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Experilnent 4.2 has shown that the isochronal tendency between feet can be observed even when the nucleus is not on or
C) Sam evaluates the θθ″θθ r′ held in my town
⑤ because in Sentence(), the foot which precedes the word
7.5. The Questionnaire Survey
The questionnaire survey focused on three two‐
syllable adjectives― friendly,''̀̀Stingy,"and cruel''一 and it was conducted with forty subjects:one Canadian,one New Zealander,two British,and thirty… six AIIlericans(See Appendix 7.1). The purpose of this survey was to verify if the choice of the adjective comparative form is determined by the surrounding foot structure。
In this experilnental lnethod, subjects were asked to choose
either the inttectional comparative form or the periphrastic
comparative forIIl as being natural or preferableo Two sentences,
in which the inflectional comparative forIIl and the periphrastic comparative form Of the target atteCtiVes could be appropriate in each sentence,were prepared and analyzed from the rhythⅡlic point
of viewo COncerning the adjective
friendly," for example, thefo110wing two sentences were prepared (See below). It is
hypothesized that for Sentence l, the periphrastic comparative form shOuld be chosen because if stress was placed on the word looks,'' it would cause stress clash, which English speakers psychologically avOid in order to maintain temporal rhythm.20n the other hand,for Sentence 2 below,if the periphrastic comparative forllll is chosen, then the preceding foot would be a
five‐syllable foot, but for the inflectional comparative form, the preceding foot would be a four… syllable foot, Since a five‐ syllable
foOt is beyond the foot lilnits,3 it is hypothesized that the inflectional comparative form should be chosen for Sentence 2.
Thus we can expect, based on foot structure, that the subjects should choose ̀̀Inore friendly" in Sentence l and friendlier'' in Sentence 2.
Sentence l.
He looks friendlier レ
> > >
He looks more
レ 〕ト レ
his unifOrIIl.
ト
ト レ レ
n レ
friendly
"ト
レ
his uniform.
ト
ト レ レ
n レ
Sentence 2.
She answered in a IIlore friendly way.
ト
ト
レ
ト ト レ
ト
レ
>
She answered in a friendlier way.
ト ト レ レ
>>ト
レ7.6.Prediction of the]Results
The comparative form which subjects are expected to use will now be predicted on the basis of foot structure. The six sentences which were listed in a random order in the questionnaire will now be analyzed word by word.
【Friendly】
She answered in a friendlier way.
She answered in a IIlore friendly way.
If the periphrastic comparative form is chosen for this sentence, the preceding foot would be a five‥
syllable foot.TherefOre, it is assuIIled that subjects will use the inflectional comparative form for this sentence.
She answered in a friendlier way.
>ト
ト レ ト ト レ>
He looks friendlier in his uniforln.
He looks more friendly in his uniform。
The periphrastic comparative sentence because by inserting the
friendly,''the number of syllables stress clash is avoided.
forln should be chosen for this
word
Inore'' before the word per foot is IIlanipulated so thatHe looks more
レ 〕レ ト
friendly
〕ト レ
his uniform.
レ
ト レ ト
n ト
I Stingy】
Bob is getting stingier.
Bob is getting lnore stingy.
It is predicted that the inflectional comparative fornl should be taken for this sentence. This is because the stresses in the sentence BOb is getting stingier。"occur in a more regular rhythm than the stresses in the sentence Bob is getting more stingy。''
Bob is getting stingier.
ト
レ
ト レ
>
レHe looks stingier in rags.
He looks lnore stingy in rags.
For this sentence, it is predicted comparative fOrIIl should be chosen because
̀̀Inore"before the word stingy,"the number manipulated sO that stress clash is avoided.
that the periphrastic by inserting the lword of syllables per foot is
He looks more
ト ロト レ
stingy in rags.
>ト
トト
【Cruel】
She replied with a crueler sⅡlile.
She replied with a lnore cruel sIIlile.
For this sentence,if more cruel"is chosen,the preceding foot would have four syllables,but it would have only three syllables if the word crueler"was used instead. Hence,it is expected that the inflectional comparative form will be used in this sentence because it results in IIlore periodic stresses.
She replied with a crueler sIIlile.
> > >
ト レ>ト
トSome dictionaries treat cruel"as a two‐
syllable word(Z'Cひ
,2003;σ
θβ4,2004),but others treat it as one‐syllable word(ZpD,
2008; 錮Zノ
, 2007). This is because cruel" is transcribed asノkru:o1/ and its syllabificatiOns vary depending on dictionaries.
When a dictionary treats the vowels of̀̀cruel"as two consecutive
vowels like[uI]+[0],
Cruel"is syllabicated as consisting of two syllables. On the other hand, if the vowels are treated as a diphthong like[u:0],then cruel"is interpreted as a one‐ syllableword. If the subjects treated the word cruel'' as a one… syllable
word, then stress clash would be caused between
cruel'' and SIIlile." This point alsO supports the prediction that crueler''should be chosen in this sentence.
He was becolning crueler tO his pets.
He was becOming more cruel to his pets.
In this sentence,the periphrastic comparative form should be chosen because by inserting Inore"before cruel,"the number of syllables is manipulated in order to maintain temporal rhythm.
Moreover,if cruel"is regarded as a two‐ syllable word,then
more
cruel'' also shOuld be more likely to be chosen in order to add a syllable to the preceding foot, which would cause the number ofsyllables per feet to be lllore regular.
He was becoⅡLing IIlore cruel to his pets.
レ > レ │ト レ p. >(レ )・ ト レ