環境規制が製造業の研究開発に及ぼす経済的影響

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環境規制が製造業の研究開発に及ぼす経済的影響

−日本の近年の製造業におけるポーター仮説の妥当性についての実証分析−

林田明子

The Economic Impact of Environmental Regulations on R&D in Manufacturing Industry:

An empirical analysis of the validity of the Porter Hypothesis about the recent Japanese manufacturing industry

Akiko Hayashida^* Abstract

As Michael Porter insists, environmental regulations would induce environmental innovation. Well-designed environmental regulations could make industries or firms not only comply with legal obligations but also increase expenditure on environment-related research and development (R&D) for more efficient production.

In successful cases, industries could develop new environmental technology, as well as diffuse the technology. As a result, domestic industries could get international competitiveness. The causality that environmental regulations could induce environment-related R&D or patents is called as the ‘weak’ Porter Hypothesis. Also, the causality that environmental regulations could finally lead to higher productivity is called as the ‘strong’ Porter Hypothesis.

This article empirically analyzes the ‘weak’ Porter Hypothesis, by using the panel data of Japanese domestic manufacturing sectors from 2002 to 2013, to consider whether environmental regulations have increased environment-related R&D in the recent years. In the analysis, this article uses the percentage of the environment-related plant and equipment investment in the total plant and equipment investment as the proxy for the stringency of environmental regulations, as well as uses the percentage of environment-related R&D expenditures in the total R&D expenditure as the proxy for the environmental innovation.

The result shows the possibility that environmental regulations have positively influenced environment-related R&D up to a point, but have gradually decreased environment-related R&D in the non-linear form. In other words, the ‘weak’ Porter Hypothesis is valid, to some extent, about the Japanese domestic manufacturing industries in the recent years. It means that although the Japanese domestic manufacturing industry has still room to increase the percentage of environment-related R&D for more efficient production, but the industry would gradually decrease the percentage of environment-related R&D when domestic environmental regulations become too stringent. It implies the possibility that the manufacturing industry would increase the percentage of non-environment-related R&D, as well as shift domestic investment to overseas.

᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔࢔ࢪ࢔ኴᖹὒ◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬㸸Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Doctoral Program

No.31 (2016.3) pp.129-148

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㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢᮏ᮶ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᕷሙࡢኻᩋ࡟ࡼࡾⓎ⏕ࡍࡿእ㒊୙⤒῭ࢆෆ 㒊໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ♫఍ཌ⏕ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭άືࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚

ࡣࠊ฼₶᭱኱໬ࡀ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⎔ቃ࡜⤒῭ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆྲྀࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ⎔ቃಖㆤࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ௻ᴗࡀ

㈈ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ㈇Ⲵࢆᑠࡉࡃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢ฼₶᭱

኱໬࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᙳ㡪ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚῭ࡴ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⤒῭άືࡢ୺య࡛࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡣࠊ ởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝ࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡀୖࡀࡾࠊởᰁฎ⌮࡟࠿࠿ࡗࡓ㈝

⏝ࢆ〇ရ㈍኎౯᱁࡟ୖ஌ࡏࡍࢀࡤࠊ௻ᴗࡢ➇தຊࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡣపୗࡍࡿࡇ

࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝ࢆ〇ရࡢ㈍኎౯᱁࡟ୖ஌ࡏࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ

௻ᴗࡢ฼┈ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡣ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈝⏝

࡜࡞ࡾࠊ฼┈ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࠶ࡿᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ἲᚊࡀ᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓ➼࡟ࡼࡾ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ ởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝ࢆ㈇ᢸࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓᙜヱᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ ࡑࢀࡲ࡛㠀ຠ⋡ⓗ¹ࡔࡗࡓ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࢆぢ┤ࡋ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㸦R&D㸧࡟

ಀࡿᨭฟࢆቑࡸࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸦ᢏ⾡㠉᪂㸧²ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜࡛⏕⏘ᛶ

ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚ᙜヱᅜࡢ⏘ᴗࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࡀቑࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ୰㛗ᮇⓗ࡞

どⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬ࢆዎᶵ

࡟ࠊ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡸ〇ရࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆᣢࡕᚓࡿࠋ࣐࢖ࢣ

࣭࣏࣮ࣝࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡟タィࡉࢀࡓ⎔ቃつไࡣ௻ᴗࡢ➇தຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆၐ࠼

ࡓ㸦Porter(1991)㸧ࠋ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆᐇドࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ ㄝࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓᐇド◊✲ࡶከ࠸ࠋ

ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ஦౛࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧 ࡀࠊ㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ᮇࡢබᐖᑐ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ1970ᖺ௦ཬࡧ┬࢚ࢿᑐ⟇ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ1980ᖺ௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ศᯒࡋࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿຠᯝࢆࡶࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ

᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡀࠊ1992㹼2001ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬ࡀ◊✲㛤

Ⓨ඲య࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨάື࡟㓄ศࡉࢀࡿ㈝⏝ࡢ๭ྜࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ2000ᖺ௦௨㝆㸦2002㹼2013ᖺ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗ✀ࡈ࡜ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝

࠸ࠊࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃつไࡀ᫬௦࡜࡜ࡶ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ㑄

ࢆ㎺ࡗࡓ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᴫほࡋࡘࡘࠊ࣐࢖ࢣ࣭࣏࣮ࣝࢱ࣮࡟ࡼࡾᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚⣙ᅄ༙ୡ⣖ࡀ⤒ࡘ࣏࣮

ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡀ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ

1 ᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ⏕⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿຠ⋡ᛶࢆᣦࡋࠊ㈨※࣭㈈ࡢ㓄ศ࡟↓㥏ࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ

2 ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊࣉࣟࢭࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸦〇㐀᪉ἲࡸᕤ

⛬ࡢᨵⰋ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈝⏝ࢆ๐ῶࡋ➇தඃ఩ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸧࡜ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸦᪂〇ရࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡗ

࡚ᕪู໬ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ➇தඃ఩ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࡢ୧᪉ࢆྵࡴࠋィ㔞ศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ⎔ቃ㛵㐃 ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࢆ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ୰࡟ࡣ〇㐀ᕤ⛬࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜〇ရ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ୧᪉ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸

ࡿࠋ

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㸰㸬ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ

㸦㸯㸧࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝ

࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ௻ᴗάື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ṇࡢຠᯝࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐺ษ࡟ࢹ ࢨ࢖ࣥࡉࢀࡓ⎔ቃᇶ‽ࡣࠊ⎔ቃᇶ‽ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࢥࢫࢺࡢ୍㒊ࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑࢀࢆୖᅇࡿ฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽ

ࡍࡼ࠺࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋJaffe and Palmer (1997)³ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋

ࢩࣙࣥࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ࡜ࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡲࡎࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡣࠊ฼₶᭱኱໬⾜ືࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋไ⣙ࢆㄢࡍࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃつไ࡟

ࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡣࡑࡢไ⣙ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡞࡝ࡢᢞ㈨άືࢆ⾜

࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠕ⎔ቃつไ ࡣ⎔ቃศ㔝ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡸ≉チྲྀᚓࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࠖࠊࠕ⎔ቃつไࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⎔ቃྥ

ࡅࡢࡶࡢࡢẚ⋡ࢆቑࡸࡍ࠿ࠖ࡝࠺࠿࡜ㄞࡳ᭰࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⁴ࠋᅗ1࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⎔ቃつไ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢏ⾡

㠉᪂ࠖࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ḟ࡟ࠊࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡣࠊ⊃࠸฼₶᭱኱໬ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࢆᣄྰࡋࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ௻ᴗࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞〇 ရࡸ〇㐀ᕤ⛬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶵ఍ࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶ㏣ཬࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸

⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡿࢩࣙࢵࢡࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢᛮ⪃ࢆᗈࡆࠊつไࢆ㑂Ᏺࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࠊ฼┈ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞

〇ရࡸ〇㐀ᕤ⛬ࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠕ⎔ቃつไ࡛⏕⏘ᛶࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࠿ࠖ࡜ㄞࡳ᭰

࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⁵ࠋᅗ1࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⎔ቃつไ࣭࣭࣭⏕⏘ᛶࠖࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅సᡂ

ᅗ㸯 ⎔ቃつไࡀ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࣟࢪࢵࢡ

ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ࠺ࡕ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢከࡃࡣࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ࡟

ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊLanoie et al. (2011) ࡣࠊࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮

3 Jaffe and Palmer (1997) ࡣࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ࡜ࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊࠕ⊃࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ

ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ⊃࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡣࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡀࠊ〇㐀ᕤ⛬㸦process㸧ࢆつไࡍࡿ

ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⎔ቃࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦outcome㸧ࢆつไࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫࡢᡭἲࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ

࠶ࡿ⎔ቃつไࡢ᪉ࡀࠊࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࣭࣮࣋ࢫࡢᇶ‽ࡸᢏ⾡࣮࣋ࢫࡢᇶ‽ࡢࡼ࠺࡞つ⠊ⓗ࡞つไ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ

ࣥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ௻ᴗ࡟୚࠼ࡿ࡜ㄞࡳ᭰࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡶࠊ┤᥋つไࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⿢㔞ࡢవᆅࡀᑠࡉ࠸

ࡓࡵࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⎔ቃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢవᆅࡣప࠸࡜ࡉࢀࠊ୍᪉ࠊ᤼ฟᶒྲྀᘬ➼ࡢᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺࡢつไࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⿢㔞ࡢవ ᆅࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

4 ෆ㛶ᗓ㸦2010㸧324㡫

5 ྠୖ

⎔ቃつไ ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ ⏕⏘ᛶ

ࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ

ࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖ

(4)

௬ㄝࠖࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡞࠾ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ᛶࡀྥୖࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ㸦ࠕᙉ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡍࡿࢣ࣮

ࢫ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ2 ࡘࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀᚓࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊձ㠀ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࡸ⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸

ࡓ௻ᴗࡀࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡾ⎔ቃつไࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆዎᶵ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘㐣⛬➼ࢆぢ┤ࡋࠊ㠀

ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞㒊ศࢆᨵၿࡋࠊຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋղ

᪤࡟ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࡸ⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊࡑࢀ௨ୖࡣ⏕⏘➼࡟࠾ࡅࡿ↓㥏ࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⏕⏘

せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㈨ᮏࡸປാࡀ୙ኚ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓሙྜࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡࡛⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ

ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ

㸦㸰㸧ㅖእᅜࡢ஦౛ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓඛ⾜◊✲

㏆ᖺࡢඛ㐍ᅜࡢ஦౛ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ୺࡞ඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJaffe and Palmer (1997)ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾

ࡅࡿ⎔ቃつไ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ⎔ቃつไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝

㸦PACE: pollution abatement cost and expenditure㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟ㸦R&D㸧࡟ࡣࣉࣛ

ࢫ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ≉ チ ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࣐ ࢖ ࢼ ࢫ ࡢ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ Brunnermeier and Cohen(2003) ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ

௚ࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲ࡣከ࠸ࠋ

୍᪉࡛ࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊBroberg et al.(2013) ࡣࠊࢫ

࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃಖ඲ᢞ㈨ࢆ⎔ቃつไࡢཝࡋࡉࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࠊ1999㹼 2004ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ᫬㛫ᯟ࡛ࡣ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆ

ᨭᣢࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡾຠ⋡ᛶࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࠊ≉࡟ࡑࡢഴྥࡣࣃࣝࣉ࣭〇⣬ᴗ࡛

㢧ⴭࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡢ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊBrännlund and Lundgren (2009) ࡣࠊ

1990㹼2004 ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࢦ࣒࣭ࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡ⏘ᴗ௨እ࡛ࡣࠊⅣ⣲⛯ࡀ⏕⏘ᛶࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏ

࡚㈝⏝ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡓドᣐࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⅣ⣲⛯࡟ࡼࡾ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮

ຠ⋡ᛶࡣྥୖࡍࡿࡀࠊ㈨ᮏ⏕⏘ᛶࡀపୗࡋࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ຠ⋡ᛶࡢྥୖࢆ┦ẅࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿࠋ

㸦㸱㸧᪥ᮏࡢ஦౛ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓඛ⾜◊✲

᪥ᮏࡢ஦౛ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ୺࡞ඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊ὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧ࠊ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ

ࡶࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧ࡣ⏘ᴗࣞ

࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣ௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝศ ᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௚ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ

ࡑࡢ௚ࠊෆ㛶ᗓ㸦2010㸧ࡣࠊ1998㹼2008ᖺࡢ⎔ቃ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㛵㐃ࡢタഛᢞ㈨๭ྜࠊ⎔ቃ࣭

࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡢ๭ྜࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᑐẚࡋࠊࠕ௬࡟⎔ቃ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࡢ๭

ྜࡀࡑࡢᴗ✀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉࡉࢆ♧ࡍ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉࡉࡀྠศ㔝࡛ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ

ಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡟ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠖ࡜ࡋࠊࠕୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࡢㄝ᫂࡜

ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㛵㐃ࡢタഛᢞ㈨࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸⎔ቃつไࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ

(5)

ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡸᐙ㟁➼ࡢ〇ရ࡬ࡢ┬࢚ࢿᛶ⬟つไࢆ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ⁶ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ〇㐀ᴗ

ࢆ⣲ᮦᆺ࡜ຍᕤᆺ࡟ศࡅ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦1999㹼2008 ᖺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧࡜ྠ

ࡌࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊຍᕤᆺ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡣᙜᮇࡢ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨㸦⎔ቃつ ไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ㸧ࡀᙜᮇࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝⥲㢠࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ๭ྜ㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃R&Dࡢ๭ྜ㸧࡟࣐

࢖ࢼࢫࡢຠᯝࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⣲ᮦᆺ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡣ୍ᮇ๓ࡢ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࡀᙜᮇࡢ⎔

ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢẚ⋡ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⁷ࠋ

㸦㸲㸧ศᯒᑐ㇟ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ

ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ୺࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࠊ௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ศ㢮࡛ࡁࡿࠋྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡒ

ࢀ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࠊࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ୍ᴫ࡟࡝ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࡀඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ᩿ᐃࡋࡀࡓࡃࠊ」ᩘ

ࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚඲యࡢゎ᫂࡟㏆࡙ࡁࠊྛࠎࡢศᯒࡀ஫࠸࡟⿵᏶ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋKoluk and Zipperer (2013) ࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࢆୖグ3ࡘࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࠊࢹ࣓ࣜࢵ

ࢺࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅗ㸰 ⎔ቃつไࡀ〇㐀ᴗ඲య࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ

6 ෆ㛶ᗓ㸦2010㸧328㹼329㡫

ྠୖ 㡫ࠊ㹼㡫

⎔ቃつไ

Dᕷሙ࡬᪂つཧධࡍࡿ௻ᴗ E᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ

㸦ࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ㸧 Ѝ5 ' ࡢቑຍЍ≉チ⏦ㄳ 㸺⎔ቃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸼 Ѝ⏕⏘ᛶࡢྥୖ

Ѝ➇தຊࡢᙉ໬

F᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࡢᾘᴟⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ Ѝᚲせ᭱ᑠ㝈ࠊ⎔ቃつไࢆ㑂Ᏺ Gᕷሙ࠿ࡽ㏥ฟࡍࡿ௻ᴗ

〇㐀ᴗ඲య࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣዴఱ࡟㸽

࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝ

(6)

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⏘ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࡣ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡿ

⏘ᴗ඲య࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᅗ2ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ⎔

ቃつไ➼ࡢ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ௻ᴗࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊᾘᴟⓗ࡟ἲ௧㑂Ᏺࡢࡓࡵࡢ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢᑐᛂࢆ⾜

࠺௻ᴗ㸦ᅗ2ࡢ(c)㸧ࡶᏑᅾࡍࢀࡤࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ௻ᴗ 㸦ᅗ2ࡢ(b)㸧ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᢏ⾡ຊ࡟⮬ಙࡀ࠶ࡿ

➼ࡢ⌮⏤࡛⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢᕷሙ࡛ࣅࢪࢿࢫࢳࣕࣥࢫࢆぢฟࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ᕷሙ࡟ཧධࡍࡿ௻ᴗ㸦ᅗ2ࡢ(a)㸧

ࡶฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᦆ┈ศᒱⅬࢆୗ

ᅇࡿ≧ែࡀ⥆ࡃ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ᧯ᴗ೵ṆⅬࢆୗᅇࡾ฼┈ࢆฟࡏ࡞࠸ࡤ࠿ࡾ࠿ᦆኻࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡟

࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟ᕷሙ࠿ࡽ㏥ฟࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ௻ᴗ㸦ᅗ2ࡢ(d)㸧ࡶ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊಶู௻ᴗࡢᑐᛂࡢࡳࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡀྥୖࡍࡿ࠿ࠊపୗࡍ

ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣᤊ࠼࡙ࡽ࠸ࠋ඲࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀ฼┈ࢆୖࡆ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ

⏘ᴗ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡀྥୖࡍࢀࡤࠊᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᡂຌ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺⁸ࠋᨻᗓࡢ⎔ቃつไ ࡀࠊಶูࡢ௻ᴗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࠿ࡣಶู௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ≧ែ➼࡟ࡶࡼࡾᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⏘

ᴗ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࣉࣛࢫࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪࡟࡞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊⰋ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ

࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ

㸱㸬᪥ᮏࡢ⎔ቃつไࡢኚ㑄ࠊ⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡢⓎᒎ

㸦㸯㸧㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃཬࡧᨵṇ

᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ1950ᖺ௦ࡢỈಛ⑓ࡢⓎ⏕ࢆཷࡅࠊ1967ᖺ࡟බᐖᑐ⟇ᇶᮏἲࡀ᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ≉࡟

1970ᖺ௦ࡢ㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗᫬௦ࠊබᐖᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ከࡃࡢ⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊඛ㐍 ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ⇍ᮇࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ୰ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࡢ༳㇟ࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ

࡞࠸ࡀࠊ2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡶ⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃཬࡧᨵṇࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲1ཧ↷㸧ࠋ

㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ᮇ࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࡓྛ✀⎔ቃἲࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ┤᥋つไ㸦command & control㸧ࡀ୺࡛ࠊ

⤒῭άືࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃᑐᛂࡶᮎ➃ฎ⌮㸦end of pipe㸧࡛ࠊἲ௧㑂Ᏺࡢࡓࡵつไᑐᛂᆺࡀ୺ὶ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅜ඲యࡢ⤒῭ࡢᡂ⇍࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ♫఍ࡢ⎔ቃព㆑ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ⎔ቃᚿྥ

ࡶᚎࠎ࡟㧗ࡲࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡶ♫఍ⓗ㈐௵㸦CSR㸧ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡢどⅬࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ኱௻ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟௻ᴗࡣࡼࡾ୍ᒙ⎔ቃ࡬㓄៖ࡋࡓ⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࢔ࣆ࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟

࡞ࡾࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡶ⎔ቃ⮬୺⾜ືィ⏬ࢆබ⾲ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋ

ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃつไࡶࠊ㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗᫬௦ࡢබᐖᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ┤᥋つไ࠿ࡽࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ၥ㢟

࡬ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ㛵ᚰࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࠊ㛵㐃ࡢᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡢᢈ෸ࢆཷࡅࠊ஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲➼ࡢ ᐊຠᯝ࢞ࢫࡢ๐ῶࢆ

┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜෆ࡛ྛ✀つไ㸦௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつไ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊᾘ㈝ẁ㝵࡛ࡢ〇ရ࡟㛵ࡍ

ࡿ⎔ቃつไࡶຍࢃࡾ㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࠊᕷሙᆺ㸦market-based㸧ࡢࡶࡢࡶቑ࠼࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㏆ᖺࡣࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ၥ㢟࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ ᬮ໬࢞ࢫࡢ๐ῶ⩏ົࡀ௻ᴗ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ

࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ᑐ⟇᥎㐍ἲࡢᡂ❧ཬࡧᩘᅇࡢᨵṇ࡟୪⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭⏺ࡀ⮬୺ⓗ࡞⾜ືィ

↓ㄽࠊつไᙉ໬࡟ࡼࡾ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜ࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ୰ᑠ௻ᴗ➼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୍᫬ⓗ࡟⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡍ➼ࡢᨻ ᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᑐ⟇ࡀู㏵⪃࠼ࡽࢀᚓࡿࠋ

(7)

⾲㸯㏆ᖺࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ไᐃ࣭ᨵṇࡉࢀࡓ⎔ቃつไ ᨵṇ┬࢚ࢿἲ 2009ᖺ᪋⾜㸦┬࢚ࢿἲ 1979ᖺไᐃ㸧

ࠕ≉ᐃ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡢ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ᤼ฟ㔞ࡢᢕᥱ➼ཬࡧ⟶⌮ࡢᨵၿࡢಁ㐍࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊࠖ㸦PRTRἲࠊ໬⟶

ἲࠊ໬Ꮫ≀㉁᤼ฟᢕᥱ⟶⌮ಁ㐍ἲ㸧

1999ᖺ࡟ἲไ໬ࡉࢀࠊ2001ᖺ࠿ࡽᐇᆅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᚠ⎔ᆺ♫఍ᙧᡂ᥎㐍ᇶᮏἲ㸦ᚠ⎔ᇶᮏἲ㸧2000ᖺබᕸ

㈨※᭷ຠ฼⏝ಁ㐍ἲ㸦ᨵṇࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝἲ㸧2001ᖺ᪋⾜

෌⏕㈨※฼⏝ಁ㐍ἲ㸦1991ᖺไᐃ㸧ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ᨵṇࡉࢀࡓࠋ

ᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ᑐ⟇᥎㐍ἲ1998ᖺᡂ❧ࠊ2002ᖺࠊ2005ᖺࠊ2006ᖺࠊ2008ᖺᨵṇ

1997ᖺ࡟ி㒔㆟ᐃ᭩ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࠊ1998ᖺ࡟ྠἲࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋி㒔㆟ᐃ᭩ࡢ᥇ᢥࢆཷࡅࠊ㛵㐃ࡢ ᅜෆἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡿぢ㎸ࡳ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ1997 ᖺ࡟᪥ᮏ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍㸦⤒ᅋ㐃㸧ࡣᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬

ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⎔ቃ⮬୺⾜ືィ⏬ࠖࢆ⟇ᐃࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊྠἲࡀᩘᅇᨵṇࡉࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡾࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡣ 2013ᖺ࡟ࠕపⅣ⣲♫఍ᐇ⾜ィ⏬ࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡋࡓࠋ

ࢲ࢖࢜࢟ࢩࣥ㢮ᑐ⟇≉ูᥐ⨨ἲ1999ᖺ

኱Ẽởᰁ㜵Ṇἲ㸦1968ᖺไᐃ㸧2004ᖺᨵṇࠊ2015ᖺᨵṇ

᥹Ⓨᛶ᭷ᶵ໬ྜ≀㸦VOC㸧ࢆつไࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ2004ᖺ࡟ᨵṇࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊỈ㖟➼ࡢ᤼ฟつ ไ࡟㛵ࡋࠊ2015ᖺ࡟ᨵṇࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ

Ỉ㉁ở⃮㜵Ṇἲ㸦1970ᖺබᕸࠊ1971ᖺ᪋⾜㸧2011ᖺ᭱⤊ᨵṇ

᭷ᐖ≀㉁ࢆ౑⏝࣭㈓ⶶ➼ࡍࡿ᪋タࡢタ⨨⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊᆅୗᾐ㏱㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵࡢᵓ㐀ࠊタഛཬࡧ౑⏝ࡢ ᪉ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ‽ࡢ㑂ᏲࠊᐃᮇⅬ᳨ཬࡧࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡢグ㘓࣭ಖᏑࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡿつᐃ➼ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡟タࡅࡽ

ࢀࡓࠋ

㸦ฟᡤ㸧⎔ቃⓑ᭩➼ࠊᨻᗓ㈨ᩱࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ

⏬ࢆసᡂࡍࡿ➼࡛ᑐᛂࢆ⾜࠺࡞࡝ࠊᅜෆἲࡢᙉ໬ࡀ⤒῭⏺࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ᕼᑡ࡞㈨※ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ3R㸦ࣜࢹ࣮ࣗࢫࠊ࣮ࣜࣘࢫࠊࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㸧ࡀ᥎㐍ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᚠ⎔ᆺ♫఍ࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ࡀࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸦㸰㸧௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡢⓎᒎẁ㝵

⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀࡣࠊẁ㝵ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㔠Ꮚ㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡢⓎᒎࢆ4ẁ 㝵࡟ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

➨1ẁ㝵ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢึᮇࡢ⎔ቃᑐᛂࡣࠊබᐖⓎ⏕࡟ࡼࡿッゴ➼ࡢࣜࢫࢡᅇ㑊ࡢࡓࡵࡢἲ௧㑂Ᏺ

࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࠊ௻ᴗࡣἲ௧࡛ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓ᭱ప㝈ࡢ⎔ቃᑐᛂࢆ⾜࠺ࠋලయⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮎ➃ฎ⌮

ᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⎔ቃ⟶⌮㒊㛛ࡢࡳࡀᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ

➨2ẁ㝵ࡣࠊἲ௧㑂Ᏺᆺ࠿ࡽ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ⎔ቃຠ⋡ᨵၿ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜࡛࠶ࡿࠋඖࠎࡢ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ ㄝࡣࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬ࡀࠊ㈨※฼⏝ࡢ㠀ຠ⋡࡞฼⏝ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀ⤌ࢆ

ㄏⓎࡋࠊ௻ᴗࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡸ⎔ቃຠ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࠊᅜ㝿➇தຊࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡜ࡍ

ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࢼ࣮࣭ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ ᨵၿ࡟ࡼࡾ┬࢚ࢿࡸ㈨※⏕⏘ᛶࡢྥୖ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋᮎ➃ฎ⌮ࢆ⾜࠺⎔ቃ⟶⌮㒊㛛ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⏕

⏘⟶⌮㒊㛛ࡶᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ

➨3ẁ㝵ࡣࠊ〇ရࡢタィẁ㝵࠿ࡽ⎔ቃ࡟㓄៖ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ〇㐀ࠊ౑⏝ࠊᗫᲠ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ〇ရ ࡢࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ඲యࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࢆపῶࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ⎔ቃព㆑ࡢ㧗ࡲࡗࡓᾘ

㈝⪅ࡸྲྀᘬඛࡢ௻ᴗࡀᙜヱ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡸ⎔ቃ࡟ඃࡋ࠸〇ရ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ

(8)

᝿ᐃࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ〇ရ௻⏬ࠊ〇ရタィࠊ〇㐀⟶⌮ࡢẁ㝵࡛㛵㐃 ࡢ㒊⨫ࡀ㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ

➨4ࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀࡀ௻ᴗ౯್ࠊ௻ᴗࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻ౯್ࢆᕥྑࡋࠊᕷሙ࡛ࡢ➇தຊࡢࡳ࡞ࡽ

ࡎࠊ௻ᴗࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢥࢫࢺ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ

௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡢⓎᒎࢆ4ẁ㝵࡟ศࡅࡿࡀࠊಶู௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀࡀ࡝ࡢẁ 㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୍ᅜࡢ⏘ᴗ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୍ᅜࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢẁ㝵࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࡝ࡢ

⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀࡢẁ㝵ࡢ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࠿ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ⤒῭ࡀⓎᒎࡋࡓඛ 㐍ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ ≉࡟኱௻ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ➨3ࡢẁ㝵௨㝆ࡢ⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

㸲㸬ᐇドศᯒ

㸦㸯㸧ศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ

ᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟ጇᙜࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⎔ቃつ ไࡀ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࣉࣛࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࠊ

᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗ✀ࡈ࡜ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ

὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ⎔ቃつไ㸦බᐖ㜵Ṇᢞ㈨ᨭฟ㸧ࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᙳ 㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᭱ᑠ஧஌ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᅇᖐศᯒࣔࢹ࡛ࣝศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ୺࡟௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᐇ᪋ࡢ᭷↓ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺ࣭ࣔࢹࣝ➼࡛ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⁹ࠋ

ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔

ቃ R&D㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡢ๭ྜ㸧ࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃつไ㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨/඲タഛ

ᢞ㈨㸧ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠㸦ཷධ◊✲㈝/♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝㸧ࠊ฼┈㸦௜ຍ౯್㢠㸫⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠㸧㸦ᑐᩘኚ᥮

ࡋࡓ್㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ஧஌㡯ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠➼ࡢ஧஌㡯ࡶຍ࠼ࡓࠋ

࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘཝࡋࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣ௻ᴗࡢᑐᛂࡶ㐍ࡳࠊࡑࢀ௨ୖࡣ⎔ቃR&D ࡢ๭ྜࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ᥇⟬ࡀྜࢃ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡋࠊ⎔ቃ௨እࡢ௚ࡢR&D࡬ࡢᨭฟࢆቑࡸࡍ࠿ࠊ࠶

ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᅜෆࡢ〇㐀ࢆᾏእ࡟⛣㌿ࡉࡏࡿởᰁ㏨㑊௬ㄝ㸦pollution haven hypothesis㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧

ἣࡀ⏕ࡌࠊR&D ࡟ಀࡿᨭฟࡶྵࡵࡓᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨭฟࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆῶࡽࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ

ࡵࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢᙉ໬࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜࡀ㏴ῶࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶቑຍࡋࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚௻ᴗࡢ⮬⏤࡞◊✲

㛤Ⓨࡀ㜼ᐖࡉࢀࠊ⎔ቃR&D࡬ࡢពḧࢆ๐ࡀࢀࡿ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㏴ῶࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉ

ࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(env_rd)it=+(er)it+[(er)it]² +(subsidy)it+[(subsidy)it]² + log(profit)it+ [log(profit)it]²+it

9 ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ୺࡟௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⏘ᴗࣞ࣋

ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕྠ୍⏘ᴗ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣྠࡌ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡢᇶ‽࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠖࡓࡵࠊࠕྠ୍

⏘ᴗ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ௻ᴗࡣࠊྛ௻ᴗ࡛ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ⎔ቃつไࡼࡾࠊ⏘ᴗ඲య࡛ྠ୍ࡢ⎔ቃつไࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜

ࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊࠕࢹ࣮ࢱࡢไ⣙࡟ࡼࡾ௻ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⎔ቃಖ඲๭ྜࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(9)

(env_rd)it㸸iᴗ✀ࡢtᮇࡢ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟࡢ๭ྜ㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟ/◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟ㸧ࠊ (er)it㸸⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ᨭฟࡢ๭ྜ㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ᨭฟ/඲タഛᢞ㈨ᨭฟ㸧ࠊ(subsidy)it㸸⿵

ຓ㔠㸦ᅜ࣭ᆅ᪉⮬἞య➼࠿ࡽࡢཷධ◊✲㈝/♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝㸧ࠊ(profit)^it㸸௜ຍ౯್㢠㸫⌧㔠⤥୚

⥲㢠ࠊit㸸ㄗᕪ㡯

㸪㸪㸪㸪㸪㸪㸸ᐃᩘ

㸦㸰㸧ኚᩘ㑅ᢥࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ➢ྕ᮲௳

㸺⎔ቃR&D㸼㸦⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸧

⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㸦⎔ቃ R&D㸧ࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ♫ෆ◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃศ 㔝ࡢ◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜࢆィ⟬ࡋࠊ౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋ

ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧ࡀࠊ⎔ቃ㛵㐃࡟㝈ᐃࡏࡎࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟ㸦ᐇᩘ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡋศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺศᯒࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ

ࡣࠊ୍⯡ཬࡧ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᐇ᪋ࢆ⾲ࡍࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸦0 ࡲࡓࡣ 1㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢࣔࢹࣝ

࡛ࡣࠊ኎ୖᙜࡾࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ᨭฟ㸦ᐇᩘ㸧ࠊཬࡧࠊ኎ୖ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ⎔ቃ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ᨭฟ㸦ᐇᩘ㸧ࢆ⏝

࠸ࡿ࡯࠿ࠊ୍⯡㛤Ⓨ◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃๭ྜ㸦⎔ቃ㛵㐃 R&D㸭୍⯡ R&D㸧㸦๭ྜ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊྑ㎶ࡢ୺࡞ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡛๭ྜࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊᕥ㎶ࡢ⿕ㄝ᫂

ኚᩘ࡛ࡶ๭ྜࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ฼⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ♫ෆ◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃศ㔝 ࡢ◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓࠋ

㸺⎔ቃつไ㸼㸦ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸧

⎔ቃつไࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩘ್໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍ᅜෆ࡛ࡶᵝࠎ࡞⎔ቃつไࡀ࠶

ࡾࠊつไࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟♧ࡍࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿ¹⁰ࠋ

ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ὾ᮏ㸦1997㸧ࡀࠊබᐖᑐ⟇ࡀᛴ⃭࡟㐍ࢇࡔ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ1970ᖺ௦ࠊ┬࢚ࢿᢞ㈨ ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ 1980 ᖺ௦ࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊබᐖ 㜵Ṇᢞ㈨ᨭฟࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡓࡵࠊ඲ᢞ㈨㢠࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃಖ඲ᢞ㈨㢠ࡢ๭ྜࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊᾏእࡢඛ⾜◊

✲ࡶྵࡵࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ㑂Ᏺ࡟ಀࡿ㈝⏝࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊබᐖ㜵Ṇᢞ㈨➼ࡢởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝㸦PACE: pollution abatement and control expenditures㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᭷ᮧ࣭ᮡ㔝㸦2008㸧ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ

ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊᗫᲠ≀ၥ㢟ࡀ㔜せ࡞⎔ቃၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ≉࡟ࠊ1990ᖺ௦୰㡭࠿ࡽࣜࢧ࢖

ࢡࣝ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿἲᚊࡀከᩘ᪋⾜ࠖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡛♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ2001 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ෌⏕㈨※฼

⏝ಁ㐍ἲ㸦1991ᖺไᐃ㸧ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ᨵṇࡉࢀࠊ㈨※᭷ຠ฼⏝ಁ㐍ἲ㸦ᨵṇࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝἲ㸧ࡀ᪋⾜ࡉ

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊᅜ㝿♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ၥ㢟ࡶ㔜せ࡞⎔ቃၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㛵ᚰࢆ㞟ࡵࠊ

᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊ1998ᖺ࡟ᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ᑐ⟇᥎㐍ἲࡀᡂ❧ࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋ4ᅇ㸦2002ᖺࠊ2005ᖺࠊ2006ᖺࠊ 2008ᖺ㸧ࡢᨵṇࢆ⤒࡚ࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃつไࡣᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢືྥࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ⎔ቃつ

%UXQHODQG/HYLQVRQࡣࠊ୺࡞ඛ⾜◊✲࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⎔ቃつไࡢཝࡋࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ ࡿᣦᶆࢆ⧳ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⎔

ቃつไࡢཝࡋࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ ࡿᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊẸ㛫㒊㛛ࡢởᰁฎ⌮㈝⏝ࠊ㸯࢞ࣟࣥࡢ࢞ࢯࣜࣥ࡟ྵࡲ

ࢀࡿ㖄ࡢ㔞ࠊ⎔ቃ㛵㐃᮲⣙ࠊつไࢆཷࡅࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄪᰝ㸦:() ࡢᣦᶆ㸧ࠊởᰁ≀㉁ࡢ᤼ฟ㔞ࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮౑⏝㔞ࠊ බⓗ㒊㛛ࡢ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ᨭฟ࡜ᵝࠎ࡞௦⌮ኚᩘࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(10)

ไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘࢆ㐺ษ࡟㑅ࡪᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᮏ✏ࡣࠊ2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊබᐖ㜵Ṇᢞ㈨ᨭฟࡣ⏝࠸ࡎࠊ

฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ⤫ィࢹ࣮ࢱࡶ⪃៖ࡋࠊタഛᢞ㈨࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࡢ๭ྜࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ

࡞࠾ࠊ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࢆ⎔ቃつไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏࢆྵࡴඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ࡘ

࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬୺ⓗ࡞⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⮬୺ⓗ࡞⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢྲྀ⤌࡟ࡼ

ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶྰᐃ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ௻ᴗࡢ♫఍ⓗ㈐௵㸦CSR㸧ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚⎔ቃ࡬ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡢጼໃࢆᰴ୺ࡸᾘ

㈝⪅࡟࢔ࣆ࣮ࣝࡋࡓ࠸㈨ᮏຊࡢ࠶ࡿ኱௻ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉࡟⮬୺ⓗྲྀ⤌࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿ࡜

⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

㸺⿵ຓ㔠ࠊ฼┈㸼㸦ࡑࡢ௚ࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸧

ࡑࡢ௚ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢㄏᅉ࡜࡞ࡾᚓࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠㸦௻ᴗࡢ♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿᅜ࣭

ᆅ᪉බඹᅋయ࠿ࡽࡢཷධ◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜ㸧ࠊ฼┈㸦௜ຍ౯್㢠࠿ࡽ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓ್ࢆᑐᩘ

໬ࡋࡓᩘ್㸧ࢆㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅇᖐᘧ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓࠋ௻ᴗࡣࠊᅜࡸᆅ᪉බඹᅋయ➼࠿ࡽ⿵ຓ㔠࡜࠸

࠺ᙧ࡛◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࢆཷධࢀࢀࡤࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀฟࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ௻ᴗ ࡣ฼┈ࡀฟࢀࡤࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺వ⿱ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

㸺ྛㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ➢ྕ᮲௳㸼

ྛㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐃ⩏ཬࡧண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ➢ྕ᮲௳ࡣ⾲2ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡶࡋࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡍࡿሙྜࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ྠࡌഴྥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋

ࢩࣙࣥࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

㏫࡟ࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡣ᪤࡟ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ

⎔ቃᑐ⟇ࡶ༑ศ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊຠ⋡໬ࡍࡿవᆅࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦ణࡋࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ┬

࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮➼࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ࢆຠ⋡໬ࡉࡏࡿవᆅࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸧ࠋ 㸺ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢฟᡤ㸼

ࡲࡎࠊ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⥲ົ┬ࠗ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡◊✲ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢࠕ⏘

ᴗࠊ≉ᐃ┠ⓗ㸦8 ศ㔝㸧ู♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝ࠖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃศ㔝 ࡢ◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜࢆィ⟬ࡋࠊ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᮏ✏ࡢ୺せ࡞㛵ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿ⎔ቃつ ไࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗ௻ᴗ㔠⼥ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢࠕᅜෆタഛᢞ㈨ࠖࡢࠕᢞ㈨┠ⓗูᵓᡂẚࠖ

ࡢࠕ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ᢞ㈨ࠖࡢ๭ྜࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ௚ࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ௦⌮ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௻

ᴗࡢࠕ♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝ࠖ࡟༨ࡵࡿࠕཷධ◊✲㈝ࠖࡢ๭ྜࢆィ⟬ࡋࠊ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋ฼┈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗᕤᴗ⤫ィ⾲㸦⏘ᴗ⦅㸧࠘ࡢ⏘ᴗ୰ศ㢮ูࡢࠕ௜ຍ౯್㢠ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠ࠖࢆ

ᘬ࠸ࡓ㢠ࢆィ⟬ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟௚ࡢኚᩘ࡜ࡢ᱆ᩘࡢ㐪࠸ࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊᑐᩘ໬ࡋࡓᩘ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ 㸺ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡢ10ᴗ✀㸼

ᮏ✏࡛ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗ✀ࡣ⾲3ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗ௻ᴗ㔠⼥ㄪᰝ࠘㸦2014ᖺࡢㄪᰝࢆࡶࡗ࡚୰Ṇ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃ➼ࡢࠕ┠ⓗูタഛ ᢞ㈨ࡢᵓᡂẚࠖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗ✀ศ㢮ᩘࡀ௚ࡢ⤫ィࡢᴗ✀ศ㢮ᩘࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ᮏ✏࡛ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᴗ✀ࡣࠊྛ⤫ィୖࡢᴗ✀ศ㢮ࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿ10ᴗ✀࡟⤠ࡗࡓࠋ

(11)

⾲㸰 ኚᩘࡢᐃ⩏࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ➢ྕ᮲௳

⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ ᐃ⩏ ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢฟᡤ

env_rd ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜ

㸦⎔ቃศ㔝ࡢ♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝㸭♫ෆ౑⏝

◊✲㈝㸧

⥲ົ┬ࠗ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡◊✲ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢࠕ⏘

ᴗࠊ≉ᐃ┠ⓗ㸦8ศ㔝㸧ู♫ෆ౑

⏝◊✲㈝ࠖ

㸦ὀ㸧⥲ົ┬ࠗ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡◊✲ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢࠕ⏘ᴗࠊ≉ᐃ┠ⓗ㸦8ศ㔝㸧ู♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝ࠖࡢ8ศ㔝ࡣࠊࠕࣛ࢖ࣇ

ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕ᝟ሗ㏻ಙศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕ⎔ቃศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕ≀㉁࣭ᮦᩱศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕࢼࣀࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ศ㔝ࠖࠊ ࠕ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕᏱᐂ㛤Ⓨศ㔝ࠖࠊࠕᾏὒ㛤Ⓨศ㔝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ

ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ ᐃ⩏ ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢฟᡤ ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ➢ྕ᮲௳

er ⎔ቃつไ㸦ᅜෆタഛᢞ㈨

࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ᢞ㈨ࡢ

๭ྜ㸧

⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗ௻ᴗ㔠⼥

ㄪᰝ࠘ࡢࠕᅜෆタഛᢞ

㈨ࠖࡢࠕᢞ㈨┠ⓗูᵓ ᡂẚࠖ㸦㸣㸧

ࣉࣛࢫ

㸦஧஌㡯㸸࣐࢖ࢼࢫ㸧

subsidy ⿵ຓ㔠㸦ཷධ◊✲㈝㸭♫

ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝㸧

⥲ົ┬ࠗ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡◊✲

ㄪᰝ࠘

ࣉࣛࢫ

㸦஧஌㡯㸸࣐࢖ࢼࢫ㸧 profit

฼┈㸦௜ຍ౯್㢠㸫⌧㔠

⤥୚⥲㢠㸧㸦ᑐᩘ໬ࡋࡓ

್㸧

⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗᕤᴗ⤫ィ

⾲㸦⏘ᴗ⦅㸧࠘

ࣉࣛࢫ

㸦஧஌㡯㸸࣐࢖ࢼࢫ㸧㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅సᡂ

⾲㸱 ศᯒᑐ㇟ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗ✀୍ぴ

⏕ά㛵㐃ᆺ⏘ᴗ

⧄⥔ᕤᴗ

ᇶ♏⣲ᮦᆺ⏘ᴗ

ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭⣬ຍᕤရ〇㐀ᴗ

໬Ꮫᕤᴗ

▼Ἔ〇ရ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ

❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ 㕲㗰ᴗ

㠀㕲㔠ᒓ〇㐀ᴗ

ຍᕤ⤌❧ᆺ⏘

㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ࣭ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࣭㟁Ꮚᅇ㊰〇㐀ᴗ 㟁ẼᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ

㍺㏦⏝ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ

㸦ὀ㸧ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭⣬ຍᕤရ〇㐀ᴗࠊ໬Ꮫᕤᴗࠊ㕲㗰ᴗࠊ㟁ẼᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊ

⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࡀ኱ࡁ࠸⏘ᴗ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅సᡂ

(12)

࡞࠾ࠊᴗ✀ࡈ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗᕤᴗ⤫ィ⾲࠘ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᇶ࡜࡞ࡿࠕᕤᴗ

⤫ィㄪᰝ࡛ࠖ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ⏘ᴗ 3 㢮ᆺࠖ㸦⏕ά㛵㐃ᆺ⏘ᴗࠊᇶ♏⣲ᮦᆺ⏘ᴗࠊຍᕤ⤌❧ᆺ⏘

ᴗ㸧ࡢศ㢮࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᮏ✏ࡢᐇドศᯒࡢ୍㒊ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘࢆᑟධࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞

ࢃࡕࠊ⣲ᮦᆺᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮㸦ᇶ♏⣲ᮦᆺ⏘ᴗࡣ1ࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡣ0ࢆ࡜ࡿࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸧ࠊຍᕤᆺᴗ✀ࢲ

࣑࣮㸦ຍᕤ⤌❧ᆺ⏘ᴗࡣ1ࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡣ0ࢆ࡜ࡿࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸧ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᑟධࡋࡓࠋణࡋࠊࣉ࣮

ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡢศᯒࡢ㝿࡟ࡢࡳᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊඖࠎࠊ ศᯒ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ほᐹ୙ྍ⬟࡞ಶయ㸦ᮏ✏࡛ࡣᴗ✀㸧ࡢᅛ᭷ຠᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡉࢀࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊࢲ࣑࣮

ኚᩘࢆᤄධࡋ࡚ࡶ omit ࡉࢀ࡚᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡀฟࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡶࠊྛ

ಶయࡢᒓᛶࢆㄗᕪ㡯ࡢ୍㒊࡜⪃࠼࡚ࠊ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡀฟࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸺ࡑࡢ௚␃ពⅬ㸦௻ᴗࡢつᶍ㸧㸼

⎔ቃR&D࡟㝈ࡽࡎࠊR&Dࢆቑࡸࡍ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢつᶍ࡛␗࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࠊ௻ᴗつᶍࢆ⪃៖

ࡋࡓศᯒࡶ㔜せᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᮏ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡓ⤫ィ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗつᶍูࡢࢹ࣮

ࢱࡀ࠶ࡿ⤫ィࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ஦ᴗᡤࡢつᶍู࡛ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ィࡋࡓࡶࡢࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡢᩚྜᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ⏘ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ௻ᴗつᶍูࡢศᯒࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚

࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

㸳㸬ศᯒ⤖ᯝ

㸦㸯㸧グ㏙ⓗศᯒ

ྛኚᩘࡢグ㏙⤫ィࡣ⾲㸲ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⎔ቃ㛵㐃 R&D ࡢ๭ྜࡣ 0.03㹼 32.98㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไ㸦タഛᢞ㈨࡟༨ࡵࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃タഛᢞ㈨ࡢ๭ྜ㸧

ࡣ0.7㹼33㸣ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠㸦♫ෆ౑⏝◊✲㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿᅜ➼࠿ࡽࡢཷධ◊✲㈝ࡢ๭ྜ㸧ࡣ0.61㹼21.49㸣ࠊ

฼┈㸦௜ຍ౯್㢠࠿ࡽ⌧㔠⤥୚㢠ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓ㢠㸦༢఩㸸ⓒ୓㸧ࢆᑐᩘ໬ࡋࡓ್㸧ࡣ2.38㹼58.59࡛

࠶ࡿࠋ

⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ⎔ቃ㛵㐃R&D࡜⎔ቃつไࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᩓᕸᅗࡣᅗ㸱ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ṇࡢ㛵ಀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ㏫UᏐࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡶぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊᩓᕸᅗ࠿ࡽࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ᫂☜࡞

㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜᩿ᐃࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྛᖺࡢᖹᆒ್ࡣ⾲㸳ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺࠎቑຍ ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ

ᴗ✀㛫࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⾲㸴ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜ࡟㛵ࡋࠊ▼Ἔ

〇ရ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ 25㸣ࠊ㍺㏦⏝ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ 16㸣࡜㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋణࡋࠊ⣲ᮦᆺ⏘ᴗ

࡜⤌❧⏘ᴗ࡛ࠊ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ྛኚᩘ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ࢆ♧ࡍ┦㛵ಀᩘࡣࠊ⾲㸵ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ⎔ቃR㸤D࡜ࠊྛ

ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ0.1ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡀ0.4ࠊ฼┈ࡀ0.5࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡜ࡢ┦

㛵ࡣᑠࡉࡃࠊ฼┈࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ┦㛵ࡣᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸

ࡓࡵࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ᳨࡛ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

(13)

⾲㸲グ㏙⤫ィ

Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max

env_rd 120 7.400083 7.852339 .03 32.98

er 120 4.335833 3.900286 .7 33

subsidy 120 4.904417 4.381304 .61 21.49

profit 120 12.09174 9.290487 2.384567 58.59772

ᅗ㸱 ⎔ቃ㛵㐃 5 '㸦๭ྜ㸧࡜⎔ቃつไࡢᙉࡉ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡍᩓᕸᅗ

HQYB5'

HU

(14)

⾲㸳 ⎔ቃ㛵㐃 5 ' ࡢ๭ྜࡢᖺᖹᆒ

⾲㸴 ⎔ቃ㛵㐃 5 ' ࡢ๭ྜࡢᴗ✀ࡈ࡜ࡢᖹᆒ id mean

2 4.668333 3 2.578333 5 3.863333 6 25.93167 9 4.285 10 4.566667 11 2.958333 13 3.655833 14 4.630833 16 16.8625 Total 7.400083

㸦ὀ㸧ྛᴗ✀idࡀ♧ࡍᴗ✀ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋ 2㸸⧄⥔ᕤᴗ

3㸸ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭⣬ຍᕤရ〇㐀ᴗ 5㸸໬Ꮫᕤᴗ

6㸸▼Ἔ〇ရ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ

9㸸❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ 10㸸㕲㗰ᴗ 11㸸㠀㕲㔠ᒓ〇㐀ᴗ

13㸸㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ࣭ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࣭㟁Ꮚᅇ㊰

14㸸㟁ẼᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ 16㸸㍺㏦⏝ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ 㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅సᡂ

⾲㸵 ኚᩘ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘ

env_rd er subsidy profit

env_rd 1.0000

er 0.1032 1.0000

subsidy 0.4843 0.4435 1.0000

profit 0.5718 0.1686 0.4395 1.0000

㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅స

㸦㸰㸧ࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ

᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢㄏᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊィ㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ฼⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ㏆ᖺࡢ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡍ࡭ࡃࠊ

᫬⣔ิ࡛2002㹼2013ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࠊࢡࣟࢫ࣭ࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ〇㐀ᴗࡢ10ᴗ✀ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࣉ࣮

ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࠊኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ㸱ࡘࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ

ࡽࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ࡝ࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀࡼࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸࠿Ỵࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊࣔࢹࣝ㑅ᢥࡢࡓࡵࡢྛ✀᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⤖ᯝ

ࢆ⾲8࡟♧ࡋࡓࠋ

year mean 2002 4.846 2003 5.17 2004 5.486 2005 6.722 2006 7.832 2007 7.098 2008 7.634 2009 8.814 2010 8.918 2011 8.663 2012 8.625 2013 8.993 Total 7.400083

(15)

⾲㸶 ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ

pooling fixed effect random effect

er .407

(0.275)

.196 (0.167)

.207 (0.155)

ersq -.010

(0.405)

-.012 ***

(0.006)

-.012 ***

(0.007)

subsidy 1.013 **

(0.012)

1.406 ***

(0.000)

1.451 ***

(0.000)

subsidysq -.025

(0.281)

-.092 ***

(0.000)

-.093 ***

(0.000)

profit .381 *

(0.046)

-.091 (0.444)

-.035 (0.765) profitsq

d_material d_processing

.003 (0.389) -5.078 **

(0.018) 2.486 (0.249)

.001 (0.278)

.001 (0.413)

_cons -.967

(0.695)

4.725 ***

(0.002)

3.896 (0.126) ほ ᩘ 120

F್ = 0.0000

Hausman test: Prob>chi2 = 0.0000

Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian test: Prob > chibar2 = 0.0000

*** ࡣ1%ࠊ**ࡣ5%ࠊ*ࡣ10%ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᣓᘼෆࡣP್ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ 㸦ฟᡤ㸧➹⪅సᡂ

ࣔࢹࣝࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ᥎ィࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊF್=0.0000࡜࡞ࡾࠊ

ࣉ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡼࡾࡶᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ

࡜ኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࠊࣁ࢘ࢫ᳨࣐ࣥᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࢝࢖஧஌್ࡀ 0.0000 ࡛ࠊᖐ↓௬ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠕᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡼࡾࡶኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡀ ṇࡋ࠸ࠖࡣᲠ༷ࡉࢀࠊኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡼࡾࡶᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᪉ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࡞

࠾ࠊᛕࡢࡓࡵࠊኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࣉ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡀࡼࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸࠿࡟ࡘ࠸

࡚ࠊࣈ࣮ࣝࢩࣗ㸻᳨࣮࣌࢞ࣥᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࢝࢖஧஌್ࡀ 0.0000 ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࠕኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹ

ࣝࡼࡾࡶࣉ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡀṇࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡣᲠ༷ࡉࢀࠊࣉ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡼࡾࡣ ኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡀࡼࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡀ᭱ࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜

ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ

ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ୰࡛⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡞ኚᩘࡣࠊ⎔

ቃつไࡢ஧஌㡯ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ஧஌㡯࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⎔ቃつไࠊ฼┈ࠊ฼┈ࡢ஧஌㡯ࡣ⤫

ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㛵ᚰࡢ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿ⎔ቃつไࡣ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢ R&D

࡟⥺ᙧࡢᙧ࡛ࡣᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢR&D࡟ࡣ㈇

ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜࠸࠺㏫UᏐࡢᙧ࡛ࡢ㛵ಀࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡯࠿ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡣ⎔ቃ㛵㐃

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ࡢR&D࡟ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡀࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝࡟༨ࡵࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ⿵ຓ㔠࡟౫Ꮡࡋ ࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚R&D࡟㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋ฼┈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊR&D࡬ࡢᙳ 㡪ࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

࡞࠾ࠊࣉ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊྛ✀᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ᭱ࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢ ࡢࠊ⣲ᮦᆺᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸦d_material㸧ཬࡧຍᕤᆺᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮㸦d_processing㸧ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࣔ

ࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊᛕࡢࡓࡵ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ⣲ᮦᆺᴗ✀ࢲ࣑࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳ࣐࢖ࢼ ࢫ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⣲ᮦᆺᴗ✀࡛ࡣ⎔ቃ㛵㐃R&Dࡢ๭ྜࡀ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

㸴㸬⤖ㄽ࠾ࡼࡧ⪃ᐹ

ᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡀ 1970 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒ῭ࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ 2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊࡼࡾ♫఍ࡀᡂ⇍໬ࡋࡓ㏆ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡀ

♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ⎔ቃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋᚓࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ⎔ቃつ

ไ࡜⎔ቃR&Dࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊィ㔞

ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡣᡂ⇍ẁ㝵ࢆ㏄࠼ࠊᾏእ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘ẚ⋡ࡶ㧗ࡲࡿ

୰ࠊᅜෆ࡟ṧࡗࡓ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡢศ㢮ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃៖ࡋࠊ

᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᥞࡗࡓᴗ✀ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ィ㔞ศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ୍஌㡯ࡣ⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜ࡟ᖖ

࡟ྠࡌᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ஧஌㡯ࡣ⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜

࠿ࡽࠊ⎔ቃつไ࡜⎔ቃR&Dࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㏫UᏐࡢ㛵ಀࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ࠶ࡲࡾᙉࡃ࡞ࡅ

ࢀࡤ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜࢆቑࡸࡍ㸦ࠕᙅ࠸࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࠖࡀጇᙜࡍࡿవᆅࡀ࠶ࡿ㸧ࡀࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ

ᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜࢆ㏴ῶࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊ1990ᖺ௦௨๓ࢆ

ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊศᯒࣔࢹࣝࡶ⥺ᙧࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝⎔ቃ

R&Dࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ

࡚ᅜෆࡢ⏘ᴗࡢάຊࢆ㜼ᐖࡋࠊ⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜࡶῶᑡࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࠊ 㠀⥺ᙧࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ஧஌㡯࡛⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇ ࡢⅬࡀඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡘࡲࡾࠊඛ㐍ᅜ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᅜෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᪤࡟࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣຠ⋡ⓗ࡞

⏕⏘ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ⛬ᗘࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢR&Dࢆಁ㐍 ࡉࡏࡿవᆅࡣṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⎔ቃつไࡢ⛬ᗘࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢR&Dࢆ ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

⎔ቃつไࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚⎔ቃR&Dࡢ๭ྜࡀ㏴ῶࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚

⪃࠼ࡽࢀᚓࡿࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶᅜෆࡢ⎔ቃつไࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿ࡜ࠊᅜෆ࡛⎔ቃR&D࡟ࡼࡾ

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡼࡾࡶࠊởᰁ㏨㑊௬ㄝࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟⦆࠸࡜⪃

࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㏵ୖᅜ➼ࡢᾏእ࡟⏕⏘ᣐⅬࢆ⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢁ࠺㸦ởᰁ㏨㑊௬ ㄝࡣᮏ✏ࡢศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊูࡢᶵ఍ࡢ᳨ウㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸㸧ࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ

࠸࡚ࡣࠊᖺࠎᾏእ⏕⏘ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᾏእࡢᏊ఍♫ࡸ⌧ᆅἲே࡟ᢏ⾡㍺ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᾏ እ⏕⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕤሙ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚⎔ቃಖ඲ᑐ⟇ࢆ⾜࠸ࡘࡘ⏕⏘ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࠊ〇

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ရࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛⎔ቃ࡟ࡸࡉࡋ࠸ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ⎔ቃᑐ⟇ࢆ⾜࠺᪉ྥ࡟⛣⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ

࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢᵝࠎ࡞◊✲࡛ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧࣉࣛ࢖࣭

ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥ඲య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ⎔ቃಖ඲ᑐ⟇ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ3.㸦2㸧࡛ゝཬࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ௻ᴗ ࡢ⎔ቃ⤒ႠࡶⓎᒎࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᾘ㈝ẁ㝵࡛ࡢ࢚ࢥ࡞〇ရࢆᾘ㈝⪅ࡀዲࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊEU ࡟

࠾ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞〇ရࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⎔ቃつไࡀ௻ᴗࡢ⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶࠊ༑

ศ࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

㸵㸬௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟

㸦㸯㸧࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡢ⌧ᅾⓗព⩏ࡢ᳨ウ

࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡀ࣐࢖ࢣ࣭࣏࣮ࣝࢱ࣮࡟ࡼࡾᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠿ࡽࠊ⣙25ᖺࡀ⤒ࡘࠋ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡢࣂࣈࣝ⤒῭࡜ࡑࡢᔂቯࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ1990ᖺ௦ཬࡧ2000ᖺ௦࡟ࡣప㏞ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰࡛ࠊ ࡣࡓࡋ࡚࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡀጇᙜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ෌⪃ࡍࡿᚲ せࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡣࠊඖࠎ௻ᴗࡢ⤒ႠᏛⓗព࿡࠿ࡽࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ

⤒῭ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊඛ㐍ᅜࡢ⤒῭࣭⏘ᴗᵓ㐀⮬యࡀࠊపⅣ⣲♫఍ࢆ┠ᣦࡋヨ⾜㘒ㄗࢆࡍࡿ୰ࠊ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮

௬ㄝࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡘព࿡ࢆࠊ௒ᚋࡶ༑ศ᳨ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

㸦㸰㸧ෆ⏕ᛶࡢྍ⬟ᛶ

ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊRubashkina, Galeotti and Verdolini(2015)(p8)ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊෆ⏕ᛶ ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆຍ࿡ࡋࡓศᯒࣔࢹࣝࡣ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋRubashkina, Galeotti and Verdolini(2015) ࡣࠊෆ⏕ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀࣟࣅ࣮άື࡟ࡼࡾ⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦ

᦬ࡋࠊ᧯సኚᩘࢆᑟධࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰㛗ᮇࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡀࣟ

ࣅ࣮άື➼࡟ࡼࡾ⎔ቃつไࡢไᐃࡸᨵᗫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜࠸࠺ෆ⏕ᛶࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓ

ࡵࠊཝᐦ࡟ࡣෆ⏕ᛶࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃៖ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒࡶᚲせࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ణࡋࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⎔ቃつไࡀ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ࡢR&D࡟ཬࡰࡍ▷ᮇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ

㏫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞࠸࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊෆ⏕ᛶࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

㸦ཷ⌮᪥ 2015ᖺ10᭶30᪥㸧㸦ᥖ㍕チྍ᪥ 2016ᖺ2᭶1᪥㸧 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

Ambec, S., M. Cohen, S. Elgie, and P. Lanoie(2013) “The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can environmental regulation enhance innovation and competitiveness?,” Review of environmental economics and policy, 7(1), 2-22.

Arimura, T, A. Hibiki, and N. Jonhston(2007), “An empirical study of environmental R&D:

What encourages facilities to be environmentally innovative ?,” ‘Environmental policy and

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corporate behavior’, OECD.

᭷ᮧಇ⚽࣭ᮡ㔝ㄔ㸦2008㸧ࠕ⎔ቃつไࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡬ࡢᙳ㡪㸫௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝ⎔ቃ㛵㐃◊✲㛤Ⓨᨭฟࢹ࣮

ࢱ࡟ࡼࡿ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡢ᳨ド㸫ࠖࠗ◊✲ᢏ⾡ィ⏬࠘➨23ᕳ3ྕ㸪201-211㡫ࠋ

Brännlund, R. and T. Lundgren (2009), “Environmental policy without costs? A review of the Porter Hypothesis," International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 3, 75-117.

Broberg, T., P.Marklund, E.Samakovlis, H. Hammar(2013) “Testing the Porter hypothesis:

the effects of environmental investments on efficiency in Swedish industry,” Journal of Productivity Analysis, 40(1), 43-56.

Brunel, C. and A. Levinson(2013) “Measuring environmental regulatory stringency,” OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers, 2013/05, OECD Publishing.

Brunnermeier, S. and M. Cohen(2003), “Determinants of environmental innovation in US manufacturing industries,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 45, 278-293.

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⸨஭⚽㐨㸦2013㸧ࠕ᪥⡿〇㐀ᴗ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀ࡜እ㒊せᅉࠖࠗ⤌⧊໬Ꮫ࠘➨46ᕳ➨4ྕ㸪83-101 㡫ࠋ

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὾ᮏග⤂㸦1997㸧ࠕ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽத࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ࡜ᐇドศᯒࠖࠗ⥂⃽ㄽྀ࠘➨160ᕳ

➨5࣭6ྕ㸪102-120㡫ࠋ

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ఀ⸨⏤ᐉ࣭Ọ⏣຾ஓ㸦2012㸧ࠕ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ໬᳨ウ࡜ᐇドࠖࠗ᪥ᮏ

༳ๅᏛ఍ㄅ࠘➨49ᕳ➨6ྕ㸪417-423㡫ࠋ

ఀ⸨ᗣ࣭ᾆᓥ㑥Ꮚ㸦2013㸧ࠕ࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝ࡜ࢢ࣮࣭ࣜࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ̺ࣙࣥ㐺ษ࡟ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡉࢀࡓ

⎔ቃ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ⎔ቃつไࡢᑟධ̺ࠖࠗ⎔ቃᢏ⾡ືྥ࠘2013ᖺ3࣭4᭶ྕ㸪30-39ࠋ

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㔠Ꮚៅ἞㸦2011㸧ࠕ⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀ᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡜௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖࠗ⎔ቃ◊✲࠘no.161㸪 116-123㡫ࠋ

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㔠Ꮚៅ἞࣭⸨஭⚽㐨㸦2008㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃຠ⋡࡜⤒῭ຠ⋡ࠖࠗ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ఍ㄅ࠘

➨21ᕳ➨3ྕ㸪239-244㡫ࠋ

㔠ཎ㐩ኵ࣭⸨஭⚽㐨࣭㔠Ꮚៅ἞㸦2007㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃ⾜ື࡜⤒῭࣭⎔ቃࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥ

ࢫࡢ㛵ಀ㸫࣏࣮ࢱ࣮௬ㄝࡢ᳨ド㸫ࠖࠗᅜ㝿༠ຊ◊✲ㄅ࠘➨13ᕳ➨1ྕ㸪29-37㡫ࠋ

㔠ཎ㐩ኵ࣭⸨஭⚽㐨㸦2009㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃ⾜ືࡢᅉᯝⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࠖࠗ᪥

ᮏ⤒ႠᏛ఍ㄅ࠘➨23ྕ㸪4-13㡫ࠋ

ᗈᓥ኱Ꮫ࣭ᮾ໭኱Ꮫ࣭ᗈᓥಟ㐨኱Ꮫ㸦2012㸧ࠗᖹᡂ23ᖺᗘ ⎔ቃ⤒῭ࡢᨻ⟇◊✲㸸⎔ቃ⤒Ⴀ᫬௦

࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡜௻ᴗ⾜ືࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ ᭱⤊◊✲ሗ࿌᭩࠘⎔ቃ┬ࠋ

⎔ቃ┬(2014)ࠗᖹᡂ26ᖺ∧ ⎔ቃ࣭ᚠ⎔ᆺ♫఍࣭⏕≀ከᵝᛶⓑ᭩࠘⎔ቃ┬ࠋ

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ෆ㛶ᗓ(2010)ࠗᖹᡂ22ᖺᗘ ᖺḟ⤒῭㈈ᨻሗ࿌㸦⤒῭㈈ᨻᨻ⟇ᢸᙜ኱⮧ሗ࿌㸧㸫㟂せࡢ๰㐀࡟ࡼ

ࡿᡂ㛗ຊࡢᙉ໬㸫࠘ෆ㛶ᗓࠋ

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ᨻ⟇◊✲኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ࣭ᮾ໭኱Ꮫ࣭ᅜ㐃኱Ꮫ㸦2012㸧ࠗᖹᡂ23ᖺᗘ ⎔ቃ⤒῭ࡢᨻ⟇◊✲㸸᪥ᮏ

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ࡢ⎔ቃᢏ⾡⏘ᴗࡢඃ఩ᛶ࡜ᅜ㝿➇தຊ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒ࣭ホ౯ཬࡧࢢ࣮࣭ࣜࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᨻ⟇

࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ ᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩࠘⎔ቃ┬ࠋ

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