樹冠構造がスギ・ヒノキ個体の風倒抵抗性に及ぼす影響

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(1)Title. 樹冠構造がスギ・ヒノキ個体の風倒抵抗性に及ぼす影響( 本文(Fulltext) ). Author(s). 喜多川, 権士. Report No.(Doctoral Degree). 博士(農学) 甲第648号. Issue Date. 2015-12-25. Type. 博士論文. Version. ETD. URL. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/54100. ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。.

(2) . ౴་ଡୗ岶崡崖嵣崺崶崕଻৬峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峕఺峦峃୶஭ ‫ ڱ ڭ ڬ ڮ‬ফ ว໣প৾প৾੹৴়஗৾ଢ଼஢ఐ ে੟୭୆ఐ৾ ‫ق‬ಯળপ৾‫ك‬ ಜ ੗ ਆ ਥ ૒ . .

(3) . . ౴་ଡୗ岶崡崖嵣崺崶崕଻৬峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峕఺峦峃୶஭ . ಜ੗ਆ ਥ૒ . . 1.

(4) ৯ઃ . ౾੉ .............................................................................................................................. 5. ஌௔峘௯૩峘ਠ૾ ...................................................................................................... 5 ௴௄হ୻峕ൣ岰௯૩ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢ ............................................................. 6 శে੟৓ਏ౤ ...................................................................................................... 6 ে੟৓ਏ౤ ......................................................................................................... 7 ௯૩৅ে嵉崓崳崢嵈峕ঢ়ଖ峃峵ৡ৾৓ଢ଼஢ .................................................................. 9 ଢ଼஢৯৓ .................................................................................................................. 12 . ິ௯ਙ峼ଡਛ峃峵౴਽଻৬രਙ峕ঢ়峃峵Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢ ................................................... 16. ଢ଼஢৯৓ .................................................................................................................. 16 ্১ ......................................................................................................................... 17 ৹ਪ৉峒଺૩਽峘೾৒ ....................................................................................... 17 ௯ச峘௴೾ ........................................................................................................ 18 ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ............................................................................ 19 ଒ੀ௯ச峘௓৒ ................................................................................................. 19 ੥ટ ......................................................................................................................... 20 ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岻峵௯ச ............................................................................................ 20 ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ............................................................................ 21 ଺૩਽峘଒ੀ௯ச ............................................................................................. 21 અ௄ ......................................................................................................................... 21 ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ............................................................................ 21 ௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峒ৡ৾৓௯౵嵒崡崗੒೾嵊崯嵓峘༜ਊਙ.................................. 23 . ૡ౵຅ಿਙ峕ঢ়峃峵ଢ଼஢ ............................................................................................. 38. ଢ଼஢ఴ...................................................................................................................... 38. 2.

(5) ଢ଼஢৯৓ .................................................................................................................. 39 ૥ୡ৉岴峲峝౫મ ..................................................................................................... 40 য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ ..................................................................................................... 40 ౴ୌณ৿峘্১ ................................................................................................. 41 ਷ങഘ峘্১ .................................................................................................... 42 ਈপૡ౵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘ৠ৒ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵ଁੑ৓ੰෲ ............................................. 43 崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘૗৿ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵૎২ীෲ .............................................................. 43 ੥ટ ......................................................................................................................... 44 અ௄ ......................................................................................................................... 45 . ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岻峵౴་୴ীഘ峒ಿৡ峘ঢ়બ ..................................................................... 56. ଢ଼஢ఴ...................................................................................................................... 56 ଢ଼஢৯৓ .................................................................................................................. 58 ৰୡ౫મ఺峝ৰୡ্১ ............................................................................................ 58 ૥ୡ਽............................................................................................................... 58 ౴་ଡୗ峘೾৒ ................................................................................................. 59 ಿৡ峘೾৒ ........................................................................................................ 60 ಿৡબਯ峒੖ဃબਯ峘೾৒ ................................................................................ 62 ౴་਺୶એ஋峒੖ဃબਯ峘೾৒......................................................................... 63 ಿৡ峕ৌ峃峵౴་രਙ峘୶஭峕ঢ়峃峵ଁੑ৓ੰෲ .............................................. 63 ಿৡબਯ峘૗৿ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵૎২ীෲ .............................................................. 63 ಿৡબਯ峕ৌ峃峵౴་੗ሠਙ峘୶஭峕ঢ়峃峵ীෲ .............................................. 64 ੥ટ ......................................................................................................................... 65 ୴ীഘരਙ峒ಿৡ崹嵑嵉嵤崧峘ঢ়બ ...................................................................... 65 ৿৓ಿৡબਯ峘௓৒ ......................................................................................... 66. 3.

(6) ಿৡબਯ峘૗৿ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵૎২ীෲ .............................................................. 66 અ௄ ......................................................................................................................... 67 ੥૛ ................................................................................................................................. 85 පോ ................................................................................................................................. 87 હஈ ....................................................................................................................................... 88 ਬ৷ધ൴ .......................................................................................................................... 91 . . 4.

(7) ౾੉ ஌௔峘௯૩峘ਠ૾ ઎௯岝崷嵒崙嵤嵛岝崝崌崗嵕嵛岝崨崎嵛崸嵤崡崰峔峓峘ਘ௯峕峲峵஌௔ᣣೊ峙਼ੀর峑ઁ岹৅ে峁峐岴峴岝஌௔ 峘েଙ௺峘৿ଙ峕੎ਏ峔૽સ峼ટ峉峁峐岮峵岞峉峒岲峚௯ᣣೊ峕峲峵௔་崖嵋崫崿峘஄ਛ峙岝௔৔峘୾୭୆ 峮਷୭୆峼੝૗峁岝ৣಽ೘ে峘৅୸峮౴਽峘ଠேಌৗ峘ీਃ峒峔峴岝੥ટ峒峁峐ে੟੗஘ਙ峘೐੅峕ঢ় ଖ峁峐岮峵‫ق‬+LXUD ‫ك‬岞঳্岝௯峕峲峵ᣣೊ峙৽ੋ৓峕ᄻপ峔௤ଷ峼峬峉峳峁岝ਘ௯峕峲峴৅ে峁峉 ௯౵峮ୌീ島଺૩峙岣௯૩岤峒ళ峚島峐岮峵岞௯૩峙਌峕岝உ੪岵峳ૡ౵峃峵உନ峴岝ୌ岶ൊ࿿峁੪峕ರ峳峔岹峔峵ୌൊ岝ୌ৖ী岶୊ശ岿島峵ୌീ島峕ীథ岿島峵岞௯૩岶পૠெ৲峃峵峒岝௯౵਽峘ඏு峮଺૩௔ ী峘຦ᅇ峕૑ਏ峔崛崡崰岶৅ে峁௔঵হ঵঻峘৽੾峼ಓ಴峃峵峒৊ৎ峕岝஌௔ଵ৶ੑ઺峘၎ষ峼࿉岼峵岞嵐嵤嵕崫崹峑峙 ‫ ع‬ফ峘਋৑峕岴岮峐ঽே಼૩‫ق‬ਞ଴಼૩岝৙েে੟଺૩峼அ峪‫ك‬峕峲峴ফ ৺ ਐ P 峘଺૩岶৅ে峁峐岴峴岝峇峘岰峋ਘ௯峕峲峵஌௔଺૩峙 ٫‫ ق‬ਐ P‫ك‬峼ಚ峫峐岮峵岞 ফ峕ਧ嵐嵤嵕崫崹岵峳রఙ嵐嵤嵕崫崹峕๷ਟ峁峉崝崌崗嵕嵛|/RWKDU|峒|0DUWLQ|峕峲峵౫஋଺૩峙 ਐ P 峒ਾઔ岿島岝્峕崽嵑嵛崡峑峙‫گ‬ফী峘ઽᄥ୤峕ৼਊ峃峵଺૩਽岶঳২峕৅ে峁岝஌௔৆ ੁ峕୶஭峼఺峦峁峉岞 ফ峕峙崡崓嵛崠崲崻崊઄ਣ峒রఙ嵐嵤嵕崫崹峼崝崌崗嵕嵛|.\ULOO|峒|3HU|岶๷ਟ峁岝峇島峈島 ਐ P岝P 峘౫஋଺૩岶৅ে峁峉岞嵐嵤嵕崫崹峑峙੺ফপૠெ峔௯૩଺૩岶ᄄ৅峁峐岮峵‫ق‬6FKHOKDDVHWDO6FKHOKDDV6FKXFNDQG6FKHOKDDV‫ك‬岞 ঩ম峑 ফ岵峳 ফ峘 ফ৑峕৅ে峁峉஌௔ਞ଴಼૩峙岝଺૩ৰ௤એ஋峑 KD岝 ଺૩પ峙 ੏৞峑岬峍峉岞峇峘岰峋௯૩岶ಚ峫峵સ়峙એ஋峑 ٫‫ق‬KD‫ك‬岝଺૩પ峑 ٫ ‫ ق‬੏৞‫ك‬峑岬峴岝੺ফ峘஌௔ਞ଴಼૩র峑ਈ峬੎ਏ峔಼૩஄ଙ峑岬峵岽峒岶峹岵峵‫ق‬஗௔਷ਓ੄ ‫ك‬岞঩ম峘௯૩峙઎௯峘঱ಮᄄ২峮ૠெ峕প岷峔୶஭峼ਭ岻峵ൊ਱岶岬峵岞প஑઎௯峘঱ಮ峙ౕ ஑಼૩峼ਬ岷କ岽峃岽峒岶岬峴岝଺૩ૠெ峼প岷岹ంక峃峵岞୻岲峚岝ྍ቟ீ઎௯n0DULHn岶๷ਟ峁峉 ফ峕峙଺૩౫஋৺ ਐ P岝టિ೓઎௯n9HUD|岶๷ਟ峁峉 ফ峕峙৺ ਐ P岝 ফ峕峙઎௯ ಀn.LQQDn峒峇峘 ౝ৑৏峕 ಀn0LUHLOOHn岶๷ਟ峁岝峇峘ফ峙৺ ਐ P 峘পૠ ெ଺૩岶৅ে峁峉‫ق‬൝਽峳 ‫ك‬岞峨峉 ফ峕峙ఴ঱ਈৈ峘઎௯঱ಮਯ ৚峼੶ஈ峁岝ശຑ৓. 5.

(8) 峔଺૩岶ਾઔ岿島峐岮峵‫ق‬஗௔਷ਓ੄ ‫ك‬岞௯૩峙஌௔ଵ৶঱峘嵒崡崗峼௬੼峃峵঱峑శଞ峕੎ਏ峔 ਜ਼઼峏岻峕岬峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞 ᄻপ峔௯૩峼ਬ岷କ岽峃প஑઎௯峘৅ে峙৉ૉ嵔嵁嵓峘ਞ଴૗৿峕峲峴੗৅峃峵岽峒岶੒୳岿島峐岮峵 ‫ق‬2RXFKL HW DO ‫ك‬岞峉峒岲峚岝਍ি峳‫كق‬峙઎௯峘৅েਜ਼઼岶లਟਨ঱峁岝઎௯峘৽ଡ଼岶 ૗৲峃峵峒੐త峁峐岮峵岞峨峉৉ୠ峕峲峍峐ୀ岮峙岬峵峬峘峘岝๷ਟᄄ২峘଩ৣ峃峵঳্峑઎௯峘রੱਞಓ 岶଩ৣ峁পૠெ৲峃峵峒੒೾峁峐岮峵岞岽峘峲岰峔ਞ଴୭୆峘૗৲峕峲峵௯૩嵒崡崗峘ৈ峨峴峊岻峑峙峔岹岝঩ মব৔峑峙௔ীଡୗ峘૗৲峕ൣ岰௯૩嵒崡崗峘ੜਸ峬ೃ୛岿島峐岮峵岞崡崖嵣崺崶崕যੵ௔峘ೡ௻શએ஋峘崼嵤崗峙঱ಊ峁ਢ岻峐岴峴‫ق‬௔৙ૂ ‫ك‬岝岽峘峲岰峔஌௔峘ഠೡ৲峙௯૩଺૩峘ఁপ峕ᇽ岶峵峒અ岲峳島峐岮峵‫୲ق‬৳৛峳岝.DPLPXUDHWDO‫ك‬岞஌௔峘௯૩嵒崡崗岶ৈ峨峵র峑岝௯౵຅ಿਙ岶 ৈ岮஌௔୘ਛ峘ু১岶੷峫峳島峐岴峴岝峇峘峉峫峕஌௔嵔嵁嵓峮௔ী嵔嵁嵓岝଻৬嵔嵁嵓峕岴岻峵௯૩嵒崡崗峼 ৒୤৓峕௬੼峃峵岽峒岶੷峫峳島峐岮峵岞 ஌௔峘௯૩嵒崡崗峕ৌ峃峵ৌੁ峘੎ਏਙ岶ੜਸ峃峵র峑岝嵒崡崗峘৒୤௬੼岶੷峫峳島峵岞.DPLPXUD DQG 6KLUDLVKL

(9) 峙岽島峨峑峘௯૩ଢ଼஢峼௴௄৽ୡ৓ଢ଼஢岝ଁੑ৓ଢ଼஢峒ৡ৾৓ଢ଼஢峘ਕ峎峕 યী峁峉岞岽岽峑峙岝௴௄হ୻峕੦峏岹Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢峒௯૩峘৅ে嵉崓崳崢嵈峕ି৯峃峵ৡ৾৓ଢ଼஢峕পશ峁峐岝峇島峈島峘岽島峨峑峘ଢ଼஢峼ઃත峕峨峒峫峵岞 ௴௄হ୻峕ൣ岰௯૩ਏ౤峕ঢ়峃峵Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢ ௯૩峕ঢ়ଖ峃峵ਏ౤峙৉஄峮৉ୠਞ଴峕ঢ়峃峵శে੟৓ਏ౤峒௔ীଡୗ峮౴਽଻৬峕ঢ়બ峃峵ে੟ ৓ਏ౤峕ী岻峳島峵岞௯૩峕ঢ়峃峵হ୻ଢ଼஢峑峙૏঻峘ਏ౤峼ള়৓峕௴௄峁峉峬峘岶૘峔岹峔岮岶岝岽岽峑峙峇島峈島峘ਏ౤岾峒峕岽島峨峑峘ਾઔ峼ତ৶峃峵岞 శে੟৓ਏ౤ ິ௯ਙ峼ଡਛ峃峵శে੟৓峔ਏ౤峒峁峐৉ਜ਼੐ਯ‫ق‬.DPLPXUD HW DO ‫ك‬峮ଅယ峘ൾ਷ਙ ‫ق‬6WDWKHUVHWDO‫ك‬峔峓岶଱岼峳島峵岶岝ଂਚ৓ሞ峎ౕᄻ峔௯૩଺૩峼৅ে岿峅峵ਏ౤峙৉஄峊峒. 6.

(10) અ岲峳島峐岮峵‫୻ق‬岲峚岝ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ૣె峳岝ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岞఻৬৓峕峙岝઎௯଺ ૩৅ে৏峘௴௄嵣ଁੑ৹ਪ峘੥ટ岝௯૩଺૩峘ૠெ峼ହ৥峃峵ਏ౤峒峁峐࿿એ্ਜ਼岶଱岼峳島峵হ岶੗ 岮‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ૣె峳岝ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岞峨峉৉஄峘৫ଣਙ‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ ‫ك‬ 峮ਘ௯峼৴ਢ৓峕ਭ岻峵ৎ৑‫ق‬.DPLPXUDHWDO‫ك‬岶ਘ岹௯૩଺૩૨峕ঢ়બ峁峐岮峵峒੉峹島峐岴峴岝஌௔岶ਘ௯峼ਭ岻峵ન૨岶௯૩଺૩ૠெ峕ਘ岹ঢ়બ峁峐岮峵峒અ岲峳島峐岮峵岞岽峘峲岰峕઎௯๷ਟৎ峔峓௯૩嵒崡崗岶প岷岮૾யৣ峑峙਌峕৉஄峮৉ୠਞ଴ਏ౤峕峲峴଺૩峼ਭ岻峵岵峓岰岵岶ৠ৒岿島峒岮岰ହ岶 ઀๼岿島峵঳্‫ق‬ਕఓ峳岝ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岝௔ীଡୗ峮౴਽଻৬രਙ 峔峓峘௔ী崡崙嵤嵓岝଻৬崡崙嵤嵓峘ਏ౤峘্岶રિ峒峔峵ৃ়峬ਾઔ岿島峐岴峴‫ెૣق‬峳 ‫ك‬岝Ⴕ৾ ৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峑峙శে੟৓ਏ౤峒ে੟৓ਏ౤峘崸嵑嵛崡峼ହ৥峃峵岽峒岶峑岷峐岮峔岮૾ய峕岬峵岞岽峘৶૓峒峁峐岝岽島峨峑௯૩峘Ⴕ৾৓ਏ౤ীෲ峘峥峒峽峓岶岝ৌ଴峒峃峵௯૩峘崡崙嵤嵓峼ତ৶峁峉঱峑ষ峹島峐岽峔岵峍峉峉峫峊峒અ岲峳島峵岞఍৅৓峔ਘ௯峕峲峴৅ে峃峵崹崫崩૾峘௯૩峔峓岝଺૩ૠெ岶৵岿岮ৃ়峙଻৬ 崡崙嵤嵓峘ਏ౤岶਌ਏ౤峒峔峴岝৊峂৉஄૖੯峑ๆம峁়岰௔ী৑峑଺૩ૠெ岶౮峔峵ৃ়峙௔ী崡崙嵤嵓峘ਏ౤岶਌ਏ౤峒峔峵岞峇峁峐଺૩ૠெ岶ಌ峕প岷岹峔峵峕峁峉岶峍峐৉஄ਏ౤峘૽સ岶প岷岹峔峍峐岹峵峒 અ岲峳島峵岞岽島峨峑峘ଢ଼஢হ୻峘੗岹峙পૠெ峔峘௯૩଺૩峼ৌ଴峕峁峐岮峵‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ຫ ૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岞峁峉岶峍峐岝৉஄ਏ౤峘஍ટ岶଻৬ਏ౤峮௔ীਏ౤峘஍ટ峼঱৚峴岝ৃ়峕峲峍峐峙 ଻৬ਏ౤峮௔ীਏ౤岶଺૩ૠெ峕ৌ峁峐થਔ峕੿৷峁峔岮峒岮岰੥ટ峼ં峁峉峒અ岲峳島峵岞Ⴕ৾৓ু১ 峕峲峴௯૩ਏ౤峘஍ટ峼௬੼峃峵ৃ়岝௯૩峘଺૩ૠெ峼৒ଝ峁岝峇島峕ৌ峁峐ిજ峔崡崙嵤嵓峘ਏ౤峘崯嵤崧崣崫崰峼⑫岲峵૑ਏ岶岬峵岞 ে੟৓ਏ౤ ௔ীଡୗ峮౴਽଻৬峘ਏ౤峙೾৒峁峮峃岮峉峫岝岽島峨峑੗岹峘௴௄嵣ଁੑ৓ু১峕峲峵௯૩峘ਏ౤峘 ীෲ岶ষ峹島峐岷峉‫ق‬௣ু 岝਷੩嵣࿢৛ 岝஬਷峳岝&UHPHU HW DO 岝6DYLOO 岝ਕఓ峳岝ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ૣె峳岝*DUGLQHUDQG4XLQH岝6WDWKHUVHW DO 岝0DVRQ DQG 4XLQH 岝ઢ஌ 岝9DOLQJHU DQG )ULGPDQ 岝/HNHV DQG. 7.

(11) 'DQGXO岝5XHOHWDO岝7DONNDULHWDO岝:LOVRQDQG2OLYHU岝:LOVRQDQG %DNHU 岝୲৳৛峳岝਽঱峳岝ຫૺ嵣௕৕ 岝஥ি峳岝ଯઢ峳岝჈ ਣ嵣ଯ‫ر‬਽ 岝ႍ峳岝.DPLPXUDHWDO‫ك‬岞 ৽ୡ৓ੴৄ岵峳౴ர峕峲峍峐ິ௯ਙ峮உନ峴嵣ୌീ島ಉ峘଺૩஄ଙ岶౮峔峵ৃ়岶੗岮হ峙঳ಹ৓峕 ੴ峳島峐岴峴‫୻ق‬岲峚岝௣ু 岝਷੩嵣࿢৛ 岝ଯઢ峳岝6DYLOO ‫ك‬岝્峕ଉ୴౴峙 ઁ୴౴峕ૻ峣峐ິ௯ਙ岶଩岮峒੉峹島峐岮峵‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ ‫ك‬岞峨峉౴ர৔峕岴岮峐峬ષர峕峲峴ୀ岮岶岬峵峒અ岲峳島峐岮峵‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ળ৙峳 ‫ك‬岞౴ர峕峲峍峐௯౵຅ಿਙ岶౮峔峵৶૓峒峁峐岝 உ௺ଡୗ峘ୀ岮‫ق‬0DVRQDQG4XLQH‫ك‬岝ୌ峘ฑໞਙ峘ୀ岮‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ૝ ‫ك‬岝峔峓岶଱岼峳島峐岮峵岞 ౴ೡ岶ິ௯ਙ峕୶஭峁峐岮峵峒岮岰ਾઔ峬岬峵岞ઢ஌‫كق‬峙 ফে౞௥岵峳 ফে峨峑峘౴ೡ ীഘ峘র峑岝‫ ع‬ফে峘଻৬岶ਈ峬଺૩૨岶ৈ岵峍峉হ峼ਾઔ峁峉岞峨峉୲৳৛峳‫كق‬峙౴ೡ ফ峼த岲峵峒ິ௯ਙ岶଩ৣ峁峐岮岹峒ਾઔ峁峐岮峵岞ૣె峳‫كق‬峬峨峉岝௔ೡ岶ৈ岮ৃਚ峕岴岻峵଺ ૩૨峘ৈ岿峼੐త峁峐岮峵岞峁岵峁ଢ଼஢হ୻峘র峕峙౴ৈ峮๢ৈઉྫྷ岝౴་崝崌崢ಉ峼೾৒峁峐岮峔岮峉峫峕ଁੑੰෲ峘ৌ଴ਗ峒峁峐岮峵ৃ়岶੗岹‫ెૣق‬峳岝ઢ஌ 岝୲৳৛峳 ‫ك‬岝岽島峳峘ଢ଼ ஢੥ટ峕峙岝ഠೡ৲峕ൣ岰௯౵຅ಿਙ峕୶஭峁峐岮峵౴਽രਙ峘૗৲岶ખ಩岿島峉૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞஬਷峳 ‫كق‬峙౴ೡ岶଄岮଻৬峘ୌශ峴岶੗岹岝౴ೡ岶ৈ岹峔峵峒ୌീ島峮உନ峴岶੗岹峔峵হ峼ਾઔ峁峐岴峴岝 ୌ峘ฑໞਙ岶଺૩ૠெ峮஄ଙ峕୶஭峁峐岮峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞峁岵峁ୌ峘ฑໞਙ岶ৈ岮ৎ਋峙໽ೡ岵峳଄ೡ 峕岵岻峐峘ৎ਋峕଒峳島岝峇峘৏峙ୌ峘ฑໞਙ峙୍ઊ峋峕଩ৣ峃峵峒અ岲峳島峵峉峫岝ฑໞਙ峊岻峑峙ହ৥岶峎岵峔岮岞峇峘౎峕峬๢ৈઉྫྷ峕ঢ়峁峐峙পྫྷ਽峥峓଺૩峼ਭ岻峮峃岮峒峃峵ਾઔ岶岬峵঳্峑‫ق‬ὤম嵣ৈ ૝ ‫ك‬岝๢ৈઉྫྷ峒峘৑峕峙ঢ়બਙ岶ৄ峳島峔岵峍峉峒岮岰হ୻峬岬峴‫ق‬ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岝ິ௯ ਙ峙ୌ崝崌崢രਙ峊岻峑峔岹౎峘౴਽രਙ岵峳峬୶஭峼ਭ岻峐ଡਛ岿島峐岮峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞 ౮峔峵౴਽രਙ峼ള়岿峅峉ິ௯ਙ峘੐ఏ峒峁峐ᄄ෬峕৷岮峳島峐岮峵峘岶஄૾ૻ峑岬峴岝঳ಹ৓峕஄ ૾ૻ岶ৈ岮ஙິ௯ਙ岶଩岮峒岿島峐岮峵‫&ق‬UHPHUHWDO岝6WDWKHUVHWDO岝9DOLQJHUDQG )ULGPDQ岝/HNHVDQG'DQGXO岝ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岞੺ফ঩ম峑峙. 8.

(12) ௔঵峕岴岻峵਽౫েਓਙ峘଩ৣ岵峳শᅇ਋৲峼੐਱峃峵ൊ਱峕岬峴‫ق‬௔৙ૂ ‫ك‬岝৑ᅇ峼ൣ峹峔岮 ௔ী峘ഠೡ৲岶ਤ峽峑岮峵岞.DPLPXUD DQG 6KLUDLVKL‫كق‬峙ഡૐ૾ଙ岶শ਋৑ਢ岹岽峒峕峲峴௔ ী৸৬峘஄૾ૻ岶ৈ峨峴岝ິ௯ਙ峼଩ৣ岿峅峐岮峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵峒੐త峃峵঳্峑஄૾ૻ岶ঢ়બ峁峐岮峔岮হ୻峬岬峵岽峒岝峨峉৊ங২峘஄૾ૻ峑峬৑ᅇ৐৏峑峙௯૩嵒崡崗岶প岷岹౮峔峵岽峒峼ງஂ峁峉岞৑ᅇ৏ ਯফ৑峙௯峕ৌ峃峵່ল岶ৈ峨峵峉峫岝ୌ峘ෝপയਤ峕峲峴஄૾ૻ岶଩ৣ峁峐峬岝৑ᅇ岶ষ峹島峔岮ৃ় 峲峴௯૩嵒崡崗岶ৈ峨峵峒੉峹島峐岮峵‫&ق‬UHPHU HW DO 岝ὤম嵣ৈ૝ 岝6WDWKHUV HW DO 岝.DPLPXUD HW DO 岝஥ি峳岝਷੩嵣࿢৛ ‫ك‬岞峁岵峁峔岶峳岝஄૾ૻ峘崯嵤崧峼 ੰෲৌ଴峒峃峵ଢ଼஢হ୻峘র峕峙઱঵၎ഄ峘崯嵤崧岶૮岮ৃ়岶੗岮峉峫岝௯૩嵒崡崗峕ৌ峁峐஄૾ૻ峒઱ ঵၎ഄ峘஍ટ峘崸嵑嵛崡峼௬੼峑岷峔岮ৃ়岶岬峵岞峨峉岝৑ᅇ岿島峄௔་岶൷ำ岿島峉૾ଙ峑岬峍峐峬௔་ 崝崌崢峕崸嵑峎岷岶岬峵峒௯峕ৌ峁峐௔་峘਍৒ਙ岶଩ৣ峁岝ິ௯ਙ峼଩ৣ岿峅峵岽峒岶岬峵‫ెૣ ق‬峳 ‫ك‬岞ૣె峳‫كق‬峙଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峼଻৬嵔嵁嵓峑ૻຎ峁峉峒岷౴་崝崌崢岶਴಑峲峴ૌ২峕 ৵岿岮峬峁岹峙প岷岮ৃ়峙଺૩峼ਭ岻峮峃岮হ峼੐త峁峐岴峴岝岽島峨峑঳ಹ৓峕৷岮峳島峐岷峉๢ৈઉྫྷ岝 ஄૾ૻಉ峘ୌരਙ峊岻峑峔岹౴་രਙ峬ິ௯ਙ峕ਘ岹ঢ়બ峁峐岮峵૭ચਙ峼ં峁峉岞 .DPLPXUDDQG6KLUDLVKL‫كق‬峙岽島峳峘௴௄嵣ଁੑ৓ু১峕峲峵Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢岶௯૩嵒崡崗峘ਏ ౤峼৒ਙ৓峕པ඼峁峉峴岝્৒৉ୠ峕଒৒峁峉௯૩嵒崡崗ਏ౤峼௬੼峁峉峴峃峵৯৓峑峙થ৷峑岬峵岽峒峼੐ త峁峉岞঳্峑岝௯૩଺૩崡崙嵤嵓峘৒ଝ峮崯嵤崧崣崫崰峘ිၨਙ嵣ਫનਙ峕峲峴岝ীෲ੥ટ峕প岷峔ୀ岮岶 ৅ে峁峉峴ଢ଼஢হ୻৑峘ૻຎ岶൑୔峕峔峍峉峴峃峵ৃ়岶岬峵岞ਰ঱峘峲岰峔Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢岶થ峃峵൤቞ਙ峕 ঢ়峃峵ୖ਻ৌ峁峐岝ৡ৾৓௯૩৅ে嵉崓崳崢嵈峕੦峏岮峉৒୤৓ଢ଼஢峘૑ਏਙ岶੺ফৈ峨峍峐岮峵岞 ௯૩৅ে嵉崓崳崢嵈峕ঢ়ଖ峃峵ৡ৾৓ଢ଼஢ ਲ ਗ 峑峙嵐嵤嵕崫崹峼 র ੱ 峕岝 ੗ 岹峘 ଢ଼ ஢ হ ୻ 岶 ໮ ஋ 岿島 ౴ ਽ 峘 ଒ ੀ ௯ ச 峼 ௓ ৒ 峃峵 *$/(6 ‫*ق‬DUGLQHUHWDO‫ك‬峮 +:,1'‫ق‬3HOWRODHWDO3HOWROD‫ك‬峒岮峍峉ৡ৾嵊崯嵓岶৅ன峁峐岷峉岞 *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峘ુৢਡ峙岝‫ك‬ભਔ峘௯ச峕峲峴౴৬峕৅ে峃峵ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峃峔峹峋෰੎ਏಞ. 9.

(13) 峒 ‫ك‬ୌ峨峉峙உ௺岶ິ岲岰峵ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峃峔峹峋଻৬峘ິ෰੎ਏಞ 峼શ‫ر‬峕௓৒峁岝‫ك‬岶 ‫ك‬ 峼த岲峵ৎ峘௯ச峼଒ੀ௯ச峒峁峐৒ଝ峃峵ু১峑岬峵岞঳্峑୷౮ਡ峙岝*$/(6 岶௔་঱峘௯峕ି৯峁峐౴་਴એ峕௮岹༂ႆৡ峼峬峒峕෰੎ਏಞ峼ੑ઴峁峐岮峵峘峕ৌ峁峐岝঳্ +:,1' 峙౴་峘ડ্峕岵岵峵 ಿৡ峼峬峒峕ੑ઴峼ষ峍峐岮峵ਡ峑岬峵岞ਰৣ峇島峈島峘嵊崯嵓峕峎岮峐໪ହ峃峵岞 *$/(6 峼৷岮峉ৃ়岝ભਔৈ Ɲ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峕岴岻峵ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰ‫ق‬Ɲ‫قك‬1P‫ك‬峘઴লૄ峙ઃ峘ৢ峴峑岬峵‫ك ૄق‬岞 ଶ. ‫ܯܤ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ݂஼ௐ ݂௘ௗ௚௘ ሺ݀ െ ‫ݖ‬ሻߩ‫ ܩ‬൮. ܵ‫ݑ‬ு ݇ ൲ ‫ܪ‬െ݀ ቁ ቀ ‫ݖ‬଴. . ƉŦź 峙౴་岶௯峕峲峴਷਴୎৿峃峵হ峕峲峴৅ে峃峵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘୯ਸબਯ岝ƉƈƇƊƈ 峙౴਽଻৬岶௔໿峕ਜ਼઼ 峃峵ৃ়峘୯ਸબਯ岝Ƈ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峙崤嵕એఊਫৈ峑岬峴岝岽岽峑峙 7KRP‫كق‬峘ਾઔ峕੦峏岷௯ੱৈ峒峁峐ඞ岰岞Ū 峙఍௯૨岝Ŷ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峙ৌ଴௔ী峕岴岻峵਴಑৓౴৑෱௞岝ū‫ق‬P‫ك‬峙౴ৈ岝ͻ‫ق‬NJPŐŖ‫ك‬峙 ૬ਞഡ২岝Ƙū 峙౴ৈ峕岴岻峵௯ச‫ق‬PV‫ك‬岝Ǝ 峙崓嵓嵆嵛৒ਯ‫كܬق‬岝Ɲœ 峙႗২শ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峼ં峃岞岽峘嵊崯嵓峑ෘ୳峃峵௯ச崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峙崤嵕એఊਫৈ峼௯ੱৈ峒ಉ峁岮峒ෘ৒峁峉峒岷峘ৌਯಋ峑ੑ઴岿島. 峵岞కඨ峘ቆ. ௌ௨ಹ ௞ ୪୬ቀ. ಹష೏ ቁ ೥బ. ଶ. ቇ 峙౴་਴એ峕ਸ峹峵༂ႆৡ峼਀峁峐岴峴岝௯ச崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峕峲峴ంక岿島峵岞岽岽峑౴. ་એ஋峙਴಑ୌ৑෱௞峘੸ଭ峑岬峳峹岿島峐岴峴౐ෞ৲岿島峐岮峵岞 +:,1' 峑峙ભਔৈ Ɲ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峕岵岵峵ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峼岝౴་ડએ஋ ŤƏƄƗ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峕岵岵峵௯କ౤峘਷਴ ଵ. ্਱峘ಿৡ ‫ݑݖߩ݀ܥ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ ‫ܣ‬௟௔௧ ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ 峒岝੎ৡ峕峲峵ႄઉ্਱峘෰੎ܹܶሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ݃‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ峘়ੑக岵峳઴ল峁峐 ଶ. 岮峵岞ৌ଴峒峔峵౴਽峘உ੪岵峳౴ৈ峕岵岻峐ႄઉమಽ峕ী岻岝૚మಽ峕岵岵峵ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峼઴ল峁峐岮峵‫*قك ૄق‬DUGLQHUHWDO3HOWRODHWDO‫ك‬岞 ௛. ͳ ‫ܯܤ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ෍ ቆ ‫ݑݖߩ݀ܥ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻଶ ‫ܣ‬௟௔௧ ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൅ ܹܶሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ݃‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻቇ ʹ. . ௭ୀ଴. 岽岽峑 ŦƇ 峙ಿৡબਯ岝ŤƏƄƗ 峙౴་峼૮ሠସ峔ਕഓ஄峘એ峒峁峐౐ෞ৲峁峉峒岷峘ડએ஋‫ق‬P‫ك‬岝ŷź 峙 ౴੎‫ق‬NJ‫ك‬岝Ɗ‫ق‬PV‫ك‬峙੎ৡਸச২‫ك ق‬峑岬峵岞ƛ‫ق‬Ɲ‫ك‬峙௯କ౤峘ୌൊ࿿峕峲峴਷਴্਱峕. 10.

(14) ୎৿峁峉෱௞‫ق‬P‫ك‬峑岬峴ୌഩਙ૨ ŰŲŨ‫ق‬0RGXOXV RI (ODVWLFLW\‫ك‬岵峳઴ল峃峵‫ق‬3HOWROD DQG .HOORPÇNL岝&KLED‫ك‬岞岽岽峨峑 *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峕峲峵‫كڭ‬ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘઴ল্১峕峎岮峐ତ৶峁峉岞ਢ岮峐‫كڮ‬ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峕峎岮峐ତ৶峃峵岞ୌ峘ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰƆƕƌƗŏŃƅƕƈƄƎ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬峘઴ল্১峙 *$/(6岝+:,1' 峕岴岮峐ુৢ峁峐岴峴ૄ 岵峳઴ল岿島峵岞 ‫ܯܤ‬௖௥௜௧ǡ௕௥௘௔௞ ൌ. ߨ ‫ ܪܤܦܴܱܯ‬ଷ ͵ʹ. . 岽岽峑 025‫ق‬0RGXOXVRI5XSWXUH‫ك‬峙ୌ峘୊ശબਯ‫ق‬3D‫ك‬岝ŧťū 峙๢ৈઉྫྷ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峑岬峵岞঳্峑岝 உ੪峘ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰岝峎峨峴崊嵛崓嵤ৡ ťŰƆƕƌƗŏƒƙƈƕ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬峙 *$/(6岝+:,1' 峑౮峔峴岝*$/(6 峙ૄ 岝 +:,1' 峙ૄ 岵峳઴ল峃峵岞 ‫ܯܤ‬௖௥௜௧ǡ௢௩௘௥ ൌ ‫ܥ‬௥௘௚ ܹܵ ‫ܯܤ‬௖௥௜௧ǡ௢௩௘௥ ൌ. . ܴ݃ௗ௘௣௧௛ ܴܹ ݂ோௐ. . ťŰƆƕƌƗŏƒƙƈƕ 峙உ੪峘ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰岝峃峔峹峋崊嵛崓嵤ৡ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬岝ŦƕƈƊ 峙ୌ੎୤峕ৌ峃峵崊嵛崓嵤ৡ 峘ૻ୻બਯ岝Ŷź 峙ୌ੎‫ق‬.J‫ك‬峑岬峵岞Ɗ‫ق‬PV ‫ك‬峙੎ৡਸச২‫ك ق‬岝ŵƇƈƓƗƋ 峙உ௺஥岿 ‫ق‬P‫ك‬岝ŵź 峙உ௺崿嵔嵤崰峘ে੎୤‫ق‬NJ‫ك‬岝Ɖŵź 峙உ௺崿嵔嵤崰峘ে੎୤岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峕๾൴峃峵સ়峑岬峵岞ਰ঱峘峲岰峕 *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峑峙৷岮峵崹嵑嵉嵤崧‫ك ਀ق‬峮઴ল্১‫كع ૄق‬峕ୀ岮峙岬峵岶岝*DUGLQHUHWDO‫كق‬峕峲峴૚嵊崯嵓峑઴ল峁峉଒ੀ௯ச峙໪峗ಉ峁岮峒ਫ਼઒岿島峉岞 *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峕৷岮峳島峐岮峵崹嵑嵉嵤崧峘岰峋岝౴਽രਙ峕ঢ়峃峵౤৕峼௕ 峕ં峁峉岞ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峑৷岮峳島峵崹嵑嵉嵤崧‫ك ਀ق‬峘岰峋岝஌௔઱঵峔峓৽੾ু১峕峲峍峐௯૩嵒崡崗峼਑౪峑岷峵峘峙౴਽ രਙ峕ঢ়峃峵౤৕峘峩峑岬峵岞*$/(6 嵊崯嵓峘岰峋岝౴་ಚથએ஋岝႗২শ岝崤嵕એఊਫৈ岶౴་৔峘୴ ীഘଡୗ峕ઉம୶஭峼岰岻峵౤৕峑岬峴岝๢ৈઉྫྷ峮ୌ੎୤峔峓峘శ৊৲ஓ઻崝崌崢峙୴ীഘ峒峘৒୤৓ ঢ়બ‫ق‬6KLQR]DNL HWDODE‫ك‬岶ੴ峳島峐岴峴৑ம৓峔୶஭岶岬峵岞঳্岝+:,1' 峘ৃ় 峕峙౴་ડએ஋岝ಿৡબਯ岝௯෰੎峘ႄઉীഘ岶୴ীഘଡୗ峘ઉம৓୶஭峼ਭ岻岝৸੎୤峒๢ৈઉྫྷ 岶୴ীഘଡୗ峒৑ம৓ঢ়બ峕岬峵岞峃峔峹峋岝૏嵊崯嵓峒峬峕峥峒峽峓峘崹嵑嵉嵤崧岶୴ীഘଡୗ峒ഡம峔ঢ় બ峕岬峵岞୻ਗ峒峁峐 +:,1' 峑峙உ෠崿嵔嵤崰崝崌崢峔峓৉ৣ৖崸崌崒嵆崡峘崹嵑嵉嵤崧岶ິஉନ峴ૡ౵嵊嵤. 11.

(15) 嵉嵛崰‫ق‬உ௺崊嵛崓嵤嵊嵤嵉嵛崰‫ك‬峘௓৒峕৷岮峳島峐岮峉岞*$/(6 峑峙ૡ౵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峼ୌ੎୤峕峲峍峐੒೾ 岿島峐岮峉岶岝৉ৣ৖崸崌崒嵆崡峒৉঱৖崸崌崒嵆崡峘ਘ岮崊嵕嵉崰嵒嵤ঢ়બ岶ৰ৷৓峔௓৒峼૭ચ峕峁峉峬峘峒৶ੰ峑岷峵岞峁峉岶峍峐岝ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峕岴岻峵଻৬຅ಿਙ峘௬੼峙୴ীഘ岶ঢ়৴峃峵ਏ౤峒ૡ౵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘੸峎峘ਏ౤岵峳ਛ峴য়峍峐岮峵岞 ௯૩嵒崡崗峕ঢ়峃峵౴਽രਙ峘੗岹岶౴་ଡୗ峒峘ঢ়બ岶஥岮峕峬岵岵峹峳峄岝૏嵊崯嵓峒峬౴་ଡୗ峘ੲ ਾ峼ેী峕ખ಩峁峉峬峘峒峙峔峍峐岮峔岮岞峉峒岲峚 *$/(6 峘౴་એ஋峙౴৑෱௞峘੸ଭ峑岬峳峹岿島峐岴峴岝 +:,1' 峑峙௔ী਴಑க峘Ⴣ২峼৷岮峉౐ෞ峔ਕഓ஄峑౴་஄૾峼ં岿島峐岴峴岝଻৬岾峒峘౴་ੲਾ 峙૮ଳ岿島峉峬峘峒峔峍峐岮峵岞岿峳峕႗২শ Ɲœ岝ಿৡબਯ ŦƇ 岬峵岮峙૴଍৲બਯ ŶƗ 峕峎岮峐౴ரಕથ峘 க峮ଉ୴౴ரಕથ峘க峼ਹ৷岿島峵岽峒岶੗岹‫*ق‬DUGLQHUHWDO岝3HOWRODHWDO岝&XFFKL HWDO岝$FKLPHWDO‫ك‬岝௔་ଡୗ峒峘嵒嵛崗峙ેী峑峙峔岵峍峉岞岽峘峲岰峔嵊崯嵓峙峇峘஌௔ 峘਴಑਽岶౵島峵岵峓岰岵峒岮岰੒೾峕峙ਹ৷峑岷峵岶岝峉峒岲峚஌௔৔峘଻৬峘଺૩૨峔峓峼੒೾峃峵ৃ় 峮଻৬峘峚峳峎岷峕岬峹峅峉௯૩嵒崡崗௬੼峼ষ岰হ峼৯৓峒峃峵ৃ়岝଻‫ر‬峘౴་峘૾ଙ岶ખ಩岿島峔岮峉峫ਂ੃়岶ে峂峵峒੒୳岿島峵岞 ଢ଼஢৯৓ ஌௔峮଻৬峘രਙ峒௯૩嵒崡崗峘ঢ়બ峕峎岮峐岝岽島峨峑峘Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢峑峙৥峳岵峔ੴৄ岶੭峳島峐岮峔岮হ峼੐త峁峉岞峨峉ৡ৾৓ଢ଼஢峑峙 *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峘嵊崯嵓峑৷岮峳島峐岮峵௔ী嵣଻৬രਙ峘੗岹岶୴ীഘଡୗ峒峘ঢ়બ岶஥岮峕峬岵岵峹峳峄岝෩峁岹౐ෞ৲峁峐岮峵岽峒峲峍峐஌௔峮଻৬峘രਙ峼ખ಩峁峉嵒崡崗௬੼峕ඹ峍峐岮峔岮岽峒峼੐త峁峉岞௔་峘୴ীഘଡୗ峙๵ઊ峋峮৑ᅇ岬峵岮峙ಌৗᅇ峘઱঵峕ખૢ峁峐෩峁岹૗৲峁岝峇峘ଡୗ峘૗৲峼ৢ峂峐ୌ峘஄૾峮౫஋েਓ୤峘਑౪岬峵岮峙ಌৗ਽峘ਛশ岝峇峘౎峘 েଙ௺ਃચ峘૗৲峼峬峉峳峃‫ق‬਷ె 0L]XQDJD‫ك‬岞峃峔峹峋஌௔઱঵峙௔་ଡୗ峘਑౪ 峼ৢ峂峐েଙ௺崝嵤崻崡峼੝ఒ峃峵ষನ峒岮岲峵岞峁峉岶峍峐୴ীഘଡୗ峒௯૩嵒崡崗峘嵒嵛崙嵤崠峙஌௔઱঵ 峘௯૩嵒崡崗峕ৌ峃峵୶஭峼௬੼峃峵ৃ়峕થ৷峔ু஺峒峔峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞 মଢ଼஢峑峙岝Ⴕ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峒ৡ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峘峇島峈島岵峳଻৬峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峼౴་ଡୗ峕੥峝હ. 12.

(16) 岻岝௯૩峘஄ଙ峘র峑峬உନ峴峕ି৯峁峐嵒崡崗峼௬੼峃峵岽峒峼৯৓峒峁峉岞峨峉৉ৣ৖ଡୗ峘຅ಿਙ峼ં 峃崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峕峎岮峐஘‫ر‬峔য়৉୭୆ৣ峮ਞ଴୭୆ৣ峑峘ୀ岮峼岬岷峳岵峕峁岝౴་ଡୗ峒৉ৣ৖ଡୗ峘 ଻৬຅ಿਙ峕఺峦峃๾൴২峼௬੼峃峵岽峒峼৯৓峒峁峉岞岽峘峉峫峕岝ਸ਼੸ฆ峑峙岝ৰ੠峕ে峂峉௯૩峘崙嵤崡崡崧崯崋岵峳௯૩峕ৌ峁峐૎ਭਙ峘ৈ岮଻৬രਙ峘ྴল峼ষ峍峉岞ਸ਼ਕฆ峑峙岝੗஘峔୭୆ৣ峑崊嵛崓嵤 ৡ峘௬੼峼ষ岮岝崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘੒೾ਙ峘ৈ岮౤৕峼ྴল峁岝ྴল岿島峉ਏ౤峘௯૩૨峕ৌ峃峵૎২ীෲ峼 ষ峍峉岞ਸ਼஛ฆ峑峙岝岽島峨峑෩峁岹崯嵤崧岶ਂଌ峁峐岮峉岝ୌ峮உ੪峕岵岵峵෰੎峼ੑ઴峃峵峒岷峕૑ਏ峒峔峵 ಿৡ崹嵑嵉嵤崧峼౴་ଡୗ峕ঢ়৴峏岻峐೾৒峁峉岞 . . 13.

(17) ਀ . *$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峕৷岮峳島峵崹嵑嵉嵤崧. ŃŃ. *$/(6. +:,1'. ෰੎ਏಞŃ. ౴ୌಚથ਷਴એ峕௮岹༂ႆৡŃ. ႄઉమಽ岾峒峘ડએ峕௮岹༂ႆৡŃ. Ń ௯சŃ Ƙ Ɲ

(18) Ń. Ń ௯சŃ Ƙ Ɲ

(19) Ń. Ń ૬ਞഡ২Ń ͻŃ. Ń ૬ਞഡ২Ń ͻŃ. Ń 崓嵓嵆嵛৒ਯŃ ƎŃ. Ń ಿৡબਯŃ ŦƇŃ. Ń ౴་峘਷਴୎৿峕峲峵୯ਸ嵊嵤嵉嵛崰Ń ƉŦźŃ. Ń ౴་ડએ஋Ń ŤƏƄƗ ]Ō. Ń ౴਽଻৬岶௔໿峕ਜ਼઼峃峵ৃ়峘୯ਸ嵊嵤嵉嵛崰Ń Ń ƉƈƇƊƈŃ. Ń ౴੎Ń ŷź. Ń ఍௯૨Ń ŪŃ. Ń ੎ৡਸச২Ń ƊŃ ŕ. Ń ౴་ಚથએ஋Ń ŧ Ń. Ń ૴଍৲બਯŃ ŶƗŃ. Ń ૴଍৲બਯŃ ŶƗŃ Ń ౴་শŃ ŦƕƒƚƑƇŃ Ń ౴་்Ń ŦƕƒƚƑƚŃ Ń 崝崾嵔崌嵌嵤崽崉嵛崗崟嵏嵛Ń ΂ƋŃ ິ෰੎ਏಞŃ. ๢ৈ৖峘ශ岼ૢৡŃ. ๢ৈ৖峘ශ岼ૢৡ. ‫ق‬ୌീ島ິਙ‫ك‬. Ń ୌ峘୊ശબਯŃ ŰŲŵŃ. Ń ୌ峘୊ശબਯŃ ŰŲŵŃ. Ń ๢ৈઉྫྷŃ ŧťūŃ. Ń ๢ৈઉྫྷŃ ŧťūŃ. ິ෰੎ਏಞŃ. ୌ੎୤嵁嵤崡峘崊嵛崓嵤ৡŃ. ୌ崝崌崢嵁嵤崡峘崊嵛崓嵤ৡŃ. ‫ق‬உନ峴ິਙ‫ك‬Ń. Ń ୌ੎୤峕ৌ峃峵崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘ૻ୻બਯŃ ŦƕƈƊŃ. Ń ੎ৡਸச২Ń ƊŃ. ŃŃ. Ń ୌ੎শŃ ŶźŃ. Ń உ௺஥岿Ń ŵƇƈƓƗƋŃ. Ń. . Ń உ௺崿嵔嵤崰峘ে੎୤Ń ŵźŃ Ń. . Ń உ௺崿嵔嵤崰峘ে੎୤岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峕๾൴峃峵સ়Ń ƉŵźŃ. . . 14.

(20) ௕ . ୴ীഘଡୗ峒 *$/(6 ఺峝 +:,1' 峕৷岮峳島峵౴਽രਙ峘ঢ়બ. ৰ଍峙୴ীഘଡୗ岶ઉம୶஭峼఺峦峁峐岮峵౴਽രਙ岝ਡ଍峙৑ம৓峕୶஭峼఺峦峁峐岮峵౴਽രਙ峼਀峃岞. . . 15.

(21) ິ௯ਙ峼ଡਛ峃峵౴਽଻৬രਙ峕ঢ়峃峵Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢ ଢ଼஢৯৓ 峕岴岮峐௯૩嵒崡崗峕ঢ়ଖ峃峵ਏ౤峕峎岮峐峘జਟ峘Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢峑峙岝ৌ଴峒峃峵௯૩崡崙嵤嵓峘৒ ଝ峮峇島峕ൣ岮ৠ৒岿島峵崯嵤崧峘ිၨਙ峕ਖ਻岶岬峍峉峉峉峫峕岝௔ীଡୗ峮രਙ峕峎岮峐৥ન峔ੴৄ岶 ੭峳島峐岮峔岮岽峒峼੐త峁峉岞௯૩嵒崡崗峕ৌ峃峵଻৬嵔嵁嵓峘ਏ౤峘஍ટ峼৥峳岵峕峃峵হ峼৯৓峒峃峵ম ଢ଼஢峕岴岮峐岝Ⴕ৾৓ু১峼৷岮峵঱峑ઃ峘੸峎峘૖੯岶⑫峍峉௯૩岶৅ে峃峵૑ਏ岶岬峵岞 ‫كڭ‬௯૩଺૩岶৵ૠெ峔峬峘峑岬峵岽峒 ౴ர岝౴ೡ岝য়਽ഡ২岝ଅယ૖੯岝৉஄૖੯岝峇峁峐઱঵၎ഄ峔峓岶੺峁岮௔ী৔峑岝଺૩ૠெ峕୷岶岬峵崙嵤崡峕๮峍峐Ⴕ৾৹ਪ峃峵૑ਏ岶岬峵岞 ‫଻كڮ‬৬രਙ峘ถ಍峔崯嵤崧岶⑫峍峐岮峵岽峒 ଻৬രਙ峘೾৒峕峙੗প峔ௌৡ岶岵岵峵岞峨峉Ⴕ৾ଢ଼஢হ୻峘੗岹峙௯૩଺૩৏峕৹ਪ峃峵峉峫岝ৌ଴ 峒峃峵௔ী岶୊ശ岿島峐岴峴岝ถ峁岮೾৒க峼೾৒峑岷峔岮হ岶੗岮岞્峕౴་രਙ峙્峕崯嵤崧਄੭峙൑ ୔峑岬峵岞 ফ া岝௯૩ଢ଼஢峼৯৓峕ਝ৒峁峐岮峉৹ਪ৉峕岴岮峐岝઎௯峕峲峵৵ૠெ峔௯૩岶崹崫崩૾峕 ৅ে峁峉岞௯૩峙৉஄૖੯嵣௔ী૖੯岶峥峒峽峓৊峂௔ী৔峑৅ে峁峐岮峉岞峨峉৹ਪ৉峑峙岝ৡ৾৓ু১ 峑଒ੀ௯ச峼௓৒峃峵হ峼৯৓峕岝൐਽৹ਪ఺峝য়਽ਬ岷౵峁૥ୡ岝௔ীଡୗ崟嵇嵍嵔嵤崟嵏嵛岶ৰ઱岿島峐岮峉峉峫岝৸য়਽峘଻৬രਙ峘崯嵤崧崣崫崰峒峁峐⑫岲峳島峐岮峉岞ಌ峕઎௯崌嵁嵛崰ৎ峘଺૩ৃਚ峕岴岻峵 ௯சੲਾ峼੭峵岽峒岶峑岷峉岞岽島峕峲峴岝঱੶峕଱岼峉Ⴕ৾৓ু১峘੸峎峘ୖ਻岶ੰৠ峁岝ಌ峕ৡ৾৓ু ১峑௯૩嵒崡崗峼௬੼峃峵হ岶૭ચ峒峔峍峉岞মฆ峑峙岽峘௼੎峔௯૩崌嵁嵛崰峘ੲਾ峼ਹ৷峁峐岝௯౵଺૩ ਽峒૮଺૩਽峘౴਽രਙ峼௴௄峁岝଻৬峘ິ௯ਙ峼਀峃્ඉ峼Ⴕ৾৓ু১峒ৡ৾৓ু১峘૏એ岵峳৥峳岵峕峃峵岽峒峼৯৓峒峁峉岞્峕岽島峨峑峘Ⴕ৾৓ଢ଼஢峕岴岮峐হ୻岶૘峔岵峍峉౴་രਙ岶岝௯૩嵒崡崗峕峓峘峲岰峕୶஭峁峐岮峵岵峕ି৯峁峐ীෲ峼ষ峍峉岞 . 16.

(22) ্১ ৹ਪ৉峒଺૩਽峘೾৒ ফ া ঩岝઎௯ ಀ|0HORU|岶ੴ੗઄ਣ岵峳ਕಮਲ഍峕岵岻峐মପ峼૯૵峁峉‫ق‬௕. ‫ك‬岞઎௯峘রੱ岵峳ਧડ fNP 峕ಯળ਩ଠໄ৉্峙ਜ਼઼峁峐岴峴‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岝ਘ௯峕峲峴௯౵଺૩ 岶৅ে峁峉岞岽峘峒岷ଠໄਞ଴઎‫ ق‬1 ( ਲ௷ P ௴೾ৈ P‫ك‬峑峙ਈপ ਴಑௯ச PV岝ਈপໍ৑௯ச PV 峼੶ஈ峁峉岞 ઎௯ ಀ๷ਟਰ৐峘 ফ岵峳 ফ峕岵岻峐岝ಯળ਩ଘૈ৘ଠໄય௴ఠ৛র໅ਨડ࿿ એ峕ਜ਼઼峃峵ಯળপ৾ଠໄ崽崋嵤嵓崱঱඾੗ଽ‫ق‬b 1b (岝ൊ࿿ f‫ك‬峘崺崶崕 ফেযੵ௔峕峙౮峔峵崖嵋崫崿૖੯峑峎峘৹ਪ৉峼ਝ岻峐岮峉‫ق‬3*¼P 峘৹ਪ৉৔ 峕 P¼P 峘崖嵋崫崿峼঳峎ਝ৒岝3*‫؟‬P¼P ৔峕 P¼P 峘崖嵋崫崿峼峼੸峎岝3* P¼P ৔峕 P¼P 峘崖嵋崫崿峼峼஛峎岝3* P¼P ৔峕 P¼P 峘崖嵋崫崿峼 ଻岝3&/26( ௔་岶൷ำ岿島峉 P¼P 峘૥ୡ৉৔峑崖嵋崫崿峙ਝ৒峁峐岮峔岮‫قك‬௕ ‫ك‬岞 ৹ਪ৉峘ଅယ峙਌峕້ዐ౦஌௔২岝ఏৈ峙ਲ௷৺ P岝ൊ࿿ഓ২峙 ‫ع‬峑岬峵岞৹ਪ৉峘೘ ে峙崺崶崕‫ق‬ŦƋƄƐƄƈƆƜƓƄƕƌƖŃƒƅƗƘƖƄ‫ك‬峕રಚ岿島峐岴峴岝崡崖‫ق‬ŦƕƜƓƗƒƐƈƕƌƄƍƄƓƒƑƌƆƄ‫ك‬岶岝崊崓嵆崬‫ق‬ųƌƑƘƖŃƇƈƑƖƌƉƏƒƕƄ‫ك‬岶 ೴ઐ峁峐岮峵岞৹ਪ৉ਝ৒ৎ峕൐਽৹ਪ峼ষ岮உ੪峘ਕઃ੪ౠఏ峒 ๢ৈઉྫྷ峼೾৒峁峐岴峴岝๢ৈઉྫྷ ŧťū‫ق‬FP‫ك‬峘਴಑க峙 FP岝௯౵৅ে৐峘মਯഡ২峙 মKD 峑岬峵岞৹ਪ৉৔岵峳૮੿ನ峕৭峽峊଻৬峘౴ৈ峼೾৒峁峐੭峳島峉 ŧťū 峒౴ৈ ū 峘ঢ়બ ૄ‫ ܪق‬ൌ ͸Ǥͺ͹͸ ሺ‫ܪܤܦ‬ሻ െ ͵Ǥͻ͹Ͳ岝ŵ ‫ك‬峕峲峴৸য়਽峘౴ৈ峕峎岮峐峬௓৒岿島峐岮峉岞 ‫ڱ‬峎峘৹ਪ৉峑峙岝ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峕峲峵଒ੀ௯ச௓৒峼ষ岰峉峫ઃ峘峎岵峳ਛ峵崯嵤崧崣崫崰峼ଡണ峁峐岮峉岞

(23) ௔་ଡୗ崟嵇嵍嵔嵤崟嵏嵛嵊崯嵓‫ق‬਷ె 0L]XQDJD‫ك‬峕峲峴௓৒峁峉৸য়਽峘౴་രਙ ੲਾ

(24) ଻৬崝崌崢峒崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘ঢ়બૄ岵峳௓৒峁峉৸য়਽峘崊嵛崓嵤ৡ

(25) ਘ௯๷ਟৎ峕岴岻峵৹ਪ৉৔嵣৹ਪ৉હ੺峘஛崓ਚ峘௯ச峒঳崓ਚ峘௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓. 17.

(26) 峇岽峕઎௯ ಀ峕峲峍峐੒਋峅峄৹ਪ৉৔峑௯౵岶৅ে峁峉岞岽島峕峲峴岝

(27)

(28) 峘崯嵤崧峼ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峕ి৷峁峐௓৒峁峉଒ੀ௯ச峒岝

(29) 峑೾৒峁峉ৰ೾௯ச峒峘ૻຎ岶૭ચ峒峔峍峉岞峨峉௯౵଺૩岶崹崫崩 ૾峕৅ে峁峉峉峫岝੺岮୭୆૖੯峘峬峒峑଺૩਽峒峇峘ఢఈ峘૮଺૩਽峘౴਽രਙ峼ૻຎ峃峵হ岶૭ચ峒峔峍峉岞

(30) 峘௔་ଡୗ崟嵇嵍嵔嵤崟嵏嵛嵊崯嵓峑੿ਛ峁峉௔་৉஄௕峼௕ 峕ં峃岞崟嵇嵍嵔嵤崟嵏嵛੥ટ岵峳৸଻ ৬峘౴་ಚથએ஋ ŦŤ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峒௯ੱৈ‫ق‬Žź‫ك‬峼ྴল峁峉‫ك ਀ق‬岞

(31) 峕峎岮峐峙ଠໄ崽崋嵤嵓崱঱඾੗ ଽ৔峘崺崶崕 ফে௔ী峒 ফে௔ী峇島峈島峕岴岮峐য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峼ষ岮岝峇峘੥ટ੭峳島峉౴ ୌ崝崌崢‫ق‬ŧťūū‫ك‬峒崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘ৼঢ়ૄ岵峳௓৒峁峉岞 ফেয়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ৉峙৹ਪ৉峘ਨ৺ P 峕ਜ਼઼峁岝ൊ࿿峙 f峑岬峵岞峎峘 ফেয়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ৉峙৹ਪ৉峘ਨ৺ P 峕 ਜ਼઼峁岝ൊ࿿岶 f峑岬峵‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞૥ୡ্১఺峝੥ટ峙ਸ਼ਕฆ峕峐ถ峁岹੶஽峃峵岞岽島峳৹ਪ৉ શ峘଻৬രਙ峘໪ਏ峼਀ 峕ં峃岞‫كق‬峕峎岮峐峙হඨ 峑ถ峁岹ହ৥峃峵岞 ௯ச峘௴೾ ૥ୡ৉峘௯ய峼೾৒峃峵峉峫岝தఠణૄ௯சੑ‫ق‬:079DLVDOD)LQODQG‫ك‬峼岝3*岝3* 峘 ৉঱ P ৈ峕঳੦岝3&/26( ఺峝崊崓嵆崬峘೴ઐ௔ী‫ق‬৹ਪ৉岵峳 P ਨડ‫ك‬峘৉঱ P ৈ峕 ঳੦岝峇島峈島ਝ઼峁峉岞P ৈ峕ਝ઼峁峉௯சੑ峙௔་峘ೲ৖峕ਜ਼઼峁峐岴峴岝P ৈ峘௯சੑ峙௔ ་਀એ岵峳৺ P ঱૬峕ਜ਼઼峁峐岮峵岞峨峉௔৔峘௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峘೾৒峘峉峫岝3&/26( 峘௯ச ௴೾崧嵗嵤峘৉঱ 岝岝岝岝P ৈ峕௯౬ૄ௯சੑ‫'ق‬DYLV86$‫ك‬峼岝தఠణૄ௯ சੑ峒峘崕嵋嵒崾嵔嵤崟嵏嵛峼ষ峍峉঱峑ਝ઼峁峉岞༌岝৉঱ P ৈ峘௯౬ૄ௯சੑ峙岴岴峲峇౴་ຘ৖峕 ਜ਼઼峁峐岮峵岞௯சੑ峘໪ਏ峼਀ 峕ં峃岞௯ச峙 ী峑਴಑峁峉க峼੶ஈ峁峉岞தఠణૄ௯சੑ峕峲峴 ଧ৑࿒峑೾৒峁峉ਈপໍ৑௯ச峙 ী൐峕੶ஈ峁峉岞3&/26( 峕ਝ઼峁峉௯౬ૄ௯சੑ峘岰峋 P ৈ峘峬峘峙 ফ া ঩ ‫ ؟‬ႃ峕୊௤峁峉峉峫岝P ৈ峘௯ச峙峇島ਰఋ੶ஈ峑岷峐岮峔岮岞 ௔་હ੺峘௯சᐉଦ峼ૄ 岵峳ྸଭ੺๚峑઴ল峁峉岞. 18.

(32) ‫ ݖ‬ఈ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ ᇱቁ ᇱ ‫ݖ‬ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݖ‬ሻ. . 岽岽峑 Ɲ 峒 ƝƢ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峙ભਔ峘৉঱ৈ岝Ƙ‫ق‬Ɲ‫قك‬PV‫ ك‬峙ભਔৈ峕岴岻峵௯ச峑岬峵岞ͫ峙 Ɲ 峒 ƝƢŃ ৑峘௯ சᐉଦ峼ં峃岞 ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ઎௯峘ৢૌ঳ౝ৑৏峕৹ਪ৉峕ᄛ岷岝௯౵਽峘 ,' 崲嵛崸嵤岝ŧťū岝ū 峼੶ஈ峁峉岞৹ਪ৉৔峬峁岹峙৹ ਪ৉હ੺峑৅ে峁峉௯౵਽峘ীഘ峼௕ 峕ં峃岞峨峉଺૩਽峒岝଺૩਽峼রੱ峒峁峐઄ྫྷ P ਰ৔峕岬峵૮଺૩਽峘ૻຎ峼ষ岰峉峫峕岝଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘ୌ౫஋‫ق‬ŧťūū P‫ك‬岝஄૾ૻ‫ق‬ūŃ ŧťū‫ك‬岝 ౴་崝崌崢峒๢ৈઉྫྷ峘ૻ ŦŤœőŘŧťūŐŔ‫ق‬PP‫ك‬峼ੑ઴峁峉岞૚଻৬രਙ峇島峈島峕峎岮峐岝଺૩਽峒૮ ଺૩਽峘਴಑க峼ৌૢ岿峅峐 6366VRIWZDUH9HUVLRQ ‫ق‬,%0岝86$‫ك‬峑 W ਫ਼৒峼ষ峍峉岞 ଒ੀ௯ச峘௓৒ ௯౵਽峘੗岹岶௔৔峕ਜ਼઼峁峐岮峉峉峫岝௔৔਽৷峘ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峑岬峵 *$/(6 峼৷岮峐଺૩਽峘଒ੀ ௯ச峼௓৒峁峉岞+:,1' 峙৫岻峉௔໿৖峘଻৬峼ৌ଴峒峁峉ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峑岬峵峉峫০৚峙৷岮峔岵峍峉岞 ଺૩਽峘ਈপૡ౵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰‫ق‬崊嵛崓嵤ৡ‫ك‬ťŰƆƕƌƗŏŃ ƒƙƈƕ 峙য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ岵峳੭峉ૄ ‫ق‬ৠ৒બਯ‫؟‬Ń ŵŕŃ ‫ك‬岵峳௓৒峁岝ૄ 岵峳઴ল峁峉உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰ૄ岵峳઴ল峁峉 ťŰƒƙƈƕ 峘্岶প岷岹峔峍峉 ৎ峘৉঱ P ৈ峕岴岻峵௯ச ƘF‫قكق‬PV‫఺ك‬峝৉঱ P ৈ峘௯ச ƘF‫قكق‬PV‫ك‬峼峇島峈島଒ੀ௯ச峒峁峉岞 ‫ܯܤ‬௖௥௜௧ǡ௢௩௘௥ ൌ ͵ͺͶǤ͸ͻ‫ ܪܤܦ‬ଶ ‫ܪ‬଴Ǥଽଵ . . ‫ܯܤ‬௢௩௘௥ ൌ ‫ܩ‬ሺ‫ܯܤ‬ௐ ൅ ‫ ீܯܤ‬ሻ. . ঳ಹ৓峕 *$/(6 峑峙਷਴্਱峢峘੎ੱ୎৿峕峲峵ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘ੜ்峼岝ੜ்બਯ ƉŦź 峕峲峴਀峁峐岮峵岶‫*ق‬DUGLQHUHWDO‫ك‬岝মଢ଼஢峑峙峲峴ਫન峔崊嵛崓嵤ৡ ťŰƆƕƌƗŏƒƙƈƕ 峼੷峫峵峉峫峕岝௯କ౤峘嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰź 峒੎ৡକ౤峘嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰŪ 峕ী岻峐઴ল峁峉岞*$/(6 峑峙఍௯૨ Ū 峕峎岮峐৽ୡ৓峕峼఼৷峁峐岮峵‫ق‬峎峨峴岝ਈপໍ৑௯ச峒਴಑௯ச峘ૻ峑峙 ‫*قك‬DUGLQHU HW DO ‫ك‬岞. 19.

(33) মଢ଼஢峑峬岽峘க峼৷岮峉岞 ௯କ౤峘உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰź 峙ૄ 峲峴઴ল峁峉岞 ଶ. ‫ܯܤ‬ௐ ൌ ݀ߩ‫ܥ‬஺ ൮. ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ݇ ൲ ‫ݖ‬െ݀ ቁ ݈݊ ቀ ‫ݖ‬଴. . 崤嵕એఊਫৈ Ƈ‫ق‬P‫ك‬岝႗২শ Ɲœ 峙 5DXSDFK‫كق‬峲峴峇島峈島 ū岝峒峁峉岞 ťŰź 峙 &KLED‫كق‬峘ൺ੅峋ᅡ৶૛ૄ‫ق‬૕ি ‫ك‬峼৷岮峐਷਴্਱峘୎৿୤峼઴ল峃峵岽峒峑ႄઉ্਱峘嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峼௓৒峁峐઴ল峁峉岞 ੥ટ ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岻峵௯ச া ঩岵峳 ঩峕岵岻峐৉঱ P ৈ峘ਈপ਴಑௯ச‫ ق‬ী౐ਜ਼峑੶ஈ峁峉਴಑௯ச峘ਈপக‫ك‬ 峙岝3&/26( 峑 PV岝崊崓嵆崬೴ઐ௔峑 PV 峊峍峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞 ী౐ਜ਼峘਴಑௯ச峙 ঩ 岵峳 ঩ 峕岵岻峐峙௯ச PV હ੺峼ಲਢ৓峕੶ஈ峁峐岴峴્峕௯ச岶প岷岵峍峉峉峫岝岽峘਋৑峼଺૩਋৑峒峁峉岞৉঱ P ৈ峕岴岻峵ਈপໍ৑௯ச峙岝3&/26( 峑 PV岝崊崓嵆崬೴ઐ ௔峑 PV 峊峍峉岞 ଺૩਋৑৔峘৉঱ P ৈ‫ق‬౴་ৣ৖‫ك‬峕岴岻峵਴಑௯ச‫ ق‬ী౐ਜ਼峑੶ஈ峁峉਴಑௯ச峼଺૩ ਋৑৔峑਴಑峁峉க‫ك‬峙 3&/26(岝3*岝3* 峇島峈島峑岝岝PV 峑岬峴岝ਈপ਴಑ ௯ச峙 3&/26(岝3*岝3* 峇島峈島峑岝岝峊峍峉岞崖嵋崫崿峘প岷岿峒਴಑௯ச岝ਈপ ਴಑௯ச峒峘৑峕峙ৼঢ়ঢ়બ峙ৄ峳島峔岵峍峉岞峨峉଺૩਋৑৔峕岴岻峵఍௯૨‫ق‬਴಑௯ச峕ৌ峃峵ਈপ ໍ৑௯ச峘ૻ‫ك‬峙 3* 峑峙 ‫ع‬岝3* 峑峙 ‫ ع‬峑岬峴岝崖嵋崫崿岶প岷岮্岶఍௯ ૨峙ৈ岵峍峉岞峨峉 3* 峕岴岻峵ਈপໍ৑௯ச峙 PV 峑岬峴岝3* 峘৺ ೅峊峍峉岞 ଺૩਋৑৐৏峘௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峕岴岮峐௯ச峘ਈ峬଩岮௯சੑਝ઼ৈ峙 P 峊峍峉岞峁岵峁଺૩ ਋৑র峙 P ৈ岶ਈ峬৵岿岮௯ச峘ৈ岿峒峔峴ਈ଩௯சৈ峘঱ಊ岶ৄ峳島峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞P ৈ峘௯ச Ƙ‫كق‬岶 PV 峲峴峬৵岿岮ৎ岝P ৈ峕岴岻峵௯ச Ƙ‫كق‬峙໪峗 PV 峊峍峉岶岝Ƙ‫كق‬岶. 20.

(34) PV 峼த岲峵峒 Ƙ‫كق‬峙 PV 峼த岲峵ൊ਱岶峩峳島峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞Ƙ‫كق‬岶 PV 峼த岲峉ৎ Ƙ ‫كق‬岶প岷岹峔峵峒ુ峕 Ƙ‫كق‬峙৵岿岹峔峵ൊ਱岶峩峳島峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞Ƙ‫كق‬峙 Ƙ‫كق‬峒ઉ଍৓ 峔ਫ峘ঢ়બ岶峩峳島峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞峨峉岝৉঱ P ৈ峒 P ৈ峘௯சᐉଦ峙௴೾਋৑র਍৒峁峐岮峉岶岝 P ৈ峒 P ৈ峘௯சᐉଦ峙 Ƙ‫كق‬岶 PV 峼த岲峉ৎ峕૶ச峕প岷岹峔峵૗৲峼ં峁峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞. ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ઎௯ ಀ峕峲峴৹ਪ৉৔峑崺崶崕 ম岶௯૩峼ਭ岻峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞峇峘岰峋 ম峙உନ峴峁岝ଋ峴 ম峙ୌൊ峁峉岞଺૩਽峘ীഘ峕৉஄৓ု峴峙峩峳島峔岵峍峉岞଺૩਽峒଺૩਽岵峳઄ྫྷ P ਰ৔峘૮ ଺૩਽峘਴಑க峑ୌ౫஋‫ق‬ŧťūū‫ك‬岝஄૾ૻ‫ق‬ūŧťū‫ك‬岝๢ৈઉྫྷ峕ৌ峃峵౴་崝崌崢峒峘ૻ ‫ق‬ŦŤŧťū‫ك‬峼ଁੑ৓峕ૻຎ峁峉峒岽峷岝ŧťūū 峒 +'%+ 峕峎岮峐峙થਔ୷岶ৄ峳島峔岵峍峉‫ق‬3! 岝W ਫ਼৒岝௕ $%‫ك‬岞峁岵峁岝ŦŤŧťū 峕峎岮峐峙଺૩਽峘্岶થਔ峕প岷岮ൊ਱岶峩峳島峉‫ق‬3 岝W ਫ਼৒岝௕ &‫ك‬岞 ଺૩਽峘଒ੀ௯ச *$/(6 嵊崯嵓峼৷岮峐ੑ઴峁峉଺૩਽峘଒ੀ௯ச峙 ŧťūū 岝ūŧťū 峒峘ঢ়બਙ峙ൠ岵峍峉岶‫ق‬௕ $%‫ك‬岝Ŧ$ŧťū 岶প岷岹峔峵峕峎島峐଒ੀ௯ச岶થਔ峕৵岿岹峔峵ൊ਱岶峩峳島峉‫ق‬௕ &‫ك‬岞Ɲ ū岝Ƈ ū 峒峁峐ੑ઴峁峉৉঱ P ৈ峕岴岻峵଺૩਽峘଒ੀ௯ச ƘF‫كق‬峘਴಑க峙 PV 峑岬峴岝ৰ೾க峑岬峵 PV 峘 ೅峊峍峉岞 અ௄ ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ ୌ崝崌崢 ŧťūŕū 峙岝଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ峼ষ峍峉Ⴕ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峒଒ੀ௯ச峒峘ৼঢ়ঢ়બ 峼৹峣峉ৡ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峘૏એ峕岴岮峐岝଻৬峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峼ిજ峕ં峃੐ఏ峑峙峔岵峍峉‫ق‬௕ $岝௕. 21.

(35) $‫ك‬岞岽峘੥ટ峙ὤম嵣ৈ૝‫كق‬峘ਾઔ峒঳ಱ峃峵岞ŧťūŕū 峙崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峒ਫ峘ਘ岮ৼঢ়ঢ়બ岶岬峵হ岶ী岵峍峐岮峵岶‫ق‬3HOWRODHWDO岝1LFROOHWDO‫ك‬岝০৚峘੥ટ岵峳௯౵຅ಿ ਙ岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峊岻峑峙ହ৥峑岷峔岮হ岶ী岵峍峉岞 ஄૾ૻ ūŧťū 峬峨峉Ⴕ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩岝ৡ৾৓崊崿嵕嵤崩峘૏એ峕岴岮峐௯౵຅ಿਙ峼ిજ峕਀峅峐岮峔岮੥ટ峒峔峍峉‫ق‬௕ %岝௕ %‫ك‬岞০峨峑஄૾ૻ峙௯૩岝඗૩峘嵒崡崗峼਀峃঳ಹ৓峔੐ఏ峘঳峎峒峁峐ੳ௙岿島峐岷峉岶‫&ق‬UHPHUHWDO 岝3HOWRODDQG.HOORPDNL岝6WDWKHUVHWDO岝 ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岝০৚峘੥ટ峙岽島峳峒ৼખ峁峐岮峵岞岽島峙岝০৚峘ଢ଼஢峒岽島峨峑峘হ୻ଢ଼஢峘৑ 峕ૻຎ崡崙嵤嵓峘ୀ岮岶岬峍峉岵峳峊峒અ岲峳島峵岞০৚峘ૻຎ౐ਜ਼岶଺૩਽峒峇峘ఢఈ峘૮଺૩਽峒岮岰଻ ৬嵔嵁嵓峊峍峉峘峕ৌ峁峐岝岽島峨峑峘ଢ଼஢峘੗岹峙௔ী嵔嵁嵓峘౐ਜ਼峑ૻຎ峁峐岷峉‫&ق‬UHPHU HW DO 岝3HOWRODDQG.HOORPDNL岝6WDWKHUVHWDO岝 ຫૺ嵣௕৕ ‫ك‬岞௔ী嵔嵁嵓峑௯౵຅ಿਙ峘ૻຎ峼ষ岰ৃ়岝஄૾ૻ岶਴಑৓峕প岷岮௔ী峙৵岿岮௔ী峕ૻ峣峐௯ੱৈ岶৸৬峒峁峐ৈ岹உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰岶੗岹岹峔峵峉峫岝੥ટ৓峕௯૩଺૩ૠெ岶প岷岹峔峍峉峒અ岲峳島峵岞岽島峳峘岽峒岵峳岝஄૾ૻ峙௔ী嵔嵁嵓峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峼਀峃঱峑峙થ৷峔੐ఏ峊岶岝଻৬嵔嵁嵓峑峙૑峄峁峬થ৷峑峙峔岮峒੉岲峵岞 ๢ৈઉྫྷ峕ৌ峃峵౴་崝崌崢峘ૻ ŦŤŧťū 峙౐਽৓௯౵嵒崡崗峼ં峃੎ਏ峔੐ఏ峊峒અ岲峳島峵 ‫ق‬௕ &岝௕ &‫ك‬岞岽峘岽峒峙岝଻৬岶౴་峼প岷岹峁峐峬峇島峕ૻ峣峐ୌ岶಍岮ৃ়‫୻ق‬岲峚৑ᅇઉ৏ 峘૾ଙ‫ك‬峙௯峕峲峵଀෰୤峕ৌ峁峐崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘ಅઍ୤岶ૻຎ৓৵岿岹岝଻৬峘ৡ৾৓௯౵຅ಿਙ峙଩岹峔峵হ峼ਔ௡峁峐岮峵岞ಗ峕౴་岶৵岿岹ୌ崝崌崢岶প岷岮ৃ়峙௯岵峳ਭ岻峵଀෰୤岶৵岿岹崊嵛崓嵤ৡ岶প 岷岮峉峫௯౵຅ಿਙ峙ৈ岮峒અ岲峳島峵岞০৚峘ଢ଼஢峕峲峴岝଻৬嵔嵁嵓峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峙౴་崝崌崢峮ୌ崝崌崢峕峲峴ৠ৒岿島峵峘峑峙峔岹岝૏঻峘崸嵑嵛崡峕峲峴ৠ৒岿島峵হ岶৥峳岵峕峔峍峉岞.DPLPXUD HW DO ‫كق‬峙୘௔ૌங峘ଫ岮஺మ峑崖嵋崫崿஄ਛ峼峃峵岽峒岶௯౵嵒崡崗峘ਈ৵৲峕ᇽ岶峵岽峒峼ਾઔ峁峐岴峴岝 ෩঻峳峘અ௄峙岽峘৔ઍ峒঳ಱ峁峐岮峵岞৑ᅇઉ৏峙ୌ崝崌崢峘ਛশ峕੔ষ峁峐౴་岶ఁপ峃峵峉峫౴་岶 ਭ岻峵௯෰੎岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峼தૌ峃峵嵒崡崗岶ৈ峨峵岶岝ેী峕ୌ崝崌崢岶প岷岹峔峴崊嵛崓嵤ৡ岶প岷岹峔峵峒 ௯຅ಿਙ峙਱঱峃峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞. 22.

(36) ௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峒ৡ৾৓௯౵嵒崡崗੒೾嵊崯嵓峘༜ਊਙ *$/(6 峕峲峴઴ল峁峉଒ੀ௯ச峒౴਽രਙ峘ঢ়બ峙଻৬峘௯౵຅ಿਙ峒ৼৌ৓峕঳ಱ峁峐岮峉岞ୌ崝崌崢 ŧťūū 峮 ūŧťūŐ ‫ ق‬௕ ‫ ك‬峒 ଒ ੀ ௯ ச 峒峘 ৑ 峕峙 ৥ ન 峔 ৼ ঢ় ঢ় બ 岶 ৄ 峳島峄岝 ঳ ্ 峑 ŦŤŧťū 峑峙৥ન峔ৼঢ়ঢ়બ岶ৄ峳島峉岞岽峘੥ટ峙଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峼ૻຎ峁峉੠峕੭峉੥ટ‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬峒঳ಱ峁峐岴峴岝*$/(6 峙౴਽଻৬峘ৼৌ৓௯౵຅ಿਙ峼ખ಩峑岷峐岮峵峒岮岲峵岞峁岵峁峔岶峳岝଒ੀ௯ச峘઴ল੥ટ峘ਫનਙ峕峎岮峐峙ਫ਼ୈ岶૑ਏ峑岬峵岞*$/(6 峑঳ಹ৓峕৷岮峳島峐岮峵૬ਞৡ৾৓崹嵑嵉嵤崧‫ق‬5DXSDFK‫ك‬峼৷岮峐ੑ઴峁峉଺૩਽峘଒ੀ௯ச ƘF‫ق‬G‫ك‬峘਴ ಑க峙৺ PV 峑岬峴岝঱੨峳‫كق‬岶মଢ଼஢峒੺岮য়਽ഡ২峒౴ৈ峑崡崖যੵ௔峕峎岮峐ੑ઴峁峐੭峉 PV 峲峴峬 ೅প岷岵峍峉岞峨峉岝ƘƆ‫كق‬峘਴಑க峙 PV 峑岬峴岝ৰ೾க PV 峘 ೅প岷岵峍峉岞岽峘ୀ岮峙岝*$/(6 嵊崯嵓峘ৌ଴峒峃峵଺૩ૠெ峒মଢ଼஢峑ৌ଴峒峃峵଺૩ૠ ெ峘ୀ岮峑ହ৥峑岷峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞*$/(6 嵊崯嵓峙ശຑ৓峔௯౵峼ৌ଴峕ਝੑ岿島峐岮峵峒અ岲峳島峵峘峕ৌ峁岝মଢ଼஢峘ৌ଴峒峃峵଺૩ૠெ峙౐਽৓嵣৵ૠெ峔௯౵峊峍峉岞*$/(6 岶઴ল峁峉଒ੀ௯ச峙岝崹崫崩૾峘௯౵峲峴峬ಌ峕পૠெ峔௯౵岶৅ে峃峵峒岷峘௯ச峑岬峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞峨峉଒ੀ௯ச峕୷岶峑峉峬岰঳峎峘ਏ౤峒峁峐岝௯சᐉଦ峕ঢ়峃峵ৰ೾க峒৶૛க峘ୀ岮岶଱岼峳島峵岞ൠ௯ৎ峕峙 *$/(6 嵊崯嵓峘 ௓৒峃峵峃峵௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峒ৰ೾峁峉峬峘峙峥峦঳ಱ峃峵岶ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岮峐峙௔་હ੺峕岴岻峵௯ச ᐉଦ峘ৰ೾க岶৶૛க峲峴శଞ峕প岷岹峔峵ൊ਱岶ৄ峳島峉岞岽峘岽峒岵峳ใோ峘ৡ৾嵊崯嵓岶৷岮峵ৌਯಋ 峙ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岻峵௯சᐉଦ峼ૌ৵௬੼峁峐岮峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞峁岵峁峔岶峳 2OLYHU DQG 0D\KHDG ‫كق‬峙ਘ௯ৎ峕岴岮峐峬႗২শ峒崤嵕એఊਫৈ岶峥峒峽峓૗৿峁峔岮হ峼ਾઔ峁峐岴峴岝মଢ଼஢峘੥ ટ峒ৼખ峁峐岮峵岞঳্峑ਉᅀ峳‫كق‬峙௔་঱૬௯ச岶প岷岹峔峵峕峎島峐崤嵕એఊਫ୤岶଩ৣ峁峉 হ୻峼ਾઔ峁峐岮峵岶岝崤嵕એఊਫৈ岶঱ಊ峁峉মଢ଼஢峘੥ટ峒౮峔峍峐岮峉岞7KRP ‫كق‬峙୴ഡ ২峘଩ৣ峕峲峍峐௔་঱૬峘ৼৌ႗২শ岶଩ৣ峃峵হ峼੐త峁峉岞ಌ峕 'DLNRNX HW DO ‫كق‬峙岝 ௔་঱৖峘 3$, ‫ق‬3ODQW $UHD ,QGH[‫ك‬峒ৼৌ௯ச峘৑峕଀峘ઉ଍৓ৼঢ়ঢ়બ岶峩峳島岝௔་঱৖岶 ௯崐崵嵓崖嵤峼ลઽ峁峐岴峴௔་঱૬఺峝௔་৔峘௯ச崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峘஄૾峕୶஭峼఺峦峁峐岮峵岽峒峼੐త. 23.

(37) 峁峉岞岽島峳峘হ୻峒০৚峘೾৒੥ટ岵峳岝௯சᐉଦ峙జਟ峘ৌਯಋ岶ి৷峑岷峔岮ৃ়岶岬峴岝௔་ଡ ୗ岵峳୶஭峼ਭ岻峐岮峵૭ચਙ岶અ岲峳島峵岞০৏峙峲峴ถ಍峔崯嵤崧峘೾৒峒௯峒௔་峒峘ৼ൩੿৷峘ಌ 峔峵ੰෲ岶૑ਏ峑岬峵岞 . . . 24.

(38) ௕ . ઎௯ ಀ|0HORU|峘ਤଡ଼. ৉௕র峘ઉ଍峙 ফ া ঩峘઎௯峘ਤଡ଼岝హਡ఺峝ਯஊ峙઎௯峘ਜ਼઼峒ৎമ峼ં峃岞 . 25. .

(39) ௕ . ૥ୡ৉峘໪ਏ. హ岮ৰ଍峑೧峹島峉஛ഓ஄‫؟‬৹ਪ৉ ࿏౦峑࿗峴峎峠岿島峉஛ഓ஄‫؟‬崖嵋崫崿෇೧ ‫؟ٻ‬௯ச௴೾崧嵗嵤峘ਜ਼઼ ૯ስ‫؟‬য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峼ষ峍峉ৃਚ. . . 26.

(40) ௕ . ௔་ଡୗ崟嵇嵍嵔嵤崟嵏嵛嵊崯嵓峑੿ਛ峁峉௔་৉஄௕. . PCLOSE. PG30. PG20. PG10. PG05. . 27.

(41) . . . 3*. 3*. 3*. . . . . . . . . . ‫ق‬FP‫ك‬. ‫ق‬P‫ك‬. . ŧťūŃ. ūŃ. . . . . . . . . . . ‫ق‬N1P‫ك‬. ‫ق‬P ‫ك‬. ťŰƆƕƌƗŏŃƒƙƈƕŃ. . . . . . . ‫ق‬P ‫ك‬. . ŦŤ Ń. ౴਽രਙ峘਴಑க ŧťū ūŃ. . . . . . . Ń. ŦŤŧťūŃ. . . . . . Ń. ūŧťūŐŔŃ. Žź. . . . . . ‫كۜق‬. . . 峙௯ੱৈ峼ં峃岞. . 28. ū 峙౴ৈ岝ŧťū 峙๢ৈઉྫྷ岝ŧťūū 峙ୌ崝崌崢岝ťŰƆƕƌƗŏŃ ƒƙƈƕ 峙崊嵛崓嵤ৡ岝ŦŤ 峙౴་ಚથએ஋岝ŦŤŧťū 峙౴་崝崌崢峒๢ৈઉྫྷ峘ૻ岝ūŧťūŐŔ 峙஄૾ૻ岝Žź. . 3*. . ‫ق‬ম‫ك‬. ଻৬ਯ. ৹ਪ৉શ峘౴਽രਙ. ৹ਪ৉੡. 3&/26(. . ਀ .

(42) ௯சੑ峘ਝ઼૾ய. ٕ. ௯౬ૄ௯சੑ. ٕ. . 3*. ௯சੑਝ઼ৈ‫ق‬P‫ك‬. ٕ. . 3&/26(. . . ‫ق‬৹ਪ৉ਗ‫ك‬. 崺崶崕嵣崊崓嵆崬೴ઐ௔ী. . . . 峼ਈপໍ৑௯ச峒峁峐੶ஈ峁峉岞. 29. தఠణૄ௯ச岝௯౬ૄ௯சੑ峒峬峕 ী৑࿒峑਴಑௯ச峼੶ஈ峁峉岞தఠణૄ௯சੑ峑峙ಌ峕 ଧ৑࿒峑ໍ৑௯ச峼೾৒峁岝 ী৑峕岴岻峵ਈপக. . 3*. தఠణૄ௯சੑ. ௯சੑரథ. ਀ .

(43) ௕ . ৹ਪ৉峒଺૩਽峘ਜ਼઼ঢ়બ. ‫؟ٴ‬உନ峴଻৬峘ਜ਼઼岝. ‫؟ٳ‬ୌൊ଻৬峘ਜ਼઼岝. ‫؟ٻ‬௯சੑ峘ਜ਼઼. హ岮ৰᄷ峑೧峹島峉஛ഓ஄‫؟‬૥ୡ৉୆ੀ଍岝. ୬岹హ岮ৰᄷ‫ ؟‬ফে௔ী峘୆ੀ଍. ࿏౦峑࿗峴峎峠岿島峉஛ഓ஄‫؟‬崖嵋崫崿岝 . ૯ስ‫؟‬য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ৉. . 30.

(44) ௕ . ਴಑௯ச峘৹ਪ৉શ௓୎‫ ق‬ফ া ঩‫ ع‬঩‫ك‬. ୬岮ৰ଍‫؟‬崊崓嵆崬೴ઐ௔‫ق‬P ৈ‫ك‬岝. ಍岮ৰ଍‫؟‬3&/26(‫ق‬P ৈ‫ك‬. ਡ଍‫؟‬3*‫ق‬P ৈ‫ك‬岝 . ୊଍‫؟‬3*‫ق‬P ৈ‫ك‬. . . 31.

(45) ௕ . ௯ச崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峘৽ৎ૗৲. . 35. z : Height above the ground (m). . 30. . 25. . 20 8:40. 15. 19:10. 10. 21:40 23:00. 5 0 0. 10. 20 -1. Wind speed (ms ). 32. .

(46) ௕ . ঱૬௯ச X‫كق‬峒૚৉঱ৈ峘௯ச峘ঢ়બ. ‫଺؟ٳ‬૩਋৑৐岝‫଺؟ٹ‬૩਋৑র岝ે‫଺؟‬૩਋৑৏岝‫؟ٻ‬P ৈ峒 P ৈ峘௯சᐉଦ岝‫؟ٺ‬P ৈ峒 P ৈ峘௯சᐉଦ $‫؟‬Ƙ‫كق‬峒 Ƙ‫كق‬峘ঢ়બ . Ƙ‫ كق‬峘ৃ়‫؟‬. Ƙ‫ كق‬PV. Ƙ‫ ! كق‬峘ৃ়‫؟‬. Ƙ‫ كق‬OQ‫ق‬Ƙ‫ككق‬. . ‫ق‬ৠ৒બਯ ŵ ‫ك‬ %‫؟‬Ƙ‫كق‬峒 Ƙ‫كق‬峘ঢ়બ . Ƙ‫ كق‬峘ৃ়‫؟‬. Ƙ‫ كق‬Ƙ‫كق‬. Ƙ‫ ۺ كق‬峘ৃ়‫؟‬. Ƙ‫ كق‬Ƙ‫كق‬. . ‫ق‬ৠ৒બਯ ŵ ‫ك‬ &‫؟‬Ƙ‫كق‬峒 Ƙ‫كق‬峘ঢ়બ. Ƙ‫ كق‬Ƙ‫ق كق‬ৠ৒બਯ ŵ ‫ك‬. '‫؟‬Ƙ‫كق‬峒௯சᐉଦ峘ঢ়બ. . . 2. 6. A. 1.5. . 1 0.5. 4 3 2 1. 0. 0 5. 10. 15. 20. 20. C. 15 10 5 0 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 0. 25. 25. Gradient of wind speed α. 0. u(25) (ms-1). B. 5. u(20) (ms-1). u(15) (ms-1). . 10. 15. 20. 25. D. 20 15. 10 5 0 -5 0. u(30) (ms-1). 33. 5. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25.

(47) ਀ . ৹ਪ৉峘໪ਏ ৹ਪ৉੡. . 3*. 3*. 3*. 3*. 3&/26(. ¼. ¼. ¼. ¼. ٕ. . . . . ٕ. ਲ௷ৈ‫ق‬P‫ك‬. . . . . . ࿿એ্ਜ਼. 11(. (. 11(. 1(. 1(. 崖嵋崫崿崝崌崢‫ق‬P¼P‫ك‬. 崖嵋崫崿ਯ. ર੔ர য়਽ഡ২‫ق‬মKD‫ك‬ ‫ق‬崖嵋崫崿崐嵒崊峼௾岹‫ك‬ ஋઴๢ৈ૵એ஋‫ق‬PKD‫ك‬ ‫ق‬崖嵋崫崿崐嵒崊峼௾岹‫ك‬ ਴಑๢ৈઉྫྷ‫ق‬FP‫ك‬. ŦƋƄƐƄƈƆƜƓƄƕƌƖŃƒƅƗƘƖƄŃ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.

(48) ௕ . ଺૩਽峒૮଺૩਽峘രਙૻຎ. . . . 35.

(49) ௕ . ଒ੀ௯ச峒଻৬രਙ峘ঢ়બ. . 140. A. 120 100 80. 60 40 20 . 0 0. Critical wind speed (ms-1). . 1. 2 3 Dbh²H (m³). 140. 4. B. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. Critical wind speed (ms-1). . Critical wind speed (ms-1). $‫؟‬ŧťūū岝%‫؟‬ūŧťū岝&‫؟‬ŦŤŧťū岝‫؟ٴ‬ƘƆ‫ق‬G‫ك‬岝‫؟ٳ‬ƘƆ‫كق‬. 100 HDbh-1 (m³). 140. 200. C. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. 20 (mm-1). 40. CA0.5Dbh-1. 36.

(50) ᅗ 11. ౮峔峵௯ச峒૬ਞৡ৾崹嵑嵉嵤崧峕岴岻峵௯சႄઉ崿嵕崽崉崌嵓峘ૻຎ. ‫؟ٴ‬ൠ௯ৎ峘ৰ೾க‫ق‬Ƙ‫ كق‬PV‫ك‬ ‫؟ٳ‬ਘ௯ৎ峘ৰ೾க‫ق‬Ƙ‫ كق‬PV‫ك‬ ‫؟ٸ‬ੑ઴க‫ق‬Ƈ ūƝ ū‫ك‬ ‫؟ٺ‬ੑ઴க‫ق‬Ƈ ūƝ ū‫ك‬. . 30. . 25 ৉঱ৈ. . 20. 15 0. 0.25. 0.5. 0.75. 1. ৼৌ௯ச. 37. .

(51) ૡ౵຅ಿਙ峕ঢ়峃峵ଢ଼஢ ଢ଼஢ఴ உ௺峘຅ಿਙ峼਀峃崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峙 ফ৻岵峳嵐嵤嵕崫崹峼রੱ峕岝য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ‫ق‬1LFROOHWDO ‫ك‬峕峲峴೾৒岿島峐岷峉岞岽島峨峑峘ଢ଼஢峕岴岮峐岝ୌ崝崌崢峮๢ৈઉྫྷ岝౴੎峔峓岝৉঱৖峘崝崌崢ര ਙ峒峘৑峕ਘ岮ৼঢ়ঢ়બ岶岬峵岽峒岶৥峳岵峕岿島峐岮峵‫ق‬3HOWROD HW DO 岝1LFROO HW DO 岝$FKLPHWDO岝&XFFKLHWDO岝೭ি 岝௣ু峳岝৙‫ر‬ি峳岝র ੨峳岝ଯઢ峳岝჈ਣ嵣ଯ‫ر‬਽ 岝ਨਉ 岝.LWDJDZDHWDO‫ك‬岞৉঱৖崝崌崢രਙ峒崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘ঢ়બ峙౴ர৑峑౮峔峵岽峒岶঳ಹ৓峑岬峴‫ق‬௣ু峳岝1LFROO HWDO‫ك‬岝 ౴ர৔峕岴岮峐峬࿿એ峕峲峵୶஭‫ق‬1LFROOHWDO岝჈ਣ嵣ଯ‫ر‬਽ ‫ك‬岝௔໿਽峒௔৔਽峘ୀ岮 ‫&ق‬XFFKL HW DO ‫ك‬岝਷ী૖੯‫ق‬ਨਉ ‫ك‬岝য়਽ഡ২ ‫ق‬஥ৄ峳 ‫ك‬உ௺峘஥岿 ‫ق‬1LFROOHWDO‫ك‬岝ଅယ崧崌崿峘ୀ岮‫ق‬৵೎ 岝0RRUH岝3HOWRODHWDO岝1LFROO HWDO岝‫ك‬岝௯峕峲峵౴ୌ峘ஷ৿‫'ق‬HDQVDQG)RUG岝&RXWWX岝&RXWWX岝‫ك‬峔峓岶૗৿ਏ౤峒峁峐ਾઔ岿島峐岮峵岞岽島峳峘૗৿ਏ౤峼્৒峁岝୶஭峼৒୤৲峃峵岽峒峑 *$/(6 峮 +:,1' 峒岮峍峉ৡ৾৓଒ੀ௯ச௓৒嵊崯嵓岶਱঱峃峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞 ૗৿ਏ౤峘岰峋ଅယ峘਷ী૖੯峙岝ൻං峼ൣ峍峉઎௯岶ᄄ২ৈ岹๷ਟ峃峵঩ম峕岴岮峐્峕੎ਏ峔૗৿ ਏ౤峑岬峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞峁岵峁ଅယ峘਷ী૖੯峕ঢ়峃峵ଢ଼஢୻峙૘峔岮岞৵೎‫كق‬峙ൻං৐৏峑 ৊峂૥ୡ਽峘உ୑峴ྌਙ峼೾৒峁峉੥ટ岝ൻං৏峘உ୑峴ྌਙ岶ൻං৐峲峴峬 f સ଩ৣ峁峐岴峴ਘ২ ఋං岶உ୑峴ྌਙ峼଩ৣ岿峅峵૭ચਙ峼ંྮ峁峉岞峁岵峁૥ୡমਯ岶 ম峒૘峔岮হ峒岝৊峂଻৬峕૥ୡ峼 ઱峁峉হ峕峲峵உ୑峴ྌਙ峘଩ৣ峘૭ચਙ岶ൾ௾峑岷峔岮岞঳্峑 &XFFKL HW DO‫كق‬峙ਂ්਷ಽ 峘஥২岶౮峔峵૖੯峑য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峼ষ峍峉੥ટ岝ଅယ਷ী૖੯峕峲峵৥ન峔୶஭峙ৄ峳島峔岮হ峼 ਾઔ峁峐岮峵岞峨峉஥ৄ峳‫كق‬峙ලಔ崨嵈峼੿峍峐 ঩৏峕য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峼ষ岮岝ᑮ਷એৣ峕உ ੪岶岬峍峉ᆳਮஅ਷૾ଙ峘଻৬峒ᑮ਷એ峲峴 P ਰ঱ৈ岮ਜ਼઼峕உ੪岶岬峍峉ঽே૾ଙ峘଻৬峘ૻຎ峼 ষ峍峉੥ટ岝๢ৈઉྫྷ峒ਈপૡ౵嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峘ঢ়બ峕થਔ峔ୀ岮峙峩峳島峔岵峍峉岽峒峼ਾઔ峁峉岞&XFFKL HW DO‫كق‬峮஥ৄ峳‫كق‬峘হ୻峙岝শ岮਋৑્৒峘਷ী૖੯峘র峕઼岵島உთ৔ਗ峘਷ী. 38.

(52) ૖੯岶਍৒峁峉ৎਡ峑ਬ岷౵峁峼ষ峍峐岮峵岞岽島峙শৎ৑峘ਘ২ఋං峕峲峵崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘૗৲峕ି৯峁峉 ૪৶峒岮岲峵岶岝઎௯峘峲岰峕ಢৎ৑৔峘ਘ২ఋං峕峲峵෩峁岮ଅယ਷ী૖੯峘૗৲峙ગਠ峑岷峐岮峔岮 ૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞峨峉઎௯峘્ඉ峒峁峐৴ਢ৓峔౴ୌ峘ณ৿岶଱岼峳島峵岞岽島峨峑峘য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峑峙঳২峘ਬ୑峕峲峴য়਽峼ਬ岷౵峃峉峫岝৴ਢ৓峔ณ৿岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峕఺峦峃୶஭峙અൟ岿島峐岽峔岵峍峉岞&RXWWV‫كق‬ 峙崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峕୸峁峔岮ৎਡ峘உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峑峬ଅယ峘นຝ岶৅ে峃峵岽峒峮岝உ峕峅峽૵ৡ岶峙峉峳岷 உ௺峘৖ী৓୊ശ岶৅ে峁峐岮峵হ峼੐త峁峉岞崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘崼嵤崗峕୸峃峵৐峘஺మ峕岴岮峐峬உ௺ੌ௶ 峘୊ശ岶କ岷੭峵岽峒峼ં峁峐岴峴岝৴ਢ৓峔౴ୌณ৿峕峲峴உ௺峘ৡ৾৓໸ௌ岶৅ে峁崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峼ൠ峫峵૭ચਙ岶岬峵岞 ଢ଼஢৯৓ 峕岴岮峐ใோ峘ৡ৾嵊崯嵓峕峎岮峐໪ହ峁岝*$/(6 峒 +:,1' 峘૏嵊崯嵓峒峬峕౴਽രਙ峕ঢ়峹峵崹嵑嵉嵤崧岶௔་峘୴ীഘଡୗ峒崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峑ৠ৒岿島峵岽峒峼੐త峁峉岞崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘௓৒峑峙 +:,1' 峑峙 ৉ৣ৖崝崌崢峼岝*$/(6 峑峙৉঱৖崝崌崢峼Ⴣ২峒峁峐৷岮峐岮峉岶岝৉ৣ৖崸崌崒嵆崡峘ੲਾ峼଻৬嵁嵤崡峑੭峵岽峒峙൑୔峑 *$/(6 峑৷岮峳島峐岮峵峲岰峕৉঱৖崸崌崒嵆崡峼Ⴣ২峒峁峐৷岮峵岽峒峙ৰ৷৓峑岬峵峒અ岲峳島峵岞峁岵峁峔岶峳঱੶峘峲岰峕୭୆૖੯峘౮峔峵ৃਚ峑峘৉঱৖崸崌崒嵆崡峼Ⴣ২峒峃峵ి৷෇೧ 峙ેী峕৥峳岵峕峔峍峐岮峵峒峙੉岲峔岮岞્峕঩ম峘઎௯峙ౕ峁岮ఋං峼ൣ岰ৃ়岶੗岹岝岽峘峲岰峔૖੯ৣ 峑৉঱৖崸崌崒嵆崡峼Ⴣ২峒峃峵্১峘થ஍ਙ峼ਫ਼઒峃峵૑ਏ岶岬峵岞মฆ峑峙 ফ岵峳 ফ峕岵岻峐೾৒峁峉崡崖岴峲峝崺崶崕崝嵛崿嵓峘য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ崯嵤崧峼৷岮峐岝ౕ峁岮ఋ਷୭୆峼அ峪੗஘ 峔୭୆ৣ峕岴岮峐৉঱৖崸崌崒嵆崡岶崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峘੒೾峕Ⴣ২峒峁峐થ஍岵峓岰岵峼ਫ਼઒峃峵岞峨峉岝৉঱৖崝崌崢ਰਗ峘ਏ౤岶௯૩嵒崡崗峕఺峦峃୶஭峼૎২ীෲ峁岝峇島峈島峘ਏ౤峘๾൴২峼৥峳岵峕峃峵岽峒峼ম ฆ峘৯৓峒峃峵岞峔岴মଢ଼஢峑峙য়਽峘崊嵛崓嵤ৡ峼峼nஉ੪ਜ਼઼峕岴岻峵ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰|峒৒ଝ峁岝ୌ ീ島峘ৃ়峑峬ୌീ島ৈ峕岴岻峵ୌ峘ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峑峙峔岹உ੪ਜ਼઼峘ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峼ਈপශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰峒峁峉岞 . 39.

(53) ૥ୡ৉岴峲峝౫મ ಯળ਩ଘૈ৘峘ಯળপ৾ଠໄ崽崋嵤嵓崱঱඾੗ଽ‫ق‬ਰৣ岝঱඾੗ଽ૥ୡ৉‫ك‬岝পী਩૓ഘ੹峘ృ ପ௔ਓ঺થ௔‫ق‬ਰৣ岝૓ഘ੹૥ୡ৉‫ك‬岝୕૒৛ሄ峘বથ௔‫ق‬ਰৣ岝୕૒૥ୡ৉‫ك‬岝⑞ଗ਩岵峃峩岶岰峳৘峘஌௔੕়ଢ଼஢ਚ૸৻ি૥ୡ৉‫ق‬ਰৣ岝૸৻ি૥ୡ৉‫ك‬峘஛ᆽਚ峑 ফ岵峳 ফ峕岵岻峐য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峼ষ峍峉岞য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峙岝৐૪৶峼ষ峹峄峕ਬ岷౵峃ৃ়‫ق‬ਰৣ岝崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓‫ك‬ 峕ਸ岲岝ਬ岷౵峁৐峕౴ୌ峼ભਔ৚ਯณ৿岿峅峵ৃ়‫ق‬ਰৣ岝౴ୌณ৿‫ك‬岝உ੪峕ങ਷峼ষ岰ৃ়‫ق‬ਰ ৣ岝਷ങഘ‫ك‬岝౴ୌณ৿峒਷ങഘ峘૏্峼ষ岰ৃ়‫ق‬ਰৣ岝਷ങഘ嵣౴ୌณ৿‫ك‬峘஛ரథ峕યશ峁峐ৰ ઱峁峉岞 ঱඾੗ଽ૥ୡ৉峙崺崶崕 ফে৐৏岝 ফে৐৏峘௔ী峑ଅယ峙້ዐ౦஌௔ଅ峑岬峵岞岽岽峑峙౴ ୌณ৿岝਷ങഘ岝౴ୌณ৿嵣਷૪৶岝ਕரథ峘৐૪৶峼ৰ઱峁峉岞૓ഘ੹૥ୡ৉峙崡崖 ‫ ع‬ফে峘 ௔ী峑ଅယ峙హ౦ଅယ峑岬峵岞岽岽峑৐૪৶峙崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓峘峩峼ৰ઱峁峉岞୕૒૥ୡ৉峙崺崶崕 ফে峘 ௔ী峑హ౦ଅယ峑岬峵岞岽岽峑峬崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓峘峩峼ৰ઱峁峉岞૸৻ি૥ୡ৉峙崡崖 ফে௔ী峑岬峴岝హ ౦ଅယ峊岶፳ৃ峑岬峵峉峫౷峩ಕ峫峳島峐岮岴峴ૻຎ৓ໂ岮岞岽岽峑峙౴ୌณ৿岝਷ങഘ峘੸ரథ峼ৰ઱峁峉岞૚૥ୡ৉峒৐૪৶峘ৰ઱৔ઍ峼峼਀ 峕ં峃岞 ஛ᆽਚ峘૥ୡ৉岵峳૥ୡ਽ ম৭৒峁峉岞૥ୡ৉峕岝঱඾੗ଽ૥ୡ৉峑 ম岝૓ഘ੹૥ୡ৉峑 ম岝୕૒૥ୡ৉峑 ম岝૸৻ি૥ୡ৉峑 ম峑岬峵岞ৰୡયীશ峕岝崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓৷ ম岝౴ୌ ณ৿৷ ম岝਷ങഘ৷ ম岝౴ୌณ৿嵣਷ങഘ৷ ম峑岬峵岞৸峐峘૥ୡ਽峕峎岮峐๢ৈઉྫྷ ŧťū岝 ౴ৈ ū岝౴੎ ŷź ‫ق‬NJ‫ك‬峼૥ୡ৐৏峕೾৒峁峉岞౴੎峙岝嵕嵤崱崣嵓‫ق‬/776$& ુਮਗ਼঵ ূ ਎ ঩ম 峨峉峙 56&0N1 嵎崳崹嵓崡 ূ਎ ঩ম‫ك‬岶਄峴હ岻峳島峉૥ୡ਽峼崗嵔嵤嵛峑፼峴嵕嵤崱崣嵓峘க峼੶ஈ峁峐೾৒峁峉岞૥ୡ਽峘໪ਏ峼਀ 峕ં峃岞 য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ য়਽ਬ岷౵峁ৰୡ峙岝3HOWRODHWDO ‫كق‬岝1LFROOHWDO‫كق‬峘্১峕జ峍峉岞嵗崌嵌嵤峘঳ ഈ峼૥ୡ਽峘౴ৈ৺઄ী峘ৈ岿峘ୌ঱峕ਝ઼峁岝峬岰঳ഈ峼੍岲਽峕ਝ઼峁峉ෟ੤岝૥ୡ਽峕ਝ઼峁峉ෟ. 40.

(54) ੤峘ದ峕৽૓峁峐嵕嵤崱崣嵓‫ق‬/776$& ુਮਗ਼঵ ূ਎ ঩ম 峨峉峙 56&0N1 嵎崳崹嵓崡 ূ਎ ঩ম‫ك‬峕ᇽ岼峉岞岽峘峒岷嵕嵤崱崣嵓峘峬岰঳ഈ峙崎崋嵛崩峬峁岹峙崩嵓嵃嵤嵓峕ᇽ岼岝嵗崌嵌嵤峘ඕ਄峴峕峲峵ਬ୑෰੎峼೾৒峁峉岞ൊ࿿ੑ‫ق‬20521 '65/ ূ਎ ঩ম‫ك‬峼૥ୡ਽峘嵗崌嵌嵤ਝ઼ৈ岝 உ੪હ੺岝峇峘র৑ৈ岝峘ୌ঱峕ਝ઼峁峐ਬ୑峕ൣ岰ୌ峘ൊ岷峼೾৒峁峉岞মৰୡ峑峙峥峒峽峓峘ৃ়੸੎ ෟ੤峼৷岮峉岶‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岝૥ୡ਽峘崝崌崢岶প岷岮ৃ়峙ਕ੎ෟ੤峼৷岮峉岞崎崋嵛崩ྼ峙崩嵓嵃嵤嵓峑 ೹ 峮岵峕嵗崌嵌嵤峼 ඕ 岷 ਄ 峴峔岶峳岝 ଧ ৑ ࿒ 峑嵕嵤崱崣嵓 ఺ 峝 ൊ ࿿ ੑ 峘 ল ৡ க 峼崯嵤崧嵕崔嵤 ‫*ق‬UDSKWHF*/$ ઋఱਆ ঩ম‫ك‬峑੶ஈ峁岝 ଧ৑࿒峑਴಑峁峉岞૥ୡ਽峙৸峐ಉৈ଍্਱ 峕ਬ岷౵峁岝࿿એ্਱峘୶஭峼਄峴௾岮峉૾ଙ峑ষ峍峉岞嵕嵤崱崣嵓峕峲峴೾৒峁峉ਬ୑෰੎峘崼嵤崗க峼ਈপਬ୑෰੎ ũPD[‫ق‬1‫ك‬峒৒ଝ峁峉岞૥ୡ਽峘崊嵛崓嵤 ৡ‫ق‬峎峨峴岝ਈপஉ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰‫ك‬ťŰFULWŏŃ ƒƙƈƕ ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬峙૯্਱峘ਬ୑峴峕峲峵உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰƄƓƓƏ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬峒੎ৡ峕峲峵உ੪ශ岼嵊嵤嵉嵛崰 ťŰƊƕƄƙ‫ق‬1P‫ك‬岵峳੷峫峉岞峇島峈島峘઴ল্১峼ૄ ‫ ૄع‬峕ં峃岞 ‫ܯܤ‬௖௥௜௧ǡ௢௩௘௥ ൌ ‫ܯܤ‬௔௣௣௟ ൅ ‫ܯܤ‬௚௥௔௩ . . ‫ܯܤ‬௔௣௣௟ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௠௔௫ ‫ܪ‬௖௔௕௟௘ ቀ ߠ M ൅ ߠ M ቁ. . ‫ܯܤ‬௚௥௔௩ ൌ ݃ܶ௪ ‫ܦ‬௚ . . 岽岽峑岝ūFDEOH 峙嵗崌嵌嵤ਝ઼ৈ‫ق‬P‫ك‬岝Ͳ‫ق‬UDGLDQ‫ك‬峙ਈপ෰੎ ũŰŤŻ 岶৅ে峁峉ৎ峘嵗崌嵌嵤峘ഓ২岝 M ‫ق‬UDGLDQ‫ك‬峙 ũŰŤŻ 岶৅ে峁峉ৎ峘ൊ࿿ੑਕਡ峘਴಑க岝Ɗ‫ق‬PV‫ك‬峙੎ৡਸச২岝ŧJ‫ق‬P‫ك‬峙 ũŰŤŻ 峕岴岻峵੎ੱ峘਷਴୎৿୤峼ં峃岞 ౴ୌณ৿峘্১ ౴ୌณ৿峘৐峕崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓峘ਬ岷౵峁峼ষ岮岝ŧťū 峒 ũŰŤŻ 峼੶ஈ峁峉岞ઃ峕౴ୌณ৿૥ୡ਽峼৭峝峇峘଻৬峘 ŧťū 峕ਈ峬੺岮崛嵛崰嵕嵤嵓૥ୡ਽峘 ũŰŤŻ 峼౴ୌณ৿ৌ଴਽峘୳৒ਈপਬ୑෰੎ ũƢŰŤŻ 峒峁峉岞 ౴ୌณ৿峘峉峫峕ਬ峍୑峵෰੎峘প岷岿峙 ũƢŰŤŻ 峘঳৒સ়‫ق‬ሇ峁岝 ౞௥‫ك‬峒峁岝峇峘ਬ୑෰੎峼౴ୌ ณ৿৷ਬ୑෰੎ ũƢŶźŤż 峒峁峉岞. 41.

(55) 崎崋嵛崩ྼ峙崩嵓嵃嵤嵓峑ୌ峘౴ৈ৺઄ী峕ਝ઼岿島峉嵗崌嵌嵤峼ਬ୑峴岝ਬ୑෰੎岶 ũƢŶźŤż 峕୸峁峉峳ඕ 岷ರ峁峐୑ৡ峼೹峫岝૥ୡ਽峘ୌກ岶੪峘ਜ਼઼峕ರ峵峘峼નੳ峁峉岰岲峑ગ২ ũƢŶźŤż 峕୸峃峵峨峑ਬ峍୑峵 ੿঵峼঳৒৚ਯ೷峴ନ峁峉峘峋ਬ岷౵峁峉岞 ũƢŰŤŻ 峕ৌ峃峵 ũƢŶźŤż 峘સ়峒౴ୌณ৿峘৚ਯ峙ৰୡ൐峕૗岲峉岞૸৻ি૥ୡ৉峘૥ୡ਽ ম峑峙 ũƢŰŤŻ 峕ৌ峃峵 ũƢŶźŤż 峘સ়峼 ‫ ع‬峒峁岝౴ୌณ৿峼 ৚峒峁峉岞঱඾੗ଽ૥ୡ৉峘૥ୡ਽ ম峕岴岮峐峙ୌ峼 ൊ岻峵峉峫峕૑ਏ峒岿島峵ਬ୑෰੎峼 ũƢŶźŤż 峒峁岝౴ୌณ৿৚ਯ峙౴ୌณ৿峒਷ങഘ 峘૏্峼ষ岰ৃ়峑 ৚岝౴ୌณ৿峘峩峼ষ岰ৃ়峑 ৚峒峁峉岞 ਷ങഘ峘্১ ૥ୡ਽峘உ੪ఢ೧峼૥ୡ਽峘崝崌崢峕ૢ峂峐 P¼P 峬峁岹峙 P¼P 峘਽ೳ峑೧岮岝਷岶ೳਗ峕๫ 島峔岮峲岰਽ೳ峕崻崳嵤嵓峼ඕ岷਽ೳৣ৖峕ଅယ峼଺峅峐ಕ৒峁峉‫ق‬௕ ‫ك‬岞૥ୡ਽峘உ੪峲峴峬ৈ岮ਜ਼ ઼峕਷岶ো峍峉஗঵৷崧嵛崗峼ਝ৒峁峐峇岽岵峳૥ୡ਽உ੪峨峑嵃嵤崡峼ਬ岷岝嵃嵤崡੔峕崟嵋嵗嵤嵀崫崱峼਄峴 હ岻峐૥ୡ਽峘உ੪峕਷ങഘ峼ষ峍峉岞਽ೳ৔峢峘ങ਷୤ ŵŶƘƓ‫ق‬PP‫ك‬峙যನ৓峔ങ਷୤峊岻峑峔岹岝 ૥ୡ৐ ৎ৑ਰ৔峘ঽேఋං୤ ŵŵƄƌƑ‫كۜۜق‬峬અൟ峁岝ਰৣ峘ૄ峲峴઴ল峁峉岞. ܴ௦௨௣ ൌ. ‫ݏ‬嵣‫ܣ‬௧௔௡௞ ‫ܣ‬௙௥௔௠௘. . ൅ ܴ௥௔௜௡ . 岽岽峑 Ɩ 峙਷ങഘ峕ൣ岰஗঵৷崧嵛崗峘਷એ଩ৣ்‫كۜۜق‬岝ŤWDQN 峙஗঵৷崧嵛崗峘૵એ஋‫ق‬PP‫ك‬岝 ŤƉƕƄƐƈ 峙૥ୡ਽உ੪峘਽ೳ峘એ஋‫ق‬PP‫ك‬峑岬峵岞༌岝ŵUDLQ 峙૥ୡ਽岵峳਷਴෱௞峑 P ਰ৔峕ਝ ઼岿島峉ං୤ੑ峘崯嵤崧峼ઞ৷峁峉岞 ૸৻ি૥ୡ৉峑峙ৌ଴਽ ম峃峣峐峕ৌ峁峐 PP 峘਷ങഘ峼ষ峍峉岞঱඾੗ଽ૥ୡ৉峑峙ৌ଴ ਽ ম峕ৌ峁峐ങ਷୤峼 ‫ۜۜع‬峘෇೧৔峑஺మ৓峕৹ත峁峉岞峉峊峁౴ୌณ৿峼ষ岰଻৬ ম峕ৌ峁峐峙৸峐 PP 峘਷ങഘ峼ষ峍峉岞૥ୡ৉શ峘ങ਷୤峒૥ୡ਽峘মਯ岝৐૪৶峘ரథ峼਀ 峕ં峃岞 . 42.