ɉɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ

Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ȾɌɉ ɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟ-ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.²² ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ:

• ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ȾɌɉ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.ɗɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɪɨɝ,ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ,ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ.

ȼɫɬɚɜɤɚ 5.7.ɉɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ

ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ.^{23, 24} Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ,ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

• Ɂɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 30 ɤɦ/ɱ,ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȾɌɉ ɧɚ 15–80%.²⁵ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.

• ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ ɛɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɩɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ,ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.²⁶ Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ,ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.

• Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ

ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ:

− ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ

− ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ. ȼ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɞɚɥɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɤ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 19:1.²⁷

− ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɩɪɨɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ». ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɥɨɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɚɱɬɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 30%.²⁸

− ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ «ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ».

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ȾɌɉ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɨɛɝɨɧɵ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫ ɜɵɟɡɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ.

• Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɤɭɩɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ȾɌɉ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ

«ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ» ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ

ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɂ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ, ɢ ɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 2015 ɝ., ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

− ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ȾɌɉ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ,ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ;

− Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ;

− Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ «ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ»ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ;

− Ⱦɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ.Ɉɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɩɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ;

− Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɝɨɧɨɜ;

− ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȾɌɉ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.

Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ȾɌɉ,ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ I ɤɦ/ɱ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ȾɌɉ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɧɚ 3%, ɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1% ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ȾɌɉ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ 3%.^{29, 30} ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ I ɤɦ/ɱ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ȾɌɉ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ 5%. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 1 ɤɦ/ɱ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ȾɌɉ ɧɚ 5%.³¹ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɟɡɞɚ ɫ 30 ɞɨ 50 ɤɦ/ɱ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ.³² Ⱦɥɹ ɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɜ ȾɌɉ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 80 ɤɦ/ɱ ɜ 20 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 32 ɤɦ/ɱ.³³ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɟɡɞɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 30 ɤɦ/ɱ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 90%. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 45 ɤɦ/ɱ ɷɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 50%.³⁴

ɍɳɟɪɛ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɬ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɲɭɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ.ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ.

ɍɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ;ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ;ɦɢɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɚɪɚ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɤɚɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ,ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ.ɉɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɪɨɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ʌɟɝɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɚɦ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɦɧɹɯ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ) ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɜ ȾɌɉ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɨɛɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ 70 ɤɦ/ɱ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ - ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ 50ɤɦ/ɱ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɧɚɟɡɞ ɧɚ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɤɦ/ɱ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ.³⁵

ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ȾɌɉ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 29% ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ:

• ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ.ɬ.ɱ. ɞɨɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ 85 ɩɟɪɰɟɧɬɢɥɶ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.

• Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɱɧɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 50 ɤɦ/ɱ,

ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 60 ɤɦ/ɱ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɞɨ 50 ɤɦ/ɱ,ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɯ ȿɄɆɌ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɥɢɦɢɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɴɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɤɦ/ɱ,ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ 15 ɤɦ/ɱ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɢɠɟ.Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ,ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ «ɥɟɠɚɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɢɟ»ɢ «ɱɢɤɟɣɧɵ»ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ,ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɦɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɋ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɲɚɝɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɧɟɫɭɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ.

• ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ 4.3, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 70-90 ɤɦ/ɱ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ 110-120ɤɦ/ɱ ɜɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɯ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ.Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ,ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɪɹɞ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ;ɨɫɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɛɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ,ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɨɤ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ), ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ; ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɢ

«ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ.

• Ɇɢɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɥɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ.

• Ʉɚɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɬɨɧɧɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɞɚɪɵ,ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȾɌɉ ɫ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦɢ.³⁶Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ,ɱɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ,ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɪɢɫɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ,ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȾɌɉ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ.³⁷ ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ȾɌɉ.