思考力育成を目指した授業設計のための思考スキル の体系化と評価

思考力育成を目指した授業設計のための思考スキル の体系化と評価

著者 泰山 裕

発行年 2014‑03‑31

学位授与機関 関西大学

学位授与番号 34416甲第518号

URL http://doi.org/10.32286/00000196

26

09D7003

. . . 1

1 - 1 . . . . 1

1 - 2 . . . . 2

. . . 3

2 − 1 . . . . 3

2 - 1 - 1 . P I S A . . . 3

2 - 1 - 2 . . . . 4

2 - 1 - 3 . . . . 7 2 - 2 . . . . 1 2

2 - 2 - 1 . . . . 1 2

2 - 2 - 2 . . . . 1 7

2 - 2 - 3 . . . . 1 9

2 - 2 - 4 . . . . 2 2

2 - 2 - 5 . . . . 2 7

2 - 3 . . . . 3 2

. . . 3 7

3 − 1 . . . . 3 7

3 - 1 - 1 . . . . 3 7

3 - 1 - 2 . . . . 3 8

3 - 1 - 3 . . . . 4 1

3 - 1 - 4 . . . . 5 0

3 - 2 . . . . 6 2

. . . 6 8 4 - 1 . . . . 6 8

4 - 1 - 1 . . . . 6 8

4 - 2 . . . . 7 8 4 - 2 - 1 .

. . . 7 8 4 - 2 - 2 . . . . 1 1 4

4 - 3 . . . . 1 3 0

. . . 1 3 5 5 - 1 . . . . 1 3 5 5 - 1 - 1 . . . . 1 3 5 5 - 1 - 2 . . . . 1 3 7

5 - 2 . . . . 1 3 8

5 - 2 - 1 . 1 . . . 1 3 8

5 - 2 - 2 . . . . 1 4 3

5 - 2 - 3 . . . . 1 5 3

. . . 1 6 3 6 - 1 . . . . 1 6 3 6 - 2 . . . . 1 6 6 6 - 2 - 1 . . . . 1 6 6 6 - 2 - 2 . . . . 1 6 7 6 - 2 . . . . 1 6 9

. . . 1 7 0

. . . 1 8 1

1 - 1 .

1 - 2 .

1 1

2 − 1 .

P I S A ( 2 0 0 3 )

2 - 1 - 1 . P I S A

O E C D P I S A P r o g r a m m e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S t u d e n t A s s e s s m e n t

( 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 3 )

2 0 0 3 P I S A

O E C D

( O E C D , 2 0 0 5 )

2 - 1 - 2 .

P I S A

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 0 1

2 0 0 3 )

( 2 0 0 7 )

2 2 2 6

1 9 5 1

1 9 5 0

3 3 4 3

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 8

( 2 0 0 1 )

( 2 0 0 8 )

2 - 1 - 3 .

( 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 4

) ( 2 0 0 9 2 0 0 7 ) ( 2 0 0 6

2 0 0 9 ) ( 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 7 )

2 1 ( 2 0 0 4 )

( 2 0 0 7 )

2−1

( 2 0 0 8 , 2 0 0 9 ) ( 2 0 0 4 ) ( 2 0 0 7 )

( 2 0 0 9 ) ( 2 0 0 1 ) ( 2 0 0 9 )

( 2 0 0 7 ) ( 2 0 0 9 )

( 2 0 0 9 ) ( 2 0 0 7 )

( 2 0 0 9 ) ( 2 0 0 5 )

( 2 0 0 6 ) ( 2 0 0 5 )

( 2 0 0 1 )

2 1

2 0 1 2 ( 2 0 1 2 )

A B

2 2

A 8 1 . 7 % 7 3 . 5 % 6 9 . 2 %

B 5 5 . 8 % 5 9 . 2 % 5 7 . 8 %

A B

B

B

2 0 0 8

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 0 4 )

2 1

2 - 2 .

2 - 2 - 1 .

( A s h m a n & C o n w a y , 1 9 9 7 ; S w a r t z & P a r k s , 1 9 9 4 ) S w a r t z & P a r k s ( 1 9 9 4 )

S w a r t z 1 9 9 4

M c G u i n n e s s ( 2 0 0 3 )

E n n i s 1 9 8 7

1 a . b .

2 a . b . 3

a . b . 4

a . b . 5

a . b . c . d . e . f .

E n n i s 1 9 8 7

F i s h e r ( 2 0 1 0 )

F i s h e r ( 2 0 1 0 )

F i s h e r ( 2 0 1 0 )

( 2 0 1 2 a )

M o s e l e y ( 2 0 0 5 ) 5 5

M o s e l e y ( 2 0 0 5 )

2 3

2−3 M o s e l e y ( 2 0 0 5 )

1 R o m i z o w s k i ’ s a n a l y s i s o f k n o w l e d g e a n d

s k i l l s ( R o m i z o w s k i , 1 9 8 1 )

M a r z a n o ’ s n e w t a x o n o m y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s ( M a r z a n o , 2 0 0 1 )

2

B l o o m ’ s t a x o n o m y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s ( B l o o m , 1 9 5 6 )

A n d e r s o n a n d K r a t h w o h l ’ s r e v i s i o n o f B l o o m ’ s t a x o n o m y ( A n d e r s o n & K r a t h w o h l , 2 0 0 1 )

3

A l t s h u l l e r ’ s T R I Z T h e o r y o f I n v e n t i v e P r o b l e m S o l v i n g ( A l t s h u l l e r , 1 9 5 6 ) F e w e l l ’ s r e a s o n i n g t a x o n o m y f o r g i f t e d c h i l d r e n ( F e w e l l , 1 9 9 6 )

4

G u i l f o r d ’ s s t r u c t u r e o f i n t e l l e c t m o d e l ( G u i l f o r d , 1 9 6 7 )

P i n t r i c h ’ s g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k f o r s e l f - r e g u l a t e d l e a r n i n g ( P i n t r i c h , 2 0 0 0 )

M o s e l e y ( 2 0 0 5 ) 5 5

2 4

2−4

1 9

2 9

3 5

3 3

2 7

1 3

M o s e l e y B l o o m

M a r z a n o ( 2 0 0 0 )

A n d e r s o n ( 2 0 0 1 )

B l o o m ( 1 9 5 6 )

2 - 2 - 2 .

F i s h e r ( 2 0 1 0 ) B l o o m ( 1 9 5 6 )

B l o o m ( 1 9 5 6 )

B l o o m

B l o o m

B l o o m

2 5

2 5 ( B l o o m & K r a t h w o h l 1 9 5 6 )

1

2

3

4

5

6

2 - 2 - 3 .

B l o o m

G r o n l u n d ( 2 0 0 4 )

G r o n l u n d

( L e e 1 9 9 9 )

( A i r a s i a n &

M i r a n d a , 2 0 0 2 A l m e r i c o & R u s s e l l , 2 0 0 4 B o r i c h , 2 0 0 4 G r a n e l l o ,

2 0 0 1 ) G r o n l u n d ( 1 9 9 1 ) B l o o m

M e a s u r a b l e a n d

O b s e r v a b l e T e r m s 2 6

( G r o u l u n d 1 9 9 1 ) F i s h e r ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 6 G r o u l u n d M e a s u r a b l e a n d O b s e r v a b l e T e r m s

( Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d C u r r i c u l u m A u t h o r i t y , 1 9 9 9 )

( Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d C u r r i c u l u m A u t h o r i t y , 1 9 9 9 , P . 2 2 )

B l o o m

B l o o m

( 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 ) B l o o m 1 9 5 0

B l o o m

A n d e r s o n ( 2 0 0 1 ) R e v i s e d

T a x o n o m y M a r z a n o ( 2 0 0 0 ) T h e N e w T a x o n o m y o f

E d u c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e

2 - 2 - 4 .

A n d e r s o n

A n d e r s o n ( 2 0 0 1 ) B l o o m

B l o o m

2 7

A n d e r s o n

B l o o m

2 7 A n d e r s o n

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o ( 2 0 0 0 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o M a r z a n o

( 2 1 )

2 1 M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

A n d e r s o n

A n d e r s o n M a r z a n o

B l a n s f o r d ( 1 9 9 0 )

B l o o m

B l o o m

( P a u l , 1 9 8 5 ) B l o o m

A n d e r s o n M a r z a n o

2

A n d e r s o n M a r z a n o

2 - 2 - 5 .

S w a r t z ( 1 9 9 4 ) E n n i s ( 1 9 8 7 )

( 1 9 9 8 )

( 1 9 9 6 ) ( 1 9 9 6 )

1 0

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 6 P . 4 1

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 0 5 )

( 2 0 0 5 )

A B C D E F

F A E

( 2 0 0 9 )

( 2 0 0 9 )

1 1

2 7

1 0

1 1

2 0 0 9

( 2 0 0 7 ) ( 2 0 0 7 ) M a r z a n o

( 2 0 0 7 )

B l o o m

( 2 0 0 7 ) 4

( 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 6

2 0 0 6 )

2 - 3 .

B l o o m A n d e r s o n M a r z a n o

B l o o m

1 2

2 0 0 8

1

2

3 − 1 .

3 - 1 - 1 .

1 9 8 3 A N a t i o n a t R i s k

, 2 0 0 5

4

3 - 1 - 2 .

( 1 9 5 6 )

N e w e l l & S i m o n ( 1 9 7 2 ) G P S ( G e n e r a l P r o b l e m S o l v e r )

( 1 9 5 6 )

1 1 1 2

1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5

1 9 5 0

( 2 0 1 0 )

N e w e l l & S i m o n ( 1 9 7 2 ) G P S ( G e n e r a l P r o b l e m S o l v e r ) G P S

G P S

−

−

N e w e l l & S i m o n

G P S

G e l m a n ( 1 9 7 8 )

G P S G P S

G P S

S i m o n ( 1 9 7 8 )

− A B B

G r i g g s ( 1 9 8 2 )

C h e n g ( 1 9 8 5 )

3 - 1 - 3 .

( 1 9 9 5 )

4

( R u m e l h a r t 1 9 8 1 M a n d l e r 1 9 8 3 ) L a u r e n c e ( 2 0 0 0 )

C h i ( 1 9 8 8 )

E n n i s ( 1 9 8 9 , 1 9 9 1 )

G e n e r a l t h i n k i n g s k i l l s

M c P e c k ( 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 9 0 )

G l a s e r ( 1 9 8 4 )

R . P a u l ( 1 9 9 5 )

( w e a k s e n s e ) ( s t r o n g s e n s e )

M a r z a n o ( 2 0 0 3 )

E n n i s ( 1 9 8 9 , 1 9 9 1 ) G r o n l u n d ( 1 9 9 1 ) A i r a s i a n ( 2 0 0 1 ) G r a n e l l o ( 2 0 0 1 ) B o r i c h ( 2 0 0 4 )

( 1 9 9 7 )

T h o r n d i k e ( T h o r n d i k e & W o o d w o r t h , 1 9 0 1 )

T h o r n d i k e

S i n g l e y &

A n d e r s o n ( 1 9 8 5 )

( 2 0 0 2 1 9 9 2 2 0 0 2 )

( 2 0 0 2 )

( 1 9 9 2 )

K a t o n a ( 1 9 4 0 ) R e e d

( 1 9 7 4 )

R e e d ( 1 9 7 4 )

( 1 9 9 5 ) 4

( R u m e l h a r t 1 9 7 9 M a n d l e r 1 9 8 3 )

G l a s e r ( 1 9 8 4 )

H i r s c h ( 1 9 8 7 )

( 2 0 0 1 ) H i r s c h

( 1 9 9 7 )

P . 6 7

( E n g l e 2 0 0 6 )

( 1 9 9 5 )

( 1 9 9 5 )

( 2 0 1 0 )

( 1 9 9 8 )

( 1 9 9 8 )

3 - 1 - 4 .

M a r z a n o ( 1 9 9 7 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

6

M a r z a n o 1 9 9 7

M a r z a n o

3 ( M a r z a n o , 1 9 9 7 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

( M a r z a n o , 1 9 9 7 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

B r a n s f o r d ( 1 9 9 0 )

B r a n s f o r d ( 1 9 9 0 )

B r a n s f o r d ( 1 9 9 0 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o ( 2 0 0 7 )

M a r z a n o

N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n a l G o a l s

A N a t i o n a t R i s k

N C T M N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o f T e a c h e r s o f

M a t h e m a t i c s 1 9 8 9

C u r r i c u l u m a n d E v a l u a t i o n S t a n d a r d s f o r S c h o o l M a t h e m a t i c s

M a r z a n o

K e n d a l l , & M a r z a n o , 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 4

M a r z a n o

M c R E L

M a r z a n o

M c R E L 1 5

4 K - 2 3 - 5 6 - 8 9 - 1 2

M a r z a n o

T h i n k i n g a n d R e a s o n i n g S t a n d a r d s 1

2 3 4 5

4 1

L e v e l I ( G r a d e s K - 2 ) 1

2

3

L e v e l ( G r a d e s 3 - 5 ) 1

2 3 4

5

L e v e l ( G r a d e s 6 - 8 ) 1

2

3

6

7

L e v e l ( G r a d e s 9 - 1 2 ) 1

2 3

4

5

6 7

8

9

M c R E L

M c R E L

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o ( 1 9 9 7 )

3

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M c R E L

( 2 0 0 7 )

M a r z a n o ( 1 9 9 7 )

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

3 - 2 .

( 2 0 0 0 ) ( 1 9 9 4 ) ( 2 0 0 4 )

( 2 0 0 6 )

M a r z a n o

3 1 M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

M a r z a n o

L e v e l 1 : R e t r i e v a l

L e v e l 2 , 3 : C o m p r e h e n s i o n

L e v e l 4 : K n o w l e d g e U t i l i z a t i o n

4

3 1

3 1

L e v e l 6 : S e l f S y s t e m s

L e v e l 5 : M e t a c o g n i t i v e S y s t e m s

L e v e l 4 : K n o w l e d g e U t i l i z a t i o n

L e v e l 3 : A n a l y s i s

L e v e l 2 : C o m p r e h e n s i o n

L e v e l 1 : R e t r i e v a l

M a r z a n o

4 - 1 .

4 - 1 - 1 .

M c P e c k ( 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 0 )

4 - 1 - 2 .

( 1 9 5 7 )

( s t o n e 1 9 6 6 )

( 2 0 0 3 )

2 0 0 8

( 2 0 0 3 )

4−1

4 1

( 2 0 0 8 )

( 2 0 1 2 a 2 0 1 2 b 2 0 1 2 a , 2 0 1 2 b , 2 0 1 2 c )

1 5 2 4 4 - 2

4 2

1

2

4 - 2 . 4 - 2 - 1 .

2 4

1 9

5

4 3

(

) ( )

( )

4 4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 8

4 9

4 1 0

4 1 1

4 1 2

4 1 3

1 8 0

4 1 4

4 1 5

2 0

4 1 6

4 1 7

4 1 8

( )

4 1 9

( )

4 2 0

4 2 1

1 9

2 4

1 9

4 - 2 2

4 2 2

1 9

4 - 2 - 2 .

1 9

P . 1 1

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 6

P . 1 8 8

P . 2 0 7

1 9

P . 2 2 1

P . 2 8 5

P . 3 0 6

P . 4 1 4

4 2 3

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 5

A B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

1 9

( 2 0 0 9 )

1 1

4 2 4

1 0

1 1

2 0 0 9

3 1

4 2 5

4 - 3 .

1 9

4 1

4 1

N = 7 4 6 N = 1 4 7 8 N = 1 3 8 7

1 %

4 2

4 2

1 9

1 9

5 - 1 .

5 - 1 - 1 .

( 2 0 1 2 )

P . 2

5 - 1 - 2 .

1 9

6 0

4 0

5 - 2 .

5 - 2 - 1 . 1

5 1

5−1 5−2

5 2

5−3 5−4

5−5

5−5 5−6

5 - 2 - 2 .

5 7

5−8

5 9

5 1

5 1

P M I P M

M

5 1 0

P M I

5−1 1 5−1 3

5−1 0 5−1 1 P M I

5−1 2 5−1 3

1 1

5 1 4

5 - 2 - 3 .

1 9

6 0

4 0

5 1 5

5 1 6

5 1 6

5 1 7

1 9

4 4

5 1 8

3 . 4 5

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

6 - 1 .

1 9

1 9

( 2 0 1 2 )

( 2 0 1 2 )

1 9

6 - 2 .

6 - 2 - 1 .

1 9

6 - 2 - 2 .

6 - 2 .

2 0 0 8

A i r a s i a n , W . & M i r a n d a , H . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e r o l e o f a s s e s s m e n t i n t h e R e v i s e d T a x o n o m y . T h e o r y I n t o P r a c t i c e , 4 1 ( 4 ) , 2 4 9 - 2 5 4

2 0 0 5

5 5 , 1 3 9

A l m e r i c o . G . M , R u s s e l l K . B . ( 2 0 0 4 ) , B l o o m ’ s T a x o n o m y I l l u s t r a t i v e V e r b s : D e v e l o p i n g a C o m p r e h e n s i v e L i s t f o r E d u c a t o r U s e . F l o r i d a A s s o c i a t i o n o f T e a c h e r E d u c a t o r s J o u r n a l . 1 ( 4 ), 1 - 1 0 A n d e r s o n . W a n d K r a t h w o h l . D . R . ( e d s . ) . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . A T a x o n o m y f o r

L e a r n i n g , T e a c h i n g , a n d A s s e s s i n g : A R e v i s i o n o f B l o o m ’ s T a x o n o m y o f E d u c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s, N Y : A d d i s o n W e s l e y L o n g m a n , I n c

A s h m a n , A . F . , & C o n w a y , R . N . F . ( 1 9 9 7 ) . A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o c o g n i t i v e e d u c a t i o n : T h e o r y a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s. L o n d o n : R o u t l e d g e .

2 0 0 2

4 8 , p p 5 0 1 - 5 1 1

B ( 1 9 5 7 )

B l o o m , B . S . , ( E d . ) . ( 1 9 5 6 ) T a x o n o m y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s : T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l g o a l s : H a n d b o o k I , c o g n i t i v e d o m a i n . N e w Y o r k : L o n g m a n .

B o r i c h , G . D . & T o m b a r i , M . L . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . E d u c a t i o n a l a s s e s s m e n t f o r t h e e l e m e n t a r y a n d m i d d l e s c h o o l c l a s s r o o m ( 2 n d e d . ). U p p e r S a d d l e R i v e r , N J : P e a r s o n .

B r a n s f o r d , J . D . , V y e , N . , K i n z e r , C . , a n d R i s k o , R . ( 1 9 9 0 ) . T e a c h i n g t h i n k i n g a n d c o n t e n t k n o w l e d g e : T o w a r d a n i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h. I n J o n e s , B . F . , a n d I d o l , L . ( e d s . ) , D i m e n s i o n s o f T h i n k i n g a n d

J T ( 1 9 9 7 )

( 2 0 0 8 )

. h t t p : / / w w w . m e x t . g o . j p / a _ m e n u / s h o t o u / n e w - c s / n e w s / 2 0 0 8 0 1 1 7 . p d f ( 2 0 1 2 . 1 0 . 2 8 )

C h e n g , P . W . , H o l y o a k , K . J . ( 1 9 8 5 ) . P r a g m a t i c r e a s o n i n g s c h e m a s . C o g n i t i v e P h y c h o l o g y , 1 7 . 3 9 1 - 4 1 6

C h i , M . T . H . , G l a s e r , R . , & F a r r , M . J . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . t h e N a t u r e o f E x p e r t i s e . H i l l s d a l e, N J : L a w r e n c e E r l b a u m A s s o c i a t e s .

D f E S . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e N a t i o n a l C u r r i c u l u m. L o n d o n : H M S O . ( h t t p : / / w w w . n c . u k . n e t / l e a r n _ t h i n k . h t m l . )

E n n i s , R . H . ( 1 9 8 7 ) . A t a x o n o m y o f c r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g d i s p o s i t i o n s a n d a b i l i t i e s. I n J . B o y k o f f - B a r o n & R . J . S t e r n b e r g ( E d s . ) , T e a c h i n g t h i n k i n g s k i l l s : T h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e. N e w Y o r k : F r e e m a n .

E n n i s , R . H . ( 1 9 8 9 ) C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d s u b j e c t s p a t i a l i t y :

c l a r i f i c a t i o n a n d n e e d e d r e s e a r c h . E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h e r , 1 8 ( 3 ) : 4 - 1 0 .

E n n i s , R . H . ( 1 9 9 1 ) C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g : a s t r e a m l i n e d c o n c e p t i o n . T e a c h i n g P h i l o s o p h y , 1 4 ( 1 ) : 5 - 2 4 .

E n g l e . R . A . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . F r a m i n g i n t e r a c t i o n s t o f o s t e r g e n e r a t i v e

l e a r n i n g : A s i t u a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t r a n s f e r i n a c o m m u n i t y o f l e a r n e r s c l a s s r o o m . J o u r n a l o f t h e L e a r n i n g S c i e n c e s , 1 5 ( 4 ) , 4 5 1 - 4 9 8 .

E . L . T h o r n d i k e & R . S . W o o d w o r t h ( 1 9 0 1 )T h e I n f l u e n c e o f

I m p r o v e m e n t i n O n e M e n t a l F u n c t i o n u p o n T h e E f f i c i e n c y o f O t h e r F u n c t i o n s . P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , 8 , 2 4 7 - 2 6 1

F i s h e r , R . ( 2 0 1 0 ) T h i n k i n g S k i l l s . I n A r t h e r , J & C r e m i n , T . ( e d s ) L e a r n i n g t o T e a c h i n t h e P r i m a r y S c h o o l ( 2 n d e d . ) , R o u t l e d g e

G e l m a n , R . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . C o g n i t i v e D e v e l o p m e n t . A n n u a l R e v i e w o f P s y c h o l o g y , 2 9 , 2 9 7 - 3 3 2

G l a s e r . R . ( 1 9 8 4 ) E d u c a t i o n a n d T h i n k i n g : T h e R o l e o f K n o w l e d g e A m e r i c a n P s y c h o l o g i s t, 3 9

2 0 0 7

7 ( 1 ) , 7 3 - 7 9

G r a n e l l o , D . H . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . P r o m o t i n g c o g n i t i v e c o m p l e x i t y i n g r a d u a t e w r i t t e n w o r k : U s i n g B l o o m ’ s T a x o n o m y a s a p e d a g o g i c a l t o o l t o i m p r o v e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w s . C o u n s e l o r E d u c a t i o n a n d S u p e r v i s i o n, 4 0 ( 4 ) , 2 9 2 - 3 0 7 .

G r i g g s , R . A . & C o x , J . R . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e e l u s i v e t h e m a t i c - m a t e r i a l s e f f e c t i n W a s o n ’ s s e l e c t i o n t a s k . B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f P s y c h o l o g y . 7 3 . 4 0 7 - 4 2 0

G r o n l u n d , N . E . ( 1 9 9 1 ) . H o w t o W r i t e a n d U s e I n s t r u c t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s . 4 t h e d . . N e w Y o r k : M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h i n g C o .

G r o n l u n d , N . E . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . W r i t i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s f o r t e a c h i n g a n d a s s e s s m e n t ( 7 e d ), U p p e r S a d d l e R i v e r , N J : P e a r s o n .

H i r s c h , E . D . J r . , ( 1 9 8 3 ) . C u l t u r a l l i t e r a c y , T h e A m e r i c a n S c h o l a r , 5 2 . 1 5 9 - 1 6 9

1 9 9 8

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− −

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R . J .

5 1 3 0 2 - 3 1 5

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1 7 4 6 - 5 6

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. K 2 0 0 3

K a t o n a . G . , ( 1 9 4 0 ) .O r g a n i z i n g a n d m e m o r i z i n g . N Y C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s

2 0 0 7

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. 5 9 ( 2 ) , 5 7 - 6 9

2 0 0 8

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K e n d a l l . J . S , M a r z a n o . R . J . ( 1 9 9 5 ) . C o n t e n t K n o w l e d g e : A C o m p e n d i u m o f S t a n d a r d s a n d B e n c h m a r k s f o r K - 1 2 E d u c a t i o n, A u r o r a , C O : M c R E L a n d A S C D

K e n d a l l . J . S , M a r z a n o . R . J ( e d . ) . ( 2 0 0 4 ) , C o n t e n t K n o w l e d g e : A C o m p e n d i u m o f S t a n d a r d s a n d B e n c h m a r k s f o r K - 1 2 E d u c a t i o n ( 4 t h e d . , ) H o m e p a g e

h t t p : / / w w w . m c r e l . o r g / s t a n d a r d s - b e n c h m a r k s 2 4 8 9

2 0 1 2

2 0 p p . 4 3 - 4 4

2 0 0 3 < 2 >−O E C D P I S A 2 0 0 3

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h t t p : / / w w w . n i e r . g o . j p / 1 2 c h o u s a k e k k a h o u k o k u / i n d e x . h t m 2 4 8

, ( 2 0 0 6 )

2 0 0 7

1 6 1 9 B

2 0 1 2 a

( 1 ) J S E T 1 2 - 1 2 5 5 - 2 6 2

2 0 1 2 b

( 4 ) . J S E T 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 1 - 1 8

L a u r e n c e . F , L e d a C , & J o h n T . ( 2 0 0 0 ) , N o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w i t h o u t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n : t h e r o l e o f d o m a i n - s p e c i f i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d i n f e r e n c e s i n t h e W a s o n s e l e c t i o n t a s k , C o g n i t i o n , 7 7 ( 1 ) . 1 - 7 9 L e e , V . S . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . B e n j a m i n B l o o m ’ s t a x o n o m y o n c o g n i t i v e b e h a v i o r s .

T h e N a t i o n a l T e a c h i n g a n d L e a r n i n g F o r u m N e w s l e t t e r, 8 , 6 2 - 6 6 . M a n d l e r , J . M . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . S t r u c t u r a l i n v a r i a n t s i n d e v e l o p m e n t i n L . S .

L i b e n e d . P i a g e t a n d t h e F o u n d a t i o n o f K n o w l e d g e. E r l b a u m .

, , 2 0 0 7

5 5 , 1 , 9 1 - 9 6

M a r z a n o . R . J , B r a n d t . R . S , H u g h e s . C . S , J o n e s . B . F , P r e s s e i s e n B . Z ,

F r a m e w o r k f o r C u r r i c u l u m a n d I n s t r u c i t o n, A l e x a n d r i a , V A : A S C D

M a r z a n o . R . J , P i c k e r i n g . D . J . & M c T i g h e . J . ( 1 9 9 3 ) . A s s e s s i n g S t u d e n t O u t c o m e s : P e r f o r m a n c e A s s e s s m e n t U s i n g t h e D i m e n s i o n s o f L e a r n i n g M o d e l, A l e x a n d r i a , V A : A S C D

M a r z a n o R . J . , P i c k e r i n g . D . J . ( 1 9 9 7 ) D i m e n s i o n s o f L e a r n i n g : T e a c h e r ' s M a n u a l 2 n d e d. , A l e x a n d r i a , V A : A S C D

M a r z a n o , R . J . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . D e s i g n i n g a n e w t a x o n o m y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s. T h o u s a n d O a k s , C A : C o r w i n P r e s s .

M a r z a n o . R . J , P o l l o c k . J . E . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . S t a n d a r d s - b a s e d T h i n k i n g a n d R e a s o n i n g S k i l s, i n A . L . C o s t a ( e d . ) , ( 2 0 0 1 ) . D e v e l o p i n g M i n d s : A R e s o u r c e B o o k f o r T e a c h i n g T h i n k i n g 3 r d e d. , A l e x a n d r i a , V A : A S C D

M a r z a n o . R . J , K e n d a l l . J . S . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e N e w T a x o n o m y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s . T h o u s a n d O a k s , C A : C o r w i n P r e s s

2 0 0 9

2 9 9 - 2 1

M c G u i n n e s s , C . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . A C T S I I s u s t a i n a b l e t h i n k i n g c l a s s r o o m s : A h a n d b o o k f o r t e a c h e r s o f k e y s t a g e 2 p u p i l s ( 3 r d e d . ). B e l f a s t : Q u e e n ’ s U n i v e r s i t y B e l f a s t

M c P e c k , J . E . ( 1 9 8 1 ) C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g a n d E d u c a t i o n . S t . M a r t i n ’ s P r e s s : N Y

M c P e c k , J . E . ( 1 9 9 0 ) C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d s u b j e c t s p a t i a l i t y : a r e p l y t o E n n i s . E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h e r , 1 9 ( 4 ) : 1 0 - 1 2 .

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H P

h t t p : / / w w w . n i e r . g o . j p / g u i d e l i n e / 2 0 1 3

M o s e l e y . E , E l l i o t t . J , G r e g s o n . M & H i g g i n s . S . ( 2 0 0 5 ) , T h i n k i n g s k i l l s f r a m e w o r k s f o r u s e i n e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g , B r i t i s h E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h J o u r n a l , 3 1 ( 3 ), 3 6 7 - 3 9 0

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N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o f T e a c h e r s o f M a t h e m a t i c s ( 1 9 8 9 ) , C u r r i c u l u m a n d E v a l u a t i o n S t a n d a r d s f o r S c h o o l M a t h e m a t i c s, R e s t o n , V A : N C T M ,

N e w e l l , A . & S i m o n , H . A . ( 1 9 7 2 ) . H u m a n P r o b l e m S o l v i n g. E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N J . , P r e n t i c e H a l l

O E C D ( 2 0 0 5 ) T h e D e f i n i t i o n a n d S e l e c t i o n o f K e y C o m p e t e n c i e s . E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y,

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1 9 9 2

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P a u l . R . W . ( 1 9 8 5 ) . B l o o m ’ s T a x o n o m y a n d C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g I n s t r u c t i o n . E d u c a t i o n a l L e a d e r s h i p , 4 2 ( 8 ) . 3 6 - 3 9

P a u l , R . W . ( 1 9 9 5 ) C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g : H o w t o p r e p a r e s t u d e n t s f o r a r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g w o r l d . C A : F o u n d a t i o n f o r C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g .

J , ( 1 9 9 8 )

Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d C u r r i c u l u m A u t h o r i t y ( 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e N a t i o n a l C u r r i c u l u m , h a n d b o o k f o r t e a c h e r s . L o n d o n : Q C A .

R u m e l h a r t , D . E . ( 1 9 8 1 )

N o . 1 1 , 6 6 - 6 9

R e e d . S . K 1 9 7 4 A s t r u c t u r e - m a p p i n g m o d e l f o r w o r d p r o b l e m s . J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l P s y c h o l o g y L e a r n i n g , M e m o r y a n d C o g n i t i o n 1 3 , 1 2 4 - 1 3 9

, , 2 0 0 6

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2 0 0 3 7 0 ( 3 ) 2 9 2 - 3 0 1

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1 1 4 2 0 7 - 2 1 0

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1 9 , 1 5 1 - 1 6 1 2 0 0 3

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S i n g l e y & A n d e r s o n 1 9 8 5 T h e t r a n s f e r o f t e x t - e d i t i n g s k i l l. I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f M a n M a c h i n e S t u d i e s , 2 2 , p p 4 0 3 - 4 2 3 S i m o n , D . & S i m o n , H . A . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . I n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n s o l v i n g

p h y s i c s p r o b l e m s. I n R . S . S i e g l e r ( E d . ) , C h i l d r e n ’ s T h i n k i n g : W h a t D e v e l o p s ? H i l l s d a l e , N J : L a w r e n c e E r l b a u m A s s o c i a t e s . S t o n e , P . J . T h e g e n e r a l i n q u i r e r ( 1 9 6 6 ) A c o m p u t e r a p p r o a c h t o

C o n t e n t A n a l y s i s. M I T P r e s s . C a m b r i d g e

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8 , 2 1 2 - 2 2 4 . 2 0 0 5

:

7 7 6 6 8 - 8 2

S w a r t z , R . & P a r k e s , S . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . I n f u s i n g t h e t e a c h i n g o f c r i t i c a l a n d

h a n d b o o k f o r t h e e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s . C a l i f o r n i a : C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g P r e s s & S o f t w a r e .

2 0 1 2 a

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2 0 0 9

3 6 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 9

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