図5.3-2：焼畑で伐採したあとの様子（概ね100-200mの範囲を伐採）
図5.3-3：Landsat-8画像上の焼畑の規模。緑色が伐採された個所（幅200m以下）
した。ゴロンタロ州における森林セクターの公式なリファレンスレベルと、同州が設定し た各森林被覆区分の公式なCO2排出係数を私たちのREDD+プロジェクトにも適用するコ ンセプトである。このMRV方法論に沿ってゴロンタロ州ボアレモ県におけるCO2排出削 減量を試算すると、REDD+活動の実施で同県の森林面積が現状維持できた場合に約12万
tCO2e/年程度のCO2削減効果が期待でき、両国の官民連携で実施する気候変動対策として
一定の意義のある規模感と考える。尚、MRV方法論については引き続き両国政府の有識 者の協力を仰ぎ、検討を継続してJCM委員会への登録を目指したい。
ここまで約４年間にわたりインドネシア有数の企業グループであるゴーベル・グループの 絶大な支援を得て、現地政府やコミュニティと共にFS調査事業を実施してきた。いよい
よ本REDD+プロジェクトの実現可能性が具体的に見えてきたこともあり、本年度のFS調
査では、兼松を中心にREDD+活動を推進する為の官民連携の協力体制を固める事ができ た。平成27年度においては、兼松はREDD+プロジェクトの実証事業化を目指したいと考 えている。具体的には、実際にゴロンタロ州で両国官民が協力してコミュニティと共に MRVのモニタリングを実施し、信頼性について一定の評価のできる精度で、かつ透明性 のある検証を行ってREDD+クレジットを創出する事。また、本プロジェクトの特徴であ るカカオのセーフガードプログラムを実施する事により、単なる森林保全によるCO2削 減だけではなく、コミュニティの貧困削減への貢献も大きいという背景から、その高付加 価値分を正当に価格に上乗せしたREDD+クレジットとして、これを日本企業が温室効果 ガスの自主削減目標等に活用する為に購入するスキームを試験的に実施する事により、
JCM制度の下での本REDD+プロジェクトを資金的にも持続的な形で実現したいとする考 えである。
経済産業省様をはじめ関係の皆様には引き続きのご指導をお願い申し上げます。
資料編
添付資料 MRV方法論
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JCM Proposed Methodology Form
Cover sheet of the Proposed Methodology Form Form for submitting the proposed methodology
Host Country Indonesia
Name of the methodology proponents submitting this form
Kanematsu Corporation, Japan
Sectoral scope(s) to which the Proposed Methodology applies
REDD+
Title of the proposed methodology, and version number
Methodology for reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through implementation of forest conservation project List of documents to be attached to this form
(please check):
The attached draft JCM-PDD:
Additional information
Date of completion [XXXYYYZZZ]
History of the proposed methodology
Version Date Contents revised
1.0 5th October 2014 Initially developed 2.0 20th January,
2015
Revised according to the recent Japanese REDD+ MRV Guideline (Draft).
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A. Title of the methodology
Methodology for reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through implementation of forest conservation project
B. Terms and definitions
Terms Definitions
Should be added Should be added
C. Summary of the methodology
Items Summary
GHG emission reduction measures
Should be added
Calculation of reference emissions
Should be added
Calculation of project emissions
Should be added
Monitoring parameters Should be added
D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1 Project reduces slash-and-burn deforestation by changing agricultural production practices.
Criterion 2 Project area is not peatland.
Criterion 3 Project area is officially authorized by Indonesian government.
Criterion 4
Project must have a system established for monitoring the transformation from corn to cacao production, by way of satellite remote sensing technology and its ground truthing activity.
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3 E. Geophysical Project Boundaries (added)
Project boundaries are set as all the forest area of the project implementing districts at the time of project commencement, which are officially determined by Indonesian Government. Data on forest area is collected as official GIS data of land cover map produced by Indonesian Government.
F. Emission Sources and GHG types
Reference emissions
Emission sources GHG types
Above ground biomass, underground biomass, and carbon in the soil are included in the calculation.
CO2, N2O, and CH4
Project emissions
Emission sources GHG types
Above ground biomass, underground biomass, and carbon in the soil are included in the calculation.
CO2, N2O, and CH4
G. Establishment and calculation of reference emissions G.1. Establishment of reference emissions
Reference scenario
In the reference scenario, it is assumed that none of the measures planned in this project (forest conservation, revegetation, afforestation and others) will be implemented in the future and that the current deforestation/degradation trends will continue.
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G.2. Calculation of reference emissions
Calculation of reference emissions
Reference emissions shall be calculated using the method suggested herein.
a) Establishment of reference area
Reference area should be established to serve as a reference for calculating the future decreasing rate and/or increasing rate of forest carbon in the project area.
As Project is a part of Sub-National REDD+ project scheme, the reference area of Project is all the forest area within its provincial administrative boundary.
b) Collection of data on land cover area
Data on land cover area in the reference area will be determined by collecting the official GIS data of administrative provincial boundary, and its official land cover map produced by Indonesian Government.
c) Collection of emission factor data
Data on land cover area has been collected as described in the previous item, and in accordance with the land cover classification, emission factor (carbon stocks per unit area) data shall be gathered.
d) Calculation of Reference Emission Level (REL)
As Project is Sub-National REDD+ project, its BAU (business-as-usual) of provincial forestry sector, which Indonesian Government officially establishes in provincial GHG Emission Reduction Plan (RAD-GRK), will be used to establish reference emission level, and it will be assumed that such level of emissions will continue during the project period.
H. Calculation of project emissions
Methodologies to calculate the project emissions are explained below. First, data on amount of activity (data on land cover area change) and emission factors will be organized.
a) Establishing land cover classification
In order to set the amount of activity (data on land cover area change) and emission factor, land cover classification will be established beforehand. Land cover classification should be established in accordance with classification of Indonesian Government.
b) Collection of land cover area data
Land cover data shall be collected for the year for which emission reduction is to be calculated
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after the commencement of the project. Similar to the case of the calculation method of reference emission, the following two calculation options could be considered:
Utilization of existing data: If existing data of land cover area in the project area managed by Indonesian government, etc. are available, such data may be utilized.
Utilization of unique data: Data on land cover area in the project area will be managed uniquely by the operator through analysis combining remote sensing data and ground survey.
The operator shall carry out calculation using either of the above options, depending on the circumstances.
c) Collection of emission factor data
Data on land cover area has been collected as described in b.), and in accordance with the land cover classification defined herein, emission factor (carbon stocks per unit area) data will be gathered.
d) Calculation of project emissions
Based on the results obtained pursuant to the method described in b.) and a.), change in carbon stocks can be obtained by first multiplying the land cover area change for each land cover classification by the relevant emission factor, and then obtaining the total.
Yearly project emission is calculated every year by obtaining renewed land cover map made by Indonesian Government.
I. Calculation of Leakage Emissions (added)
Leakage emissions are increase in GHG emissions outside the project area caused by the implementation of the project activities. Leakage emission shall be calculated in accordance with the following method:
a) Establishing the Leakage Area
Monitor the trend of leakage in the land surrounding the project Area. Areas surrounding the project area shall be defined as the leakage area. In principle, boundaries of the leakage areas shall also be in consistence with the administrative border, the same as in the case of project area. Also, the minimum area required to constitute the leakage area shall be equivalent to 90% of the area of the project area.
b) Evaluation of Leakage Risk
Whether a leakage is occurring or not can be determined by first identifying monitorable alternative factors that can induce leakage, and monitoring the changes of such factors.
Specifically, increasing rates of populations, number of households, and production activities can be considered as reference indices. If the increasing rates for these factors reach a certain
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level, it can be determined that a leakage had occurred.
The followings are examples of alternative indices that can be used to evaluate the leakage simply. This table was created by referring to the methodology of simplification for small-scale CDM.
Through such method, calculation of leakage emission can be simplified, and collection of detailed data will be unnecessary. By using the leakage occurrence rate, leakage emissions can be evaluated easily.
Table 3 Alternative indices for simple evaluation of leakage
* The simple evaluation method above was established referring to cases of small-scale CDM.
The reference document is “Annual report of the Executive Board of the clean development mechanism to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol” (FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/4/Add.1) , page 18 to page 19.
c) Calculation of leakage emissions
Leakage emissions can be calculated by using the simple evaluation table shown above.
However, in the event that methodology of simplification cannot be applied, reference emissions and project emissions in the leakage area shall be estimated, and the difference between the two values can be deemed as to be the leakage emissions.
Increase rate of activities assumed to have strong cause-effect relationship with deforestation/forest degredation
Simple evaluation of leakage
10% or less Leakage deemed as 0%
10%～50% Leakage deemed 15%
50% or more Methodology of simplification not applicable.
J. Calculation of emissions reductions
After obtaining all of the results through calculations above, emission reductions are calculated by using the following formula. Emission reductions are calculated by deducting the project emissions and leakage emissions from the reference emission level.
ERy ＝ REy － PEy － LEy
Where,
ERy: Emission reductions of year y [tCO2e/year]
REy: Reference emission level of year y [tCO2e/year]