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(1)OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ. AS t u d yo f .P r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v e T r a n s a c t i o n si nt h eC h a n n e l s o fD i s t r i b u t i o no f M a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S a l e s S u b s i d i a r i e si nJ a p a nb a s e d onaS u r v e y * Hiroaki Seto Kagawa University,Japan. 1 INTRODUCTION This paper i n v o l v e s as t a t i s t i c a li n v e s t i g a t i o ni n t ot h e marketing c h a n n e l so rc h a n n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o no ft h e manufacturers who own t h e i rs a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e si nJ a p a n . Thec h a n n e l sw i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d. famanufacturerputsh i sr e t a i l ass u c c e s s i v es t a g e so ft r a n s a c t i o n s .I p r i c e( o rf i n a lp r i c et ou s e r s )s ot h a thee x p e c tr e t a i l e r so rf i n a ld i s ‑ t r i b u t o r st os e l lt ou s e r sa tap r i c ee q u a lt o1 0 0 ,how much are t h e f o l l o w i n gs a l e sp r i c e sa tt h ev a r i o u ss t a g e so ft r a n s a c t i o n s ?. *Thesurveyi nw h i c ht h i sp a p e ri sb a s e dwass u p p o r t e db yt h eA d m i n i s t r a t i v e ManagementA g e n c yandt h eM i n i s t r yo fF i n a n c e ,Governmento fJ a p a n w i t ht h eLISTOFINCORPORATEDENTERPRISES. Thea u t h o rw o u l dl i k e t ot h a n kP r o f .H i t o s h iKimura , M r .K u n i h i k oNakamura ,M i s sH i r o k oAndoh a n dM i s sR i e k oKanazawawhoh e l p e di nc a t r y i n go u tt h es u r v e y . Thea u t h o r a p p r e c i a t e st h i ss u p p o r t andcomments ,a sw e l la st h ec o o p e r a t i o no ft h e c o m p a n i e st h a tp r o v i d e dd a t a,w i t h o u tw h i c ht h i ss t u d yc o u l dn o th a v eb e e n d o n e . ..

(2) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 4 9 5. AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. ‑149‑. Wec a nu s u a l l yshowv a l u e so fs a l ep r i c e s( o rp r i c e st os e l l )a tv a r ‑ i o u ss t a g e sa st h emeanv a l u e scomputedfromo u rs a m p l e . Wep r a c ‑ t i s es u c hano r d i n a r yc o m p u t a t i o ni nt h e paragraphI II .2 .1 . Such ac o m p u t a t i o n ,h owever,w i l la l s o be improved i n t ot h er e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . Oursamplec o n s i s t so ft w og r o u p so fsamplep o i n t s .I no n e g r o u pc h a n n e l sa r es u c ha s manufacturers‑m a n u f a c t u r e r s 'l o c a l s a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s(‑s e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r s ) ‑ ‑r e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s .I n a n o t h e rg r o u pc h a n n e l sa r es u c ha sm a n u f a c t u r e r s‑ m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' l o c a ls a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s . ‑ ' .u s e r s . Thel e n g t ho ft h el a t t e rc h a n n e l sa r e s h o r t e rt h a nt h ef o r m e r . Theo r d i n a r yc o m p u t a t i o ni n v o l v e st h esum o ftwog r o u p s . Theg r o s smarginso fm a n u f a c t u r e r s 'l o c a ls a l e ss u b ‑ s i d i a r i e si nt h el a t t e rc h a n n e l ss h o u l dc o n s i s to ft h eg r o s s margins o f m a n u f a c t u r e r s 'l o c a ls a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s, ( o fs e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r s ,i f t h e ye x i s t )ando fr e t a i l e r si nt h ef o r m e r . L e tu sc a l lt h esum o ft h eg r o s s .margins o fm a n u f a c t u r e r s 'l o c a l s a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e sands e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r sg r o s s marginsi nw h o l e 町. s a l e "andt h eg r o s s margins o fr e t a i l e r s g r o s s margins i nr e t a i l ぺ. I fwep u tg r o s smarginsi nw h o l e s a l eo nt h ex ‑ a x i sandg r o s smargins. ,andwep l o tt h ed o t sont h ex . ̲ yp l a n e ,wemay i nr e t a i lo nt h ey ‑ a x i s e s t i m a t et h ev a l u e so fy by t h el i n e a rr e g r e s s i o na n a l y s i s . Then i f wep u tg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l (whenwep u tg r o s smarginsi nw h o l e ‑ s a l ee q u a lt oz e r o )ont h ex ‑ a x i s,o rg r o s smarginsi nw h o l e s a l e(when. ,andman‑ wep u tg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i le q u a lt oz e r o )o nt h ex ‑ a x i s u f a c t u r e r s 'g r o s smarginso nt h ey ‑ a x i s ,we may estimate t h ev a l u e s o f y by l i n e a rr e g r e s s i o na n a l y s i s . Hence,t h ep e r s p e c t i v eo ft h i s p a p e ri se x p r e s s e di nt h el i n e a rr e g r e s s i o na n a l y s i s mentioneda b o v e ..

(3) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ ‑150ー. 第55 巻 第 3・4号. 496. I I INTRODUCTORYSTATISTICSOFMANUF ACTU R . ERSAND MANUF ACTURERS'SALESSUBSIDIARIESINJAPAN 1 1 .1 Thed e f i n i t i o no fM a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S a l e sS u b s i d i a r i e s Dej ヨ n i t i o n1 :Nαt i o n αlS u r v e yofP r i c e s ,Bureauo fS t a t i s t i c s ,O f f i c eo f. t h ePrimeM i n i s t e r ,Japand e f i n e sM a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S a l e sS u b s i d i a r i e sa s t h ecompaniesi n c o r p o r a t e db ym a n u f a c t u r e r sw i t ht h e i r own c a p i t a l , w h i c hi smoret h a n50%i nc a p i t a lo fm a n u f a c t u r e r s 's a l e ss u b s i d i a r ‑ .、 i e s ,f o rt h ep u r p o s et h a tt h el a t t e rs e l lt h e i rp r o d u c t st h r o u g ht h ef o r ‑ meri nt h ed o m e s t i cm a r k e t . D e f i n i t i o n2:Thea u t h o ro ft h i sp a p e rd e f i n e sM a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S a l e s. S u b s i d i a r i e sa sc o m p a n i e si n c o r p o r a t e d bym a n u f a c t u r e r sw i t ht h e i r ownc a p i t a lf o rt h ep u r p o s et h a tt h el a t t e rs e l lt h e i rp r o d u c t st h r o u g h t h eformeri nt h ed o m e s t i cm a r k e t .I nt h ea u t h o r ' sd e f i n i t i o n,i ti s n o ti m p o r t a n tt os p e c i f yt h evolumeo fc a p i t a ls h a r e db yp a r e n tman‑ u f a c t u r e r s . . A c t u a l l y ,some p a r e n tm a n u f a c t u r e r ss h a r ec a p i t a li n s a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e sw i t hw h o l e s a l e r s ,who a r ei n c o r p o r a t e di n t o man‑ u f a c t u r e r s 's a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s ,i nt h er a t i oo f1:9 , namely , p a r e n tman‑ u f a c t u r e r s 'i n v e s t m e n ta r eo n l y10%o fs u b s i d i a r i e s 'c a p i t a l . Wew i l lu s et h e d e f i n i t i o nbyt h ea u t h o ri nt h i sp a p e rh e r e a f t e r . I I .2 S t r a t a ,I n d u s t r i e s ,S c a l e s Wecanc l a s s i f ym a n u f a c t u r e r s 's a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e sa c c o r d i n gt ot h e. ,i n d u s t r i e sands c a l e st ow h i c ht h ep a r e n tm a n u f a c t u r e r sb e ‑ s t r a t a l o n g . Wew i l la b r i d g em a n u f a c t u r e r s 's a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e st oMSS. S t γ α t α. L SoleMSSe x c l u s i v e l yd e a l i n gw i t ha l lo ra l m o s ta l lp r o d u c t s manufacturedbyt h e i rp a r e n tm a n u f a c t u r e r so r by t h ed i v i s i o n s o ft h e i rp a r e n tm a n u f a c t u r e r s ..

(4) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c e e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. 4 9 7. '‑151ー. 2 L o c a l( t e r r i t o r i a l ) MSSc o v e r i n gt h en a t i o n a l market ,through e a c ho fthemc o v e r sap r e f e c t u r eo ras m a l l e ra r e at h a ni t . I n d u s t r i e s 1 . F o o d sandD r i n k s. 2 " T e x t i l ef i b r e sandR e l a t e d. 3 F a b r i candA p p a r e l 5 P u l p& Paper. 6 C h e m i c a l s. quipment i n g. 引. ,. ,. 1 3. ,. ,S t o n e& C l a y 8 Ceramics. 1 0 Nonf , 町r o u sM e t a l s. 1 2 Machinery. 7 Petroleumr e f i n e r yp r o d ‑. ,. u c t sandC o a lp r o d u c t s &S t e e l. 4 " LumberandWoodp r o d u c t s 9 引. I r o n. 1 1 " F a b r i c at e dM e t a l s. E l e c t r i c a l Machinery. 1 5 P r e c i s i o ni n s t r u m e n t s ,. 1 4 ,. T r a n s p o r tE ‑. 1 6 S h i pandi t sr e p a i r 圃!. 1 7 " O t h e ri n d u s t r i a lp r o d u c t s. S c αl e s( c αp i t a ls t o c k s )m i l l i o n s ,May1 4 ,1 9 8 2 A E q u a lt oo rmoret h a n ;ß 0 , 233~Less t h a n; s2328 h a n; s1 1639 B E q u a lt oo rmoret h a n ;ß 2328~Less t C E q u a lt oo rmoret h a n; s1 16 3 9 ,,. Data:IMFT r e a s u r e r ' sDepartment T a b l eI I ‑ 1s h o w st h enumbers o f manufacturers which own MSS and T a b l eI I ‑ 2s h o w st h ep r o p o r t i o n so fm a n u f a c t u r e r s owning MSS i na l lt h em a n u f a c t u r e r swhosec a p i t a ls t o c k sa r ee q u a lt oo r more 3 3m i l l i o np o u n d . Thep r o p o r t i o ni nS c a l eC i st h eg r e at e s t . t h a n02 ,,. Thev a lu e so ft h r e es c a l e s ,A,B andC a r e0 "1 3 ,0, 2 6and0, . 48 . The v a l u eo ft h esumt o t a li s0 " 1 7 ,,. Thep r o p o r t i o no fr e s p o n s e sf o rT a b l eI I ‑ 1 and T a b l eI I ‑ 2i s 08 3 ,. ,. (=4 7 1 3 / 5 6 5 4 ) . The s u r v e y was c o n d u c t e d from November 1 9 8 1t o. December1 9 8 1byp o st .S u b j e c t s were drawn from t h eL i s to fa l l companies ,which S t a t i s t i c s 01I n c o r p o r a t e dE n t e 叩r i s e s ,Ministry o f F i n a n c ea r eb a s e do n . The M i n i s t e ro fA d m i n i s t r a t i v e Management.

(5) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ .‑152ー. 第5 6 巻 第 3・ 4号. 4 9 8. A g e n c yp e r m i t t e dt h ea u t h o rt ou s et h eL i st . TABLE1 I‑ 1MANUFACTURERSOWNINGM SS ,1980 Sum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7. Sum. A. B. C. 8 0 2 8 9 2 8 1 6 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 9 5 0 2 6 2 8 5 8 7 9 9 2 5 5 3 3 6 1 0 0. 4 9 2 6 4 1 2 1 3 8 1 3 6 0 3 3 4 9 1 3 4 7 4 5 4 3 2 4 2 1 2 8 1. 1 7 9 1 4 1 3 1 1 5 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 9 2 0 3 1 1 7 8 O 1 3. 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 5 5 7 1 0 2 1 4 1 8 1 4 4 4 6. TABLE1 I ‑ 2THEP ROPORTIONSOFMANUFACTURERS OWNINGMSS ,1980 Sum Sum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7. 0 . 1 7 0 . 1 8 。 . . 1 1 , 。 17 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 6 , . 。17 , 。 11 0 , 17 。 . . 1 9 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 8 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 7 , 11 0 0 , 25. A 0 . . 1 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 5 。16 。 . . 1 0 . 1 0 0, 0 . . 1 2 。 . . 1 4 0 . 1 4 。 υ 0 5 0 . . 1 1 。 . . 1 7 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 2 0 . 2 2 , . 0 5 0 2 3 0,. B. C. 0 . 2 2 0 . 4 5 。 . . 1 7 0 . 1 7 , , 。19 1 5 0 ., , , 。07 0 . 2 9 、 。22 , . 。2 5 2 9 0 ., 0 . 3 0 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 1 4 7 0. 0 . 0 , 3 7 0 .. 0. . 4 8 , 44 0 0 . 3 8 。67 0 . 5 0 0 . 4 4 い 。36 , 。26 。 . . 4 5 0 . 4 1 0 . . 4 2 , , 。50 0 . 6 4 0 . 5 6 0 . 8 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 5 7 0 . 8 6. 。 . . 2 6.

(6) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ !c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s AS t u d yo fPI. 4 9 9. ‑153‑. I I . . 3 M a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S o l eS a l e sS u b s i d i a r i e sandM a n u f a c t u r e r s 'L o c a l S a l e sS u b s i d i a r i e s I I . . 31 The r o l e so fS o l eS a l e sS u b s i d i a r i e sandL o c a lS a l e sS u b s i d i ‑ anes Ther o l e so fm a n u f a c t u r e r s 'l o c a ls a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s (MLSS),which b e l o n gt oStrataum3 ,a r ed i f f e r e n tfromt h o s eo fm a n u f a c t u r e r s 's o l e e l o n g旬 S t r a t a1o r2 . MSSSw i l l s a l e ss u b s i d i a r i e s CMSSS),whichb bee x p e c t e dt os h o r t e nt h et u r n o v e rp e r i o d so f pa . r e n t s 'a c c o u n t s& n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ew h i l s tMLSSw i l lbee x p e c t e dt os t r e n g t h e nt h ec h a n ‑ n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o ni nd o m e s t i cmarketsC i nt h ec a s eo fmanufacturers s u p e r i o ri nmarkets) o rt od e f e n dt h ec h a n n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o nC i nt h e c a s eo fmanufacturersi n f e r i o ri nmarket め. S αmples u r ・ v e y sqfp e r s o n a l伽 t e γv i e ωs MSSS A randomsamplewasdrawnfromt h ep o p u l a t i o ni nt h ep r o p o r t i o n o f1 / 3t ο S c a l e sA andB,and 1 / 1t oS c a l eC i n1 9 7 0 . The a u t h o r、 c o n d u c t e dt h es u r v e y so ft h esamesamplei n1 9 7 0 ,1975and1 9 8 0 . ,1 9 7 0 TABLEI I ‑ 3THESIZEOFSAMPLE. 下 辺 〆 S t r a t a 竺こ│. A. B. C. 1. 1 8 8. 6 1 0. 1 6. 2. 1 1. TABLEI I ‑ 4NON‑RFSPONSES ,1 9 7 0 C一0 1. B一2 2. 1. 2. A一8 0. 京孟三翌日.

(7) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ ‑154‑. 5 0 0. 第5 5 巻 第 3・4号. TABLEI I ‑ 5THESIZEOFTHESAMESAMPLE,1 9 7 5. C 一日u. 2. B 一4 6. 1. A 一四 7. 三副j 竺とi. TABLEI I ‑ 6THENUMBEROFSAMPLEPOINTSCEASED 9 7 1TO1 9 7 5 THEIROPERATIONSFROM1. 下玩メ竺と│ 1 2. A 3 1. B O 2. C 1 1. TABLEI I ‑ 7THESIZEOFTHESAMESAMPLE ,1980. 下示メ竺と│ 1 2. A 9 b. B 4 6. C 9 1 1. TABLEI I ‑ 8NON‑RESPONSES ,1980. 京読点竺~I 1 2. A 2 1. B. 。 。. C O O. TABLEI I ‑ 9THENUMBEROFSAMPLEPOINTSCEASED THEIROPERATIONSORTRANSFEREDTO 9 7 6TO1 9 8 0 STRATUM3FROM1. 下瓦メ竺と│ 1 2. A 3 1. B. C. O. O 2. 。. MLSS. A samplewasdrawnfromt h ep o p u l a t i o ni nt h ep r o p o r t i o no f 1/1 t oStratum3 . The a u t h o rc o n d u c t e dt h es u r v e y st ot h e sample i n 1975a nd1980..

(8) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 0 1. ‑155ー. A Stubyo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s TABLEI I ‑ I 0THESIZEOFSTRATUM3 ,1 9 7 5 一 一 ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ Scalesl A S t r a t u 耐とごと B C 3 I 1 0. 1 1. 1 3. 9 7 5 TABLEI I ‑ l lNON‑RESPONSES,1. 亙誌注坦竺I. B. A. 8. C 6. TABLEI I ‑ 1 2THESIZEOFSTRATUM3 ,1 9 8 0. 亙ネ江古竺竺. A. B. 3 9 9 TABLEU‑13NON‑RESPONSES,1 9 8 0 一 一 一 一 S c a l e s l 玩とどご A B S t r a t u. C 1 6. C. 3 3 6 5 TABLEI I ‑ 1 4THENUMBEROFMLSSCEASEDTHEIR OPERATIONSFROM1 9 7 6TO1 9 8 0,IN STRATUM3 B. O. C 1. TABLEI I ‑ 1 5TURNOVERPERIODS,RATIO‑‑SUM, 1 9 8 0, SCALEC (month) Accounts. ¥ 1 . 2~ωfn MSSS). o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (1) MSS'a c c o u n t s& n (2)MSS'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ed i s c o u n t e d by banks o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (3)P a r e n t s 'a c c o u n t s&n drawnbyMSS (4) P a r e n t s 'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l e drawn by MSSd i s c o u n t e dbybanks ) }=advantage (5) {(l)+(2)}ー{(3)+(4 I (6)Commoditiesi ns t o c ki nMSS (7) (5)+(6)=advantageI I. 〈 C f h l h a f n L n S e S l 〉 s 3o. 48 2 1. 2 . . 5 5 8. 0 . 3 2 05 . 1 4 1. 0 . 3 8 52 . 9 4 3. 4 . . 5 1 5. 2 . . 7 5 8. 0 . 4 9 45 . 0 0 9. 0 . 5 0 63 . 2 6 4. 内. 0 . . 1 3 2. 2 1 ‑03. 0 . . 7 7 3. L098. . . 9 0 5. 0 . 7 7 7. 。.

(9) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ ‑156‑. 5 0 2. 第5 6 巻 第 3・4号. TABLEI I ‑ 1 6TURNOVERPERIODS,SUM‑.RATIO, 1 9 8 0,SCALEC (month) 1・ 2( C h a n n e l sI3(Channels o fMSSS) I o fMLSS) 2 . . 1 8 8 3 . 4 0 2 o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (1)MSS'a c c o u n t s& n (2)MSS'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ed i s c o u n t e dby 0 . 1 1 0 2 . 2 9 8 0 . 1 5 1 3 . 5 5 3 banks o t e s .r e c e i v a b l e 2 (3)P a r e n t s 'a c c o u n t s&n . . 4 4 7 2 . . 8 5 9 drawnbyMSS 〈4〉P arents'notes r e c e i v a b l e drawn by│0.1162.5630.1643.023 MSSd i s c o u n t e dbybanks 〈 5 〉 j 〈 1 〉 +(2 〉}ー {(3)+~4)}= 耐ant叩 1-0..265. 0 . . 5 3 0. (6)Commoditiesi ns t o c ki nMSS. 0 . . 5 0 3. 内 。9 5 4. 6)=advantageI I (7) (5)+(. 0 . . 2 3 8. 1 .4 8 4. TABLEI I ‑ 1 7TURNOVERPERIODS ,SCALEC, STRATUM3 ,1 9 8 0 (month). 判. (1)A ccounts& n o t e sr e c e i v 山 川L. Sum →R a t i o. Ratio‑‑Sum. 4 . . 3 5 6. 3 . 0 9 0. andMSFS* (2〉MLSS'notesr e c e i v a b l ed i s c o u n t e dby10.1514.507 banks o t e sr e c e i v a b l eI2 . . 8 5 9 (3) ~_a:~!:t~:_~;<;~~~ts & n. 0 . 3 8 5 3 . 4 7 5 " 2 . 7 5 8. drawnbyMLSS (4〉P a r e n t s,n o t e sr e e e i v a b l ed z l a w n by1O1643028 MLSSd i s c o u n t e dbybanks dvantage 1 (5) {(1)+(2)}ー{(3)+(4)}=a .4 8 4 I 0 . 9 5 4 (6) C ommoditiesi ns t o c ki nMLSS. 1 .0 9 8. dvantageI I (7) (5)+C6)=a. 1 .3 0 9. 2 . . 4 3 8. 0 . 5 0 6 3 . 2 6 4 0 . 2 1 1. *M a n u f a c t u r e r s 'S a l e sFinanceS u b s i d i a r i e sa r ea b r i d g e dt oMSFS.

(10) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 0 3. ‑157‑. A Studyo fPI ' Ic e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. , TABLEI I ‑ 1 8TURNOVERPERIODS,RATIO‑+SUM SCALEC,1 9 7 0 (month) 2. 1. 4 . . 2 6 9. 4 . 3 8 0. 0 . 2 5 14 . 5 2 0. 0 . 3 8 04 . 7 6 0. 2 . . 5 2 2. 3 . . 2 2 2. 1 .6 5 74 . 1 7 9. 1 .4 7 34 . 6 9 5. o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (1) MSSS'a c c o u n t s& n (2) MSSS'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ed i s c o u n t e dby banks o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (3)P a r e n t s 'a c c o u n t s&n drawnbyMSSS (4) P a r e n t s 'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l e drawn by MSSSd i s c o u n t e dbybanks (5) {(1)+(2))ー{(3)+(4))=advantage I (6) Commoditiesi ns t o c ki nMSSS. 。 。. (7) (5)+(6)=advantageI I. 0 . . 8 8 0. . 3 4 1. 。065. . . 5 3 9 * *. *. *Thedatai sl a c k i n g . * *T h i sv a l u ei so f1 9 7 1。 TABLEI I ‑ 1 9TURNOVERPERIODS,SUM‑+RATIO, SCALEC,1 9 7 0 (month) Accounts. S t r a t a. 2. 1. (1)MSSS'a c c o u n t s& n o t e sr e c e i v a b l e (2)MSSS'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ed i s c o u n t e dby banks (3) P a r e n t s 'a c c o u n t s&n o t e sr e c e i v a b l e drawnbyMSSS (4) P a r e n t s 'n o t e sr e c e i v a b l e drawn by MSSSd i s c o u n t e dbybanks 〈5〉i(1〉 + 〈 2〉}ー{(3)+(4) )=advanta 伊. 4 . . 0 0 4. 4 . . 2 3 7. 0 . 0 6 44 . 0 6 8. 0 . 1 9 54 . 4 3 2. 2 . . 4 3 6. 3 . . 4 2 6. 0 . 8 1 03 . 2 4 6. 0 . 9 3 74 . 3 6 3. 0 . . 8 2 2. 0 . . 0 6 9. (6)Commoditiesi ns t o c ki nMSSS. 0 . . 46 6 * *. 本. 〈7 )(5)+(6)=advantageI I. 1 .2 8 8. *Thedatai sl a c k i n g . 1 . * *T h i sv a l u ei so f1 9 7 Ther o l e sofMSSSt ot h e i rparent manufacturers can beembodied i n t otheadvantageousvalues ,suchasi nTableI I ‑ 1 5t oTableI I ‑ 1 9 ..

(11) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 第5 5 巻 第 3・ 4号. ‑158‑. 504. We can u s e two ways o fc o m p u t a t i o nf o re s t i m a t i n gt h ev a l u e s c o n c e r n e do ft h ep o p u l at i o ni nt h e s eT a b l e sa sf o l l o w s:. 市山一. % Z M一 n Z M. Wayo fc o m p u t a t i o n1RATIO→ SUM. V. f o rexample , 的 :a c c o u n t s&. n o t e sr e c e i v a b l ei ne a c hmanufacturert oMSS. め :a v e r a g emonthlys a l e si ne a c hmanufacturert oMSS. Wayo fc o m p u t a t i o nI ISUM→ RATIO. ιXi t 亡iY i. f o rexample , 的 :t h esamea si nt h ewayo fc o m p u t a t i o n. 1. 1 ん:t h esamea si nt h ewayo fc o m p u t a t i o n1 . The v a l u e so f1 9 8 0i nT a b l e sI I ‑ 1 5andI I ‑ 1 6a r ecomputedo ft h e samesampleo f1 9 7 0e x c e p tt h esamplep o i n t sc e a s e dt h e i ro p e r a t i o n s from1 9 7 1t o1 9 8 0 .. I fwecompareTableI I ‑ 1 5w i t hTableI I ‑ 1 8 ,we f e e lt h a tt h ea d ‑ v a n t a g e ss u p p l i e dbyMSSShaveg r e a t l yd e c r e a s e df o rt h e s et e ny e a r s o fS t r a t a1and2 ; Thep a r e n tm a n u f a c t u r e r swhich b e l o n gt oS t r a ‑ tum3 ,however,taket h ea d v a n t a g e sbymeanso ft h e i r own s a l e sf i ‑ nances u b s i d i a r i e sMSFS ,whicha r eg 討e ni nT a b l eI I ‑ 1 7 .. 1 .3 . 2 MarketingChanI 1 e l so rC h a n n e l so fD i s t r i b u t i o n 1 Marketingc h a n n e l so rc h a n n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o na r e shown i nT a b l e I I ‑ 2 0C o fMSSS) and Table I I ‑ 2 1C o fMLSS) w i t ht h e p r o p o r t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . Wew i l lmainlyu s ethedataf r o h lMLSS ,o fw h i c hc h a n n e l so fd i s ‑.

(12) ︑. !ii. OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ ν. 74. AS t u d yo fPI ' Ic e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. ︒ 5. 5 0 5. , h ed a t a from MSSS t r i b u t i o na r eshowni nTableI I ‑ 2 1 . However,t o f whichc h a n n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o na r eshown i nTableI I‑ 2 0,a r ea l s o u s e dt oimprove t h ee s t i m a t i o no ft h eg , r o s smarginso fd i s t r i b u t i o n. I . whichw i l lbed e f i n e di nt h ef o l l o w i n gS e c t i o nI I. 1234567. TABLEU ‑ 2 0CHANNELSOFDISTRIBUTION ,MSSS,1 9 7 0 p r o p o r t i o n s ( r a t i o ‑sum) MSSS‑ W h o l e s a l e r s R e t a i l e r s ‑u s e r s 0 . 1 5 MSSS‑ MLSS R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s 0 . 0 5 MSSS‑MLSS u s e r s 0 ,, 0 6 u s e r s 0 "1 3 MSSS一一一一 MSSS R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s 0 . 1 8 MSSS‑ L o c a lA g e n c i e s R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s 0 . 2 4 MSSS‑, WhQlesalers‑L o c a lW h o l e s a l e r s 。0 5 ‑R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s わ 今. ームの臼 QU. TABLEI I ‑ 2 1CHANNELSOFDISTRIBUTION ,MLSS,1 9 8 0 p r o p o r t i o n s ( r a t i o →s u m ) 0 MLSS R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s 05 MLSS‑ S e c o n d a r yW h o l e s a l e r s一一一‑R e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s Q "1 2 5 MLSS u s e r s 0 . 3 7 5 ぃ. I I I PRICESINTHESUCCESSIVETRANSACTIONSINTHE CHANNELSOFDISTRIBUTIONOFMANUFACTURERS' SALESSUBSIDIARIESINJAPAN ‑ RETAILPRICESSOTHATMANUFACTURERSEXPECT RETAILERSORFINALDISTRIBUTORSTOSELLTOUSERSAT A PRICEBEINGPUTEQUALTO1 0 0ー I I I l TheNat u r eo fDat a Datau s e di nt h i spaperwasc o l l e c t e dbyt h ea u t h o r ' ss u r v e yo fp e r ‑ u r v e ywas s o n a li n t e r v i e w st ot h emanufacturerswhoownMSS. Thes.

(13) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 第5 6 巻 第 3・4、 号. ‑160ー. 5 0 6. c o n d u c t e dfromMay1981 t o March1982. Somemanufacturers p r e s ‑ e n t e dt h ea u t h o rv a l u e sw i t hi n t e r v a l s, varyingfromav a l u et oanother v a l u e . Thea u t h o rr e q u e s t e dt h er e s p o n d e n t st omake t h ei n t e r v a l s n a r r o w . Thev a l u e sa r e assumed t obe d i s t r i b u t e du n i f o r m l yi nt h e narrowi n t e r v a l s . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,wew i l lbea b l et oa d o p tmeanv a l u e s a sv a l u e sa n s w e r e d .. ,t h ewagesi n Thea u t h o ra d o p t e dt h esumo ft h ec o s t so fm a t e r i a l s. ,whichc o n s i s to fd e p r e c i a t i o n s ,t h ec h a r g e s t h ef a c t o r i e sande x p e n s e s ,t h ec h a r g e sf o re l e c t r i c power ands oo n,a st h ec o s t f o ri n s u r a n c e o fm a n u f a c t u r e .. I I L 2 TheGrossMarginsi nt h eC h a n n e l so fMLSS I I L2 . . 1 TheG r o s sMarginsi nR e t a i l e r s ,W h o l e s a l e r s and Manufac‑ turers‑t h ea r i t h m e t i cmean‑ T h i sparagraph i sr e l a t e dt o TableI I ‑ 2 1i nt h ec h a n n e l so fd i s ‑ t r i b u t i o n . Wes h o u l d ,however,sumupt e nsamplep o i n t swhichbelong e c a u s et h e r ea r e t oc h a n n e l( 1 ) andc h a n n e l( 2 )e x c e p tc h a n n e l( 3 ),b 3 ) . nor e t a i l e r si nc h a n n e l(. TABLEI I I ‑ lGROSSMARGINSIN 、S UCCESSIVE TRANSACTIONS,ARITHMETIC MEANS ,MLSS,1980 G r o s sm a r g i n si nr e t a i l e r s G r o s sm a r g i n si nw h o l e s a l e r s( i n c l u d i n gMLSS) G r o s sm a r g i n si nd i s t r i b u t i o n G r o s sm a r g i n si nm a n u f a c t u r e r s C o s to fm a n u f a c t u r e * A r i t h m e t i cMeans S t a n d a r dD e v i a t i o n s 料. A M . . *. S .o.**. 2 6 . 1 1. 53 8 3 . 5 5 2 . . 9 0 1 3 . . 1 9. +辺生 0 4 3 81 5 2 8 . . 2 1 3 3 . . 6 5. 刷.

(14) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 0 7. AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. ‑161‑. I I I .2 . . 2 TheG r o s s Margins i nR e t a i l e r sand W h o l e s a l e r s‑ ‑A Rか g r e s s i o nA n a l y s i s‑ T a b l eI I I ‑ ls h o w st h eg r o s smargins i nt h es u c c e s s i v et r a n s a c t i o n s ,i fwep u to u rr e t a i lp r i c es o i nt h ec h a n n e l so fd i s t r i b u t i o no fMLSS. t h a twee x p e c tr e t a i l e r st os e l lt ou s e r sa tap r i c ee q u a lt o1 0 0 . The g r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r s ,w h o l e s a l e r s( i n c l u d i n gMLSS) and m a n u ‑ . f a c t u r e r sa r e1 2 . 0 4 ,2 6 . . 1 1and2 8 . 2 1i na r i t h m e t i cmean r e s p e c t i v e l y .. I fwewantt oknowhowwee s t i m a t et h eg r o s s margin i nr e t a i l e r whent h eg r o s smargini nw h o l e s a l e ri sf i x e da ta v a l u e ,we can u s e t h el i n e a rr e g r e s s i o na n a l y s i s . We may a t t a i n ag o o de s t i m a t i o no f t h eg r o s smargini nr e t a i l e r s ,whichi sc a l l e dy,i fc o r r e l a t i o nc o e f f i ‑ ョ. i wi I l be improved b y α+b的 c i e n ti sn e a r e r1 . Thev a r i a n c eo fY. i n s t e a do fY . F i g u r eI I I ‑ ls h o w st h es c a t t e r diagram b e t w e e nt h eg r o s smargins i nr e t a i l e r s and t h eg r o s s margins i nw h o l e s a l e r si n c l u d i n g MLSS. 一. I nt h ediagrami ta p p e a r st h a tX,w h i c hr e p r e s e n t st h eg r o s smargins i nw h o l e s a l e r si n c l u d i n gMLSS,andY,w h i c hr e p r e s e n t st h eg r o s sm a r ‑ . g i n si nr e t a i l e r s ,areapproximatelyl i n e a r l yr e l a t e df o rt h i s range o f Xv a l u e s .R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 1 )c o n s i s t so ft e n sample p o i n t so fe i g h t * sandt w o, + wheres i xsamplep o i n t sb e l o n g i n gt oc h a n n e l (3) a r e e x c l u d e d . R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 2 )c o n s i s t so fs i x t e e n sample p o i n t so f f o u r t e e n* sandt w o, + wheres i xsamplep o i n t sb e l o n g i n gt oc h a n n e l ( 3 )a r ei n c l u d e d . R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 1 ): Y=4 19 5 3 2 4‑L3 1 5 8 8 X ( 1 2 5 3 ) 九1 1 =ー 087,. く1). ( 4,9 3 ). R2=07 2 ,,. Thev a l u e si nt h eb r a c k e t sa r et ‑ v a l u e s . Thec r i t i c a lr e g i o n .o f 5%.

(15) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ ‑162‑. 第5 5 巻 第 3・ 4号. 5 0 8. f o rt ‑ t e s tw i t ht h ed e g r e e so ffreedom8i s L8 6 0 . Hence ,the c o e f f i ‑ c i e n tv a l u eo fX i smeaningful . Thec o r r e l a t i o nc o e f f i c i e n ti s‑ 0 . . 8 7 . Thes q u a r eo fc o r r e l a t i o nc o e f f i c i e n tm o d i f i e dbyt h ed e g r e e so ff r e e ‑ domi sd e n o t e d by R 2 . R2i s0 . . 7 2 . Wew i l lb ea b l et od e s c r i b et h e f o l l o w i n gtwoe v a l u a t i o n sfromr e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 1 ) . (1) Theg r o s smarginsi nw h o l e s a l e r sa r ea sv a l u a b l ea s L3 2・t h e g r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r s . Thati st os a y ,t h ei n c r e m e n ti nt h e g r o s smargini nw h o l e s a l e r sby1u n i ti n f l u e n c e sont h edecrement i nt h eg r o s smargini nr e t a i l e r sby13 2u n i t s . (2) I fwep u tt h ev a l u eo ft h eg r o s s margin i nw h o l e s a l e r sa s z e r o ,t h ev a l u eo ft h eg r o s s margin i nr e t a i l e r se q u a l s 4L9 5 . Wecane s t i m a t ee x i s t e n c eo ft h ea p p r o x i m a t e l yl i n e a rs u b s t i t u t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i pbetweentwog r o s smargins o fw h o l e s a l e r s and r e t a i l e r s . Hence ,wecans a yt h a tt h eg r o s s margin i nd i s t r i b u t i o ni sc o n s t a n t i nt h ec h a n n e l s( 1 )and( 2 )o fMLSS. Thee s t i m a t i o no fs u c hana p p r o x i m a t e l yl i n e a rr e l a t i o n s h i pd e p e n d s l a r g e l yupontwosamplep o i n t s ,whicha r ed e n o t e dby + . Thesetwo p o i n t shavet h ec h a n n e lo fmanufacturer‑ MLSS‑ s e c o n d a r yw h o l e ‑ salers‑r e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s . Thev a l u e so ft h eg r o s smarginsi nw h o l e ‑ s a l e r sc o n s i s to ft h eg r o s smargini nMLSSandt h eg r o s s margin i n. fweremovet h eg r o s s margin i ns e c o n d a r y s e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r s .I w h o l e s a l e r si n t ot h eg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r s ,t h esumo ft h ev a l u e s o ft h eg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r s and s e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r sa r ed e ‑ n o t e dby・ i nGraphI I I ‑ 1 . Thel o c a l i t i e so f two ・ sa r ee v e n more n d e rt h el i n e( 2 )a swew i l ls o o ns e ei nt h e u n d e rt h el i n e( 1 ),andu f o l l o w i n g paragraph,t h a nt h e l o c a l i t i e so f・ su n d e rt h el i n e( 2 ) . Themanufacturerso ft h o s etwosamplep o i n t sw i l la d o p ti n d e p e n d e n t w h o l e s a l e r sa ss e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r s ,i ft h esumo fthegross margins.

(16) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 0 9. AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. ‑163‑. o fMLSSands e c o n d a r yw h o 1 e s a 1 e r sa r e1 e s st h a nt h es u r no fr e t a i l e r s. ,o fc o u r s e,t h a tt h ev o 1 u r n e ands e c o n d a r yw h o 1 e s a 1 e r s . We a s s u r n e o fs a 1 e si nc a s eo fr n a n u f a c t u r e r s‑ MLSS‑ ‑r e t a i 1 e r sa r ee q u a 1t o t h ev o 1 u r n eo fs a 1 e si nc a s eo fr n a n u f a c t u r e r s‑ MLSS‑ s e c o n d a r y. in e a rr e 1 a t i o n s h i p w h o 1 e s a 1 e r s‑ r e t a i l e r s . Thus ,t h e approxirna~e1y I h o 1 d sbyv i r t u eo ft h e1 0 c a l i t i e so ft h o s et w os a r n p 1 ep o i n t s . Usingr e g r e s s i o na n a 1 y s i s,wec a nadds i xsamp1ep o i n t swhich have nor e t a i l e r s i nt h e i rc h a n n e 1 so fd i s t r i b u t i o nt ot e nsamp1ep o i n t s . R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 2 ): Y= 4 5 . . 8 5 0 2 6 ‑ 1 .80759X ( 1 1 . . 4 0 ) 九 y=‑ 0 . . 9 0,. (2). ( 79 3 ) 刷. R2=08 0. Thev a 1 u e si nt h eb r a c k e t sa r eじv a 1 u e s . Thec r i t i c a 1r e g i o no f 5% f o rt ‑ t e s tw i t ht h ed e g r e e so ff r e e d o r n1 4i s1 . . 7 6 1 . Wew i l l be a b 1 e t od e s c r i b et h ef o l l o w i n gt w oe v a 1 u a t i o nf r o r nr e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 2 ) . (1) Theg r o s sr n a r g i n si nw h o 1 e s a 1 e r sa r ea sv a 1 u a b 1 ea s1 . . 8 1・ t h e. g r o s smarginsi n r e t a i 1 e r s . (2) I fwep u tt h ev a 1 u eo ft h eg r o s sr n a r g i ni nw h o 1 e s a 1 e r sa s z e r o ,t h ev a 1 u eo ft h eg r o s smargini nr e t a i l e r se q u a 1 s4 5 . . 8 5 .. I I I .2 . . 3 TheG r o s sMarginsi nD i s t r i b u t i o nandM a n u f a c t u r e r s L e tu sc a l lt h es u r no ft w og r o s sr n a r g i n s ,r e t a i l e r sandw h o 1 e s a 1 e r s , a st h eg r o s sr n a r g i n si nd i s t r i b u t i o n . We r n a ye s t i m a t et h eg r o s s r n a' rg i n si nr n a n u f a c t u r e r s( Y )u s i n gt h es a r n p 1 er e g r e s s i o nl i n eo fY o nJ ( . Weu s e,however,d a t ao ff o u r t e e n samp1e p o i n t s ,b e c a u s er e ‑ s i d u a 1t w oa r eo u t I i e r s . Thea u t h o re s t i m a t e df o u rv a 1 u e so ff o u r t e e n s a r n p 1 ev a 1 u e so ft h eg r o s sr n a r g i n si nr n a n u f a c t u r e ru s i n gt h e i rf i ‑ n a n c i a 1 statements.Thosef o u rv a 1 u e s(#) r n a ybe1 e s st h a nt h et r u e v a 1 u e s . Thes c a t t e rd i a g r a r na r eg i v e ni nF i g u r eI I I ‑ 2 ..

(17) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 1 0. 第5 6 巻 第 3・ 4号. ‑164.‑. R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 3 ):. y=‑L84375+079811X ( 1 . 8 4 ) γX y=O,6 0,. (3). ( 25 8 ) ,. R2=0、3 0. Thev a l u e si nt h eb r a c k e t sa r et ‑ v a l u e s . Thec r i t i c a lr e g i o no f 5% f o rt ‑ t e s tw i t ht h ed e g r e e so ffreedom) . 2i s1 "7 8 2 . Hence t h ec o e f f i ‑ c i e n tv a l u eo fX i s meaningfu . l The c o r r e l a t i o nc o e f f i c i e n ti s0 . 6 0 . The p o s i t i v es i g no fc o r r e l a t i o nc o e f f i c i e n ti sc h a r a c t e r i s t i co ft h e r e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e nt h eg r o s s margin i nd i s t r i b u t i o n and t h eg r o s s margini nm a n u f a c t u r e r s . Wew i l lbe a b l et o improve t h ee s t i m a ‑ t i o no ft h eg r o s smarginsi nm a n u f a c t u r e r su s i n gr e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 3 ) .. I fwep u tt h eg r o s smargini nw h o l e s a l e r se q u a lt oz e r oi nr e g r e s s i o n t t a i nxe q u a lt o4 58 5 . U s i n gt h ev a l u e4 58 5 ,t h eg r o s s l i n e( 2 ),wea ,,. ゎ. ,wea t t a i ny e q u a lt o3 65 9 . Hencet h ec o s to f margini nd i s t r i b u t i o n ,,. 4 5 . 8 5 + 3 65 9 ) . T h o s e manufacturerw i l lbee s t i m a t e da s1 756=100ー ( ,,. ゎ. e s t i m a t e sr e f l e c tt h eb e h a v i o u ro fsample p o i n t si nt h ei n d u s t r i e s o f ,f o r example ,t o i l e tp r e p a r a t i o n s ,d e n t i f r i c e and s o a p . T h o s e i n d u s t r i e sa r ev e r yc o m p e t i t i v eand v a r i o u sk i n d so fa d v e r t i s e m e n t a r ei n j e c t e di n t o markets by means o f mass media o na c c o u n to f m a n u f a c t u r e r s .. I fwee x c l u d es u c hi n d u s t r i e sa st o i l e tp r e p a r a t i o n s ,d e n t i f r i c e and s o a pandano u t l i e rfromc o m p u t a t i o n ,r e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 4 )o ft e nsam‑ p l ep o i n t sw i l lbep r e s e n t e d . Thes c a t ぬrd iagrama r eg i v e ni nF i g u r e 1 I I ‑ 3 R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 4 ): Y= 1 0 "7 6 8 9 9 + 0 .2 9 8 9 6 x (L8 6 ). rx y=049,. ( 1 "5 4 ). , R 2=0,1 3. (4).

(18) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. 5 1 1. ‑165‑. ,. Thev a l u e si nt h eb r a c k e t sa r et ‑ v a l u e s . Thec r i t i c a lr e g i o no f 5% f o rt ‑ t e s tw i t ht h ed e g r e e so ffreedom8 i s1 . 8 6 0 . Hence t h ec o e f f i . ,. c i e n tv a l u eo fX i sm e a n i n g l e s s . However ,t h ec o m b i n a t i o no f( 3 8 . 1 5 , 2 21 7 ),w h i c ha r et h ev a l u e so ft h ea r i t h m e t i c mean f o rt h eg r o s s ,,. marginsi nd i s t r i b u t i o nandt h ee s t i m a t eo ft h eg r o s smargini nman‑ u f a c t u r e r sfromr e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 4 ),r e f l e c t st h ea c t u a lf i g u r ei ni n ‑. ,where t h eg r o s s margins i nr e t a i l e r sa r es l i g h t l y a c t u a li n d u s t r i e s moret h a ni nh o u s e h o l de l e c t r i ca p p l i a n c ei n d u s t r i e s ,s u c ha sr e f r i g e r 船. a t o r s ,washingmachines,c o l o u rt e l e v i s i o n s ,a i rc o n d i t i o n e r sands oo n . I I I .24 TheC h a n n e l so fMSSS ,,. Thea u t h o rs u p p o s e st h eg r o s s margins i nm a n u f a c t u r e r sc a n be d i v i d e di n t ot w op a r t s ,o n ep a r tf o r manufacture and a n o t h e rp a r t f o rd i s t r i b u t i o n . Fors u c had i v i s i o nwew i l lu s et h eg r o s s margin i n MSSSc o r r e c t e dbyt h er e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 2 ) . There a r ev a r i o u sk i n d s o fc h a n n e li nMSSS'c h a n n e l sa swehavec o n s i d e r e di nt h eparagraph . Wemustr e d u c et h o s ek i n d so fc h a n n e l si n t os u c hano r d i n a r y I I .32 ,,. c h a n n e la smanufacturer‑ MSSS‑ MLSS( ‑ s e c o n d a r yw h o l e s a l e r s ) ‑r e t a i l e r s‑ u s e r s .L e tu sc a l lt h eg r o s s margin i n MSSS i nr e ‑ h i c hs h o u l dbe d u c e dc h a n n e l sa st h eg r o s smarginp r o p e rt oMSSS,w addt ot h eg r o s smargini nd i s t r i b u t i o n . Thuswew i l lr e a c ht h e im‑ p r o v e de s t i m a t i o n so ft h eg r o s smargins i nd i s t r i b u t i o n . We w i l l be a b l et oe s t i m a t et h eg r o s smarginsp r o p e rt oMSSSf o re v e r y sample p o i n t sbywayo ft h i s .. I ft h eg r o s smarginsi nMSSS and r e t a i l e r sa r e known ,regr 白s i o n l i n e( 2 )canbea p p l i e d . WecomputeX fromformula( 2 ), t h eg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r s= 4 5 . 8 5 0 2 6‑1,8 0 7 5 9 X. (2 , ). t h e nwea t t a i nt h ev a l u e so fs u c hg r o s smarginsp r o p e rt oMSSSa s h eg r o s s margin i nMSSS‑X . t h eg r o s smarginp r o p e rt oMSSS= t.

(19) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 1 2. 第' 5 5 巻 第 3・4号. ‑166ー. Example1 : manufacturer‑ MSSS‑r e t a i l e r s. I ft h eg r o s smarginsi nr e t a i l e r sand MSSS a r e2 7 . . 5 and 2 2 . . 5r e ‑. ,weg e t s p e c t i v e l y 5 "85026‑L80759X 2 7 . . 5=4 X =1 0 . 1 5 1 2 . . 3 5=2 2 . . 5‑ 1 0 . . 1 5 Thee s t i m a t e dg r o s smarginp r o p e rt oMSSSi s1 2 . . 3 5 . Example2: manufacturer‑ MSSS‑w h o l e s a l e r s‑ r e t a i l e r s. I ft h eg r o s smargins i nr e t a i l e r s ,MSSS and w h o l e s a l e r sa r e1 7 . . 5 , 1 5and1 1r e s p e c t i v e l y ,weg e t 5 . . 8 5 0 2 6‑L80759X 1 7 . . 5=4 X =1568, A l t h o u g ht h eg r o s s margin i n MLSS i n c l u d i n gw h o l e s a l e r si s1 5 . . 6 8 , t h ew h o l e s a l e r shavea l r e a d yr e c e i v e d1 1o u to f1 56 8 . 1 03 2= 1 5一(15 . .6 8‑1 1 )i sp r o p e rt oMSSS. 叶. F i g u r eI I I ‑ 4s h o w st h ed i s t r i b u t i o no ft h eg r o s s margins i n MSSS andF i g u r eI I I ‑ 5s h o w st h es c at t e rdiagramb e t w e e nt h eg r o s smargins p r o p e rt oMSSSandt h eg r o s smarginsi nd i s t r i b u t i o nfrom MLSS t o r e t a i le I 'si nt h er e d u c e dc h a n n e lo fMSSS. I nF i g u r eI I I ‑ 5we ,r o u g h l y s p e a k i n g ,o b s e r v et h es c a t t e r e dsamplep o i n t s( o rd o t s )i ntwog r o u p s . Thed o t so fo n eg r o u pa r es c a t t e r e di nt h el e f t ‑ h a n dc o r n e r ,w h i c h b e l o n gt ot h ei n d u s t r i e sp r o d u c i n gg o o d sf o rp r o d u c t i o n,and t h ed o t s o fa n o t h e rgroupa r es c a t t e r e di nt h en e i g h b o u r h o o do fy. 口. 1 0 ,which. b e l o n gt ot h ei n d u s t r i e sp r o d u c i n gg o o d sf o rc o n s u m p t i o n .L e tu sc a l l t h ev a l u eo f1 0a st h ea v e r a g eg r o s smarginp r o p e rt oMSSS. I I I .3 P r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n si nt h eC h a n n e l so fD i s t r i b u ‑ t i o no fMSSi nJapan‑ R e t a i lP r i c e sS o That M a n u f a c t u r e r s E x p e c tR e t a i l e r so rF i n a lD is t r i b u t o r st oS e l lt oU s e r sa tSome P r i c e sB e i n gPutE q u a lt o1 0 0‑.

(20) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 5 1 3. AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. ‑167‑. Usingt h ea v e r a g eg r o s smargin p r o p e rt o MSSS we can improve t h ee s t i m at i o no fp r i c e si nt h es u c c e s s i v et r a n s a c t i o n si nt h ec h a n n e l s o fd i s t r i b l l t i o no fMSS"i nJ a p a n . E s t i m a t i o n( 1 ): a ne s t i m a t ep r i c e si n Usingt h er e g r e s s i o nl i n e s( 2 ) and( 3 ),we c t h es u c c e s s i v et r a n s a c t i o n sa sf o l l o w s .. Co s to fmanufacture. 1761. G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt omanufacture. 2659. G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt od i s t r i b u t i o n i nm a n u f a c t u r e r s. 100. P r i c et os e l lt or e t a i l e r s. 542. G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt or e t a i l e r s. 458. 1 0 0 E s t i m a t i o n( 1 )w i l lbea p p l i c a b l et os u c hi n d u s t r i e sa st o i l e tp r e p a r a ‑ P r i c et oconsumers. t i o n s ,d e n t i f r i c eands o a p . E s t i m a t i o n( 2 ): s t i m a t ep r i c e si n Usingt h er e g r e s s i o nl i n e s( 2 ) and( 4 ),we can e t h es u c c e s s i v et r a n s a c t i o n sa sf o l l o w s . C o s to fmanufacture G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt omanufacture. 3 96 8. 1 21 7 ,,. G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt od i s t r i b u t i o n i nm a n u f a c t u r e r s P r i c et os e l lt oMLSS. 1 0O 6 1 . .85. ,secondary G r o s smarginb e l o n g i n gt oMLSS w h o l e s a l e r sandr e t a i l e r s P r i c et oconsumers. 3 81 5 ,,. 1 0 0. E s t i m a t i o n( 2 )w i l lbea p p l i c a b l et os om . ei n d u s t r i e si nw h i c ht h e g r o s smarginsb e l o n g i n gt or e t a i 1 e r sa r es l i g h t l ymoret h a ni nh o u s e ‑ h o l de l e c t r i ca p p l i a n c ei n d u s t r y ..

(21) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 第 56 巻 第 3・ 4号. ‑168‑. 3 5. F I G U R E1 I I‑ 1 SCATTERD I A G R A MB E T ¥ 日E NT l lEG ROSS G I N SI NR E T A I L E R S( Y ) M札R 礼 ~D I HEGROSSM A R G I N SI NWHOLESALERS I N C L U D I ' ¥ GMLSS( X ). 4 時. 十. t h eg r o s sm a r g i ni nMLSSp l u st h eg r o s sm a r g i ni ns e c o n d a r y w h o l e s a l e r s. • :t h eg r o s sm a r g i ni nr e t a i l e r sp l u st h eg r o s sm a r g i ni n o l e s a l e r s s e c o n d a r yれ h. 3 0. 2 5. 514. •. *. ー 砕. 2 0. 4 略. * 伽. 1 5. R e g r e s s R e g r e s s i o nl i n e( 2 ). 1 0. 5. t ¥¥0 d o t s. +. 骨一一ー一骨‑,時一一一』ー骨. 5. 1 0. 1 5. 2 0. 2 5. . . . . ー 田 町 ー ・6. 3 0.

(22) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ AS t u d yo fP r i c e si nt h eS u c c e s s i v eT r a n s a c t i o n s. 515. ‑169ー. FIGUREl l I ‑ 2SCATTERDIAGRAMBEIWEENTHEGROSS MARGINSI NMANUFACTURERS( Y ) ! ON( X ) ANDIHEGROSSMARGINSI NDISIRIBUI. 4 5. * 4 0. 3 5. *. 3 0 i. " ' ‑ ‑ Y= ー 184+0..80X Regression l i n e (3). *. /. 4 時. , ー. #. 4 降. 1 5. #. *. # * 2 0. 2 5. 3 0. 3 5. 4 0. 4 5.

(23) OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ 第5 5巻 第 3・4号. ‑170‑. 5 1 6. FIGUREllN SCATTERDIAGRAMBETWEENTHEGROSS MARGINSINMANUFACIURERS( Y ) ¥NDTHEGROSSi ¥ lARGINSI NDISTRIBUTION( X ), TENSA ¥ I IPLEPOINTS. 4 5. 非 :D a t af r o mf i n a n c i a ls t a t e m e n t s. 4 0. 3 5. 3 0. 2 5噌. ‑ ‑. 昏. Regression l i n e (1). ‑ ‑. 20#. 4 降. 者. 5r~ E. 2 0. 2 5. 3 0. 3 5. 4 0. 4 5.

(24) に刀. ト ー ‑. c. ιOU< lnb , l <1 丘. 。 ト. ト ー 」. o. <J1. < ". ドA. o. ω ‑ x リニ∞∞∞ o x o司 42Rのお︒∞∞と﹀見︒︻リλ ‑ c c河町山口][ーム叶巴肘む︻∞叶河‑∞円﹂叶‑. 司. 同. ζ刀. N. c. 。. p. ζ凡. w o. じゅ に刀. ‑ru一. SUOr~o官官U官 1 .1. nlSV aA!SSaOOnsaqlU !S a O !. I d JO. & p. Wl. OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ.

(25) ! ホ. ト ー 占. u1. o. ζJl. o. 也 e. ↑. *. ↑. ‑ g ' ' H L︒. z. bF. ‑FMW. ドA. 件︒宅島︒. u1. ︒‑∞叶国‑目白叶問︒. 回開︑﹃﹀‑F何回∞. C 必刷. o. u1. ト4. ト~. 4︐ Z開 ︒ 問 ︒ ∞ ∞ 一 r目︑山問︒‑目的回一ι. VHZF印印同︐O. VA 明問︒. t u1. 。、. o. E3. 、. NCA. o. *p﹄131wyt場. ホ. FPC同﹀一 FH ∞開︑﹃=.何何百叶Z開 ︒ 問 ︒ ∞ 印 v ‑﹀問︒同日凹. u1. H V問 ︒ 司 開 国 叶 ︒ V 由 印 印 日 ﹀ 沼 口. s. 印印の﹀]門叶何回口 H H円I. 。 。. 町田のC 回開. o. * にn. ‑gU‑. 察9 9 彰 告予. 緩. 8 1 9. N日 &. OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ. u1. > T ‑ ". 〈 コ. > t ‑.

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