidence were 37% for Their percentages are quite high; 44% in stage pitchers. 11% for catchers. 29% for infielders
2) . and 40% in stage 3 ) . and 23% for outfielders.
4 ̲ lncidence by site of injury and player posi‑ 5. The proportion of injuries in individual con苧
300
I
1001253
221 2ω
501 441 100 I 94
(1) 包J (.3) IJ) @
Flg.3 The Number 01 Injurles In each contral stage
(,,)
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 1 5
1 0
。
5罰 則lder Elbow
(り ωω(4):(1) (2) (3)
(1)Pi tct国, U氾・tct帽『
ωInfi
・
1白e側kJtfi
・
lderM剖叫/Finger
(j)ω(:>> (.4)
Flg. 4 Incldence rate 01 shoulder Injury by player posltlon
‑ 21ー
40耳
@
整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 295
trol stages by player position and site of injury (Fig.5)
The percentage of shoulder injuries in indi. vidual control stages by player position in in. cluded in the Fig. 5.
Stage in which special attention was required. The percentage of this stage was highest in each player position, which suggests the necessity of early diagnosis.
Pitcher
1) Self.control required 13%
2) Special attention required 17%
3) Proper treatment required 7%
Catcher
1) Self‑contorl required 4%
2) Special attention required 12%
3) Proper treatment required 7%
Infielder
1) Self‑control required 4%
2) Special attention required 18%
3) Proper treatment required 5%
Outfielder
(,,)
30
2 5 I <Pi tcher) <Catcl陪r) 20
1 5 1 0
。
52 3 2 3
1) Self‑control required 2) Special attention required 3) Proper treatrnent required
4%
15% 8%
6. The pain site in shoulder joint and various diagnostic tests.
Table 2 shows relations between pain site in the shoulder joint and various diagnostic tests on the shoulder joint. The positive rates for anterior shoulder pain and lateral shoulder pain in the irnpingement test were as high as 62%
and 70%, respectively. Y test
When cornplex shoulder pain was excluded, the postive rate was approxirnately 90% in the Y test for any site of pain that a player hirnself noted. In addition, since many players are not able to point out the definite site of pain by themselves, the Y test is useful in that it rnakes an affected site more readily identifiable. In particular, when there are rnore than two different sites of pain, a player sometirnes tilts his head because of uncertainly of their loca‑
<Infielder> <Outfielcおr>
2 2 3
Flg.5 The Percentage of Injuries In Indlvldual Control Sta By Player Posltlon (Shoulder)
nf
︼‑
n r‑
tions, or looks perplexed touching his shoulder timidly and trying to locate an affected site. However, such sites can often be identified by the Y test
Yergason test
The Yergason test revealed anterior shoulder pain in 4 out of 42 cases (10%), lateral shoulder pain in 2 out of 56 case ( 4 %) and posterior shoulder pain in one
Abduction test
In abduction tests, the positive rate was as high as 36% in 20 cases in the 300 test for lateral shoulder pain, while the rates in the 300 test for other sites were approximately 20%. In the 30へ 600 and 900 Abduction tests, the overall postive rate was highest as high as 67% for lateral shoulder pain, and the rates for other sites were approximately 40%
Forward Elevation test
In the forward elevation test, the positive rates
整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 296
were investigated with the dorsal side rather than the volar side being upward. This revealed a positive rate of 29% for anterior shoulder pain, about 20% for lateral shoulder and com‑ plex shoulder pain, and only 1 case of posterior shoulder pain
Supra spinatus test
In the SSP test, which conceivably indicates dis‑ orders in the supra spinatus, positive reaction was noted in 23 patients with lateral shoulder pain (41 %). This suggests that the test tends to reveal a certain disorder in the supra spinatus Relations between clinical symtoms and the pain site in the shoulder joint.
7. Arthroscopic findings
Relations with the pain site in the shoulder jom. t
Synovitis
Synovitis was recognized in 93% of patients with pain in the anterior surface of shoulder,
Table 2 Relationship Between Pain Site In The Shoulder Joint, Various Dlagnostic Tests And Arthroscoplc Flndings.
Case Y mplngemen Yergas
∞
Abd Fαward SSP Synovitis Labral Bicipital Rotater cuff │限凶ility T T T T Elevati∞
T damage Tend四litisdamage30・60・90・D>V
Anterior 36% 93% 62% 10% 19% 10% 7% 29% 26% 93% 30% 43% 31% 14%
Shoulder pain (42) (39) (28) (4) (8) (4) (3) (12) (11) (39) (17) (18) (13) (6) Ant68%
Lateral 47% 89% 70% 4% 36% 21% 10% 21% 41% 61% (38) 29% 64% 14%
Shoulder pain (56) (50) (39) (2) (20) (11) (6) (11) (23) (34) PC陪t36% (16) (36) (8) (20)
Posterior 8.5% 90% 10% 10% 20% 10% 10% 10% 50% 50% 40% 10% 10% 20%
Shoulder pain (10) (9) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1 ) (1) (5) (5) (4) (1) (1) (2) Complex 8.5% 60% 40% 10% 20% 10% 10% 20% 30% 70% 40% 20% 30% 30%
Shoulder pain (10) (6) (4) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (3) (7) (4) (2) (3) (3)
︒ ︒
内'h
受スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 297
in 61% of patients with lateral shoulder pain,
and in 29% of patients (10 cases) with pain in both the anterrior and posterior surfaces of the shoulder.
Labral Damage
Labral damage was recognized in 30% of pa‑ tients with anterior shoulder pain, anterior damage in 68% of patients with lateral shoulder pain, and posterior damage in 36%. The propor‑ tion of patients whose anterior or posterior damage was recognized was considerably high‑ er, being 71%.
Bicipital Tendinitis
Bicipital tendinitis was recognized in 43% of pa‑ tients with pai日 in the anterior shoulder. However, in was often recognized at the attach‑ ment site of the bicipital tendon (biceps tendon labrum comlex )3) and was rarely noted in the extensive region around the tendon. In addition,
the postive rate in the Yergason test was only 10%.
This disorder was recognized in 29% of patients with pain in the lateral shoulder, but was noted mainly at the attachment site
Rotater Cuff Damage
This damage was recognized in 64% of patients with lateral shoulder pain. It is considered that damage exists in two‑thirds of the patients, but with differences in severity. This damage is often recognized in the articular surface in par‑ ticular. This damage was combined with 61% of synovitis and 29% of bicipital tendinitis injury Instability
Although the number of patients was small ( 3 cases), instability was recogn即 din 30% of pa‑
tients with complex shoulder pain. Thus, the possibility that instability leads to complex in‑ jury may be higher.
Discusslon
The shoulder has the greatest range of mobility of all of the joints in the body, but it not well de‑ signed to avoid undesirable positions. In various athletic activities, particularly those involving overhead movement, the soft tissue around the gle‑ nohumeral joint is greatly stressed during attempts to stretch the arm maximally吋.
Among these soft tissues, the rotator cuff and bicipital tendon, in perticular, are often injured. Hans (Tables 3 and 4) classified the causes of such tendinopathy into primary and secondary
Neer') developed an elaborate hypothesis on the progression of the impingement syndrome in three stages.
Primary tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps seems to be rare. Usually, it seems to fol‑ low tendinitis or tear of the supraspinatus tendon.
Secondary tendinopathies can also develop in response to decrease in the depth of the bicipital groove by anatomic variations or pathologic changes.
ot all labral tears are associated with instability")ーAtear of the upper half of the labrum may be caused by throwing. The mechanism of labral tearing can be due to repetitive overhead activity, such as that involved in throwing. It might also be due to forceful entrapment associ‑ ated with an avulsion sprain of the biceps噂labrum complex between the humeral head and the gle‑ noid rim'). A significant proportion of labral tears
4
内︐1﹄
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Table 3 Primary (Intrinslc Orlgln) Tendlnopathies of Rotator CUff, or 81cipltal Tendon, or 80th
APPARENT CAUSATIVE FACTOR(S)
Trauma Tendinitis Impingement Rupture Instability
CLlNICAL SYNDROME
Reactive Degeneration
Calcifying tendinitis with or without impingement Instdbility
Hyperelasticity (Ehler Danlos syndrome) Idiopathic
Impingement Rupture Instability Frozen shoulder
Table 4 Secondary (Extrinsic Origln) Tendinopathies of Rotator Cuff, or 81cipltal Tendon, or 80th
APPARENT CAUSATIVE FACTOR(S) Anatomic variations of the body tissue
Large coracoid pr
∞
ess Beaking" of the acromion Supratubercular ridgePathologic changes in the body tissue Acromial spur
Osteophytes of the acromioclavicular(a‑c)joint Exostosis
Systemic diseases Metabolic Endocrine Rheumatic Remote causes
Cervical disc
Intrathoracic/intra‑abdominal disorders
CLlNICAL SYNDROME Tendinitis
Impingement Rupture
Tendinitis Impingement Rupture
of the greater tuberosity Tendinitis
Frozen shoulder
Tendinitis Frozen shoulder
From Hans KU et al, : Classification and Definition of Tendinopathies. Clin Sports Med 10 : 707‑720, 1991.
‑ 25一
整スポ会誌 VOL.l3NO.3 299
in the throwing athlete involve the anterosuperior portion near the insertion of the long head of the biceps tendon, and are not associated with instability8lー
]ames'l appreciated that tendinitis is not uncom・
mon in the athlete's shoulder and can be related to patients who have anterior subluxation with secondary impingement sings and in patiens who have multidirectional and posterior instability. In patients who have multidirectional and posterior instability, he contends that they may have an ele‑ ment of collagen deficiency, which might be re‑ sponsible for their presentation. ]obe'O.lll et a l.has provided a classification to evaluate athletes are suffering a附 riorshoulder pain: (Table 5)
This classification system suggests significant overlap between rotator cuff pathology and insta. bility of the shoulder girdle in overhead athletics It is not surprising that many athletes suffer pain due to associated tendinitis and underlying insta‑ bility
Synovitis, recognized in most cases, may be a
secondary change that spreads to other surround‑ ing tissues including the synovia in the course of the main pathological changes. Changes in in flammation of the synovia. in particular, conceiv‑ ably play a substantial part in increase and de‑ crease of shoulder pain. Tests such as the im‑ pingement test and Y test are considered to be useful for learning more about the patient's va‑ rious shoulder related symptoms. We have cur rently tried to compare the result of these tests,
the pain site experienced by the player himself, and arthroscopic findings, since these are consi‑ dered to be helpful in speculating the pathological features of shoulder injury due to throwing in ambulance
An isolated injury rarely exists in a joint where several lllJuries are usually complicated, and pathological changes that may be called shoulder complex syndrome" are recognized from throwing lllJury.
The reason why the prognosis of a throwing in‑ jury with respect to complete rehabilitation is not
Table.5 Impingement Symptoms Secondary to Glenohumeral Instability
Group 1 Athletes with pure impi川ngemen川tand no 川ins討tab削lityy
Group II Primary instability due to chronic labral microtraum, with secondary impingement Thinning of the cuff, such as resuits from pa州aiundersurface crff tears, attenua‑ tion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament, and labral damage are lesions that lead to instability
Group皿 Instabilitysecondary to hyperelastic capsular and ligamentoos tissues, with secondary im‑ pingemen t.
Evidently, patients with Ehlers‑Danlos syndrome fit into this group
Group N Pure anterior instability without impingement. This instability is said to be the result of a single traumatic even t.
Forced hyperextension and abduction cause anterior instability, and most patients have evi‑ dence of anterior labral damage.
︽hun
ノ
a!ways favorab!e may be that such mu!tip!e in‑ juries are comp!icated
In addition, complications of instabi!ity that car‑ ry the gravest prognosis are considered to resu!t in, and resu!t from these injuries, so we have keenly felt that further investigations of involving the comp!iations of instabi!ity is required, includ‑ ing surgery and rehabi!itation.
Conclusion
A comparative study between the pain site de‑ scribed by the p!ayer, the result of various di‑ agnostic tests on the shoulder, and arthroscopic findings has he!ped to more readily understand the patho!ogica! features of shoulder InJury in ambu!atory practice.
Because of the uniqueness of a sing!e injury due to throwing, we refer to throwing injury as
shou!der comp!ex syndrome."
References
1 )吉松俊一 他:少年野球トレーニング.講談
キ 土 , 東京,
1982.2 )吉松俊一 他 :スポーツ整形外科的メデイカ ルチェック(上肢隊害を中心に)・臨床スポー ツ医学 3 : 669‑676, 1986.
3) Andrews JR et a!, The arthroscopic treat‑ ment of glenoid !abrum tears in the throwing ath!ete. Orthop Trans., 8 : 44, 1984. 4) Hans KU et a剖1,: CI泊asお叩s幻if口icationand de凶ffれinit
of t匂endinopathi児es.Clin sports Med., 10 : 707
一
720,1991.5) Neer CS et al, Impi時ement lesions. Clin Orthop., 173 : 77, 1973.
6) Ellman H et al, : Shoulder arthroscopy : Cur. rent indication and techniques. Orthopaedics,
整スポ会誌VOL.l3 NO.3 300
11 : 42, 1988.
7) Dorothy FS et a!, Arthroscopic management of the throwing athletes's shou!der indica tions, technique, and ressu!ts. Clin Sports Med.,
10 : 913‑927, 1991.
8) Andrews JR et a!, Shoulder arthroscopy in the throwing athlete Perspectives and prog. rnosis. Arthroscopy, 565, 1987.
9 ) James FS et a!, : Current concepts and recent advances in the ath!ete's shoulder. Clin Sports Med., 10 : 693‑705, 1991.
10) Jobe F W et a!" The anterior capsulolabral reconstruction in skilled throwers with anter‑ ior instabi!ity. Presented at the Fifth Open Meeting of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Las Vegas
,
Nevada, January 1989. 11) Jobe F W et a!, : Anterior capsu!olabra! recon.struction. Techniques in Orthopedics‑The Shoulder, 3 : 29‑35, 1989.
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整スポ会誌VOL.l3NO.3 30 I
S p o r t s A c t i v i t i e s a f t e r C h i a r i P e l v i c Osteotomy
C h i a r i 骨盤骨切り術後のスポーツ活動の現状と限界
Fujio Higuchi
樋口富士男
Hisashi Yamashita
山下 寿
Naoto Shiba Akio Inoue
• Key words.
dysplastic hip : Chiari pelvic osteotomy : sports activities 臼差形成不全 キアリ骨盤骨切り術 スポーツ活動
• Abstract
志 波 直 人 井 上 明 生
We have investigated the running ability and sports activities of 124 cases following Chiari pelvic osteotomy for a dysplastic hip. The running ability depended upon the preoperative stag‑ ing of the disease. For cases that had been at an advanced or terminal stage, sports activity re‑ mained difficult. Fifty‑seven per cent of patients could enjoy some sports activity and a Quarter enjoyed one specific sport after the operation. The running ability after the operation was not significantly different from that before the operation, but after the operation, 20 per cent of pa宇 tients refrained from sports.
The activities preferred after the operation were mainly individual exercising, pair sports or non‑team sports
.要旨
Chiari骨盤骨切り術後のスポーツ活動を、手術時年齢40歳以下で術後2年以上経過し た124症例で検討した。半数以上の症例は術後にスポーツを楽しんでおり、およそ4分の lの例では、特定のスポーツを定期的に行っていた。走行能力は術前の病期と関連し、
進行期や末期ではかなり制限されていた。スポーツの形態を分類し:術前と術後を比較す ると、術後はチームスポーツよりペアスポーツや個人スポーツが多く行われていた。
樋口富士男
〒830 久留米市旭町67 久留米大学医学部整形外科 0942‑35‑3311
Fujio Higuchi
Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery Kurume University,
School of Medicine
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