「プラセボ反応」についての哲学的考察

「プラセボ反応」についての哲学的考察

著者 重野 豊隆

雑誌名 星薬科大学一般教育論集

号 28

ページ 43‑64

発行年 2010

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1240/00000251/

ȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȷȗȹɁ׎ޙᄑᐎߔ

᥾᥿ៈ᪜

Philosophical Reflections on “ Placebo Response ”

SHIGENO Toyotaka

ɂȫɔȾ

ǽᗧျޙ˨ɂȽɦɜ఍ӛȽ਽ґɥֆɑȽȗ᧭ҷɥǾপᐐȾɂ఍ӛȽᗧȳȻȗȶ ȹੵ˫ȬɞȻˢްɁდ࿡୎ױȟȕɞȻȗșȈʡʳʅʦᴥʡʳʁ˂ʦᴦӛ౓ȉ

(placebo effect)Ɂސ٣ɂǾԗჵɁධխɁ˹ȺǾ஗ȢȞɜᅺɜɟȹȗȲ⁽¹⁾ǿȳȟǾ

পᐐȾɂȈʡʳʅʦᴥᗧျޙ˨ӛ౓ɁȽȗ᧭ҷᴦȉȳȻȗșȦȻɥᅺɜȮȭȾ

ੵ˫ȪȽȗȞȡɝǾȰɁผჵӛ౓ɂᄉ૴ȨɟȽȗȻ᜘ɢɟȹȗɞ⁽²⁾ǿȳȻȬɟ ɃǾȈʡʳʅʦੵ˫ȉȻȗșᅊ޴ɥপᐐȟᅺɞȦȻȟǾᣡȾȰɁӛ౓ɥ܅ɢȮ ȹȪɑșȻȗșᣡᝢɥǾԗჵᐐɂᑔ២ȗᣅɑȩɞɥीȽȗ⁽³⁾ǿȦɁ৙֞ȺɂǾ ผჵӛ౓ȻȗșᬂȺɂপᐐȾȻȶȹȈᅺɂӌȉȺɂȽȢȗɢɃȈᅺɂ܅ӛȉȽ ɁȺȕɞǿటሟɁᄻᄑɂǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȾȷȗȹǾȰɟɥȫȞȾͶ᮷Ȭɞ পᐐᴥผ᮷Ɂکնɂᚱ᮷ᐐᴦɁ቏کȞɜǾඒɁཟȾȷȗȹᐎߔȪȹɒɞȦȻȾ ȕɞǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾɑȭȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȾᩜɢɞႊ᝙ศɥ୥ျȪǾటሟɁᐎߔኰٍɥ

஥ᆬȾȬɞǿᴥቼᴮኮᴦ

ǽቼᴯȾǾȽȯȈʡʳʅʦȉȻȗșӛȞȽȗɂȭɁȈᗧȽɞɕɁȉȟȻȠȾผ ჵȻȗșӛ౓ɥᄉ૴ȬɞɁȞǾপᐐɕȪȢɂˢᓐɁ̷ȁȟȰɁ̜޴ȾᄽᬂȪȲ

᪨Ⱦ੿Ȣ˪ժᜓȨɥࡼȶȹǾȰɁՙȤ՘ɝ஁ɗৰ࣊ɥകᜊȬɞǿᴥቼᴯኮᴦ

ǽቼᴰȾǾԗ࢙ȟȕɜȞȫɔȈʡʳʅʦȉΈႊɥপᐐȾߦȪȹ஥ȞȪȹȗɞ̜

΍ɥ೫᜞ȪǾȰɁکնȾপᐐȾႆȫȹȗɞ࿑ႱȽጽ᮷ȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞǿᴥቼ ᴰኮᴦ

ǽቼᴱȾǾԗჵᇼޙɁґ᥿Ɂᕻంɗᝲ୫˹ȾȪɃȪɃ՘ɝ˨ȥɜɟɞȈʡʳʅ ʦՕख़ȉɥျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ȬɞᝁɒɁșȴǾผჺɁᑩፅɁɛɝпͶᄑȽᩜ˫ȟ᥾

ᛵȽमҾɥ໮ȭɞȈ৙֞ȸȤ͑ᝢȉɥ՘ɝ˨ȥǾȰɁ᪨ȾǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ɂ ɑȳᇼޙᄑȾɂԚґȾɂᜓ஥ȨɟȹȗȽȗȉȻȗșᇼޙᄑ᜘ՒɋɁৰ࣊ɗ৙֞

ɥ஥ɜȞȾȬɞǿᴥቼᴱኮᴦ

ǽቼᴲȾǾȈȰɕȰɕʡʳʅʦՕख़ɂျॴȾɛȶȹɂնျᄑȾ̙ລȺȠȽȗး

៎ȺȕɞȉȻȬɞ਩ჀᄑȽ᜘ՒȾᒱɦȺǾȰɟɋɁৰ࣊Ɂ՘ɝ஁ȾᩜɢɞȗȢ ȷȞɁ˿एɗ૬ಘȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞǿᴥቼᴲȻፀ᝙ᴦ

ǽȽȝǾటሟȺɂ”placebo”Ȼȗșႊ᝙Ɂધȷ۹ᏲॴɥᐎਁȪȹǾஓట᝙᚜ᜤ ȻȪȹǾȈϯᗧȉȺɂȽȢǾɑȲᔐ᝙ᝣɒɁȈʡʳʁ˂ʦȉȺɂȽȢǾɛɝّ

᪨ᄑȾᣮႊȪșɞௐᤇᄑȽ֣ɆջȺȕɞʳʐʽ᝙ᝣɒɁȈʡʳʅʦȉɥ૗ႊȬ ɞȦȻȾȬɞǿ（ቼᴮኮՎྃᴦ

ǽɑȲǾᢷంˁ̜ъኄɁట୫ɗᤳᜭɁҟႊȾ᪨ȪȹɂǾȰɁట୫˹ɗᤳᜭ˹Ɂ ȈϯᗧȉȻȈʡʳʁ˂ʦȉɥȬɌȹ۰௿ȪȹȈʡʳʅʦȉȺፋˢȪȲȦȻǾɑȲǾ

టሟɁ୫ᑩȾภȶȹɑȲ୫Ͷ˨ɁፋˢɁȲɔȾˢ᥂ᜭ୫ɥ۰௿ȪȲȦȻɥǾȕ ɜȞȫɔȝ୽ɝȪȹȝȢǿ

ᜲ

(1) ȈʡʳʅʦȉȝɛɆȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȻȗșႊ᝙ɁධխпᓐȾȷȗȹɂǾ˩

ᜤɁ୫စኄɥՎྃǿ

Howard Brody,Placebo and the Philophy of Medicine, p.8-p.59, the University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Howard Brody, The Placebo Response, p.16-p.31, Caroline Myss, Crown Publishers, 1997.ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʐɭᕻȊʡʳʁ˂ʦɁผჺӌȋp.35-p.56, ஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ,2004ࢳ)

Arthur K. Shapio & Eliane Shipiro, The Powerful Placebo,The Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1997.

Fabrizio Benedetti, Placebo Effects,p.1-p.18, Oxford Unversity Press. 2009.

(2) ȕɜȞȫɔȈʡʳʅʦȉȳȻᝢ஥ȪȲșțȺɁੵ˫ȺɕǾˢްɁӛ౓ɥધ

ȷکնȟȕɞǿటሟቼᴰኮɥՎྃǿ

(3) Ȉʡʳʅʦੵ˫ȉȻȗșԗჵষڨɁ᫿ᩒᇉȾᩜɢɞԗჵϕျᄑץᭉȾȷȗȹ

ɂǾ˩ᜤɁ୫စኄɥՎྃǿ

Tom L.Beauchamp & James F.Childress. Principle of biomedical Ethics Fifth Edition, p.85-p.88, Oxford Unversity Press, 2001.ᴥʒʪˁLˁʝ˂ʋʭʪǽʂɱ ɮʪʄˁFˁʋʵʓʶʃǽ቏జଡ଼܁ǽᠴ቏௖ޔǽᄶᜭǽȊႆ֤ԗޙϕျǽቼ

̡࿂ȋp.104-p.109, Ჲ༖۾ޙҋ࿂͢2009ࢳᴦ

ࠥటု͍Ȉʡʳʁ˂ʦΈႊɁழ᫿ɥɔȣɞᐎߔȉஓటԗޙ׎ޙˁϕျޙ͢Ȋԗ ޙ׎ޙˁԗޙϕျȋቼ20հ, p.80-p.94,2002ࢳ

۾ڀ઒᤼Ȉᒱࣂᝁ᮷ȾȝȤɞʡʳʅʦߦྃᏰɁඩछॴȾᩜȬɞϕျᄑ೫᜞ȉ ஓటႆ֤ϕျޙ͢Ȋႆ֤ϕျȋVOL.20 NO.1ᣮࢊ21հ, p.38-p.46,2010.

SEP.

ʹᗵগފȈʡʳʅʦȉȊ୿࿂ۄᛃǽႆ֤ϕျ̜ъȋp.791-p.792, ܀᪚ҋ࿂

ખᝲȈɮʽʟɳ˂ʪʓˁɽʽʅʽʒȾȝȤɞȊ᫿઩ᇉᄑৰ࣊ȋȾȷȗȹȉ ஓటԗޙ׎ޙˁϕျޙ͢Ȋԗޙ׎ޙˁԗޙϕျȋቼ21հ, p.158-p.165, 2003 ࢳ

ቼᴮኮǽȈʡʳʅʦȉȻȗșႊ᝙Ɂ۹ᏲॴȻȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɁటሟȺ ɁްᏲ

ǽɿɮʬʽˁʁʽ(Simon Singh) Ȼɲʎɫ˂ʒˁɲʵʽʃʒ(Edzard Ernst)Ⱦɛ ɟɃǾ̾ஓȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȻ֣ɃɟȹȗȲɕɁȟɂȫɔȹᝩ౼Ɂߦ៎ȾȽȶ ȲɁɂǾʢɮɶ˂ʃȟ1800ࢳȾǾȊᡵͶჵศɁՁىȻผჺȾȝȤɞ৊ЅӌȋȻ ȗșᕻͽɥҋ࿂ȪȲȻȠȺȕɞǿʁʽȻɲʵʽʃʒȾɛɟɃǾȈȦȦȺ᥾ᛵȽ ɁɂǾʢɮɶ˂ʃȟʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȟɒȮȞȤȾɎȞȽɜȽȗผჵศȳȤɁɕ

ɁȺɂȽȗȦȻȾ෥ȸȠǾట࿎ɁᗧɁӛ౓Ⱦɕˢम៳ȶȹȗɞȻᝲȫȲȦȻ ȳǿˁˁˁˁ૰᜘ȬɟɃǾట࿎ɁᗧȾɛȶȹीɜɟȲӛȠᄻɁ۾ԡɂᗧᒲͶɁ ӛ౓ȺȕȶȹǾʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȾɛɞɕɁɂˢ᥂ґȾȬȡȽȗɁȾߦȪȹǾɒȮ ȞȤɁᗧȾɛɞӛȠᄻɂǾпᬂᄑȾʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȳȤȞɜɕȲɜȨɟɞȻȗș ȦȻȳǿȉ⁽¹⁾ǿ

ǽɑȭటᝲɁࠕᩒȾоɞҰȾǾਾȁɂǾటሟȺᐎߔȬɞȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȾȷ ȗȹǾȰɕȰɕްᏲȬɞȦȻȰɟᒲͶȾِ఍ɁᫍཟȟͧșȦȻȟ઩ଊȨɟȹȗ ɞȾȮɛ⁽²⁾ǾȨȪȕȲɝᐎߔኰٍɥ஥ᆬȾȬɞȲɔȾǾɑȭȈʡʳʅʦȉ(placebo) Ȼȗșႊ᝙Ɂ۹ᏲॴȾȷȗȹዊԨȽ୥ျɥȪȹȝȠȲȗǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾȈplaceboȉᴥʡʳʅʦᴦɁ᝙ໃɂǾʳʐʽ᝙Ӧ᜽Ȉplaceoȉ(please,give pleasure,׺ɃȮɞ)Ɂᴮ̷ለˁԨୣˁఝ఼ढȺǾȈI shall (will) pleaseȉɥ৙֞Ȭɞ⁽³⁾ǿ ȈপᐐɁȲɔȾȽɞȻȗșɛɝǾԨȾপᐐɥ׺ɃȮɞȦȻɥᄻᄑȻȪȲᗧ࿎Ȼ

ȗș৙֞ȺȷȞɢɟɞȉ⁽⁴⁾ǿ

ǽቼᴯȾǾȈʡʳʅʦȉȾɂǾɑȭȈϯ࿎ȉɗȈ᮸ȬȉȻȗȶȲքްᄑȽ৙֞

ȟȕɞǿஓట᝙ᜭȻȪȹɕȪɃȪɃȈϯᗧȉ⁽⁵⁾ȟႊȗɜɟǾȈʡʳʅʦȾ۾Ƞ Ƚᒱࣂӛ౓ȟȕɞȻȗșಏચɂɎȻɦȼȽȗȻȨɟȹȗɞȉ⁽⁶⁾ǿ

ǽɑȲǾʛʒʴʍɹˁɰɳ˂ʵ (Parick Wall)ȾɛɟɃǾȦɁ᝙ȟքްᄑȽ৙֞

նȗɥ࢛ɆȲධխᄑᑔ௑ȻɂඒɁɛșȽɕɁȺȕɞǿ

ǽȈʡʳʅʦȻȗș᜘ᕹɥGeoffrey Chaucer ȟȬȺȾ1340ࢳȾΈȶȹȗɞǿय ɂȊᇹɂȦɁ˰ȾႆȠȹ˿ɥ׺ɃȮȲȗ(Placebo domino in regione vivorum)ȋ ȺܿɑɞីᏩඟȾ᜘ՒȪȹΈȶȲǿयɂȦɁ᝙“placebo”ɥ”ȾȮɕɁ”Ɂ৙

֞ȺΈȶȲǿȽȯȽɜ“placebo ”ɂǾඳᐐɁȲɔɁᇏɝɁఊқɁ᝙ȺǾ࿍࢙ɗ εᤍۢȲȴȟȦɁᇏɝɥඟșɁȾᦂɥᛵ෰Ȫȹ۾ᚏɥভɑȮȲȞɜȺȕɞǿȦ Ɂ᝙ȟ؞ታᄑȾΈɢɟȲɁɂǾʩɿɁఊқɁ᜘ᕹȊȦɟɂᡵͶȺȕɞ(Hoc est corps)ȋȾႏ఼Ȭɞ “hocus-corpus”Ȼȗș਽բȟ”֛୫”Ɂ৙֞ɥɕȷɛșȾȽȶ ȲɁȾͬȹȗɞǿ17˰጗ɑȺȾɂǾপᐐȾȻȶȹ۾۰Ա៎ᄑȺȕɞȟͽႊɥ ɕȲȽȗᗧ࿎ȾߦȪȹǾԗ࢙Ȳȴȟ“ʡʳʅʦ”Ȼȗș᜘ᕹɥΈșɛșȾȽȶ Ȳǿȉ⁽⁷⁾

ǽቼᴰȾǾȈʡʳʅʦȉȾǾሥ഍ᄑȽผჵ˨Ɂ৙֞ɥ͇˫ȪɛșȻȬɞ቏کȟ

ȕɞ⁽⁸⁾ǿȲȻțɃǾʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽ(Scott Fishman)ȾɛɟɃǾȈʡ ʳʅʦȻ᜘șȻǾԨጠȾȊপᐐɥȳɑȬȲɔɁ̓ጇɁ᧭ҷȋȳȻᜓ᥺Ȭɞ̷ȟ ۹ȗɁȳȞǾȰɁᜓ᥺ɂȗȞȾɕ஽͍ᤂɟȺȕɞǿᇹɁ᛻ᜓȺɂǾࣄᅺɟȿ॑

ɁͽႊɥऀȠҋȪȹǾᐼͶɁൡᑤɥɕ۰ԇȨɟɞɕɁȟǾʡʳʆʥȳȉ⁽⁹⁾ǿ ǽɑȲǾȊ॑ᡵԗޙႊ᝙̜ъȋɁȈϯᗧᴥʡʳʅʦ,ʡʳʁ˂ʦᴦӛ౓placebo

effectȉɁᬱᄻȾɂǾȈϯᗧȉȻȗșᤳᜭɂ᝝ɝȺȕɝǾ˹ّ᝙ᜭɁȈާਃᗧȉ

ȟɛɝ᝙ໃȾᣋȗȻȗș઩ଊȟȕɞǿȈᜊߔȨɟɞʡʳʅʦӛ౓ɂǾგ࿡Ɂᒲ

ུ۰ӦɁ˨Ⱦ॑ျᄑӛ౓ȽȼɁចȁɁफᬭȟӏɢȶȲɕɁȺȕɝǾԨȽɞ॑ျ

ᄑӛ౓ȳȤȺɂȽȗǿʡʳʅʦɁஓట᝙ᜭȻȪȹɁϯᗧɂ᝝ᜭȺȕɝᴥϯɂȈȗ ȷɢɞȉɁ৙ᴦ˹ّ᝙ᜭɁȈާਃᗧȉȟ᝙ໃȾɛɝड़޴Ⱥȕɞǿȉ⁽¹⁰⁾

ǽቼᴱȾǾȈʡʳʅʦȉɂǾผჵɥ΢᣹ȬɞᑌްᄑȽӛ౓ȳȤȺɂȽȢǾᣡȾ һͽႊɗდ࿡ɥমԇȨȮɞքްᄑӛ౓ɥધȷکնɕȕɞǿȈȕɞ˿Ɂһͽႊɕ

းɢɟɞȦȻɕȕɞᴥʡʳʅʦһͽႊᴦȉ⁽¹¹⁾ɑȲɂǾȈ఍޼Օख़ȟҋးȬɞȦ Ȼɕȕɞȉ⁽¹²⁾ǿ

ǽቼᴲȾǾผ᮷ɁߦྃᗧȻȪȹႊȗɜɟɞȈʡʳʅʦȉȟȕɞǿᴥȦɟȾȷȗȹɂǾ ቼᴰኮȺ̜΍Ⱦภȶȹ஥ɜȞȾȬɞǿᴦ

ǽటሟȺɂǾপᐐɁผჺጽ᮷пͶɥȺȠɞȳȤӿજᄑȾᐎߔȬɞȲɔȾǾюᇼ ԗȺȕɝȞȷ׎ޙᐐȺɕȕɞʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ(Howard Brody)ɁȈʡʳʅ

ʦՕख़ȉ(placebo response)ȾȷȗȹɁඒɁްᏲɥ૗ႊȬɞȦȻȾȬɞǿᴥȽȝǾ

Ȉผჺȉ(healing)Ȼȗș᜘ᕹɥǾ˿ȾপᐐɁ॑ᡵпͶȾᩜɢɞผɞɕȪȢɂ୎

ױȬɞȻȗșጽ᮷пͶɥ᚜ȬɕɁȻȪȹႊȗǾȈผჵȉ(treatment,therapy)Ȼȗ ș᜘ᕹɥǾপᐐɁ᥂ґᄑȽ჏გȾߦȪȹผɞɕȪȢɂ୎ױȬɞȻȗș࿑ްɁ᪅

ްᄑጽ᮷ɥ᚜ȬɕɁȻȪȹႊȗɞȦȻȾȬɞǿᴦ

ǽʠʷʑɭɂǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɥඒɁɛșȾްᏲȬɞǿ

ǽȈผჵɁکȺǾ̷ȟȽɦɜȞɁҋ఼̜ɗ࿎Ⱦ͇˫ȪȲʁʽʦʵȻȪȹɁ৙֞

(symbolic significance )ȟՁىȻȽȶȹǾȞɜȳᴥȕɞȗɂˢͶȻȪȹɁ॑ȻȞ

ɜȳᴦȾᠭȦɞ۰ԇɁȦȻȉ⁽¹³⁾

ǽʠʷʑɭɂȦɁްᏲɁ࿬ȗᴥ࿑ौᴦɥඒɁɛșȾᝢ஥Ȭɞ⁽¹⁴⁾ǿ ḧǽ۰ԇȾɂʧʂʐɭʠȽɕɁɕʗɶʐɭʠȽɕɁɕȕɞǿ

Ḩǽ॑ᡵɁᄾ̠ͽႊɁșȴɁผჵȾᩜΡȪȲ࿡มȾ᪅ްȬɞǿ

ḩǽᡵͶᄑȽผჵȻጀᇘᄑȽผჵɥɑȶȲȢҝሗɁɕɁȻɂ᛻ȽȨȽȗǿ Ḫǽ᧭ҷǾาߪǾ۶ᇼᄑѿᏚȽȼȟ̷ͶȾᄽ૚ͽႊȪȽȟɜɕǾպ஽Ⱦʁʽ

ʦʵȻȪȹɕЄȗȹȗɞǿ

ḫǽ გ ෥ Ɂ ᒲ ུ Ƚ ጽ ᤈ Ⱦ ɛ ɞ ผ ჺǾ ȗ ɢ ə ɞȈ ᒲ ུ ผ ჺ ȉ( spontaneous healing)ȕ ɞ ȗ ɂȈ ჏ প Ɂ ᒲ ུ Ƚ ጽ ᤈ ȉ(the natural history of the disease

process)ɂǾʁʽʦʵᄑȽ৙֞ɥɕȷҋ఼̜ȟȽȢȹɕᠭȦȶȲɂȭȳȞ

ɜǾȦɟɜɥ᪍۶Ȭɞǿ

ǽᴥȽȝǾḪȻḫɁȈʁʽʦʵȉɁᝊȪȗमҾɗ৙֞ȾȷȗȹɂǾቼᴱኮȺ ᝢ஥Ȭɞǿᴦ

ǽʠʷʑɭȾɛɞȦɁްᏲɥ૗ႊȬɞਾȁɁ࿬ȗɂǾቼᴮȾǾȈʡʳʅʦȉੵ

˫ȾᩜɢɞȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȻȗșʧʂʐɭʠȽᬂȳȤȺɂȽȢǾɓȪɠȰɁ ͽႊȟᣡ஁տȾտȠǾდ࿡ȟমԇȬɞ᪨ɁʗɶʐɭʠȽӛ౓ɥ઩ȪᇉȬȈʘʅ ʦᴥʘʁ˂ʦᴦӛ౓ȉ(nocebo effect)ɥɕᐎߔኰٍȾֆɑȮȲȗȟȲɔȺȕɝǾ ቼᴯȾǾপᐐɁ॑ᡵпͶȾᩜɢɞʁʽʦʵɥ̿ȪȲȈՕख़ȉɥɕࢿȢ᛾᥿Ⱦо ɟȲผჺᴥɕȪȢɂผჵᴦɁᑩፅȺᐎߔȪȲȗȟȲɔȺȕɞǿȪȲȟȶȹǾቼ ᴰȾǾȗɢəɞ᧭ҷȻȪȹɁȈʡʳʅʦȉੵ˫Ɂ఍ིȾȞȞɢɜȭǾȰșȪȲ

॑ᡵᄾᩜᄑȽผჺɁʡʷʅʃȬɌȹɥᐎߔኰٍȾֆɑȮȲȗȟȲɔȺȕɞǿ

ᜲ

(1) Simon Singh & Edzard Ernst, Trick or Treatment?, p.56-p.57, 2008. W. W. North

& Company, 2008.ᴥɿɮʬʽˁʁʽ&ɲʎɫ˂ʒˁɲʵʽʃʒᕻ Ȋ͍ఉԗ ჵɁʒʴʍɹȋp.81-p.82, ୿༄ᇋǾ2010ࢳᴦȽȝǾȦɁ઩ଊȟʡʳʅʦߦ

ྃʳʽʊʪԇ෗ᢎᝁ᮷޴ஃɁ॒ᛵॴɥࡼɞ஁ศᝲ˨ɁҋᄉཟȾᩜɢȶȹȗ ɞȦȻɂǾ᜘șɑȺɕȽȗǿɑȲǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȻȨɟȹȗɞɕɁȟᒲ

ུผჺȻґᫌȨɟȹȗȽȗȦȻȉᴥʹᗵগފ,Ұ૬ంp.791ᴦȽȼɁ઩ଊȟ ȕɞȦȻȞɜǾጠዩȾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȳȤɁͽႊȳȻɂ᜘ȗȠɟȽȗᬂ

ɕȕɞǿȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȻɑȡɜɢȪȗɕɁȉȾȷȗȹɂǾ˩ᜤɁ୫စኄ ɥՎྃǿ

Howard Brody, The Placebo Response, p.16-p.31, Caroline Myss, Crown Publishers, 1997. ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʐɭᕻȊʡʳʁ˂ʦɁผჺӌȋp.186-p.202, ஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ, 2004ࢳᴦ

(2) Ȉʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɥްᏲȬɞ᪨Ⱦႆȫɞ஁ศᝲ˨ɁץᭉȾȷȗȹɂǾሟɥ

୎ɔȹᝲȭɞȦȻȾȬɞǿ˩ᜤɁ୫စኄɥՎྃǿ

Howard Brody, Placebo and the Philophy of Medicine, p.8-p.59,the University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Daniel E.Moerman, TheMeaning Response Thinking about Placebos,World Institute ofPain, Pain Practice, Volume 6, Issue 4, 1996, p.233-p.234,

(3) Ȋఊ୿ԗޙ۾̜ъǽቼ3 ࿂ȋp.1626, ԗථᗧҋ࿂ಊࣻ͢ᇋ, 2005ࢳ, Ȋᗧျޙߴᢷъȋp.192,˽ױಊࣻ͢ᇋ, 1988ࢳ

Lewis, Elementary Latin Dictionary, p.618, Oxford University Press, 1966.

(4) Ȋఊ୿ԗޙ۾̜ъǽቼ3 ࿂ȋp.1626,ԗථᗧҋ࿂ಊࣻ͢ᇋ, 2005ࢳ

(5) Ȋఊ୿ԗޙ۾̜ъǽቼ3 ࿂ȋp.1626,ԗථᗧҋ࿂ಊࣻ͢ᇋ, 2005ࢳ,ͅ۹ୣǿ (6) ʹᗵগފ,Ұ૬ం, p.791

(7) Parick Wall, Pain The Science of Suffering, p.126-p.127, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1999. ᴥʛʒʴʍɹˁɰɳ˂ʵᕻȊჍმޙࣃᝢȋ, p.150,ԧ෹ڛᴦ

(8) ȦɁ቏کɥ՘ɞᝲᐐȾȷȗȹɂǾ˩ᜤɁ୫စኄɥՎྃ

Howard Brody, The Placebo Response, p.16-p.31, Caroline Myss, Crown Publishers, 1997. ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʐɭᕻ Ȋʡʳʁ˂ʦɁผჺӌȋp.62-p.70, ஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ, 2004ࢳᴦ,

Scott Fishman, The War on Pain, p.100-p.121, Lichtman, Trister, Singer & Ross, 2000, ᴥʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽᕻȊ॑ȻͶɁმɒޙȋp.165-p.199, Ձం੓, 2003ࢳᴦ,

ࢿངःड़ᕻȊ॑Ɂ໿٣ӌǽʡʳʁ˂ʦӛ౓ȋp.143-p.178.

(9) Scott Fishman, The War on Pain, p.121, Lichtman, Trister, Singer & Ross, 2000.

ᴥʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽᕻȊ॑ȻͶɁმɒޙȋp.198-p.199, Ձం੓, 2003ࢳ

(10) Ȋ॑ᡵԗޙႊ᝙̜ъȋp.56,˧ᢞంࣆ, 2009ࢳ

(11) Ȋఊ୿ԗޙ۾̜ъǽቼ3࿂ȋp.1626,ԗථᗧҋ࿂ಊࣻ͢ᇋ, 2005ࢳ (12) Ȋ॑ᡵԗޙႊ᝙̜ъȋp.56,˧ᢞంࣆ, 2009ࢳ

(13) Howard Brody,ǽThe Placebo Response, p.9,ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭᕻȊʡʳʁ˂

ʦɁผჺӌȋp.24,ஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ, 2006ࢳᴦ

(14) Howard Brody, Ibid,,p.9-p.10 ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.24-p.26ᴦ

ቼᴯኮǽȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȷȗȹɁপᐐˢᓐɁȨɑȩɑȽՙȤ՘ɝ஁

ɗ᛻ᜓ

ǽਾȁɂɑȭǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɁސ٣Ⱦ᜔ɟȲ᪨ɁˢᓐɁ̷ȁɗপᐐɁȨɑ ȩɑȽՙȤ՘ɝ஁ɗ᛻ᜓɥᆬᝓȬɞȲɔȾǾɅȻȷɁɲʞʇ˂ʓɁጳ̿Ȟɜᩒ

ܿȪɛșǿ

ǽȲȻțɃǾ۾ޙɁផᏲȺ՘ɝ˨ȥɞ᪨ȾǾԗჵጕȺɂȽȗޙ᥂Ɂޙႆᴥপᐐ Ɂ቏کᴦɁ˹ȾɂǾȈʡʳʅʦȳȻᅺɞȦȻȾɛȶȹǾȰɁӛ౓ȟȽȢȽȶȹ ȪɑșɁȳȞɜǾȗȶȰᅺɜȽȗɑɑɁ஁ȟɛȞȶȲǿᒲґɂˢႆԗᐐɗᗧҷ

࢙Ⱦ᮸ȨɟȲɑɑɁ஁ȟǾࢶȮȳȶȲȉȻǾߵȁএɒȟɑȪȢလᄽȽ৞৊ɥᣖ ɌɞᐐɕȗɞǿɕȴɠɦǾး͍Ɂষڨԇᇋ͢ȺɂǾʡʳʅʦɁސ٣ȰɁɕɁȾ ȷȗȹǾпȢᅺɜȭȾஓࢠႆ๊ɥᣞɞȦȻȽȼ˪ժᑤȾᣋȗǿ

ǽȰɟȾߦȪȹǾԗჵጕɁޙ᥂Ɂޙႆᴥ఼߬ԗჵᐐɁ቏کᴦɁ˹ȾɂǾȈʡʳ ʅʦӛ౓ɥȬɌȹɁপᐐȾߦȪȬɌȹɁ჏পȾߦȪȹॎࣄᄑȾҟႊȪǾপᐐɁ ผჵɕȪȢɂQOLɁտ˨ɥߵȪȺɕᄻ઩ȬɌȠȳȉȻǾȗȨȨȞᤈҼȽఙश ɥڛȁȻᣖɌɞᐐɕȗɞǿӻᝲǾʡʳʅʦɥੵ˫ȬɞȳȤȺǾȼɁɛșȽ჏প ɕȲȴȼȦɠȾผɞɢȤȺɂȽȗǿ͑ȾǾʡʳʅʦੵ˫ȟȬɌȹɁ჏পȾߦȪ ȹఊɕӛ౓ȟȕɞȻȬɞȽɜǾȈʡʳʅʦȉȻȗșջɁȲȶȲˢȷɁ˥ᑤᗧȨ țȕɟɃǾͅɁˢҒɁᗧɂ˪ᛵȾȽɞȻȨțȗțȰșȺȕɞǿɕȴɠɦǿȦɁ ޙႆɁᄉ᜘Ɂᅊ৙ɂǾ࿑ްɁ჏পȾ࿑ႱᄑȾӛ౓ɁȕɞᗧҷɁੵ˫Ⱦ͇᪢Ȫȹ

ႆȫɞ॑ျᄑӛ౓Ɂఊ۾᪅ɁҟႊɥॡᭀȾᏚȗȹɁɕɁȺȕɞǿ

ǽȗȭɟȾȮɛǾ۹ȢɁޙႆȟȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉ࿑ȾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɁސ٣

ɥᅺɞȦȻȺǾȈ˪९ឰȽҋ఼̜ȟȕɞɕɁȳȉȻȗș৞৊ɥ੿ȢȻȻɕȾǾȈგ ɂ෥ȞɜȉȻȗșឆɥȧȢᒲུȾᣵ৊ȬɞɛșȺȕɞǿȦșȪȲᣵ৊ɁɕȻȾ ɂǾ̷ȟგɓɁɂԨȾᐼͶᄑˁႆျޙᄑȽՁىȾચɞɁȺɂȽȢǾɓȪɠ̷Ɂ

॑ျᄑȽᛵىɕ۾ȠȢࡿծȬɞȻȗșஓࢠጽ᮷ɥધȶȹȗɞȦȻɥ࿎᝙ȶȹȗ ɞǿȰȦȞɜᣡȾǾგȞɜوेȬɞɁɕ॑ျᄑȽᛵىȟ຅ȢȞȞɢȶȹȗɞɂ ȭȳȻ९șɛșȺȕɞǿ

ǽɑȲǾඒɁɛșȽՙȤ՘ɝ஁ɥȬɞপᐐȲȴɕȗɞȳɠș⁽¹⁾ǿ

ǽȲȻțɃǾȕɞপᐐȟ̷ȁɁαᭅȟՀȗԗ࢙Ȟɜఊ୿Ɂᨕმᗧɥੵ˫ȨɟǾ ȲȴȼȦɠȾმɒȟ๡țȲȻȬɞǿȪȞɕǾयȟʡʳʅʦɥੵ˫ȨɟȹȗȲȦ ȻɥᅺɞᴥᅺɜȨɟɞᴦɁɂǾ޴᪨ȰɁऻȾȺȕɞǿȦșȪȲপᐐȾȝȗȹᐎ țɜɟɞՙȤ՘ɝ஁ɗՕख़ɂǾȝɛȰඒɁᴰʉɮʡȺȕɞǿ

ǽቼᴮɁʉɮʡɁᐐɂǾɕȪ᮸ȨɟȹȗȲȻґȞɟɃǾɮʽʟɳ˂ʪʓˁɽʽ ʅʽʒȾՕȪǾপᐐɁᒲࢄขް൏ɥΞ޼ȪȹȗɞȻ੷ឰȪǾ३ɞȞɕȪɟȽȗǿ ᴥటሟȺɂǾȈʡʳʅʦੵ˫ȉȻȗșԗჵষڨɥȼȦɑȺপᐐȾᅺɜȮɞɌȠȞ

ȕɞȗɂᅺɜȮȹɛȗȞȻȗșԗჵϕျᄑȽץᭉȾɂ᜔ɟȭȾǾপᐐȟȰɁ̜

޴ɥᅺȶȲȻȗșȦȻɥҰ૬ȾȪȹᐎߔɥ᣹ɔȹȗȢǿᴦ

ǽቼᴯɁʉɮʡɁᐐɂǾʡʳʅʦȾՕख़ȬɞᒲґȾࠌᣀ৞ɥ੿ȢȞɕȪɟȽ ȗǿȦșȪȲ৞ষɂǾȈʡʳʅʦȾՕख़ȬɞȦȻɥ঎ȭȞȪȗȦȻȳȻ९țɃǾ

――ȦɟɂछུǾʡʳʅʦɂʤʐʽȺǾȰɟȾՕख़Ȭɞ̷ɂȕȠɟȲȝ̷ܧȪ ȳȻȗșᐎțȞɜҋȹ఼ɞɁȳȟ――ǾᒲґȻȰɁɛșȽ̷ȻɁᠾᫌɥȺȠ ɞȳȤ۾ȠȢȻɝȲȗȉ⁽²⁾Ȼ᭐ȶȹȗɞȾɕȞȞɢɜȭǾȰșȪȲ᭒Ɂ̷ȁȾ ᒲґɕࠖȪȹȪɑȶȲȻȗș˪ջᝑȽ॑ျȾႏ఼ȪȹȗɞȻᜓȨɟșɞǿȳ ȟǾʠʷʑɭȾɛɟɃǾȈɢȲȪȲȴȟʡʳʅʦȾՕख़ȬɞȞȼșȞɂǾ෫ፖ ᄑȽᒲґɁॴಐɛɝɕǾکᬂɗ࿡มɁɎșȟȭȶȻ۾ȠȽขްᛵጨȾȽȶȹȗ ɞˁˁˁˁႆɑɟȷȠʡʳʅʦɁफᬭɥፏߦȾșȤȽȗ̷ɂǾɑȭˢ̷ɕȗȽ ȗȉ⁽³⁾ǾȪȲȟȶȹǾȈʡʳʅʦɁՕख़ᐐɥ࿑ްȪɛșȻȬɞᝁɒɂǾ᫿ᇼޙ ᄑȽɕɁȳˁˁˁˁʡʳʅʦȾՕख़Ȭɞ̷ɥᚱ᮷ᐐψᛃȞɜ᪍ȢȦȻȟȺȠɟ ɃǾ޴᮷ፀ౓ɂɛɝαᭅȺȠɞɕɁȾȽɞȳɠșȻȗșӦൡǾˁˁˁʡʳʅʦ Օख़ᐐɥ૑᪍ȪɛșȻȬɞᐎțɂǾȊጠዩȾႆ࿎ޙᄑȽȋᗧɥ෰ɔȹɁಏચɁ

Ƚȗ૘ሱȉ⁽⁴⁾ȻȬɜ᛻ȽȨɟȹȗɞǿ

ǽቼᴰɁʉɮʡȺɂǾȰɁᗧȟᒲґɁმɒɁ࿡ৰȾႆԇޙᄑȾɂͽႊȪțȽ ȞȶȲɂȭȽɁȾǾᒲґɁ৞ᜁȟ۰ɢȶȲȦȻȾጞीȟȗȞȽȗȻȬɞǾᇼޙ ᄑ቏کɥ᥾᛾ȬɞɕɁȺȕɞǿ

ǽȦșȪȲଡ଼ᑎးکɗԗჵးکȺɁୣȁɁՙȤ՘ɝ஁ˁ৞৊ˁ᛻ᜓȽȼɂǾԨ Ƚɞɲʞʇ˂ʓȾႡɑɞɕɁȺɂȽȢǾ࿑ȾȦȦȺɂǾ˨ᜤɁቼᴰɁʉɮʡɁ Օख़ȾᩜᣵȪȹǾඒɁɛșȽᝲཟɥ᛻ҋȬȦȻȟȺȠɞǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾপᐐɂˢᓐȾǾԗჵᐐȞɜᝢ஥ȨɟȲ޵ᜊᄑȽԗޙᅺឧȻɢȟᡵȾ ᠭȦɞ৞ᜁᄑ̜޴ȻɥྃնȪǾȰɁ˪ˢᒵȾ˪ժᜓȨɥ৞ȫछ঺ȬɞǿȪȲȟȶ ȹǾȦɁ˪ժᜓȨ⁽⁵⁾ɥጽ᮷ȪȲপᐐȟǾȰɟȾߦȪȹȼɁɛșȾȪȹጞीȪ Ȳᝢ஥ɥɒȭȞɜȾ˫țɞɁȞȟᝲཟȾȽɞǿᴥቼᴰኮᴦ

ǽቼᴯȾǾপᐐɂȪɃȪɃǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ɂɑȳᇼޙᄑȾɂԚґȾɂᜓ஥Ȩ ɟȹȗȽȗȉȻȗș᜘ՒȾҋ͢ȗǾȰɁᇼޙᄑᜓ஥ȟᣩ˨ȺȕɞȾɕȞȞɢɜ ȭǾȰɁผჵӛ౓ɥछȹȾȬɞȦȻȾᩜȪȹऐȗჀॡȻ˪ާɥ੿ȢǿȪȲȟȶ ȹǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɁผჵɋɁᤛख़ȾߦȬɞՙȤ՘ɝ஁ɗৰ࣊ȟᝲཟȾȽɞǿ ǽਾȁɂǾቼᴯɁᝲཟȷȗȹɂǾඒɁɛșȾᐎߔȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞǿ

ǽȲȻțɃǾޙႆȲȴȟǾȈგɂ෥ȞɜȉȻȗșឆȾˢްɁц৞ɥᇉȬ᪅ɝǾ გȞɜوेȬɞɁɕǾˢްɁ॑ျᄑȽᛵىȟ຅ȢȞȞɢȶȹȗɞȦȻɥȰɟȻ ȽȢᝓɔȹȗɞᬂȟȕɞɂȭȺȕɞǿȾɕȞȞɢɜȭǾȈ˪९ឰȽҋ఼̜ȟȕ ɞɕɁȳȉȻȗș৞৊ɥ९ɢȭ໫ɜȪȹȪɑșȦȻɁȽȞȾɂǾట఼გȟผɞ ɁɂǾᗧȻȗșԇޙ࿎᠎ɁЄȠȾɁɒȾɛɞɂȭȺȕɞȻȗșǾԗჵᇼޙȾߦ ȬɞˢްɁျᜓȻȰɟȾߦȬɞऐِȽαᭅȟɒȹ՘ɟɞȻȗțɛșǿȬȽɢȴǾ ȦɁ৙֞ȺǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɂᇼޙᄑȾɂɑȳԚґȾɂᜓ஥ȨɟȹȗȽȗȾ ȮɛǾȰɁȦȻȾߦȪȹ˪ާɥۄ۾ȨȮȹȪɑșȻȗșɛɝǾɓȪɠ఼߬ᇼޙ Ⱦɛȶȹᜓ஥ȪीɞɕɁȻȪȹȰɁ̜ৰɥᑌްᄑȾՙȤ՘ɝǾȰɁ᪅ɝȺǾး

஽ཟȺɂȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȾˢްɁ৙Ᏺɥ৞ȫ՘ȶȹȗɞǿ

ᜲ

(1) Parick Wall, Pain The Science of Suffering, p.126-p.127, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1999. ᴥʛʒʴʍɹˁɰɳ˂ʵᕻȊჍმޙࣃᝢȋ, p.151, ԧ෹ڛᴦ

(2) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం,p.65ᴦ (3) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.65ᴦ (4) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.65ᴦ

(5) ˪ժᜓȳȻҜ୽ȬɞکնȾֆ৙Ȩɟȹȗɞᝓឧᝲ˨ɁҰ૬ȾȷȗȹɂǾሟ

ɥ୎ɔȹᝲȭɞȦȻȾȬɞǿ

ቼᴰኮǽȈʡʳʅʦȉȳȻґȞȶȹȗɞপᐐɁጽ᮷ źźጀᇘᇼɁপᐐ Ɂ̜΍Ƚȼ

ǽటኮȺɂǾԗ࢙ȟȕɜȞȫɔȈʡʳʅʦȉΈႊɥপᐐȾ֖ȥȹȗɞ̜΍ɥ೫

᜞ȪǾȰɁکնȾপᐐȾႆȫȹȗɞ࿑ႱȽጽ᮷ȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞǿ

ǽʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭɂǾʴ˂ˁʛ˂ɹȻʴʘˁɽ˂ʾɭȻȗș̷̝Ɂጀᇘᇼ ԗȟᚱ᮷ᐐȾȈʡʳʅʦੵ˫ȉɁ̜޴ɥ֖ȥȲȻȬɞ̜΍ȾȷȗȹǾඒɁɛș ȽᐎߔɥȪȹȗɞ⁽¹⁾ǿ

 1960ࢳ͍қᭀȾǾ̷̝ɂछ஽ˢᓐȾȈᇘጽდȉȻ֣ɃɟȹȗȲপᐐɅȻɝ ɅȻɝȾǾდ࿡ɁጯȞȽʋɱʍɹʴʃʒȺდ࿡ɥୣϏԇȪǾȰɁ۰ԇɥᣜᡀᝩ

౼ȪȲǿȰȪȹ̷̝ɂǾʋɱʍɹʴʃʒɁୣϏɥΈȶȹǾ੷˪ާᗧɗ॑ျჵศ ȽȼɁผჵศȕɞȗɂȰɟɜɁጸɒնɢȮɁșȴȼɟȟǾდ࿡ɁᢌນȾɕȶȻ ɕ఍ӛȞҜްȪɛșȻȪȲǿʡʳʅʦɥ˫țɜɟȲߦྃᏰᴥᚱ᮷ᐐɂʡʳʅʦ Ȟᝁ᮷ᗧȞɂᅺɜȨɟȹȗȽȗᴦȺɂǾდ࿡ȟᕻȪȢ୎ױȨɟȲǿȦɁऻǾʛ˂

ɹȻɽ˂ʾɭɂǾȕɜȲȾ15̷Ɂপᐐɥᚱ᮷ᐐȾӏțȹǾयɜȾߦȪȹȈȦ ɟɂᆂጇɁ᧭ҷȺǾ఍ӛȽᗧҷɂֆɑɟȹȗȽȗǾȻɂȗțǾᴮஓᴰوᴮ᣸ᩖ

᭬ɒȷȸȤȲɜǾȲȢȨɦɁপᐐȟɛȢȽȶȲȉȻᣖɌȹȝȗȲǿȰȪȹˢ᣸

ᩖऻȾǾȰɁᩖȾयɜȟ੿ȗȲᐎț஁ɥᝩ౼ȪȲǿȰɁፀ౓Ǿᚱ᮷ᐐɂɎɏպ

ୣɁᴰȷɁɺʵ˂ʡȾґȞɟȲǿ

ǽቼᴮɁɺʵ˂ʡɂǾʛ˂ɹȻɽ˂ʾɭɁ᜘ᕹɥȰɁɑɑαȫȹǾᆂጇɁ᧭ҷ ɥ᭬ɦȺȗɞȻ९ȶȹȗȲǿ

ǽቼᴯɁɺʵ˂ʡɂǾȰɕȰɕጀᇘᇼԗɁ᜘ᕹɂαႊȺȠȽȗȞɜǾటछɂ੷

˪ާᗧɁɛșȽɕɁȺǾͷɜȞɁျႏȞɜǾؙɥȷȞɟȹȗɞȻ९ȶȹȗȲǿ ǽቼᴰɁɺʵ˂ʡɂǾՙȤ՘ȶȲ᧭ҷɁඩͶȾᆬαȟધȹȽȗɑɑȺȗȲǿ ʛ˂ɹȻɽ˂ʾɭȾɛɟɃǾوे࣊ȟᯚȞȶȲɁɂǾቼᴮȻቼᴯɁɺʵ˂ʡȺ ȕɝǾһͽႊȟȕȶȲɁɂǾቼᴯɁɺʵ˂ʡȺǾቼᴮɁɺʵ˂ʡȾɂпȢȽȞȶ Ȳǿ

ǽਾȁȟఊɕาᄻȬɌȠȦȻɂǾʛ˂ɹȻɽ˂ʾɭȟǾʡʳʆʦȳȻᆬαȪȹ ȗȲቼᴮɁɺʵ˂ʡȾᒲґɁوेɥȼɁɛșȾᝢ஥ȺȠɞȻ९șȞȻ߱ɀȲ ȦȻȺȕɞǿȈɎɏԡୣɁ̷Ȳȴɂʡʳʅʦɥ᭬ɦȳȲɔȾوेȪȲȻᐎțȹ ȗȲȟǾරɝɁԡୣɂǾȽɦɜȞɁ஁ศȺᒲґɁͶюɁӌȟᄻᜁɔǾȰɟȟ დ࿡ȾߦѿȪȲȉǿ⁽²⁾ȻوኌȪȲǿȲȻțɃǾȈȕɞܤॴɂʡʳʅʦɥ᭬ɓȲɆ ȾǾდ࿡ɥ୎ױȬɞȲɔȾᇹɂፏߦȾͷȞȟȺȠɞȻǾᒲґȾ᜘ȗᐨȞȮȹȗ ȲˁˁˁˁͅɁͷ̷ȞɁপᐐɂǾȊట࿎Ɂȋᗧɥ᭬ɦȺȗȽȗȦȻǾȰɁȝȞ ȥȺһͽႊɗ˹෕ɁԲ᪙ȞɜеɟȹȗɞȦȻɥȕɝȟȲȢ९ȶȲȉ⁽³⁾ȻوኌȪ Ȳǿ

ǽȦɟȻߦྃᄑȾǾట࿎ɁᗧȻᆬαȪȹȗȲቼᴯɁɺʵ˂ʡɁ̷ȲȴɂǾȈట

࿎ɁᗧȳȻ९ȶȹ᭬ɦȺȗȲȞɜდ࿡ȟ୎ױȪȲȉ⁽⁴⁾ȻوኌȪȲǿ

ǽȲȳȪǾʠʷʑɭȾɛɟɃǾȦɁᆅሱȾɂɈȲȷɁᫍཟȟȕɞǿቼᴮȾǾᚱ ᮷ᐐɁ̷ୣȟߵȽȗȦȻǾቼᴯȾǾɛɝ᥾ᛵȽཟȳȟǾᚱ᮷ᐐȲȴɂʡʳʅʦ

ੵ˫Ɂˢ᣸ᩖऻȾҝɁ఍ӛȽผჵɥՙȤɞȦȻɥᆬጙȨɟȹȗȲȦȻȺȕɞǿ ȈጀᇘᇼԗჵɥՙȤɞᬲႭशȴɁʴʃʒȾɁȶȹȗɞȳȤȺǾდ࿡ȞɜௐᣮȾ

̙৊Ȩɟɞɛɝɕ஗ȢوेȪȲȻȗș۹ȢɁ΍ȟᅺɜɟȹȗɞȉ⁽⁵⁾ɛșȾǾȈ৙

ឧᄑȞȼșȞɂҝȻȪȹɕǾȬȣȾوेȪȹɈȲɝɁԗ࢙ɥ׺ɃȮȲȗǾȰș ȬɟɃǾȦɟȞɜаɕȶȻȗȗผჵɥՙȤɜɟɞǾȻপᐐȲȴȟᐎțȲժᑤॴ ȟȕɞȉ⁽⁶⁾ȞɜȺȕɞǿ

ǽᴯȷᄻɁ̜΍ɂǾʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽ(Scott Fishman)ȟǾ࿁ᭀმȾভ ɑȨɟȲᔌȗܤॴপᐐȾߦȪȹᚐȶȲ޴᮷ȺȕɞǿȰɁ޴᮷ɂǾȗȢȷȞɁ޴

ᗧȻʡʳʅʦᴥႆျ᭥ں෩ᴦɥႊȗȹǾयܤȾɂ޴ᗧȞʡʳʆʥȞɥᅺɜȮȭ ȾǾȼɟȟयܤɁმɒȾ఍ӛȞɥᝩɌɞɕɁȺȕȶȲǿ

ǽयܤȟ޴᮷ɁȲɔо᪋ȪȹȞɜୣ᣸ᩖऻȾǾ࿁ᭀმȟ๡țȲǿȰɁ஽Ǿʟɭʍ ʁʯʨʽɂयܤȾǾȈੵ˫ȪȲ޴ᗧȻʡʳʅʦɁጸɒնɢȮɁȦȻɥᝢ஥ȪǾ ᲽᗧɁɛșȽऐȗᨕმᗧɥΈɢȽȢȹɕǾმɒȟȝȨɑȶȲȉ⁽⁷⁾ȻᝈȪȲǿȬ ɞȻǾयܤɂᯆȢȦȻȽȢǾȈႆျ᭥ں෩ɂǾᇹɁͶȾ෩ґɥᛃፈȪȹȢɟȲ ɁȺȪɚșȉȻ᜘ȶȲȻȗșǿ

ǽʟɭʍʁʯʨʽȾɛɟɃǾȈʡʳʅʦȉੵ˫Ɂ࿬ȗɂǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɥ๊

ႊȬɟɃǾმɒɥੱҤȬɞӌȟयܤᒲᡵȾȕɞȦȻɥᜳચ቏ȹǾयܤȾȈᒲུ

ผჺӌȉȟȕɞȦȻɥଡ଼țɞȦȻȺȕɞǿᴥȲȳȪǾʟɭʍʁʯʨʽɁȦɁኙ

੔Ɂᝢ஥ɥᝣɓȞȡɝȺɂǾȈ޴ᗧȻʡʳʅʦɁጸɒնɢȮɁȦȻɥᝢ஥ȪȲȉ ȻȳȤᜤᢐȨɟȹȝɝǾȈʡʳʅʦȉɥੵ˫ȪȲ࿑ްɁ஽ఙɑȺᅺɜȨɟȲ˨

ȺɁयܤɁ৞৊ȞȼșȞɂ˪஥Ⱥȕɞǿᴦ

ᜲ

(1) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.38-p.39ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.66-p.68ᴦǾࢿ

ངःड़ᕻҰ૬ంp.33-p.34.

(2) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.39-p.40ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.68ᴦ (3) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.68ᴦ (4) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.68-p.69ᴦ (5) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.37ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.68-p.69ᴦ

(6) Scott Fishman,The War on Pain, p.113-p.115, Lichtman, Trister, Singer & Ross,

2000, ᴥʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽᕻȊ॑ȻͶɁმɒޙȋp.185-p.190, Ձం੓,

2003ࢳᴦ.

(7) Scott Fishman, Ibid,, p.114-p.115, ᴥʃɽʍʒˁʟɭʍʁʯʨʽ, Ұ૬ంp.188- p.189ᴦ

ቼᴱኮǽȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȷȗȹɁ˿ᛵȽျᝲᄑᝢ஥ źźȈ৙֞ȸ Ȥ͑ᝢȉȻႆԇޙᄑᤈሌ

ǽటኮȺɂǾԗჵᇼޙɁґ᥿Ɂᕻంɗᝲ୫˹ȾȪɃȪɃ՘ɝ˨ȥɜɟɞȈʡʳ ʅʦՕख़ȉɥျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ȬɞᝁɒɁșȴǾผჺɁᑩፅɁɛɝпͶᄑȽᩜ˫ᴥˢ ᣵɁ࿡มᴦȟ᥾ᛵȽमҾɥ໮ȭɞȈ৙֞ȸȤ͑ᝢȉɥ՘ɝ˨ȥǾȰȦȾɒȗҋ ȨɟɞȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ɂɑȳᇼޙᄑȾɂԚґȾɂᜓ஥ȨɟȹȗȽȗȉȻȗșᇼ ޙᄑ᜘ՒɋɁৰ࣊ɗ৙֞Ⱦȷȗȹ஥ɜȞȾȬɞǿ

ǽਾȁɂǾ˿ᛵȽျᝲᄑᜓ஥ɁᝁɒȺȕɞǾȈఙशျᝲȉˁȈస͔͇ȤျᝲȉˁȈ৙

֞ȸȤျᝲȉɁșȴǾผჺɁɛɝпͶᄑȽᑩፅȾᣓɞᝁɒȻȪȹǾᴰȷᄻɁȈ৙

֞ȸȤျᝲȉǾʠʷʑɭɁ᜘ᕹȺɂȈ৙͇֞Ȥ͑ᝢȉȞɜᐎߔɥᩒܿȬɞ⁽¹⁾ǿ ǽʠʷʑɭɂǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȻɒȽȪșɞሗȁɁɻ˂ʃɥͶ᮷ȪȲ̷ȁɥ ጳ̿ȪȲ˨ȺǾધᝲȺȕɞȈ৙͇֞Ȥ͑ᝢȉ(meaning model)ȾȷȗȹǾȝɛ ȰඒɁɛșȽᝢ஥ɥȪȹȗɞǿ

ǽȈयɜɁɻ˂ʃȬɌȹȾцᣮȬɞ࿑ौȟȕɞǿȰɟɂǾȞɜȳȻᣵଆȪȹЄȠǾ ผჵӛ౓ɥᯚɔɞ॑ɁᇘᇿᄑȽး៎――ʡʳʅʦՕख़ȺȕɞǿȦȦȺᇹȟ᜘ȶ ȹȗɞɁɂǾȕɞˢᣵɁ࿡มǾᴥᇹɂȦɟɥȈ৙֞ȸȤ͑ᝢȉȻջ͇Ȥɞȷɕ ɝȳᴦȟސ٣ȬɞȻȠǾგ෥Ɂ̷ɂǾқɔɁșȴɂᝢ஥ȟȷȞȽȗɛșȾ᛻ț ɞȟǾȻȾȞȢდ࿡ȟ۾ȗȾᢌນȬɞȻȗșȦȻȳǿȉ⁽²⁾

ǽʠʷʑɭɁȈ৙֞ȸȤ͑ᝢȉȾɛɞᝢ஥ȾɛɟɃǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɂǾ̷ȁ ȟٍ֚ȞɜȈʁʽʦʵȉȻȪȹɁȕɞሗɁʫʍʅ˂ʂɗαհɥՙȤ՘ȶȲȻȠ ȾᠭȦɞɕɁȺȕɞǿȰɁɛșȽȈʁʽʦʵȉɂȽɦɜȞɁ̈́஁Ⱥผჺɗผჵ ɁးکȺͽႊȪǾȰɁȻȠɁϧ࣐࿡ৰȟᒲґȾȻȶȹધȷ৙֞ɥ۰ԇȨȮɞǿ

΍țɃǾఊқɂȰɁგ̷ɂᒲґɁგ෥ȾߦȪȹȈঃɠȪȗȦȻȟᠭȦȶȲǿȼ șȪȹȦșȽȶȹȪɑȶȲɁȞ᛻छɕȷȞȽȗȉȻযᜊᄑȾ৙֞ȸȤȪȹȗȲ ȟǾٍ֚ȞɜɁȕɞሗɁʫʍʅ˂ʂɥՙȤ՘ɝǾɗȟȹȰɟȟ۰ԇȪȹǾȈᒲ ґɁგɂوेȾտȞȶȹȗɞȉȻȗșʧʂʐɭʠȽ୿Ȫȗ৙֞ɥɕȷȾᒴɞȦ ȻɕȕɞǿȕɞȗɂǾȈᇹȽɦȞȼșȽȶȹɕᝤɕ෥ȾȞȤȹȢɟȽȗȉȻȗ ș৙֞ȸȤȞɜǾȈ֚ɝɁ̷ȲȴɂటछȾᇹɁϧ࣐ɥ෥ᤗȶȹȢɟɞȉȻȗș

৙֞ȸȤɋȻ۰៛ȬɞȦȻɕȕɞȞɕȪɟȽȗǿ

ǽɑȲǾʠʷʑɭɂǾȈ৙͇֞Ȥȉȟɛɝ఍ӛȾЄȢȲɔȾɂǾপᐐɒȭȞɜȟȈ˿

߳൏ȉɥધȶȹᒲґɁგ෥ɥɽʽʒʷ˂ʵȪǾȰɁგ෥Ɂ৙֞ɥʧʂʐɭʠȽ ɕɁȾ۰țȹȗȢȦȻɥ૬ಘȬɞǿᒲґȾȻȶȹɁგɁ৙֞ɥፕፖᄑȾ۰țɞ ȾɂǾɛɝ஥ɞȗፀఞɁ࿎᝙ɥᎥɝ˨ȥȹȗȢȦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɝǾᒲґɁး࿡

ɥީпȾੰ૱ȪȲșțȺǾȦɁȝɁɟᒲᡵɁ࿎᝙ɥȈ˿߳൏ɥધȶȹȉ˿Ͷᄑ ȾࠕᩒȪȹȗȞȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿ

ǽȨȹǾ৙֞ȸȤɥ۰țɞȦșȪȲʫʍʅ˂ʂɥՙȤ՘ɞȻǾ̷ȁɁȞɜȳɂ ȼșȽɞɁȳɠșȞǿʠʷʑɭɂǾɑȭȦɁȦȻɥകႩᄑȾျᜓȬɞȲɔȾǾ ᇹȲȴɁᝤɕȟધȶȹȗɞɂȭȳȻȪȹȗɞȈͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکȉȻȗș෗؀ɥ

ႊȗȹᝢ஥ȬɞǿȰɟɁщͶᄑȽᤈሌɂǾඒɁɛșȽȈ৙֞ȸȤȉȻȈႆԇޙ ᄑጽᡅȉɁˢᣵɁᤈሌȺȕɞ⁽³⁾ǿ

ḧǽপᐐɁᐎț஁ȟ۰ɢɟɃǾᑲюɁԇޙͽႊɕ۰ԇɥՙȤɞǿ৙ឧȻᑲɁ ԇޙͽႊȾɂᄾᩜᩜΡȟȕɞȞɜǿ

ḨǽᑲюɁԇޙͽႊȟ۰ԇȬɟɃǾᑲȻᡵͶɁͅɁ᥂ґɥȷȽȣႆԇޙᄑጽ ᡅɕ۰ԇȬɞժᑤॴȟȕɞǿ

ḩǽᑲȻᡵͶɥȷȽȣ۰ԇȟᠭȦɟɃǾȰɟɜɁጽᡅɁफᬭɥՙȤɞᡵͶɁ ጸᎥɕ۰ɢɞժᑤॴȟȕɞǿ

ḪǽႆԇޙᄑȽफᬭɥՙȤȹᡵͶɁጸᎥȟ۰ԇȬɟɃǾผჺȟᠭȦɞȞɕȪ ɟȽȗǿ

ǽȈͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکȉȻȗș෗؀ɥႊȗȲˢᣵɁႆԇޙᄑᤈሌɁᝢ஥Ⱦ૚ȪȹǾ

ਾȁȾȻȶȹǾ᥾ᛵȽȦȻɂඒɁᴯཟȺȕɞǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾȈᒲུผჺȉȻɁԖҝȺȕɞǿᇹȲȴɁȞɜȳɂǾሗȁɁ჏পɥผ ȪȲɝǾϧ࣐࿡ৰɥ୎ױȪȲɝǾɕȶȻ๊ᄉȾȪȲɝȬɞ۹ȢɁ࿎᠎ɥͽɝҋ ȬȦȻȟȺȠɞǿȞɜȳȟԨȾᒲӦᄑȾȰɁɛșȽ࿎᠎ɥґฦȪȲکնǾȪɃ ȪɃȈᒲུผჺᴥӌᴦȟЄȗȲȉȻȨɟɞǿ

ǽቼᴯȾǾਾȁȾȻȶȹɛɝ᥾ᛵȽཟȺȕɞȟǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȟ̙ລ˪ᑤ Ⱥɽʽʒʷ˂ʵȺȠȽȗȦȻȺȕɞǿȈᒲུผჺɁᤈሌȉȟ෗ᢎᄑᤂ࣫ȽȢᒲ ӦᄑȾᄉ૴ȨɟɞȻȬɟɃǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɂǾȰɁՕख़ɁᄉӦȟᤂȗɛș

ȾɒțɞکնȟȕɞǿȰɁ᪨ȾɂǾٍ֚ȞɜɁʫʍʅ˂ʂǾ୿Ȫȗ৙֞ȸȤȟǾ ȞɜȳɥᄻᜁɔȨȮɞȗɢɃȈʬ˂ʕʽɺɽ˂ʵȉɁमᄻɥ౓ȲȬȦȻȟȺȠ ɞǿȷɑɝȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȻɂǾȰɁʬ˂ʴʽɺɽ˂ʵ――୿Ȫȗ৙֞ȸȤʫʍ ʅ˂ʂ――ȾߦȬɞͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکɁՕख़ȻᐎțɞȦȻȟȺȠɞǿȉ⁽⁴⁾ ǽʠʷʑɭȟ઩ଊȬɞɛșȾǾȈȦɁᤈሌȟȗȶȲȗȼɁɛșȾȪȹᠭȦɞɁ ȞȉǾȈȦɁᤈሌɥᒲґȺҤॅȬɞ஁ศȟȕɞɁȞȉȻץșȦȻɂǾผჺ஁ᦉɥ ขްȬɞ᪨ȾǾ഍ɔȹ᥾ᛵȽཟȺȕɞǿ

ǽȻȦɠȺǾʠʷʑɭȟȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȟఊ۾᪅ȾᠭȦɞᆬလȟᯚȗస͔Ȼ ȪȹમȥȹȗɞɁɂǾࠥటု͍෡ȾɛɟɃǾඒɁᴰཟȺȕɞ⁽⁵⁾ǿ

ḧǽপᐐɂǾᒲґȟ͏ҰȞɜɕȶȹȗȲ˰ႜᜊȾնᒵȬɞგ࿡ᝢ஥ɥՙȤɞǿ Ḩǽᇋ͢ᄑȾᝓᅺȨɟȲผჵमҾɁઆȗਖ਼ȲȴȟȗȹǾপᐐȾষ፳ᄑୈ૵ɥ

˫țɞǿ

ḩǽผჵᄑ̿оȟপᐐɁგ෥ȾߦȬɞፋҤ৞ɁပीȾ߳Ȣǿ

ǽȦɁȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɥऀȠҋȬӌɥǾɕȴɠɦԗ࢙ɂધȶȹȗɞǿȳȟǾ

ਾȁȾȻȶȹǾఊɕาᄻȬɌȠȦȻɂǾʠʷʑɭȟǾԗჵᐐȾɕপᐐȾɕȈʡ ʳʅʦՕख़ȉɥȰɁȕɝ஁ȾԴȪȹड़޴ȾျᜓȪȰɟɥ΢Ȭৰ࣊ȻȪȹǾȈᇘᇿȉ Ȼȗș᜘ᕹɥ۾ᑓȾɕધȴҋȪȹȢɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ

ᜲ

(1) ȈఙशျᝲȉȻȈస͔͇ȤျᝲȉȾᩜȪȹɂǾඒɁ୫စȽȼɥՎྃǿ

Benedetti et al, Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic, Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses, (The Journal of Neuroscience, May15, 2003ˁ23 (10) p.4315-p.4323)

Howard Brody, The Placebo Response, p.16-p.31, Caroline Myss, Crown Publishers, 1997.ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʐɭᕻȊʡʳʁ˂ʦɁผჺӌȋp.89-p.123, ஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ, 2004ࢳᴦ,

Howard Brody, Placebo and the Philophy of Medicine, p.8-p.59, the University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Fabrizio Benedetti, Placebo Effects, p.48-p.52,p.63-p.98, p.Oxford Unversity

Press.2009.

M.B.ʕ˂ʩȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȟႆȫɞျႏȉᴥȊҝёஓጽɿɮɲʽʃ170ȦȦ

ɠȻᑲɁɿɮɲʽʃ01հȋp.40-p.49,ஓጽɿʽʃʽʃᇋᴦ (2) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.ƞƙᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.4ᴦ (3) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.107ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ,Ұ૬ం, p.160ᴦ

(4) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.ƞƛᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.7ᴦȽȝǾȈʡ ʳʅʦՕख़ȉɁ̙ລ˪ᑤॴȾᩜȪȹȈʁʽʦʵȉɁЄȠȟȼɁɛșȾȞȞ ɢɞȞȾȷȗȹɂǾሟɥ୎ɔȹᝲȭɞȦȻȾȬɞǿ

(5) ࠥటု͍Ȉʡʳʁ˂ʦΈႊɁழ᫿ɥࡼɞᐎߔȉᴥȊԗޙ׎ޙԗޙϕျȋቼ20հǾ

p.86-p.87,ஓటԗޙ׎ޙϕျޙ͢, 2002ࢳᴦ

ቼᴲኮǽȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɋɁৰ࣊źźᒲӦ៧ۨൡɗណȞɜᇘᇿɋ

ǽপᐐɂȻȠȾɂȈȰɕȰɕʡʳʅʦՕख़ɂျॴȾɛȶȹɂնျᄑȾ̙ລȺȠ Ƚȗး៎ȺȕɞȉȻȗș᜘஥Ⱦҋ͢ȗǾˢ࠙छ঺Ȫ˪ժᜓȨɥऐԇȬɞǿȪȲ ȟȶȹǾ̙ລ˪ᑤȽȦɁӛ౓ȾߦȪȹǾȼɁɛșȽৰ࣊ɥ՘ɞɌȠȞȟఊऻᄑ

ᝲཟȾȽɞǿপᐐᒲᡵɂɕȴɠɦԗჵᐐȾȻȶȹɕީпȾɂҤॅȺȠȽȗȈʡ ʳʅʦՕख़ȉȻɁᩜɢɝ஁ȟץɢɟȹȗɞǿ

ǽʠʷʑɭɂǾȈᇘᇿᄑȽɕɁȻȪȹɁʡʳʅʦՕख़ǾȬȽɢȴǾ॑ȻȞɜȳ ȻɁȦɁᛓ᫆ȽȷȽȟɝȾȷȗȹᐎțɞȻȠǾ႞५ȻᯆؔɁ෥ધȴɥ੿Ƞȷȸ ȤɞȦȻɂፏߦȾ॒ᛵȳȉ⁽¹⁾ȻɑȺ˿एȬɞǿ

ǽȈᇹɂʡʳʅʦՕख़ɥျᜓȬɞᨉȻȪȹǾ৙֞ȸȤȻ˿߳൏ɥમȥȲǿȰɟ ȳȤɒɞȻǾͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکɥҨ༜ȪȹผჺɥᯚɔɞȲɔȾɂǾណɥᜓȠȨț ȬɟɃȗȗȻ᜘ȶȹȗɞɛșȾ᛻țɞȞɕȪɟȽȗǿᇹɂʚʳʽʃɥ՘ɞȲɔ ȾǾͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکɥҨ༜Ȭɞቼ˧Ɂ᥾ᛵȽɵɸȻȪȹǾᇘᇿɥӏțȽȤɟɃ ȽɜȽȗǿ৙֞ȸȤȬɞȦȻȻ˿߳൏ɥɕȷȦȻȟǾผჺɁȲɔȾȗȴɃɦ᥾

ᛵȽȻȠɕȕɞǿȪȞȪǾᇘᇿɥᇘᇿȻျᜓȪǾȰɁɑɑՙȤоɟɞȦȻȟͷ ɛɝ᥾ᛵȽȻȠɕȕɞɁȳǿȉ⁽²⁾

ǽ̙ລ˪ᑤȻȗș৙֞ȺɂǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȻȰɟ͏۶ɁผჵȻɁᤏȗɂǾ

਽ӎလȳȤȾȬȡȽȗȻɕȗțɞǿȪȲȟȶȹǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɥผჵɁਖ਼

෉ȻȪȹሥ഍ᄑȾΈȶȹɕȗȗɁȺɂȽȗȞȻȬɞ૬ಘɕႆɑɟɞǿȈʡʳʅ ʦՕख़ȉɥީпȾҤॅȪȲɝǾᠭȦɞȦȻɥίᜳȪȲɝȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗȾ ȪȹɕǾȰɟɥ˨ਖ਼ȾҟႊȪǾผჵɥ஗ɔȲɝǾϧ࣐࿡ৰɥտ˨ȨȮȲɝǾп ᓐᄑȽͶᝩɁ፟ધɥᄻᝲɓȦȻɂȺȠɞɂȭȺȕɞǿចȁɁᇼޙᄑᅺ᛻ɥඩᆬ ȾျᜓȪȨțȬɟɃǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɕȪȢɂȈͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکȉɥ఍ӛȾ

๊ႊȬɞȲɔɁȗɠȗɠȽ஁ኍɥႆɒҋȬȦȻȟȺȠɞɂȭȺȕɞǿȰɟɥԗ ჵᐐȟ఍ӛ๊ႊȬɞ᪨ȾǾʠʷʑɭȟస͔ȻȪȹમȥȹȗɞɁɂǾඒɁᴱཟȺ ȕɞ⁽³⁾ǿḧ᝚޴Ȩɥ॑ȟȤɞǿḨ޼ɥ˫țɞԲ᪙ȟ഍࣊ȾߵȽȗǿḩʡʳʅʦ Օख़ɁҟႊȾ᪨ȪȹǾͅɁผჵɁΈႊɥܶȥȽȗǿḪʡʳʅʦՕख़ɥҟႊȪȹ ɕᣜӏɁԗჵ៵ɂɎȻɦȼȞȞɜȽȗ(ȕɞȗɂ៵ႊɥᢌນȬɞ)ǿ

ǽȳȟǾఊጶᄑȾɂǾผჵɋȻީпȾɽʽʒʷ˂ʵȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȭǾผɞȦ ȻɗႆȫȹȢɞȦȻɥީпȾ̙ລȪȲɝίᜳȪȲɝȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗɁȳȻ ȬɟɃǾȦșȪȲ̜ৰȾᄽᬂȪȲ஽ȾǾ̷ȁɂǾԗჵᐐɂǾȼșߦѿȬɟɃɛ ȗɁȳɠșȞǿȦɁɛșȽ৙ɁɑɑȾȽɜȽȗ̙ລ˪ᑤɁ̜ৰȾߦȪȹǾȼɁ ɛșȽৰ࣊ɥ՘ɟɃɛȗɁȳɠșȞǿɕȴɠɦǾԗჵȻɂట఼˪ᆬ޴ॴɥͧș ɕɁȳȞɜǾȦɁཟȺɂǾȦɁ̜ৰɂǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉȾ᪅ȶȲȦȻȺɂȽȗǿ ȳȟǾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɂǾȰɟȾِ఍ɁፋˢᄑɕȪȢɂӿજᄑȽျᝲᄑȽੰ

૱ɁժᑤॴȰɁɕɁȟȗɑȳఝᜓ஥Ⱥȕɞ͏˨ǾȈԗჵɁ˪ᆬ޴ॴȉɁಏચɥ ˢ࠙᪨቏ȲȮȹȢɟɞᬂȟȕɞɂȬȺȕɞǿ

ǽȨȹǾȦɁɛșȽ৙ɁɑɑȾȽɜȽȗ̙ລ˪ᑤɁ̜ৰȾߦȪȹǾʠʷʑɭɂǾ ȝȝɛȰᴯȷɁȈ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȉ⁽⁴⁾ɥߦ෗ȪȹඒɁɛșȾ૬ಘȬɞǿȈᇘᇿᄑ ȽɕɁȻȪȹʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɋɁ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɥ஥ɜȞȾȬɞȲɔȾǾߦ෗ᄑ ȾᐎಘȨɟȲɁȟǾቼᴮȾǾ෗؀ȻȪȹɁ᚜းȨɟȲȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡɁɢȽȉȻ

֣Ƀɟɞ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȺȕɝǾቼᴯȾǾȈណᜓȠȉȻ֣Ƀɟɞ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȺ ȕɞǿ

ǽɑȭǾȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡɁɢȽȉȻ֣Ƀɟɞ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɁጳ̿Ȟɜᐎߔɥᩒܿ

ȬɞǿȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉɥ̙ລժᑤȽǾᒲґɁ৙ɁɑɑȾȽɞɕɁȻȪȹ੥ș

ɛșȽȦșȪȲᐎț஁ɂȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡɁɢȽȉȻ֣ɃɟǾȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡɁᆕ៦

ੵоՠȉȾඩȪȗȈᆕ៦ȉɥоɟȨțȬɟɃǾგ෥ȟผɞȻ९ȗȦɓɛșȽɕ ɁȺȕɞǿȈᄠᐼȽȦȻȾʡʳʁ˂ʦՕख़ɂǾᇹȲȴɥӒȤȹɂȢɟȽȢȽɞ ȳɠșǿӒȤȹȢɟɞȻȪȲɜǾɅȻȷȾɂᇹȲȴȟȰɟɥᇘᇿᄑȳȻ९ȗፖ ȤȹȗɞȞȡɝȾȝȗȹȽɁȺȕɞǿȉ⁽⁵⁾

ǽȦɁ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɂǾቼᴯɁȈណᜓȠȉȻȗș९ᐎʃʉɮʵȾᄽፀȪȹȗ ɞǿᇹȲȴɂȈᇘᇿᄑȽȦȻȉɛɝȈណȉɁɎșɥɛɝܧɓɕɁȳǿȈណȉɂǾ ȲȻț̾ɂኌțȟґȞɜȽȗȾȮɛǾȗȭɟɂґȞɞȞɕȪɟȭǾఊጶᄑȾኌ țɥ᛻ȷȤɞȲɔɁˢްɁᆬ޴Ƚ஁ศȟސ٣ȪșɞȻȗșȦȻɥҰ૬ȾȪȹȗ ɞǿȲȻțɃǾȈʩʃʐʴ˂ߴᝢȉȻ֣ɃɟȹȗɞɕɁɂǾ޴᪨ɂȈʩʃʐʴ˂ȉ

(mystery ᇘᇿ)ȺɂȽȢǾȈណᜓȠȉߴᝢȺȕɞǿ

ǽᣋ͍͏᪃ɁԗޙˁԗჵᇼޙɂǾგ෥ɥȈណȉȻȪȹ੥șȦȻȺ۾ȠȢ᣹ඬȪ ȲǿᆬȞȾǾˢްɁᬻڒюȺɂȈណᜓȠȉᄑ஁ศɂ۾ȗȾ఍ӛȺȕɞǿᑲɁȼ Ɂ᥂ґȟȼɁɛșȽҋ఼̜Ɂ৙͇֞ȤȾȞȞɢȶȹȗɞɁȞǾᑲɁȰɁ᥂ґȟ ሗȁɁႆԇޙᄑጽᡅȻȼɁɛșȾᩜᣵȸȤɜɟȹȗɞɁȞɥᜓ஥ȬɞȾɂǾȈណ

ᜓȠȉᄑȽ஁ศɂ఍ӛȞȷ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿɑȲǾᇹȲȴȟᒲґɁგ෥Ⱦȷȗȹ੿

Ȣ৙֞ȸȤɥ۰țɞȦȻȟǾఊጶᄑȾᇹȲȴɁϧ࣐࿡ৰȾȼșफᬭȬɞȞɥᆅ ሱȬɞȦȻɕǾ޴ɝ۹ȗ਽౓ɥɕȲɜȬȳɠșǿȦșȪȲ̈́஁ȺᝥᭉɥᜫްȬ ɞȦȻɂᆬȞȾȈណᜓȠȉȻȗș९ᐎʃʉɮʵȾɛȶȹժᑤȾȽɞȻȗțɛșǿ ȰȪȹǾȰɁኌțɥ᛻ȷȤɞȦȻɂᆬȞȾȺȠȰșȺȕɞǿȪȞɕǾኌțȟ᛻

ȷȞɝȨțȬɟɃǾȗɢɃȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡȉɁȈᆕ៦ੵоՠȉɕᜫ᜛ȺȠǾȈΈ

ႊժᑤȽᆕ៦ȉɕᛏᣲȺȠɞȳɠșǿȪȲȟȶȹǾȰɁȈᆕ៦ȉɥੵоȪȨț ȬɟɃǾȲȴȼȦɠȾȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡȉȟͽӦȪܿɔǾᒲࢄεेɁʡʷʅʃɥɒ ȭȞɜඬɓܿɔɞȦȻȾɕȽɠșǿ

ǽȦɁɛșȽȈᒲӦ៧ۨൡȉɗȈណᜓȠȉᄑ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɋɁ੧ҜɥጽȲșț ȺǾʠʷʑɭɁ˿एɂȞȽɝ۾ᑓȾǾȗɢɃ୫஥੧ҜᄑȽɕɁȾɑȺᡍɒᣅɦ ȺǾඒɁɛșȽ˿एɥࠕᩒȬɞǿ

ǽȈȪȞȪటछɁᇘᇿȾɂǾኌțɂȽȗǿፀࠈɁȻȦɠǾᇘᇿɥᇘᇿȻᝓɔǾ ȰɟȻ੸ɝնȗɥȷȤȹႆȠɞᤍɥ᛻ȷȤɞȪȞȽȗǿȰɦȽɁȝȞȪȗȻ९

șȻȪȲɜǾ――ᆬȞȾǾᇼޙᄑȺɕᅺॴᄑȺɕȽȗɛșȾ᛻țɞȟ――ǾȰ ɟɂᇹȲȴɁး͍୫஥ȟ᣹ඬɁᇘᝈȾȕɑɝȾऐȢᎌɜɟȬȡǾᇘᇿȻȗșա

఼ɁകॡɥީпȾુȹȹȪɑȶȲȮȗȺȕɞǿᆬȞȾǾɕɁȧȻɥ۰ԇȨȮǾ ណɥᜓȢȦȻȺᇹȲȴɂ᣹ඬȬɞǿɕɁȧȻɥȲȳȕɞȟɑɑȾՙȤоɟȹȗ Ȳɜ᣹ඬɂȽȗȻǾᇹȲȴɂ९ȗᣅɦȺȗɞǿȉ⁽⁶⁾

ǽʠʷʐɭȟȞȢɕ۾ᑓȾ˿एȬɞȈᇘᇿȉɁȕɝ஁ɂǾਾȁȞɜ᛻ɟɃǾඒ ɁɛșȽ࿑ौɥɕȷǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾట఼ɁȈᇘᇿȉȾɂǾኌțɂȽȗǿȪȲȟȶȹǾȈᇘᇿȻȪȹɁʡ ʳʅʦՕख़ȉɥȈណᜓȠȉȻȗș९ᐎʃʉɮʵȾɛȶȹᜓ஥ȪȹɕՁျᄑȾ᪅

ႜȾɉȴछȲɝǾȼȦɑȺȗȶȹɕȈᇘᇿȉɂරɝፖȤɞǿ

ǽቼᴯȾǾȳȞɜȻȗȶȹǾఊқȞɜȈណᜓȠȉᄑᜓ஥ᴥ९ᐎʃʉɮʵᴦɥ୽

ॡȪȹɂȽɜȽȗǿȦɁ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɥॎࣄᄑȾᤁᚐȪȹȦȰǾқɔȹȕɞሌ

࣊ᇹȲȴɁ৙ɁɑɑȾȽɞผჵ஁ศɁኰٍɥᆬްȬɞȦȻȟȺȠǾȪȞɕȰɟ ɂ఍ӛȾ๊ႊȬɌȠȺȕɞǿɑȲǾȦșȬɞȦȻȺқɔȹǾȈᇘᇿȻȪȹɁʡ ʳʅʦՕख़ȉɁᬻڒȾȗɢɃȈᚾᬂȞɜȉ᜔ɟɞȦȻȾɕȽɞǿ

ǽቼᴰȾǾȈណᜓȠȉᄑ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȻȈᇘᇿȉȾԴȪȲ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȻȟǾ ȼɁکᬂȺ఍ӛȾᄉ૴ȨɟीɞȞǾȕɜȞȫɔᅺɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗǿȬȽɢȴǾ

৙֞ȸȤȻ˿߳൏ȻȟผჺɁȲɔȾȗȴɃɦ᥾ᛵȽȻȠɕȕɞȪǾᇘᇿɥᇘᇿ ȻျᜓȪȰɁɑɑՙȤоɟɞȦȻȟͷɛɝ᥾ᛵȽȻȠɕȕɞǿȳȞǾȰɟɥа

՘ɝȪȹҜҝȪȲ˨Ⱥ޴ᚐȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗǿ

ǽቼᴱȾǾఊጶࠈᬂȺǾਾȁɂಏటᄑȽᣡᝢȾᄽᬂȬɞǿȬȽɢȴǾ̷ȁȟผ ჺɥ॒ඳȾȈណᜓȠȉȻȪȹ෰ɔɟɃ෰ɔɞɎȼǾผჺɂȞțȶȹᤕɁȗȹȗȶ ȹȪɑșǿ

ᜲ

(1) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.9-p.10ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.24-p.26ᴦ (2) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.248-p.249ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.361-p.362ᴦ (3) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.246-p.247ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.359ᴦ (4) ਾȁȟȦȦȺǾʠʷʑɭᒲᡵȟႊȗȹɂȗȽȗȈ९ᐎʃʉɮʵȉȻȗș᜘

ᕹɥધȴҋȪȲ࿬ȗɂǾԨȾȈʡʳʅʦӛ౓ȉɥᝓឧȬɞ̈́஁ȳȤȺɂȽȢǾ ȰɟɥȝɁɟɁ॑ᡵᄑސ٣ɁпͶȻȪȹႆȠɞ̈́஁ɗৰ࣊ȻȗȶȲɕɁɁ ȕɝ஁ɥɕֆɔȹ̘ᜓȪȲȗȟȲɔȾȺȕɞǿ

(5) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.249ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.362ᴦȽȝǾȦ Ɂኙ੔ȺǾȈᇘᇿɥ૑᪍ȪǾណȾȦȳɢɞȦȻȾӘɦȺȠȲɁɂᛴูԗޙȳ ȤȺɂȽȢǾ͍ఉԗჵǾ॑ᡵᄾᩜᄑȽჵศǾʕʯ˂ɲɮʂ९৊Ɂం࿎Ɂ۹ ȢȾɕպȫϿտȟȕɞǿȉȻ઩ଊȬɞǿ

(6) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.247-p.248ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.360ᴦȽȝǾ ȦɁኙ੔ȾፖȗȹǾʠʷʑɭɂǾᇘᇿɁటछɁ৙֞ɥɛȢ᚜Ȫȹȗɞъټ ᄑȽ΍ȻȪȹǾᐥంȾȕɞʲʠɁ࿎᝙ɥ՘ɝ˨ȥǾ࿲ᒲɁᜓ᥺ɥӏțȹȗɞǿ

ፀ᝙ȻȪȹǽȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȻඳɁՙ߁

ǽਾȁɂǾఊऻȾǾʠʷʑɭȟȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȞȞɢɞಏటᄑȽᣡᝢɁ̋

ɝᠰț஁ȾȷȗȹǾඒɁɛșȾᇉדᄑȾᣖɌȹȗɞȦȻȾԴȪȹǾ̾ऻɁਾȁ ɁᝥᭉȻȪȹˢ᜘ȳȤ᜔ɟȹᏚȠȲȗǿ

ǽȈȦȦȺǾᇹɂʡʳʅʦՕख़ɁȊᇿ߈ȋɥߵȪȳȤ஥ȞȰșȻ९șǿȰɟɂǾ ᒲґɕȗȷȞɂඳȿȻȗș̜޴ɥșɑȢՙȤоɟɞȦȻȟҋ఼Ȳ஽ǾᇹȲȴ ɂǾͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکɥᜓȠ୐ȴǾఊᯚɁЄȠɥȨȮɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȻȗșȦȻ ȳǿȉ⁽¹⁾

ǽʠʷʑɭȾɛɟɃǾး͍Ɂ୫஥ᇋ͢ȺɂǾඳȟ̷ᩖȾᛰȗȞȞɞఊমɁȦȻ ȳȻȗșᐎț஁ȟୈᥓᄑȺȕɞǿȪȞɕǾඳȾߦȬɞઝȗՍɝᫍȗঃ५Ȼȗș ʃʒʶʃȟ٢Ȫ૔ȞȶȹȢɞǿඳɥ৙֞Ɂȕɞ຿ᠴȬɌȠ̷ႆɁᒲུȽˢ᥂ȳ ȻᝓឧȬɞȦȻȺǾȰɁʃʒʶʃɥນɜȬȦȻȟȺȠɟɃǾఙȮȭȪȹፀ౓Ȼ ȪȹǾᇹȲȴɂႆԇޙᄑጽᡅɥᮐࠆɛȢᜓ୐ȨȮǾͶюɁᛏᗧࡾکɥȗȷɁɑ ȾȞᒲ٣ȾЄȞȮȹȗɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȻȗșɁȺȕɞǿɑȲǾʥʃʞʃȺЄȢ

̷ȟ෥͇ȢȦȻɂǾ૛țɔȺɂȕȶȹɕʧʂʐɭʠȽ࢑ఖɥ੿Ȣ̷ɂȈ຿ȴᠴ ɝȹඳȿȉȦȻȟ۹ȗȻȗșȦȻȺȕɞǿȳȟǾȦșȗșȦȻɥ̙ລȪȲɝǾ

ୣϏԇȪȲɝȬɞȦȻɂɓȭȞȪȗǿ

ǽȦɁɛșȽʧʂʐɭʠȞȷ̙ລ˪ᑤȽȈᇘᇿȉȾԴȬɞ९ᐎʃʉɮʵɁ஁ȟǾ ȈผჺɥɕȲɜȬժᑤॴɂȭȶȻᯚȗǿȦɁᐎț஁ɂᇘᇿɥՙȤоɟǾȰɟȾ

ߦѿȪǾᇘᇿɥጽȹᚐӦȪɛșȻȪȹȗɞȞɜȺȕɞǿȰɁᚐӦɂǾผჺɁᇘ ᇿɥՙȤоɟǾȰɟɥքްȪȲɝᤧȤȲɝȪɛșȻȪȹȗȽȗȞɜȦȰǾȗȶ ȰșᒲαȻ࢑ఖȾ຿ȴȹȗɞǿȉ⁽²⁾

ǽ͏˨ɁകႩᄑȽ׎ޙᄑᐎߔȞɜǾ̾ऻɁᝥᭉȻȪȹǾˢ᜘᜔ɟɞȦȻȟᜬȨ ɟɞȽɜɃǾȝɛȰඒɁ̜ȟમȥɜɟɞǿ

ǽቼᴮȾǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞȦȻɂǾผჺȬɞȦȻпͶɥӿ જᄑȾᐎߔȬɞȈผჺޙȉɁɅȻȷɁ఍ӌȽɬʡʷ˂ʋȾȽɝșɞǿ

ǽቼᴯȾǾȈʡʳʅʦՕख़ȉȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞȦȻɂǾ஽ᩖᄑǾሳᩖᄑǾᅺᄑ ᑤӌǾᒲࢄҤॅᑤӌȽȼȾȝȗȹ᪅ɝȕɞ఍᪅Ƚ̷ᩖސ٣ᴥʜʯ˂ʨʕʄʪɁ ߦ៎ᴦɁȕɝ஁ɥщͶᄑȾᜓ஥Ȭɞ׎ޙᄑᐎߔȾȽɝșɞǿ

ᜲ

(1) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.9-p.10ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.24-p.26ᴦ (2) Howard Brody, Ibid,, p.251ᴥʙʹ˂ʓˁʠʷʑɭ, Ұ૬ం, p.365ᴦ

˿ȽՎᐎ୫စ

(ጤᬂɁ᥆նȺǾ͏˩Ɂᕻͽ͏۶ɂǾȬɌȹҾঢ়ȪȲǿͅɁᝲ୫ˁ̜ъȽȼɂǾյኮɁ

ᜲɥՎྃɁȦȻ)

ˁHoward Brody,The Placebo Response,Caroline Myss,Crown Publishers,1997. (ʙʹᴪʓˁʠ ʷʐɭᕻ ȊʡʳʁᴪʦɁผჺӌȋஓటଡ଼୫ᇋ,2004ࢳ),

ˁHoward Brody, Placebo and the Philophy of Medicine,the University of Chicago Press,1977.

ˁArthur K. Shapio & Eliane Shipiro, The Powerful Placebo,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.

ˁFabrizio Benedetti,Placebo Effects,Oxford Unversity Press.2009.

ˁSimon Singh&Edzard Ernst, Trick orTreatment?,W.W.North & Company, 2008.(ɿɮʬʽˁ ʁʽ & ɲʎɫᴪʒˁɲʵʽʃʒᕻ Ȋ͍ఉԗჵɁʒʴʍɹȋ ୿༄ᇋǾ2010ࢳ) ǿ ˁParick Wall, Pain The Science of Suffering,Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1999. (ʛʒʴʍɹˁɰɳ

ᴪʵᕻȊჍმޙࣃᝢȋԧ෹ڛǾ2001ࢳ)