Replies ① ‐⑥
① Jovce bOught a
② Joyce bOught a
③ Joyce bOught a
④ Joyce bOught a
⑤ Joyce bOught a
⑥ Joyce bOught a
new Mexlcan new Mexlcan new Mexlcan
glass yesterday.
glass yesterday.
glass yesterday.
glass yesterday.
glass yesterday.
glass vesterdav.
new new new
Mexlcan Mexlcan Mexlcan
For example, the sound waves, broadband spectrogram, and narrow band spectrograln are shown below for two utterances of
̀̀Joyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday。 '':one utterance for the response to
Who bought a new Mexican glass yesterday?"and
one utterance for̀̀What did JOyce do yesterday?"
i500 1650 1800 :950 2100 2250 2400 2550 (●sec) １
０
・１ ８ 版 ６
４
２
０ ８ Ｈ２ ８
４
２
０
I:￨:￨￨・
■
Щ
I.‖‖
150 100 150 o00 150 100 1050 1200 1350 i500 1650 '000 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550(osec)
︺ｉ
・ １
０
¨１ ３ Ｈ２
６
４
２
０ ８ 版
６
４
２
０
〕
1 説=載
1尋 尋
″ 毎‐ サ￨
…
￨」oyce l bought a lnewl Mexican l glass l yesterday l
Figure 3.2:The spectrograms of a subject uttering Reply ②
Sound waves, broadband spectrograms, and narrow band
spectrograms were made in order to locate segmentation boundaries. In Figure 3.l and Figure 3.2 above,foot boundaries are indicated by the symbOl̀̀￨"below the spectrograms. In Figure 3.1,the nucleus was placed On the word Joyce,"while in Figure 3.2, it was On the phrasebought a." The
ШLeaSurenlent of duration was IIlade between the beginning of the initial consonant closure and the end of the final consonant closure. However,fOr the first foot,it was difficult to IIleasure the closure duration,and thus the measuremLent Of duration of the first foot was lnade starting with the release Ofthe word̀̀Joyce.''3。
2.3.Results
The results Of this experiIIlent are tabulated below. The duration of each foot and the duration of the whole sentence were measured in lnilliseconds. In the table below,the foot is shown in shaded italics when the nucleus of the sentence is placed on this
foot.The numbers
①to
⑥ in the left column show the expected replies when the nucleus of the sentence changed fromJoyce"to
yesterday.'' The numbers in the far right column indicate the length Of whOle sentence. For example,the duration of the word」oyce"in Table 3.l was 420 Hls in Reply ①,but it was 273 111s in Reply(Э
.In addition,the duration of the whole sentence was 2444 msin Reply
①and 2494 msin Reply
②.Table 3.1(Subject l)
」oyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday
① イ′θ ms 389 ms 207 ms 554 ms 332 ms 542 ms 2444 ms
② 273 ms θθJ ms 156 ms 554 ms 318 ms 528 ms 2494 ms
③ 289 ms 405 ms イ′′ms 586 ms 346 ms 483 ms 2602 ms
④ 293 ms 341 ms ms δθ′ms 320 ms 515 ms 2379 ms
⑤ 277 ms 334 ms 177 ms 540 ms Jイイms 510 ms 2382 ms
⑥ 285 ms 303 ms ms 533 ms 328 ms JθJ ms 2176 ms
Table 3。2(Subject 2)
Joyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday
① J′ams 596ms 261 ms 530ms 357ms 465ms 2739ms
② 378ms ア2為s 187ms 509ms 363ms 528ms 2687ms
③ 330ms 644ms θθ′ms 569ms 352ms 494ms 2752ms
④ 338ms 590ms 244ms σ′7m s 363ms 546ms 2778ms
⑤ 358ms 580ms 192ms 610ms イθ′ms 497ms 2719ms
⑥ 330ms 597ms 190ms 497ms 438ms θθ5ms 2657ms
Table 3.3(Subject 3)
Table 3.5(Subject 5)
Joyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday
① 502ms 565ms 227ms 594ms 395ms 522ms 2805ms
② 374ms θ′θms 294ms 565ms 437ms 600ms 2898ms
③ 348ms 363ms θ7′ms 669ms 363ms 696ms 2818ms
④ 386ms 379ms 221 ms ノイ飾 s 420ms 693ms 2839ms
⑤ 365ms 365ms 175ms 708ms イθθm s 777ms 2858ms
⑥ 382ms 353ms 245ms 562ms 338ms アイθms 2629ms
Table 3.4(Subject 4)
Joyce bought a new Mexican giass yesterday
① イβθm s 461 ms 165ms 549ms 451 ms 584ms 2696ms
② 341 ms イ∂′ms 183ms 545ms 462ms 583ms 2600ms
③ 362ms 337ms ′′ams 570ms 419ms 574ms 2652ms
④ 281 ms 271 ms 228ms θθθm s 451 ms 580ms 2474ms
⑤ 387ms 298ms 200ms 584ms ∂θ/ms 604ms 2674ms
⑥ 320ms 256ms 182ms 506ms 441 ms σJams 2355ms
Joyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday
① θZ′ms 318ms 145ms 480ms 330ms 439ms 2084ms
② 220ms θ′∂ms 149ms 502ms 336ms 459ms 1992ms
③ 225ms 289ms ノθ9ms 489ms 333ms 454ms 1959ms
④ 248ms 309ms 157ms J′ノms 301 ms 442ms 1978ms
⑤ 237ms 31l ms 115ms 526ms θ′′ms 449ms 1967ms
⑥ 209 ms 287 ms ms 51l ms 334 ms イ7 Jms 1945 ms
Table 3.6(Subject 6)
Joyce bought a new Mexican glass yesterday
① θノθ ms 307 ms 239 ms 502 333 ms 472 ms 2163 ms
② 250 ms イθθ ms 196 ms 504 ms 348 ms 463 ms 2161 ms
③ ms 292 ms ′7ノ ms 502 ms 324 ms 441 ms 2016 ms
④ 228 ms 292 ms 195 ms Jθθ ms 356 ms ms 2180 ms
⑤ 234 ms 292 ms ms 568 ms θ∂イms 529 ms 2204 ms
⑥ 237 ms 257 ms 217 ms 480 ms 302 ms J′θ ms 2019 ms
２ ２ ３ ３
4.Discusslon
4.1.The Length of a Nucleic Foot
Thè̀nucleic foot"is defined as the foot which contains the nucleus of an utterance.
In English,the nucleus Of an utterance usually tends to occur on the stressed syllable of the last content word in the utterance
(Gilnson, 2008; Teschner & Whitley, 2004; Crystal, 2008).
Moreover, the syllable which cOntains the nucleus is usually
uttered with strong intensity,a relatively long duration,and a wide pitch IIlovement(Shinlizu,1995;Takebayashi,1996).
According to Klatt(1976), the duration of a word which has emphatic Or contrastive stress increases by 10% or more. This ilnplies that the word
yesterday" in my research should be
lengthened when the nucleus is placed on the stressed syllable of this word. I will now investigate if this elongation is also observed on other feet when the nucleus is placed on each foot in turn.
The fO110wing figures show the percentage of the duration of each foot compared to the duratiOn ofthe whole sentence. The bar chart for each figure enables us tO compare the differences between the foot duration when the sentence nucleus was placed on this foot and when the sentence nucleus was not placed on it.
It can be seen from these figures that every foot is lengthened when the sentence nucleus is placed on ito M[oreover,the degree of elongation is not fixed. This is partly because the duration of a foot is affected by its pOsition in the sentence (Fourakins &
Monahan, 1988)。 For example, a nucleic foot which is earlier in the sentence tends to be produced longer to convey an emphatic or contrastive lneaning(Teschner dtt Whitley,2004).
SutteCt l 35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
596
0%
□average l
■the nucleus l