Nanocrystalline Silicon based
Metal‑oxide‑semiconductor Cathodes
著者 SHIMAWAKI Hidetaka
著者別名 嶋脇 秀隆
journal or
publication title
The bulletin of Reseach Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science, Hachinohe Institute of Technology
volume 7
page range 1‑4
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1078/00002326/
Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止
Hi det aka S
HIMAWAKIAbs t r act
Metal‑oxide‑semiconductor(MOS)cathodes with an array structure have been fabricated based on nanocrystal- line silicon covered with a thin oxide film prepared by a pulsed laser ablation technique and their emission properties have been investigated. The electron emission occurred at the gate voltage higher than the work function of the Au gate,and the emission efficiency reached about 2% at the gate voltage of 25 V. Although the current decreased slightly,it was relatively stable. We also observed the emi ssion image on the phosphor screen and the emission divergence was estimated to be less than 3°.
Key words:nanocrystalline silicon,electron emission,MOS,tunneling cathode
1. I nt roduct i on
A met al ‑oxi de‑s emi conduct or(MOS)cat hode i s a pr omi s i ng candi dat e as a f i ne el ect r on s our ce f or appl i cat i ons of vacuum nanoel ect r oni c devi ces , becaus e t he cat hode oper at es at l ow ext r act i on vol t - age,and pr oduces uni f or m and hi ghl y di r ect i onal emi s s i on. Fur t her mor e,t he cat hode i s i ns ens i t i ve t o envi r onment . However ,t he devi ce i s l i mi t ed i n emi s - s i on cur r ent by i t s l ow ef f i ci ency of l es s t han 1% due t o t he s t r ong phonon‑el ect r on s cat t er i ng i n bot h t he oxi de l ayer and t he gat e el ect r ode dur i ng t r avel i ng t hr ough t he conduct i on band of t he oxi de and t he gat e el ect r ode. I n f act ,a cons i der abl e i ncr eas e i n emi s - s i on cur r ent has been meas ur ed and a l ar ge number of el ect r ons have been det ect ed at t he ener gi es l ower t han t he or i gi nal wor k f unct i on of t he gat e el ect r ode by ces i at i on
[1]. Lower i ng t he wor k f unct i on of t he gat e el ect r ode i s a pr act i cal way f or i mpr ovi ng t he emi s s i on cur r ent , i . e. , t he emi s s i on ef f i ci ency.
Recent l y,t he modi f i ed MOS cat hodes have r epor t ed hi gh emi s s i on ef f i ci enci es over 10%,wher e t he oxi de l ayer i s r epl aced wi t h s emi ‑i ns ul at i ng l ayer s s uch as non‑doped Si ,Si Ox f i l ms ,or nanocr ys t al l i ne Si cons i s - t i ng of oxi di zed por ous Si and pol y‑Si
[2‑5]. Al t hough t he mechani s m i s not s t i l l under s t ood,t he us e of f i l ms cont ai ni ng nanocr ys t al l i ne s t r uct ur es t aki ng t he pl ace of t he oxi de l ayer i s a pr omi s i ng way t o i mpr ove t he per f or mance on t he MOS cat hode.
I n a pr evi ous paper
[6],we have r epor t ed t he emi s - s i on char act er i s t i cs of MOS cat hodes bas ed on nano- cr ys t al l i ne Si(nc‑Si ) pr epar ed by a pul s ed l as er
abl at i on (PLA)t echni que. Thi s t echni que has t he advant age of f abr i cat i ng nanocr ys t al l i ne Si cover ed wi t h a t hi n oxi de l ayer i n cont r as t t o ot her f abr i cat i on met hods . I t was demons t r at ed el ect r on emi s s i on at t he gat e vol t age as l ow as t he wor k f unct i on of t he gat e met al and t he hi gh emi s s i on ef f i ci ency of 4% by r educi ng t he t hi cknes s of t he Au gat e met al . How- ever ,t he ener gy of emi t t ed el ect r ons was wi del y di s t r i but ed and s howed s t r ong dependence on t he appl i ed gat e vol t age. A l ot of nanohol es i n t he t hi n Au f i l m wer e obs er ved,s ugges t i ng emi s s i on i ncl udes el ect r ons t unnel ed t hr ough t hi n met al and di r ect l y emi t t ed f r om nanot i ps al i gned under nanohol es obs er - ved i n met al .
I n t hi s wor k,we i nves t i gat e t he emi s s i on char act er - i s t i cs of an nc‑Si MOS cat hode ar r ay f or emi s s i on wi t h a nar r ow s pr ead of el ect r on ener gy.
2. Experi ment s
Fi gur es 1(a)and(b)s how a s chemat i c s t r uct ur e of an nc‑Si pl anar cat hode and i t s f abr i cat i on pr oces s , r es pect i vel y. The devi ce i s a t hi n f i l m di ode s t r uc- t ur e,whi ch cons i s t s of nanocr ys t al l i ne s i l i con(nc‑Si ) par t i cl es cover ed wi t h an oxi de f i l m on an n‑t ype s i l i con s ubs t r at e as an el ect r on s our ce and a t hi n t op met al el ect r ode as an ext r act i on gat e. The emi s s i on ar ea of t he devi ce i s s et an ar r ay pat t er n of 50μm‑
di amet r i c ci r cl es i n an ar ea of 500μm i n di amet er . The nc‑Si l ayer was depos i t ed by a pul s ed l as er abl at i on t echni que us i ng a Si di s c t ar get ,whi ch was i r r adi at ed wi t h t he f our t h har moni c(λ=266 nm)of Nd:YAG l as er (Spect r on,SL856) l i ght wi t h an ener gy of about 80 mJ/cm ,a pul s e wi dt h of 13 ns and a r epet i t i on r at e of 10 Hz. To cr eat e t he t unnel i ng
平成 21年 1月 7日受理異分野融合科学研究所/大学院工学研究科電子電気・情報工 学専攻・准教授
bar r i er i n t he i nt er f ace bet ween nc‑Si par t i cl es ,s ur - f aces of nc‑Si par t i cl es wer e oxi di zed by an oxygen
r adi cal beam expos ur e dur i ng depos i t i on,whi ch was gener at ed by r adi o f r equency di s char ge wi t h t he RF power r ange of 250 t o 350 W at t he pr es s ur e of 5×10 Pa. The s ubs t r at e t emper at ur e was kept at 450° C dur i ng depos i t i on. Al t hough we coul d not es t i mat e t he t hi cknes s of t he t hi n oxi de l ayer cover i ng t he s ur f ace of nc‑Si ,t he oxi de l ayer wi l l pl ay as t he t unnel i ng bar r i er i n t he i nt er f ace bet ween nc‑Si par t i - cl es . Af t er r api d t her mal oxi dat i on at 700° C f or 1 hour was adopt ed f or f or mi ng a t hi n oxi de l ayer near t he t op s ur f ace,a t hi n Au l ayer f or t he gat e el ect r ode was f or med by s put t er depos i t i on. Fi nal l y,Al el ec- t r odes wer e evapor at ed on a par t of t he Au f i l m t o r educe t he r es i s t ance and t he backs i de of t he s ub- s t r at e t o f or m an ohmi c cont act .
We meas ur ed t he emi s s i on char act er i s t i cs and t he ener gy di s t r i but i on of emi t t ed el ect r ons by t he exper i - ment al s et up us i ng a Far aday cup anal yzer wi t h doubl e‑mes hes and a col l ect or i l l us t r at ed i n Fi g.2.
I n t he exper i ment s ,we def i ned t he gat e cur r ent meas ur ed at t he gat e el ect r ode as a di ode cur r ent ,and t he anode cur r ent meas ur ed at t he f i r s t mes h as an emi s s i on cur r ent . We al s o obs er ved t he emi s s i on i mage on a phos phor s cr een.
3. Res ul t s and di s cus s i on
Fi gur e 3 s hows t ypi cal di ode and emi s s i on cur r ent s of t he cat hode ar r ay,and emi s s i on ef f i ci ency,whi ch ar e def i ned as t he r at i o of t he emi s s i on cur r ent t o t he t ot al cur r ent . El ect r on emi s s i on occur s at near l y 6 V,
八戸工業大学異分野融合研究所紀要 第 7巻Fig.1 Schematics of nc‑Si MOS cathode array(a),and its fabrication process(b).
Fig.2 Measurement setup of emission characteristics.
whi ch i s as l ow as t he wor k f unct i on of t he Au gat e el ect r ode and t he emi s s i on cur r ent r i s es r api dl y wi t h i ncr eas i ng gat e vol t age. Cur r ent s at ur at i on,whi ch was obs er ved pr evi ous l y
[6],does not occur at hi gh f i el ds . The emi s s i on ef f i ci ency r eaches about 2% at t he gat e vol t age of 25 V. The t i me dependence of t he emi s s i on cur r ent f or a cons t ant gat e vol t age i s s hown i n Fi g.4 at t he pr es s ur e of 5×10 Pa. Al t hough t he cur r ent decr eas es s l i ght l y,i t i s r el at i vel y s t abl e.
We have meas ur ed t he ener gy di s t r i but i on of emi t - t ed el ect r ons f r om t he cat hode ar r ay us i ng a Far aday cup anal yzer wi t h doubl e‑mes hes and a col l ect or . Fi gur e 5 s hows t he ener gy s pect r a of emi t t ed el ec- t r ons f r om t he cat hode ar r ay at s ever al gat e vol t ages , whi ch ar e nor mal i zed by each t ot al emi s s i on cur r ent . The zer o ener gy i n t he abs ci s s a i ndi cat es t he vacuum l evel of t he Au gat e el ect r ode. FWHM of t he s pec- t r um becomes br oader and maxi mum ener gy moves t o hi gher val ue wi t h i ncr eas i ng gat e vol t age. How- ever ,t he change i s not s i gni f i cant compar ed wi t h t hat f or t he cat hode wi t hout t he ar r ayed s t r uct ur e r epor t -
ed pr evi ous l y
[6]and t he t hr es hol d ener gy of emi t t ed el ect r ons r emai ns al mos t t he s ame at near t he wor k f unct i on of t he gat e met al ,i n cont r as t t o t he pr evi ous r es ul t s
[6]. Thi s i ndi cat es t hat t he ener gy di s t r i but i on of t he emi t t ed el ect r ons does not i ncr eas e even wi t h i ncr eas i ng gat e vol t age,becaus e t he f i el d emi s s i on component t hr ough nanohol es i n t he met al gat e decr eas es due t o t he ar r ayed s t r uct ur e.
Fi gur e 6 s hows t he emi s s i on i mage obs er ved on t he phos phor s cr een. The s cr een was l ocat ed at 40 mm above t he cat hode ar r ay and bi as ed at t he accel er a- t i on vol t age of 5 kV. The emi s s i on di ver gence i s es t i mat ed t o be about 3° . Thi s val ue i s s mal l er t han t hat of t he cat hode wi t hout t he ar r ayed s t r uct ur e, s ugges t i ng t hat uni f or mi t y of t he f i el d i n t he emi s s i on
Fig.3 Emission characteristics of an nc‑Si MOS cathode
array.
Fig.4 Time dependence of the emission current of an nc
‑Si MOS cathode array.
Fig.5 Energy spectra of emitted electrons from an nc‑Si MOS cathode array at var ious gate voltage.
Fig.6 Emission image from the nc‑Si MOS cathode array.
ar ea i s i mpr oved f or t he ar r ayed cat hode.
4. Concl us i on
We f abr i cat ed nanocr ys t al l i ne s i l i con bas ed MOS cat hode ar r ays wi t h t hi n gat e met al s ,and exami ned t hei r emi s s i on char act er i s t i cs and ener gy di s t r i but i ons t o i mpr ove t he per f or mance of t he MOS cat hode and under s t and t he emi s s i on mechani s m of nanocr ys t al - l i ne bas ed cat hodes . The emi s s i on ef f i ci ency was i mpr oved by r educi ng t he t hi cknes s of t he gat e met al . The us e of f i l ms cont ai ni ng nanocr ys t al l i ne s t r uct ur es t aki ng t he pl ace of t he oxi de l ayer i s a pr omi s i ng way t o i mpr ove t he per f or mance on t he MOS cat hode.
Acknowl edgement s
A par t of t hi s wor k was car r i es out i n t he Labor a- t or y f or Nanoel ect r oni cs and Spi nt r oni cs of t he Res ear ch I ns t i t ut e of El ect r i cal Communi cat i on,To- hoku Uni ver s i t y. Thi s wor k was s uppor t ed i n par t
by a Gr and‑i n‑Ai d f or Sci ent i f i c Res ear ch f r om Japan Soci et y f or t he Pr omot i on of Sci ence i n Japan and t he nat i onwi de cooper at i ve r es ear ch pr oj ect s or gani zi ng by RI CE,Tohoku Uni ver s i t y.
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八戸工業大学異分野融合研究所紀要 第 7巻