中国語を母語とする中学生における中国語空主語文処理

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中国語を母語とする中学生における中国語空主語文処理

著者 ? 勇

雑誌名静岡大学教育研究

巻 14

ページ 31‑41

発行年 2018‑03‑20

出版者静岡大学大学教育センター

URL http://doi.org/10.14945/00024863

(2)

୰ᅜㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛୰Ꮫ⏕䛻䛚䛡䜛୰ᅜㄒ✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮㻌

⩪㻌 ຬ䠄㟼ᒸ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱䝉䞁䝍䞊䠅

䛿䛨䜑䛻

䛂ไᚚᩥ(control sentence)䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䜛ᵓᩥ䛜䛒䜛䚹ḟ䛾౛䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䛰䛝䛯䛔䚹

(1) ಇ⏨1䛜䛚䛸䛸䛔㡰Ꮚ2䛻䠷PRO1ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷ⓑ≧䛧䛯䚹 (2) ಇ⏨1䛜䛚䛸䛸䛔㡰Ꮚ2䛻䠷PRO2ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷࿨௧䛧䛯䚹

䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸PRO䛿䛂✵୺ㄒ(empty subject)䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䜛⿵ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䜢♧䛧䚸䛭䜜䛜(1)䛷䛿୺ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䛷䛒䜛䛂ಇ

⏨䛃䛻䚸䛭䛧䛶(2)䛷䛿┠ⓗㄒ䛾䛂㡰Ꮚ䛃䛻䛂ไᚚ(control)䛃䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄ᮏ✏䛷䛿䚸ྡモ䛾ྑୗ䛻

௜䛡䜙䜜䛯䜰䝷䝡䜰ᩘᏐ䛜ྠ䛨ሙྜ䛻ྠ୍䛾ᣦ♧䜢ᣢ䛴䛸䛩䜛䠅䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸(1)䛾䜘䛖䛻୺ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䛜⿵ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䜢ไᚚ䛧䛶䛔䜛ᵓᩥ䜢䛂୺ㄒไᚚᩥ(subject control sentence)䛃䚸(2)䛾䜘䛖䛻୺ᩥ䛾┠ⓗㄒ䛜⿵ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䜢ไ ᚚ䛧䛶䛔䜛ᵓᩥ䜢䛂┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ(object control sentence)䛃䛸࿧䜆䚹

㻌PRO 䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾◊✲䛿㠀ᖖ䛻⯆࿡῝䛔䝔䞊䝬䛾୍䛴䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛪䚸PRO 䛿㡢ᙧ䜢ᣢ䛯䛺䛔䚹䜎䛯䚸NP ⑞㊧

䜔WH⑞㊧䛸㐪䛳䛶䚸⛣ື䛻䜘䜛⑞㊧䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨(parser)䛿⑞㊧䛻䛴䛔䛶ఱ䜒ᬯ♧䛜䛺䛔䜎䜎ᩥ䜢ㄞ䜏㐍䜑䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜛䚹᭱ᚋ䛻䚸PRO䛻䛿ඛ⾜モ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛¹⁾䚹䛣䜜䜙≉ู䛺≉ᛶ䜢ᣢ䛴PRO䛿䚸⤫ㄒゎᯒ䛻䛚䛡䜛ᵝ䚻䛺䝰䝕䝹䜢᳨ド䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾㨩ຊⓗ䛺≉ᚩ䜢᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

㻌(1)䛸(2)䛾౛䛷䛿䚸⿵ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䛜᫂♧䛥䜜䛶䛚䜙䛪䚸䛭䛾ゎ㔘䛿୺ᩥ䛾୺ㄒ䜎䛯䛿┠ⓗㄒ䛻౫Ꮡ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛩

䛺䜟䛱䚸✵୺ㄒ䛸䛔䛖୍䛴䛾✵ᡤ(gap)䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛾䛻 2 䛴䛾ྍ⬟䛺ඛ⾜モ(antecedent, 䝣䜱䝷䞊filler 䛸䜒࿧䜀䜜䜛)䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹ᩥ඲య䛾ព࿡䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䛣䛾2䛴䛾ඛ⾜モ䛾䛖䛱䚸䛹䛱䜙䛜୍䛴䜢㐺ษ䛺ඛ⾜モ䛸䛧䛶㑅䜀䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻䛧䛶䛣䛾㑅ᢥ䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛰䜝䛖䛛䠛ᩥᮎ䛾ືモ䛜ฟ⌧䛩䜛䜎䛷ᚅ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛰䜝䛖䛛䠛䛭䜜䛸䜒䚸ᩥᮎ䛾ືモ䛜ฟ⌧䛩䜛௨๓䛻ఱ䜙䛛䛾ᡭ䛜䛛䜚䜢䜒䛸䛻䛧䛶ฎ⌮䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛰䜝䛖䛛䠛

䛣䛾ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸௒䜎䛷䚸ⱥㄒ䛸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢୰ᚰ䛻䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾◊✲䛜䛺䛥䜜䚸஧䛴䛾ᑐ❧䛩䜛௬ㄝ䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛯䚹୍䛴䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑䜢ཧ↷䛫䛪䛻䚸༢䛻㊥㞳ⓗ㐲㏆䛻䜘䜚䚸䛂✵ᡤ䛻୍␒㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛷✵ᡤ䜢 ᇙ䜑䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䛾⪃䛘᪉䛷䛒䜛(cf. Frazier et al. 1983)䚹䜒䛖୍䛴䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑䜢ཧ

↷䛧䛶✵ᡤ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛸䛔䛖䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃²⁾䛷䛒䜛(cf. ᆏᮏ1995䚸Sakamoto 2002)䚹䛣䛾஧䛴䛾ᑐ❧䛩䜛௬ㄝ䜢᳨ド䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸⩪(2006)䛷䛿୰ᅜㄒẕㄒヰ⪅(ᡂே)䜢⿕㦂⪅䛸䛧䛶ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䚸䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛂୺ᩥືモ䛾ゝㄒⓗㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢┤䛱䛻⏝䛔䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䛜ᨭᣢ䛥䜜䛯䚹᭦䛻䚸⩪(2012) 䛿୰ᅜㄒẕㄒヰ⪅(ᑠᏛ⏕)䜢⿕㦂⪅䛻ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯⤖ᯝ䚸ㄒᙡ⩦ᚓ䛜㐍䜐䛻䛴䜜䚸䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䛛䜙ゝㄒ▱

㆑䛾༶᫬ⓗ฼⏝䠄䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䠅䛾ẁ㝵䜈䛸⛣⾜䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䛂ᩥฎ⌮᪉␎䛾⛣⾜௬ㄝ䛃䜢ᥦ᱌䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸⩪

(2012)䛷䛿䚸ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢䛩䜉䛶⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䜛ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䛿㉁ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ṇ⟅⋡䛜㧗䛟䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸ᐇ㦂

ᩥ䛾༢ㄒ䜢䛩䛷䛻⩦ᚓ䛧䛯䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪᏶඲䛻ᩥ⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䛸ゝㄒฎ⌮䛾㛫䛻䜼䝱䝑䝥䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛭䛾䜼䝱䝑䝥䛿ఱ䛰䜝䛖䛛䠛䛔䛴䛻䛺䛳䛯䜙䛭䛾䜼䝱䝑䝥䛜↓䛟䛺䜚䚸኱ே䛸ྠ䛨⤖ᯝ䛻䛺䜛䛰

論文

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䜝䛖䛛䠛

Piaget(1970)䛿䚸ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛛䜙ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䜢ศ㞳䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿୙ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸 Skinner (1957)䛷䛿䚸Ꮚ౪䛿࿘ᅖ䛾ே䚻䛾ヰ䛩ゝⴥ䜢⪺䛔䛶ᶍೌ䛩䜛่⃭-཯ᛂ䛾⤒㦂䜢✚䜏㔜䛽䚸䛭䛾⩦័

໬䛸㢮᥎䜢㏻䛨䛶ᚋኳⓗ䛻ゝㄒ䜢⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䛟䜒䛾䛸⪃䛘䜛䚹䛣䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䚸Chomsky (1959,1976)䛿Ꮚ౪䛜᥋䛩䜛ゝⴥ䛿䛩䜉䛶䛾ᩥἲつ๎䜢⥙⨶䛧䛯᏶඲䛺䜒䛾䛷䛿䛒䜚䛘䛺䛔䚹䛭䜜䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䛝䜟䜑䛶」㞧䛺ᩥἲ䜢䛤䛟▷ᮇ㛫䛷⩦ᚓ䛷䛝䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸⏕䜎䜜䛺䛜䜙䛻ே㛫䛜ᣢ䛴ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ⬟ຊ䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢௬ᐃ䛩䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱ゝㄒ䛻䛿䛩䜉䛶䛻ඹ㏻䛩䜛ᬑ㐢ⓗ䛺ゝㄒ≉ᛶ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䚸ே㛫䛿䛭䜜䜢⤌䜏㎸䜣䛰ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ⿦⨨䜢⏕ᚓⓗ䛻ᡤ᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䜜䛜⏕ᚋ࿘ᅖ䛾ゝⴥ䛻᥋䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷άᛶ໬䛥䜜䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ಶูゝㄒ䛾ᩥἲ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹ᮏ◊

✲䛷䛿䚸ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䛸ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛾㛵ಀ䛿௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛻䜎䛸䜑䜛䚹

(3) 㻌㻌 input 㻌㻌 output

ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩ᮇ㛫䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸Piaget(1970)䛜ḟ䛾 4 䛴䜢᝿ᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹i䠅ឤぬ㐠ືᮇ㛫䠄0-2 ṓ䠅䚹䛂ᑐ㇟䛾Ọ

⥆ᛶ䛃䛾ᴫᛕ䜢⋓ᚓ䛩䜛䚹 ii䠅๓᧯సᮇ㛫䠄2ࠥ7 ṓ䠅䚹䛤䛳䛣㐟䜃䛾䜘䛖䛺グྕⓗᶵ⬟䛜⏕䛨䜛䚹 iii䠅ලయⓗ᧯స ᮇ㛫䠄7-12 ṓ䠅䚹ᩘ䜔㔞䛾ಖᏑᴫᛕ䛜ᡂ❧䛧䚸䜎䛯䚸ྍ㏫ⓗ᧯స䜒⾜䛘䜛䚹 iv䠅ᙧᘧⓗ᧯సᮇ㛫䠄12 ṓࠥ䠅䚹 ᙧ ᘧⓗ䚸ᢳ㇟ⓗ᧯స䛜ྍ⬟䛻䛺䜚௬ㄝ₇⧢ⓗᛮ⪃䛜䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛䚹ୖグ㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛛䜙ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ 䜢ศ㞳䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿㐺ษ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹ྠᵝ䛻䚸ᩥฎ⌮䜢ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛛䜙ศ㞳䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒㐺ษ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹ᑠᏛᰯ䠑ᖺ⏕䛾ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䛸ゝㄒฎ⌮䛾㛫䛾䜼䝱䝑䝥䛿ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛰䛸ゝ䛘䜛䛰䜝䛖䚹ㄆ▱⬟ຊ䛿ᖺ㱋䛾ቑຍ䛻క䛳䛶Ⓨ

㐩䛩䜛䚹⩪(2012)䛾ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸ᑠᏛᰯ1ᖺ⏕䠄6䡚7ṓ䠅䛛䜙5ᖺ⏕䠄10䡚11ṓ䠅䚸䛴䜎䜚Ϲ)䛸iii䠅䛾ᮇ㛫䛾ᑠᏛ

⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛿⩪(2012)䛾ᐇ㦂䛾ᘏ㛗䛷䚸iv䠅䛾ᮇ㛫䛾୰Ꮫ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻ᐇ 㦂䜢⾜䛔䚸✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䛿ㄆ▱⬟ຊ䛾Ⓨ㐩䛻䜘䜚䛹䛖䛔䛖ኚ໬䛜䛒䜛䛾䛛䜢⪃ᐹ䛩䜛䚹

1 ඛ⾜◊✲

1.1㻌 ▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䠖Frazier, Clifton, and Randall (1983)

▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛿䚸୚䛘䜙䜜䛯ゝㄒ᝟ሗ䛾⾲ᒙ䛾▱ぬⓗ䛺ᡭ䛜䛛䜚䜢ᇶ䛻䛧䛯䚸Ⓨぢἲⓗ (heuristic)䞉᥈⣴ⓗ

(detective)䛺ᛶ㉁䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹Kimball (1973)䛾ྑ⤖ྜ䠄right association䠅䚸Frazier and Fodor (1978)䛾

᭱ᑡ௜ຍ (minimal attachment)䚸Frazier et al. (1983)䛾᭱䜒㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛾᪉␎ (Most Recent Filler Strategy: MRFS)䛺䛹䛜䛭䛖䛧䛯᪉␎䛾౛䛸䛧䛶ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䜛䚹䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸✵୺ㄒᩥ䛾ฎ⌮䛸㛵㐃䛒䜛Frazieret al.

(1983)䜢⤂௓䛩䜛䚹

Frazier, Clifton, and Randall (1983)䛿ⱥㄒ䛾ẕㄒヰ⪅䛜䛹䜜䛠䜙䛔㏿䛟✵୺ㄒᩥ䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖ᩥ

⌮ゎㄢ㢟䜢⏝䛔䛶䚸ⱥㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䛾ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯ᩥ䛿䚸౛䛘䜀(4)䛾䜘䛖䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹

Language materials Language Acquisition Device Grammar (adult)

Cognitive development

(4)

(4) a. Subject control sentence

Everyone liked the woman who1 the little child2 started [PRO2 to sing those stupid French songs for trace1 last Christmas].

b. Object control sentence

Everyone liked the woman who1 the little child2 forced trace1 [PRO1 to sing those stupid French songs last Christmas].

㻌 ᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䚸(4a)䛾᪉䛜(4b)䜘䜚䜒ᩥ⌮ゎ䛻せ䛩䜛཯ᛂ᫬㛫䛜᭷ព䛻▷䛟(1071 msec vs. 1165 msec;

p<.05)䚸䜎䛯ṇ⟅⋡䜒㧗䛔(78% vs. 66%; p<.01)䚹Frazier et al.䛿ᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸Most Recent Filler strategy (MRF)䜢୺ᙇ䛧䛯(p.196):

(5) Most Recent Filler strategy

During language comprehension a detected gap is initially and quickly taken to be co-indexed with the most recent potential filler.

䛣䛾⤖ᯝ䛜ฟ䛯䛾䛿䚸“start”䜔“force”䛺䛹䛾ືモ䛾ᣢ䛴᝟ሗ䛸䛿↓㛵ಀ䛻 MRF 䛾᪉␎䛜(4a)䛾᪉䜢ዲ䜐䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䛸ㄝ᫂䛥䜜䜛䚹ᙼዪ䛯䛱䛿“readers use control information only after they have applied the Most Recent Filler strategy” (p.205)䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹Frazier et al.䛿䛥䜙䛻䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿䛂⑞㊧(trace)䛃䛺䛹䛾

✵⠊␪䜢ྍ⬟䛺䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛿ぢ䛺䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸௬ᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜒䛧⑞㊧(trace)䛿ྍ⬟䛺䝣䜱䝷䞊䛺䜙䜀䚸(4b)䛾

trace䛿PRO 䛻㊥㞳ⓗ䛻᭱䜒㏆䛔䛾䛷䚸(4a)䛸(4b)䛾ᩥ⌮ゎ䛻せ䛩䜛཯ᛂ᫬㛫䛻᭷ពᕪ䛿䛺䛔䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎

䛸䜑䜛䛸䚸ⱥㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸Frazier et al.䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜✵୺ㄒ䛾ඛ⾜モ䜢Ỵᐃ䛩䜛㝿䚸

ືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䛜୍᫬ⓗ䛻↓ど䛥䜜䚸㊥㞳ⓗ䛻᭱䜒㏆䛔ㄒᙡⓗඛ⾜モ䠄trace䛷䛿䛺䛔䠅䛜ඃඛ䛥䜜䛯ᚋ䚸ືモ䛾᝟ሗ䛜฼⏝䛥䜜䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹

1.2㻌㏱㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䠖ᆏᮏ (1995)

㻌Frazier et al.(1983)䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛯MRF䛾᪉␎䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸䛂⑞㊧(trace)䛃䛺䛹䛾✵⠊␪䜢ྍ⬟䛺䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛿ぢ䛺䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖௬ㄝ䛿ᚰ⌮ゝㄒᏛ䛻䛚䛡䜛◊✲䛻䛸䛳䛶㠀ᖖ䛻㔜኱䛺ၥ㢟䜢ᥦ㉳䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾᪉␎䛸௬ㄝ䛿ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛻䛿⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ୖᏑᅾ䛩䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛⑞㊧(trace)䛜ぢ䛘䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛖䛩䜛䛸䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛸ᩥἲ䛾୧⪅䛿୙㏱᫂䛺㛵ಀ䛻䛒䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹ᆏᮏ(1995)䛷䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜✵ᡤ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛㝿䛻䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛸ᩥἲ䛾୧⪅䛿୙㏱᫂䛺㛵ಀ䛛䛹䛖䛛䚸䛴䜎䜚䚸ᩥἲⓗ᝟ሗ䜢౑⏝䛩䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖ၥ㢟䜢ゎ᫂

䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢⏝䛔䛶ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹

(6) a. ṇつㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

ಇ⏨1䛜䛚䛸䛸䛔㡰Ꮚ2䛻䠷PRO1ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷ⓑ≧䛧䛯䚹 b. ṇつㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

ಇ⏨1䛜䛚䛸䛸䛔㡰Ꮚ2䛻䠷PRO 2ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷࿨௧䛧䛯䚹 c. 䛛䛝ΰ䛬ㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

㡰Ꮚ2䛻䛚䛸䛸䛔ಇ⏨1䛜䠷PRO 1ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷ⓑ≧䛧䛯

(5)

d. 䛛䛝ΰ䛬ㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

㡰Ꮚ2䛻䛚䛸䛸䛔ಇ⏨1䛜䠷PRO2ᮾி⾜䛝䠹䜢ᡭ⣬䛷࿨௧䛧䛯䚹

⿕㦂⪅䛿䝔䞊䝥䛻㘓㡢䛥䜜䛯䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ᩥ䜢⪺䛔䛶䛂ᮾி䛻⾜䛟䛃䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛ே䛾ྡ䜢⟅䛘䜛䜘䛖䛻ᣦ♧䛥䜜䛯䚹ṇつㄒ㡰䛷䛿䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ(6b)䛾᪉䛜୺ㄒไᚚᩥ(6a)䜘䜚䜒᭷ព䛻཯ᛂ᫬㛫䛜▷䛔䛸䛔䛖⤖ᯝ䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹

┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ(6b)䛾┠ⓗㄒ䛿㊥㞳ⓗ䛻PRO䛻᭱䜒㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛷䜒䛒䜚䚸MRF䛾᪉␎䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ

⌮䛻㐺⏝䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖௬ㄝ䛻▩┪䛧䛺䛔䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸䛛䛝ΰ䛬ㄒ㡰(6c)䛸(6d)䛷䛿䚸┠ⓗㄒ䛿 PRO 䛛䜙㞳䜜䛶䛔䜛

఩⨨䛻䛒䜛䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ(6d)䛾䜋䛖䛜୺ㄒไᚚᩥ(6c)䜘䜚ฎ⌮᫬㛫䛜▷䛔䛸䛔䛖⤖ᯝ䜒ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛭䛣䛷䚸ᆏᮏ(1995)䛿䛂┠ⓗㄒඃ఩௬ㄝ䛃䜢୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹

(7) ┠ⓗㄒඃ఩௬ㄝ

ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿㊥㞳ⓗ䛺㐲㏆䛾᝟ሗ䛸䛿↓㛵ಀ䛻┠ⓗㄒ䜢䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛧䛶ඃඛⓗ䛻㑅ᢥ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

㻌䛂┠ⓗㄒඃ఩௬ㄝ䛃䛿ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑䜢ཧ↷䛧䛶✵ᡤ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛸䛔䛖䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䜢ᨭᣢ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

1.3 ୰ᅜㄒẕㄒヰ⪅(ᡂே)䠖⩪ (2006)

ⱥㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ὀព䛩䜉䛝Ⅼ䛿ືモ䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹᝟ሗ䛜㐜ᘏⓗ䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖᮲௳

䛜ᡂ❧䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸MRF䛾᪉␎䛜㐺⏝䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹᪥ᮏㄒ䛿୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺゝㄒ䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ືモ䛿⠇

䛾᭱ᚋ䛻ධຊ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ືモ䛾᝟ሗ䛿MRF䛾᪉␎䛜㐺⏝䛥䜜䛯ᚋ䛻ാ䛟䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢᳨ド䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹䜘䛳䛶䚸⩪(2006)䛿(8)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢⏝䛔䛶䚸᪂䛯䛻୰ᅜㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䛾ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹(8)䛾୰ᅜㄒ䛾✵

୺ㄒᩥ䛾฼Ⅼ䛸䛧䛶௨ୗ䛾2Ⅼ䜢ᣲ䛢䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹

i) ⱥㄒ䛸ྠ䛨䛟䚸୺ᩥືモ䛜✵ᡤ䛾๓䛻⌧䜜䜛䛾䛷䚸୺ᩥືモ䛾᝟ሗ䛜༶ᗙ䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢᳨ド䛷䛝䜛䚹 ii) ᪥ᮏㄒ䛸ྠ䛨䛟䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊2 䜢ᩥ㢌䛻⛣ື䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䚸㊥㞳ⓗ䛻✵ᡤ䛻㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛜✵ᡤ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢

᳨ド䛷䛝䜛䚹

(8) a. SOVㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

ୖ࿘ ᑠь1 ᅾಙ୰ ሩᑠ㓒2 ┿䈊 ᆠⓑ䈤 [∅ъྡྷ ௕䮯᫓ ┤᥋ PRO1 ཤ໭ி].

㻌㻌㻌ඛ㐌㻌 ᑠᮾ㻌 ᡭ⣬䛷㻌 ᑠ⣚䛻㻌 ┿๢䛻 ࿌ⓑ䛩䜛䛸 ༞ᴗᚋ㻌㛗᫓䛛䜙㻌 ┤᥋䛻㻌㻌㻌 ໭ி䛻⾜䛟㻌㻌㻌‘ඛ㐌ᑠᮾ䛜ᡭ⣬䛷ᑠ⣚䛻༞ᴗᚋ㛗᫓䛛䜙┤᥋䛻໭ி䛻⾜䛟䛾䜢┿๢䛻࿌ⓑ䛧䛯䚹’

b. SOVㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

ୖ࿘ ᑠь1 ᅾಙ୰ ሩᑠ㓒2 ┿䈊 ࣍࿌䈤 [∅ъྡྷ ௕䮯᫓ ┤᥋ PRO2 ཤ໭ி].

㻌㻌㻌ඛ㐌㻌 ᑠᮾ㻌 ᡭ⣬䛷㻌 ᑠ⣚䛻㻌 ┿๢䛻㻌 ່䜑䜛䛸 ༞ᴗᚋ㻌㛗᫓䛛䜙㻌 ┤᥋䛻㻌㻌㻌 ໭ி䛻⾜䛟㻌㻌㻌‘ඛ㐌ᑠᮾ䛜ᡭ⣬䛷ᑠ⣚䛻༞ᴗᚋ㛗᫓䛛䜙┤᥋䛻໭ி䛻⾜䛟䛾䜢┿๢䛻່䜑䛯䚹’

㻌 _c._OSV_{ㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ}

ሩᑠ㓒2 ୖ࿘ ᑠь1 ᅾಙ୰ ┿䈊 ᆠⓑ䈤 [∅ъྡྷ ௕䮯᫓ ┤᥋ PRO1 ཤ໭ி].

㻌㻌㻌ᑠ⣚䛻㻌㻌 ඛ㐌㻌 ᑠᮾ㻌 ᡭ⣬䛷㻌 ┿๢䛻 ࿌ⓑ䛩䜛䛸 ༞ᴗᚋ㻌㛗᫓䛛䜙㻌 ┤᥋䛻㻌㻌 ໭ி䛻⾜䛟

㻌㻌 ‘ᑠ⣚䛻ඛ㐌ᑠᮾ䛜ᡭ⣬䛷༞ᴗᚋ㛗᫓䛛䜙┤᥋䛻໭ி䛻⾜䛟䛾䜢┿๢䛻࿌ⓑ䛧䛯䚹’

(6)

d. OSVㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

ሩᑠ㓒2 ୖ࿘ ᑠь1 ᅾಙ୰ ┿䈊 ࣍࿌䈤 [∅ъྡྷ ௕䮯᫓ ┤᥋ PRO2 ཤ໭ி].

㻌㻌㻌ᑠ⣚䛻㻌㻌 ඛ㐌㻌 ᑠᮾ㻌 ᡭ⣬䛷㻌 ┿๢䛻 ່䜑䜛䛸 ༞ᴗᚋ㻌㛗᫓䛛䜙㻌 ┤᥋䛻㻌㻌 ໭ி䛻⾜䛟

㻌㻌 ‘ᑠ⣚䛻ඛ㐌ᑠᮾ䛜ᡭ⣬䛷༞ᴗᚋ㛗᫓䛛䜙┤᥋䛻໭ி䛻⾜䛟䛾䜢┿๢䛻່䜑䛯䚹’

࿊♧᪉ἲ䛿䛂⛣ື❆䛾ㄞ䜏(moving-windows reading)䛃䛷䚸ᩥ⠇³⁾䛤䛸䛾ㄞ䜏᫬㛫䜢ィ䛧䛯䚹᭱ᚋ䛾ᩥ⠇

䜢࿊♧⤊஢ᚋ䛻䚸ᩥ䛾୰䛻ฟ䛶䛟䜛ே≀䛾ྡ䜢࿊♧䛧䚸䛂໭ி䜈⾜䛟䛃䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛ே䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢YES/NOุ᩿䛧䛯䚹

୺ᩥືモ䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛿䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䠄࣍࿌䠅䜘䜚୺ㄒไᚚືモ䠄ᆠⓑ䠅䛾᪉䛜▷䛛䛳䛯 ⁴⁾䚹⿵ᩥືモ䠄ཤ䠅䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛷䛿䚸ྛ᮲௳䛻䛚䛔䛶᭷ពᕪ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸⿵ᩥືモ䠄ཤ䠅䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䜛๓䛻䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿䛩䛷䛻✵୺ㄒ䛾ືస୺䛜ㄡ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䜢⌮ゎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹୺ᩥືモ䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛾ᕪ䛛䜙䚸ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛾୰䛻䛒䜛୺ᩥືモ䛾᝟ሗ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶✵୺ㄒ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛣䛸䛜♧၀䛥䜜䜛䚹せ䛩䜛䛻䚸୺

ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䠄䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹᝟ሗ䠅䛜༶ᗙ䛻฼⏝䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䜢ᨭᣢ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

1.4㻌 ᩥฎ⌮᪉␎䛾⛣⾜䠖⩪ (2012)

㻌 ᡂே䜢ᑐ㇟䛻⾜䛳䛯᪥ᮏㄒ䞉୰ᅜㄒ䛾✵୺ㄒᩥᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸䛸䜒䛻䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䜢ᨭᣢ䛩䜛⤖ᯝ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸䛣䛾䛣䛸䛜ே㛫䛾ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䜢඲䛟⏝䛔䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹ゝㄒⓗ

▱㆑䛾⩦ᚓ䛜᏶஢䛧䛶䛔䜛ᡂே䛻䛸䛳䛶䚸ᩥฎ⌮䜢䛩䜛㝿䚸ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑䜢⏝䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿⮬↛䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ゝㄒ

ⓗ▱㆑䛜୙᏶඲䛺⩦ᚓึᮇẁ㝵䛷䛿䚸ᩥฎ⌮䛾䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䛿䛹䛖䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜝䛖䛛䚹䛭䛣䛷䚸✵୺ㄒ䛾ྠ

ᐃ䛻䛺䛟䛶䛿䛺䜙䛺䛔୺ᩥືモ䛾⩦ᚓᗘ䛜␗䛺䜛ᑠᏛᰯ1ᖺ⏕䛛䜙5ᖺ⏕䜎䛷䛾ඣ❺䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䚸䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᩥฎ

⌮䛾ᕪ䛜ฟ䛶䛟䜛䛛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛻ὀ┠䛧䚸(9)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢⏝䛔䛶ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛔䚸ゝㄒฎ⌮䛻䛚䛡䜛䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䛸䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䛾㛵䜟䜚䜢⪃ᐹ䛧䛯䚹

(9) a. SOVㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

㻌 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 ьь1 ሩ୹୹2 ਁㄋ䈤 [௒ኳ 䇔┿ PRO1 ೴సъ].

ᮾᮾ㻌 ୹୹䛻㻌ㄋ䛖䛸㻌 ௒᪥㻌 ┿㠃┠䛻㻌㻌 ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ‘ᮾᮾ䛜୹୹䛻௒᪥┿㠃┠䛻ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟䛾䜢ㄋ䛳䛯䚹’

b. SOVㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

ьь1 ሩ୹୹2 კ࿸䈤 [௒ኳ 䇔┿ PRO2 ೴సъ].

ᮾᮾ㻌 ୹୹䛻㻌 ່䜑䜛䛸㻌 ௒᪥㻌 ┿㠃┠䛻㻌 ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ‘ᮾᮾ䛜୹୹䛻௒᪥┿㠃┠䛻ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟䛾䜢່䜑䛯䚹’

c. OSVㄒ㡰㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

ሩ୹୹2 ьь1 ਁㄋ䈤 [௒ኳ 䇔┿ PRO1 ೴సъ].

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ୹୹䛻㻌 ᮾᮾ㻌ㄋ䛖䛸㻌 ௒᪥㻌 ┿㠃┠䛻㻌 ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ‘୹୹䛻ᮾᮾ䛜௒᪥┿㠃┠䛻ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟䛾䜢ㄋ䛳䛯䚹’

(7)

d. OSVㄒ㡰㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

ሩ୹୹2 ьь1 კ࿸䈤 [௒ኳ 䇔┿ PRO 2 ೴సъ].

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ୹୹䛻㻌 ᮾᮾ㻌 ່䜑䜛䛸 ௒᪥㻌 ┿㠃┠䛻㻌㻌 ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ‘୹୹䛻ᮾᮾ䛜௒᪥┿㠃┠䛻ᐟ㢟䜢᭩䛟䛾䜢ㄋ䛳䛯/່䜑䛯䚹’

ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛾୺ᩥືモ䛾㑅ᢥᇶ‽䛿 1 ᖺ⏕䛾ືモ⩦ᚓ⋡ 0䠂䚸3 ᖺ⏕䛾ືモ⩦ᚓ⋡ 50䠂䚸5 ᖺ⏕䛾ືモ⩦

ᚓ⋡䛿100䠂䛷䛒䜛⁵⁾䚹࿊♧᪉ἲ䛿⩪(2006)䛸ྠ䛨䛟䛂⛣ື❆䛾ㄞ䜏(moving-windows reading)䛃䛷䚸ᩥ⠇䛤䛸䛾ㄞ䜏᫬㛫䜢ィ䛧䛯䚹᭱ᚋ䛾ᩥ⠇䛜࿊♧䛥䜜䛯ᚋ䛻䚸䛂ьь/୹୹௒ኳ䇔┿೴సъ䛃䛸䛔䛖ᩥ䛜࿊♧䛥䜜䚸⿕㦂

⪅䛿YES/NOุ᩿ㄢ㢟䜢ㄢ䛥䜜䛯䚹YES/NO཯ᛂᩘ䚸ṇ⟅⋡䚸୺ᩥືモ䛸⿵ᩥືモ䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛺䛹䛾⥲

ྜ⤖ᯝ䛻䜘䜚䚸1 ᖺ⏕䛛䜙 5 ᖺ⏕䜎䛷䛾✵୺ㄒᩥ⌮ゎ䜢⪃ᐹ䛧䛯䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸✵୺ㄒ䛻㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛷✵୺ㄒ䜢 ᇙ䜑䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸(9a)䛷䛿䛂୹୹䛃䛜✵୺ㄒ䛻㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛺䛾䛷䚸䛂୹୹௒ኳ䇔┿೴సъ䛃䛾 YES ཯ᛂ䛜ከ䛟䛺䜛䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹

1ᖺ⏕䛛䜙5ᖺ⏕䜎䛷䛾⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸୺ᩥືモ䜢䜎䛰⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔ẁ㝵䛷䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜䛂▱ぬ䛾᪉␎䛃䜢⏝

䛔䛶䛚䜚(✵୺ㄒ䛻㏆䛔䝣䜱䝷䞊䛷✵୺ㄒ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䠅䚸୺ᩥືモ䜢⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䜛ẁ㝵䛻䛺䜛䛸䚸ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑(୺ᩥື

モ䛾ゝㄒⓗㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢┤䛱䛻⏝䛔䜛)䜢฼⏝䛧䛶ᩥฎ⌮䜢⾜䛖䠄䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䠅ẁ㝵䛻⛣⾜䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜♧၀䛥䜜䛯䚹

䠎㻌 ᐇ㦂

ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳

㻌 ⩪(2012)䛷䛿䚸䠍ᖺ⏕䛛䜙 5 ᖺ⏕䜎䛷䛾୰ᅜㄒ✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮䜢⪃ᐹ䛧䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸5 ᖺ⏕䛿ゝㄒⓗ▱㆑(୺ᩥື

モ䛾ゝㄒⓗㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢┤䛱䛻⏝䛔䜛)䜢฼⏝䛧䛶ᩥฎ⌮䜢⾜䛖䛸䛔䛖⤖ᯝ䜢ᚓ䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸୺ᩥືモ䜢䛩䜉䛶⩦ᚓ 䛧䛶䛔䜛5ᖺ⏕䛿㉁ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ṇ⟅⋡䛜㧗䛟䛺䛛䛳䛯䠄9a: 75%; 9b: 73.8%; 9c: 72.6%; 9d: 77.4%䠅䚹୺ᩥື

モ䜢䛩䜉䛶⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䜛 5 ᖺ⏕䛿䛺䛬ᡂே䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䛩䜛ᐇ㦂䛾ṇ⟅⋡䜘䜚ప䛔䛾䛛䚸䛹䛖䛔䛖ẁ㝵䛻䛺䛳䛯䜙䚸 ᡂே䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖㉁ၥ䜢ゎ᫂䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸ᑠᏛ⏕䜘䜚䜒ㄆ▱⬟ຊ䛜㐍䜣䛷䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛୰Ꮫ1䞉2ᖺ⏕䜢⿕㦂⪅䛻ᐇ㦂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹

⿕㦂⪅

୰ᅜ䝝䝹䝡䞁ᕷ୰Ꮫᰯ⁶⁾䛾1ᖺ⏕(11䡚12ṓ)䛸2ᖺ⏕(12䡚13ṓ)12ྡ䛪䛴䚸ྜィ24ྡ䚹

ᡭ㡰

ᐇ㦂䛷䛿(9)䛾䜘䛖䛺1⤌4᮲௳䛛䜙䛺䜛28⤌䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢ྜィ112ᩥ౑⏝䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䝷䝔䞁᪉᱁ἲ䜢᥇

⏝䛧䚸112ᩥ䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䜢4䛴䛾䝸䝇䝖䛻ศ䛡䚸1ே䛾⿕㦂⪅䛻ᑐ䛧䛶1⤌䛻䛴䛝1᮲௳䛾่⃭ᩥ䛾䜏࿊♧䛧䛯䚹

ྛ䝸䝇䝖䛿่⃭ᩥ28ᩥ䛾௚䛻28ᩥ䛾䝣䜱䝷䞊ᩥ䚸8ᩥ䛾⦎⩦ᩥ䚸6ᩥ䛾䜴䜷䞊䝮䜰䝑䝥ᩥ䜢ྵ䜐70ᩥ䛷ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸่⃭ᩥ䛿䝸䝇䝖ෆ䛷䝷䞁䝎䝮䛻࿊♧䛧䛯䚹どぬ่⃭䜢⏝䛔䚸⿕㦂⪅䝨䞊䝇䛾ㄞ䜏䛾᪉ᘧ䛷䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾

ᩥ⠇䜢࿊♧䛧䛯䚹࿊♧᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᩥ඲య䜢ᕥ䛛䜙ྑ䜈䛸ḟ䚻䛻㛢䛨䛶䛔䛟❆䜢═䜑䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻ぢ䛘䜛䛂⛣ື❆䛾ㄞ䜏(moving-windows reading)䛃䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹ᩥ⠇䛤䛸䛾ㄞ䜏᫬㛫䜢ィ䛧䛯䚹᭱ᚋ䛾ᩥ⠇䛜࿊♧䛥䜜䛯ᚋ䛻䚸䛂ь ь/୹୹௒ኳ䇔┿೴సъ䛃䛸䛔䛖ᩥ䛜࿊♧䛥䜜䚸⿕㦂⪅䛿YES/NOุ᩿ㄢ㢟䜢ㄢ䛥䜜䛯䚹

(8)

ண

୰Ꮫᰯ1䞉2ᖺ⏕䛿䚸୺ᩥືモ䠄䛂ਁㄋ䛃䚸䛂კ࿸䛃䠅䛾ゝㄒⓗ᝟ሗ䜢᪤䛻⩦ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ㄆ▱⬟ຊ䛜ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ

⏕䜘䜚Ⓨ㐩䛧䛶䛔䜛୰Ꮫᰯ1䞉2ᖺ⏕䛿䚸ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䜘䜚ṇ䛧䛔YES/NOุ᩿䛜䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛䛸ண᝿䛥䜜䜛䚹䛂୺ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢ཧ↷䛧䛶✵୺ㄒ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖ᩥฎ⌮䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䛜ാ䛟䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

䜒䛧୺ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢༶᫬䛻䛛䛴ṇ☜䛻⏝䛔䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䛜⮬ືモ䛷䚸 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚ

ືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䛜௚ືモ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䜛䛸ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹୺ᩥືモ䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䛯䛸䛝䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䛾 ᚋ䜝䛻୍䛴✵䛾せ⣲䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛻ᑐ䛧䠄ᅗ 2䠅䚸 ୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䛾ᚋ䜝䛻ఱ䜒ᚲせ䛷䛿䛺䛔䠄ᅗ 1䠅䚹 ᵓ㐀ୖ䛾」㞧ᗘ䛾㐪䛔䛻䜘䜚䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛜୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䜘䜚㛗䛔䛸ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌

ᅗ1㻌 ୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 ᅗ2㻌 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃

䜒䛧୰Ꮫᰯ 1䞉2 ᖺ⏕䛜୺ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢༶᫬䛻ཧ↷䛧䛶✵୺ㄒ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸⿵ᩥືモ P6(䛂೴స ъ䛃䠅䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䛯㝿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿䛩䛷䛻⿵ᩥ䛾ືస୺䛜ㄡ䛺䛾䛛䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䚸P6 䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛻䛴䛔䛶᭷ពᕪ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛔䛸ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹

⤖ᯝ

⾲1䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䚸୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕䚸୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䚸ᡂே䛜ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛾㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ṇ⟅⋡䛷䛒䜛䚹

⾲1䛛䜙䚸ྛ᮲௳䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛿ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䚸୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕䚸2ᖺ⏕䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸ᡂே䛾㡰䛷㧗䛟䛺䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䜛䚹

⾲1㻌 ṇ⟅⋡

ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕ ୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕ ୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕ ᡂே

SOVㄒ㡰 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ 75% 82.1% 91.7% 95.8%

SOVㄒ㡰 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ 73.8% 77.4% 85.7% 91.8%

OSVㄒ㡰 ୺ㄒไᚚᩥ 72.6% 81.0% 85.7䠂 94.9%

OSVㄒ㡰 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ 77.4% 76.2% 86.9% 92.6%

⾲2䛿⤫ィ䛾⤖ᯝ䛷䛒䜛䚹୰Ꮫᰯ 1 ᖺ⏕䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛿ᑠᏛᰯ5 ᖺ⏕䜘䜚䜔䜔㧗䛔䛜䚸᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ᡂே䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛸䛾㛫䛻᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛯䚹୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛿䚸OSV୺ㄒᣦྥᩥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸

(9)

ᡂே䛾ṇ⟅⋡䜘䜚䜔䜔ప䛔䛜䚸௚䛾୕䛴䛾ᩥᆺ䛻䛚䛔䛶᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ṇ⟅⋡䛾⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸ᑠ Ꮫᰯ5ᖺ⏕䛸୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕䚸୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛸ᡂே䚸ఝ䛶䛔䜛⤖ᯝ䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌⾲2 ከ㔜ẚ㍑䛸ୗ఩᳨ᐃ

ከ㔜ẚ㍑ ୗ఩᳨ᐃ

ᑠ5䠉୰1 ୰1䠉ᡂே ୰2䠉ᡂே

SOVㄒ㡰

୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

F(3,52)=11.40, p<.001

n.s. t(30)=3.86, p<.001

n.s.

SOVㄒ㡰

┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

F(3,52)=5.46, p<.005

n.s. t(30)=3.38, p<.005

n.s.

OSVㄒ㡰

୺ㄒไᚚᩥ

F(3,52)=8.62, p<.001

n.s. t(30)=4.55, p<.001

t(30)=2.41, p<.001 OSVㄒ㡰

┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

F(3,52)=5.40, p<.005

n.s. t(30)=3.62, p<.001

n.s.

ᅗ3䛿୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕ྛᩥ⠇䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛾⤖ᯝ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᅗ4䛿୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕ྛᩥ⠇䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛾

⤖ᯝ䛷䛒䜛䚹

ᅗ3㻌 ୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕ྛᩥ⠇ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫

㻡㻜㻜㻣㻜㻜㻥㻜㻜㻝㻝㻜㻜㻝㻟㻜㻜㻝㻡㻜㻜㻝㻣㻜㻜㻝㻥㻜㻜

㻼㻝㻼㻞㻼㻟㻼㻠㻼㻡㻼㻢

ᩥ⠇

᫬㛫

㻿㻻㼂ㄒ㡰䚷୺

ㄒไᚚᩥ

㻿㻻㼂ㄒ㡰䚷┠

ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

㻻㻿㼂ㄒ㡰䚷୺

ㄒไᚚᩥ

㻻㻿㼂ㄒ㡰䚷┠

ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ

(10)

ᅗ4㻌 ୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕ྛᩥ⠇ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫

P3 ୺ᩥືモ(䛂ਁㄋ䛃䚸䛂კ࿸䛃)䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸୰Ꮫᰯ 1 ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸ศᩓศᯒ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄒ㡰 (SOV ㄒ㡰䠉OSV ㄒ㡰䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿⿕㦂⪅ศᯒ䛸㡯┠ศᯒ䛸䛸䜒䛻᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ᩥ䝍䜲䝥(୺

ㄒไᚚᩥ[୺ㄒᣦྥືモ M=1456ms]䠉┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ[┠ⓗㄒᣦྥືモ M=1676ms]䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸⿕㦂⪅ศ ᯒ䛷᭷ពᕪ(F1(1,11)=6.014 p<.05)䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸㡯┠ศᯒ䛷᭷ពഴྥ(F2(1,27)=3.333 p = .07)䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛯䚹୰

Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸ศᩓศᯒ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄒ㡰(SOVㄒ㡰䠉OSVㄒ㡰䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿⿕㦂⪅ศᯒ䛸㡯┠ศᯒ䛸䛸䜒䛻

᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ᩥ䝍䜲䝥(୺ㄒไᚚᩥ[୺ㄒᣦྥືモ M=1364ms]䠉┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ[┠ⓗㄒᣦྥ

ືモ M=1591ms]䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸⿕㦂⪅ศᯒ䛷᭷ពᕪ(F1(1,11)=4.934 p<.05)䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸㡯┠ศᯒ䛷᭷ពഴ

ྥ(F2(1,27)=4.132 p = .052)䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛯䚹

P6⿵ᩥືモ(䛂೴సъ䛃)䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸ศᩓศᯒ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄒ㡰(SOVㄒ㡰䠉OSV ㄒ㡰䠅䛸ᩥ䝍䜲䝥(୺ㄒไᚚᩥ䠉┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛸䜒䛻᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸⿕

㦂 ⪅ ศ ᯒ 䛷 ୗ ఩ ᳨ ᐃ 䛾 ⤖ ᯝ 䚸SOV ㄒ㡰䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸 ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ไ ᚚ ᩥ[M=1240ms] 䛾䜋䛖䛜 ୺ ㄒ ไ ᚚ ᩥ [M=1063ms]䜘䜚ㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛜᭷ព䛻㛗䛛䛳䛯(F1(1,11)=4.358 p<.05)䚹୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸ศᩓศᯒ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸

ྛ᮲௳䛻䛚䛔䛶᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹

⪃ᐹ

⾲1 䛷♧䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸ṇ⟅⋡䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ྛ᮲௳䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛿ᑠᏛᰯ5 ᖺ⏕䚸୰Ꮫᰯ 1 ᖺ⏕䚸2 ᖺ⏕䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸ᡂே䛾㡰䛷㧗䛟䛺䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䜛䚹⾲2䛛䜙䚸୰Ꮫᰯ1ᖺ⏕䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛸ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䛾㛫䛻᭷ព 䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛜䚸୍᪉䚸ᡂே䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛸䛾㛫䛻᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䛯䚹୰Ꮫᰯ 2 ᖺ⏕䛾ṇ⟅⋡䛸ᡂ

ே䛾㛫䚸OSV ୺ㄒᣦྥᩥ௨እ䛾୕䛴䛾ᩥᆺ䛻䛚䛔䛶᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸୰Ꮫᰯ 1 ᖺ⏕䛸ᑠᏛᰯ5ᖺ⏕䛿䜋䜌ྠ䛨䛷䚸୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛸ᡂே䛸䜋䜌ྠ䛨䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

୺ᩥືモP3䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸୰Ꮫᰯ1䞉2ᖺ⏕䛸䜒䛻䚸ᩥ䝍䜲䝥(୺ㄒไᚚᩥ䠉┠ⓗㄒไᚚᩥ)䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⿕㦂⪅ศᯒ䛷᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛜ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸㡯┠ศᯒ䛷᭷ពഴྥ䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䛾ᖹ ᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛜┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䜘䜚᭷ព䛻▷䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾ᕪ䛿䚸P3 ୺ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡ᝟ሗ䜢༶ᗙ䛻⏝䛔䜛

㻢㻜㻜㻤㻜㻜㻝㻜㻜㻜㻝㻞㻜㻜㻝㻠㻜㻜㻝㻢㻜㻜㻝㻤㻜㻜

㻼㻝㻼㻞㻼㻟㻼㻠㻼㻡㻼㻢

ᩥ⠇

᫬㛫

㻿㻻㼂ㄒ㡰䚷୺ㄒ ไᚚᩥ

㻿㻻㼂ㄒ㡰䚷┠ⓗ

ㄒไᚚᩥ

㻻㻿㼂ㄒ㡰䚷୺ㄒ ไᚚᩥ

㻻㻿㼂ㄒ㡰䚷┠ⓗ

ㄒไᚚᩥ

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䛣䛸䜢♧၀䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹୺ᩥືモ䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䛯䛸䛝䚸 ┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䛾ᚋ䜝䛻୍䛴✵䛾せ⣲䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛻ᑐ䛧䚸 ୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䛾ᚋ䜝䛻ఱ䜒ᚲせ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹ᵓ㐀ୖ䛾」㞧ᗘ䛾㐪䛔䛻䜘䜚䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䛂კ࿸䛃䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛜୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛂ਁㄋ䛃䜘䜚㛗䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹

⿵ᩥືモP6䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸ᡂே䛸ྠ䛨䛟䚸ྛ᮲௳䛻䛚䛔䛶᭷ព䛺ᕪ䛿ほ ᐹ䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸⿵ᩥືモ P6 䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䜛๓䛻䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿䛩䛷䛻 PRO 䛾ඛ⾜モ䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸

⿵ᩥືモ䛾ືస୺䛜ㄡ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䜢ண 䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜♧၀䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾ண 䛿୺ᩥືモP3䛾ᣢ䛴᝟ሗ䜢ᇶ䛻䛧䛶⾜䛺䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䛯䜋䛖䛜ጇᙜ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛿୺ᩥືモ䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹᝟ሗ䛻䜘䜚䚸⿵ᩥື

モ䛾ືస୺䜢ண 䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜘䛳䛶䚸⿵ᩥືモ䛜ฟ⌧䛧䛯ẁ㝵䛷✵୺ㄒ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ฎ⌮䛿᏶஢䛧䚸䛭䜜 ௨ୖ䛿ఱ䜒ฎ⌮䛧䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸ྛ᮲௳䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿᭷ពᕪ䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹

㻌 ୰Ꮫᰯ䛾ᐇ㦂䜢䜎䛸䜑䛶䜏䜛䛸䚸୰Ꮫᰯ 1 ᖺ⏕䛾ሙྜ䚸୺ᩥືモ䛾ㄒᙡⓗ᝟ሗ䛜༶ᗙ䛻౑䜟䜜䜛䛜䚸⿵ᩥື

モP6䛾ᖹᆒㄞ䜏᫬㛫䛾ᕪ䛜䛒䜚䚸୰ᅜㄒẕㄒヰ⪅(ᡂே)䛾ฎ⌮䛸୍⮴䛧䛺䛔䛣䛸䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕

䛾ሙྜ䚸୺ᩥືモP3䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䛯㝿䚸ゎᯒჾ䛜༶ᗙ䛻ືモ䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹᝟ሗ䜢⏝䛔䛶✵୺ㄒ䛾ྠᐃ䜢⾜䛔䚸

⿵ᩥືモP6 䛜ධຊ䛥䜜䛯䛸䛝䚸✵୺ㄒ䛾ྠᐃ䛜᏶஢䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸୰ᅜㄒẕㄒヰ⪅(ᡂே)䛾✵୺ㄒᩥฎ⌮

䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

୰Ꮫᰯ䠍ᖺ⏕䛿Piaget(1970)䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛯ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩ᮇ㛫䛾iii䠅ලయⓗ᧯సᮇ㛫䠄7-12ṓ䠅䛻ᙜ䛯䜚䚸୰Ꮫᰯ

䠎ᖺ⏕䛿 iv䠅ᙧᘧⓗ᧯సᮇ㛫䠄12 ṓࠥ䠅䛻ᙜ䛯䜛䚹ㄆ▱Ⓨ㐩䛻䛴䜜䚸ゝㄒฎ⌮䛾᪉␎䜒ኚ໬䛧䚸௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛛䜙䚸୰Ꮫᰯ2ᖺ⏕(12䡚13ṓ)䛤䜝䛻䛺䜛䛸䚸䜋䜌ᡂே䛸ྠᵝ䛾ᩥฎ⌮䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䛜ാ䛔䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹

ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩

Chomsky, N. 1959 Review of Verbal Behavior by B.F. Skinner. Language, 35, 26-58.

Chomsky, N. 1976 Reflections on Language. Temple Smith: London.

Frazier, L., Clifton, C. and Randall, J. 1983 Filling gaps: Decision principles and structure in sentence comprehension. Cognition, 13, 187-222.

Frazier, L. and Fodor, J.D. 1978 The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model. Cognition, 6, 291-325.

Kimball, J. 1973 Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language. Cognition, 2, 15- 47.

Piaget, J. 1970 Genetic Epistemology.Columbia University Press: Columbia, Ohio.

ᆏᮏຮ 1995 䛂ᵓᩥゎᯒ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䞊✵୺ㄒ䜢ྵ䜐ᩥ䛾ฎ⌮䛻㛵䛧䛶䛃ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ2-2䚸77-90.

Sakamoto, T. 2002 Processing Filler-gap Constructions in Japanese: The Case of Empty Subject Sentence. Sentence Processing in East Asian Languages, 189-221.

Skinner, B.F. 1957 Verbal Behavior.Appleton Century Crofts: New York.

⩪ຬ 2006 䛂୰ᅜㄒไᚚᩥ䛻䛚䛡䜛✵୺ㄒฎ⌮䛻䛴䛔䛶䛃䛄஑ᕞ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛㄽ㞟 Kyushu University Papers in Linguistics (KUPL)䛅➨27ྕ䚸61-86.

⩪ຬ 2012 䛂ゝㄒⓎ㐩䛻䛚䛡䜛ᩥฎ⌮᪉␎䛾⛣⾜䠉୰ᅜேᑠᏛ⏕䛾✵୺ㄒᩥㄆ▱㐣⛬䛻╔┠䛧䛶䠉䛃 Polyglossia 22, 99-104.

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ト

1) ᵓ㐀ୖ䛻ጇᙜ䛺ඛ⾜モ䛜䛺䛔ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸PRO䛿㝶ពⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛸䛺䜛䚹

2) ᆏᮏ(1995)䛿䛂㏱᫂ᛶ䛾௬ㄝ䛃䛻䛴䛔䛶ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䠖䛂䛣䛣䛷ゝ䛖䛂㏱᫂䛃䛸䛿ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛸ᩥἲ䛜஫䛔䛻┦ᡭ䜢ぢ䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛≧ែ䛻䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᐇ㝿䛻ほᐹྍ⬟䛺ᑐ㇟䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛾ື䛝䛷䛒䜛䛛䜙䚸⤖ᒁ䚸䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸ゎᯒ⿦⨨䛜✵ᡤ䜢ᇙ䜑䜛㝿䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ᩥἲⓗ᝟ሗ䜢౑⏝䛩䜛䠄䛒䜛䛔䛿䚸౑⏝䛧䛺䛔䠅䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖ၥ㢟䜢㆟ㄽ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹䛃(1995, p.78)

3) 䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸༢ㄒ䛾ሙྜ䛸䛂๓⨨モ䠇ྡモ䛃䜔䛂ືモ䠇⿵ᩥᶆ㆑䛃䛺䛹䛾ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䛾䛷䚸䛭䜜䜙䜢⥲⛠䛧䛶䛂ᩥ

⠇䛃䛸࿧䜆䛣䛸䛻䛩䜛䚹

4) ㄝ᫂䛿ᅗ1䛸ᅗ2䜢ཧ↷䚹

5) ୰ᅜ䝝䝹䝡䞁ᕷᑠᏛᰯ䛷౑䛖ᩍ⛉᭩䛛䜙୺ㄒไᚚືモ18ಶ䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ18ಶ䜢㑅ฟ䛧䚸1ᖺ⏕䛛䜙 5ᖺ⏕䜎䛷ྛᏛᖺ40ྡ䜢ᑐ㇟䛻18ಶ䛾୺ㄒไᚚືモ䛸18ಶ䛾┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ䜢▱䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛾offlineᐇ 㦂䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹Offline䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䛻䜘䜚䚸୺ㄒไᚚືモ14ಶ䚸┠ⓗㄒไᚚືモ14ಶ䜢ᐇ㦂ᩥ⏝䛻㑅ฟ䛧䛯䚹

6) ୰ᅜࣁࣝࣅࣥᕷ࡛ࡣ୍㒊ࡢᑠᏛᰯࡣ㸳ᖺ㛫ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ㸲ᖺ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᑠᏛᰯ㸳ᖺ㛫ࠊ୰Ꮫ

ᰯ㸲ᖺ㛫ࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸱᭶࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡣ᪂Ꮫᮇࡀ㸷᭶࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࡓ

ࡵࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡢᖺ㱋ࡣᑠᏛᰯ㸳ᖺ⏕㸦10㹼11ṓ㸧ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ㸯ᖺ⏕㸦11㹼12ṓ㸧ࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ㸰ᖺ⏕㸦12㹼13 ṓ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

中国語を母語とする中学生における中国語空主語文 処理