わが国の山岳地域における森林隈界に関ずる気候学的・植生学的研究

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(1)陰. O. O. 9. 豊. ﹂. ﹂. 取. 血. 1 &. 膨. 1. 邑.

(2) 東京都立大学. 論. 文. 名(和. 理学博士. 学位論文(論. 文博士). 文). わが国の山岳地域における森林隈界に関ずる気候学的・植生学的研究. 著. 者. 岡. 一秀. 一. 審査担当者(自署). 主査. 伽 β 細. 薩. 委員. 門. 残. 委員. 夢上. 委員. 虐. 符. 蒼. 琶メ. ん. 審査報告年月日. 轟. 年. 月. 日. 東京都立大学大学院理学研究科委員会.

(3) CLIMATOLOGICALANDVEGETATIONAL. STUDIESONTHEFOREST. LIMITINJAPANESEMOUNTAINS. ShuichiOKA. 1991.

(4) CONTENTS. 1.. 2.. 3.. Introduction .......................................1 1.1.. What. 1.2.. Forest. 1.3.. Purpose. Forest. is. 2.1.. Altitude. 2.2.. Thermal. 2.3.. Causes. on. significance. of. the. Islands ...............16. Japanese of. condition of. 3.1.. Features. 3.2.. Determining. 4.1.. Japan ..........................8. distribution. limit. Forest. limit? ......................1. in. and. limit. Forest. forest. limit. Japan 4.. the. at. Central. on. altitudes. side. limit. on. Purpose. of. forest. the. limit ....... 16. limit ..........18. forest. limit .........29. Honshu .....................53 of. factors. Sea. paper .........13. forest. of. in. the. the. formation. this. of. of. the the. forest. Central. Mount. forest. limit ...... limit. 53. on. the. Honshu ...............55. Fuji .........................67. examining. the. forest. limit. on. Mount. Fuji ...........................................67 4.2.. Distribution. 4.3.. Analyzing forest. 4.4.. the. of. forest. long. Review limit. of. trees. buried. limit:. series. vicinity. 4.6.. of. the in. forest the. limit... 69. vicinity. of. limit ...................................85. Time. a. structure. growth. Distribution of. 4.5.. and. of span of. a. larch study. change. of. forest. limit:. of climatic. seeds. of. in. the. vicinity. regeneration ........ tree-ring a. width study. of. 101 in. the. records. of. history .........................106 causes. altitudes ................................121. of. fluctuations. in. tree.

(5) 5.. Conclusion. 126. Acknowledgements. 132 ••••134. References ....... TABLES. AND. FIGURES. (Tables) Tab.. 1. Altitudes on. Tab.. 2. of. Japanese. forest. limit. and. Warmth. Indices. mountains ......................19. Frequency. distribution. of. WI. values. at. forest. limit ......................................27 Tab.. 3. Altitudes. of. forest. limit. and. WI15 .......... Tab.. 4. Altitudes. of. forest. limit. and. mountaintop. Tab.. 5. Coefficient (WI15. Tab.. 6(A). 6(B). -. Same. variation. of. (MT. -. FL). ••. 38. and. FL) ................................40. Correlation and. Tab.. of. 34. between. altitudes. of. forest. limit. WI15 ...................................43 as. Tab.. 6(A),. but. for. regarding. snow. depth. condition ..................................43 Tab.. 7. Correlation (WI15. Tab.. 8. between -. FL). Distribution. and of. WI. relative. altitudes. values. buried. at seed. of. mountaintop of. Larix. •. 52. leptolepis ......................... 103. Tab.. 9. Correlation Indices. coefficient and. between. temperatures ...................116. Tree. Ring. Width.

(6) (Figures) Fig.. 1. Study. area .................................17. Fig.. 2. Meridional. cross. altitudes Fig.. 3. in. Altitude. section. of. Japanese. forest. limit. Islands ..............22. distribution. of. forest. limits. in. Japan ......................... 23. Fig.. 4. Warmth. Fig.. 5. Meridional in. 6. Altitude. Fig.. 7. Meridional limit. 8. 9. 10. 11. of. WI15. in. Japan. •••. altitudes. WI15. section in. of. 28. WI15. of. in. Japan ...... altitudes. 31 of. forest. Japan ....................32. between. altitudes. of. forest. limit. WI15 ...................................33 cross and. section. mountaintops. Relationship. of in. between. altitudes. of. forest. Japan ............36. altitudes. of. forest. limit. altitudes. of. forest. limit. mountaintops ...........................37. Relationship and. of. cross. Meridional. and Fig.. limit. section. distribution. and. limit Fig.. forest. cross. Relationship and. Fig.. at. Japan ...................................30. Fig.. Fig.. Indices. W115. between in. attitudinal. order. of. mountaintop .......................... Fig.. 12. Correlation and. WI15. between in. each. altitudes group. of. divided. forest. 41. limit. by. WI. value. of. of. forest. limit. condition. •. mountaintop ................................42 Fig.. 13. Scatter and. Fig.. 14. diagram WI15. Meridional. with. considering cross. altitudes snow. section. depth of. altitudinal. 45.

(7) disparities and Fig.. 15. 16. altitudes. W115. W115. and. and. Correlation. Fig.. 19. WI. Roles. in. of. values. of. each. thermal. determining. forest. Altitudes. of. of. limit 48. forest. limit. mountaintop. over-. disparities. WI15. and. forest. condition ...............49. and. mountaintop,. 47. mountaintop ....... altitudinal. in. W115. Japan........ between. depth. limit. and. between. values. of. mountaintop 18. mountaintop. WI. snow. forest. Fig.. limit. disparities. lapping 17. forest. disparities. Altitudinal and. Fig.. of. Altitudinal and. Fig.. between. with snow. WI. between. values. depth. condition. condition,. altitude. snow. condition. depth. limit. forest. of ••• of for. altitude ........... limit. and. 51. 54. WI15. in. Central. Honshu .....................................56 Fig.. 20. Relationship and. Fig.. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. free. free. limit. altitudes. conditions ..................57 between. air. in. on. which. is. obtainable .....................61. air. in. practical. August,. differences air. and. mountain. air. summer .....................60. differences. Temperature and. Fig.. set. forest. differences. Temperature and. Fig.. free. Mountain data. Fig.. depth. Temperature and. Fig.. snow. between. WI15. Correlation. of. forest. temperature. differences. air. between. temperature. mountain. air. 1971-1975 .......... between. 62. mountain. air. altitudes ............64 limit between. altitudes mountain. with air.

(8) and Fig.. 26. free. Physiognomical limit. Fig.. 27. air ...............................66. on. Profile. vegetation Mount. Fig.. 28. diagrams. 29-1. Vegetation. along. map. based. on. an. Crown. projection. around. forest. Fuji ........................70. Kengamine-Osawa Fig.. map. the. right. and. Shichitaro. around. the. aerial. Fig.. 27) ...................................76. of. Ridge ....... Osawa. photograph diagram. bank. 72. right. bank. analysis ..... (OA:. 2810. 74. m,. see. Fig.. 29-2. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (OB:. 2750. m). 77. Fig.. 29-3. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (OC:. 2710. m). 78. Fig.. 29-4. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (OD:. 2550. m). 79. Fig.. 29-5. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (SA:. 2710. m). Fig.. 29-6. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (SB:. 2650. m). 80. Fig.. 29-7. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (SC:. 2550. m). 81. Fig.. 29-8. Same. as. Fig.. 29-1,. but. for. (SD:. 2460. m). 82. Fig.. 30. Changes. at. different. on. in. the. Osawa. Fig.. 31. Same. Fig.. 32-1. Relationship. Fig.. 32-2. as. Osawa. right. at. 30,. but. and. altitudes. for. Shichitaro. growths thickness. in. Ridge. ••. 88. elongation. (D.B.H.). on. the. bank ...........................89. Fig.. ground. 80. bank ....................87. between. height). as. height. right. Fig.. (tree. Same. tree. ••. 32-1,. but. for. thickness. (diameter. level) ...........................90. Fig.. 33-1. Same. as. Fig.. 32-1,. but. for. Shichitaro. Ridge.. 91. Fig.. 33-2. Same. as. Fig.. 32-2,. but. for. Shichitaro. Ridge.. 91. Fig.. 34. Changes. of. Larix. in. age. leptolepis. at. different.

(9) altitudes Fig.. 35. on. Changes. in. 36. 37. Same. Fig.. 38. Secular. Fig.. 39. Osawa as. the. 40. altitudes. on. Osawa. age. and. tree. height. bank ....................96. 36,. but. changes. Secular. for. of. right. Shichitaro. Tree. Ring. Ridge. •. Width. Index. on. Width. Index. and. 98. bank .......................108. changes. of. Tree. Ring. Index ...............................111. Interannual in. bank ..........93. different. tree. right. Fig.. Warmth Fig.. at. between. the. Fig.. age. right. Ridge ...........................95. Relationship on. Osawa. tree. Shichitaro Fig.. the. variations. summer. of. (June-Sept). at. temperature Mount. anomalies. Fuji. and. Lake. Kawaguchi ..................................112 Fig.. 41. Anomalies. and. (June-Sept) Fig.. 42. at. temperature. northwestern. the. deviations. temperature. Estimated on. standard. slope. temperatures. of. of. Tateno ..........113. at. 2800-meter. of. Mount. the. summer. altitude Fuji. summit. based. and. the. on base ......................... 115. Fig.. 43. Changes from. May. small Fig.. 44. Fig.. 45. snow. the. Changes Mount. depth. on. the. July. in. terms. through. values. Secular on. of. of. changes western of. WI. after. of. T.R.W.I.. slope tree. age. of at. Fuji .................................123. top. of of. Mount the. large. Fuji and. 1965 ..............118 of Mount different. Larix Fuji ......... altitudes. leptolepis 120 on.

(10) 1.. INTRODUCTION. 1.1.. What. is. the. forest. Attitudinal late. 15th. and. vegetation. century. their. But. intensive. studies been of. world.. forest. For. limits. (1967). instance,. with. attemped. limits. to. of. of. Horizontal. their. 1950). 1947), and. mean. (Bryson,. 1966;. Krebs. Mitchell,. 1973),. the. potential summer and. almost. and. polar. global and. Swan. regards. to. scientists the. forest. differing. forests,. large 1967).. forest. limits. indices, (K6ppen, 1948,. many. cited. e.g. 1936), in. Kira,. evapotranspiration. Barry,. 1. position. (Swan,. position. all. their. other. climatic. 1945;. by. of. month. (Kira,. dramatic. upon. of. trees. and. warmest. temperature Holdridge,. Many. zones. the. some. with. estimates. some. there zones. snowline. because of. with. in. accumulated. (Hare,. limits. 16th. discussed. altitudes. but. vegetation. temperature. 1971;. the. among. correlated. the. changes.. the. exist. been. (1955). limits. world,. interpretations. have. Hermes. determine. the. discrepancies. determine. to. attitudinal. the. were. remarked to. reference. in. form. the. 1983),. vegetation that. forest. and. out century. been. attemped. investigated. latitudinal. pointed. limits. have. in. Yokoyama,. attitudinal. forest. have. in. present. these. The. who. the. have. on. the. identified. cited. were. in. landscape. scientists in. only. were. 1910,. factors. done.. changes. zones. (Marek,. climatic. century.. have. limit?. of. of. arctic. 1970;. Larsen,. which. concluded. front 1971; as. a.

(11) climatic. study. (1989).. Although. the. altitudinal. alike. only. their. on. of. in. limits. in. annual. and. on. 1979;. 1.1.1.. large. interpret are. different. discrepancies. air. in between. variation. of. pressure,. Hann,. Barry,. Yazawa. limits. and. diurnal. (e.g.. to. forest. 1974),. 1964),. so. Tranquillini,. both. and. (Troll,. sunshine. in. by. applied. (Makita,. shown. limits. were. limits,. appearance as. forest. them. forest. temperature. wind. 1903;. air. speed,. Love,. 1970;. 1981).. Terminology High. mountains. perpetually a. polar. some. causes,. forest. the. covered. treeless. term. belt. the. the. between. produce. a forest. ecological. conditions. are. not. 1972;. (e.g.. of. altitudinal. vegetation. in. Europe. different altitudinal. (1959). of. using mountain vegetation. treeless occur (e.g.. been. both. sides. ,. after. to. pointing. zones. in. Hamet-A.hti the. limit. ranges, zones. and by. 9. using. we of. region. this. the forest. limit (Troll,. the. alpine. out. the. differences. Tropics. the. out. "zero to prefix. belt. from. pointed. proposed. The. climatic-. term. the. the. 1967).. areas. the. as. which. in. the. (1979). forest. is. on. climatic. proposed. there. regions. But, of. are. Because. Ohba,. used.. different. (1972). region". forests 1963).. plants. has. in. "high-mountain. dangers. of. on. Troll. the. which. Generally, and. landscape. equivalent 1973).. ice.. Ellemberg,. species. limit. regions. regions. of. peculiar. altitudinal. and. these. belt. many. have. snow. environments. scale,. and. with. alpine. varied. micro. commonly. line". ones the in. identify oro-. with.

(12) the. name. 1.1.2.. of. has. (1935,. did. forest. as. in. .. trees. .. the. any. method,. abruptly,. it. is. boundary the. called. if easy. is. Generally,. called. by. to. the. limit. surface. is. forest. trees. limit. ,. that. is, 1919;. as. forest. the. vegetative or. the. finally,. 4) can and. the. closed. of. of. single. Tranquillini. a. it. species,. in. shrubby (1979). 3. is. is. composed. of. tree of. of. forests. limit. and where stunted. recognized. limit tree. sub-divisible. forests;. or. ecotone. limit. biological. tree. belt. the. limit. closed. of. is. the. economic. limit. grow. it. if .. transitional. stand,. (1953),. but. difficult. forest-tundra. and/or. 2). limit. still. an. occurs. limit,. more. and. of. line;. limit the. the. trees. 1). is. includes. Hustich. 1973):. forest. it. limit tall. boundary. the. ecologists),. Following. generative. define. (as. of. (Troll,. species. small. vegetation. limit. alpine. limit. species.. line. the. defined. Brockman-Jerosch,. gradational. forest. the. forest. into. of. the. (e.g.. the. "Kampfgurtel". as. Swan. (1974). definitions, of. the. continuously.. 50%. occurrence. as. 1965).. By. the. it. Larsen. least. trees. Imanishi. recognized grew. at other. shurub-like. Takahashi,. the. In. recognized?. Imanishi.. where. by. or. species to. area. identified. been 1969). tree. similarly. by. dwarf. limit. Imanishi, the. an. occupied. (1968). ones. forest. where. (1967). was. the. cited. elevation. or. latitudinal. Definition How. •. the. of 3). tree. or forests the. tree. group;. the. same form. three. and tree Wardle zones,. a.

(13) namely,. the. forest,. According belt. is. the. upper. to. tree. belt.. Love. radiation.. such. Extent of. the. to. should. not. forest. limits. belt,. be. is. 1.1.3.. Krummholz. phenotypes. (for. vegetation.. and. i.e.. factors. the. .. External. components. some. snow. LaMarch. and. by. particles. ice. (Holtmeier Internal. been. of. effects. Mooney,. on and the. narrow. or. wide. upper. than. It. climatic. a. transitional. edaphic. conditions. 1985).. zone,. is. one. forms). of. sub-alpine. by. forming. ecotone). 1972; that. the. investigated. (e.g.. depends wind,. environmental. factors. belt. factors.. unfavorable. the. sub-. determine be. rather. growth to. have. can. transition. example. According. slope. that. (Holtmeier,. ecotone,. "krummholz". by. influence. and. above-mentioned. sharp. the. moisture,. which. expected be. of. An. sub-alpine. biota,. of. the. explained. human. of. of. between. forests.. one the. temperature,. belt,. all. just as. exposure. always. and/or. causal. and. would. which. The. as. sub-alpine. response. montane. is. of. sub-alpine. ecotone. recognized mosaic. krummholz.. so-called. closed. limits. a. the. forest-tundra. forest. has. and the. the. An ecotone. factors. width. the and. the. (1970). climatic. in. line. islands. (1970),. to. of. alpine. tree. Ldve. equivalent. examination. by. the. the. include Wardle,. accompany. the. complex,. its. watching. the. krummholz. winter 1968;. Tranquillini,. of. (one. dessication Turner,. 1976). and. 1968; abrasion. northwesterly. winds. 1971). factors. have. also. 4. been. proposed. as. the.

(14) causes. of. the. krummholz. krummholz.. growth. (1974). forms. distinguished. and. were. observations. and. mountains. and. Holtmeier. (1981). applied. influence. climatic wood". 1.1.4.. Effect The by. the. recent of. time.. limit. was. during. a. and. but. altitude. the. called. were. (e.g.. Picea shaped. "cripple-trees",. in. did the. is. controlled. period. of result treeline. J. in. probably. warm. altitude. itself.. species. ago,. later. by. fluctuated as. years. a. HansenRocky. has. treeline. Some the. and. not. influenced. width. the. limit. Colorado was. thousand. rise not. forest. the. its. them,. warm a. on. Ives. kampfzone. several. of. be. mugo. that. flexilis). conditions.. to. established. likely. Pinus. ,. should. Pinus. species. consequently. According. encouraged. America. species. change. that. of. post-glacial. probably. other. on high. North. of. and. based. "krummholz". (ecotone). remarked. change,. over. climatic. climatic. width. ,. the. timber".. kampfzone. present. term. timberline. should. of. of. some. lasiocarpa. "wind. the. climatic. and. or. (1983). Mountains. the. ,. width. Blistow. in. and. called. European. growth-forms. determined,. by. the. Mountains the. trees. he. Later. in. that. viridis,. Abies. limit,. Rocky. Wardle. although. studies. the. engelmannii,. which. clear.. bush-like. Alnus. genetically. field. .. the. dwarfed. respectively,. proposed. to. "elfin. environmentally. always. that. variants. shrubs,. not. in. suggested. genetic. "scrub". distinctions. only. were. determined and. prostrata,. (1965). between. genetically. "krummholz". be. Clausen. of. significant Colder. the. periods forest increase periods.

(15) reduced. the. and. flagged. deplete. the. significantly in. periods,. vertical. extent,. extended. (Ives of. and and. layering. (Marr,. 1977),. seedlings. on. Niwot. formed. the. was. analysis Canada. Blistow,. wood. Rocky. the. past. Payette, have. current. data. also. that. is,. Peaks, that. U.S.A., evidence. by of. would. In. be. the. upper only. by. appearance. the. of. upper. limit. of. 1983).. time. tree-ring. the. This. treeline. analysis. Rocky. was. Ritchie. viewpoint the. be. and in by. northernmost. a. warm. period.. Hansen-Blistow response. and to. climatic. 6. Hansenin. treeline. during. Mooney,. 1972;. northern. Canada. layering. (Legere trees. (Elliott,. current. 1971;. treeline. Canadian. capacity the. the. northern. and. upper. as. pollen. Hare,. Ives. present. spruce. and and. of. regarded. vegetatively. and. Mountains. 1971;. Black. of. in. supported. below. (LaMarche. that. relic. it. the. the. al,. periods. suggest. constricted. Hansen-Blistow,. the. regenerative. a. 120m. above. and. Thus,. periods. is. and. may. 1981),. treeline. be. example,. the. remnants. mostly. not. 1983).. is. et. 1973).. probably the. severe. ecotone. now.. From. warm. reproduces. would. in. Mountains. LaMarche,. ecotone. using. Hansell. 1976).. the. than. reported. Nichols. the. during. results. (e.g.. of. (Ives. warmer. were. altitude. Ridge. of. but. the. for. climate. Similar. limit. regeneration. treeline that. mid-section. Hansen-Blistow, the. means. the. during. ecotone,. present-day. in. forest. affect. favorable. part. trees. and do. 1979).. treeline. is. The. example. Ives change. not These. historical, of. (1985),. Indian suggests. through. tree.

(16) forms. and. propagation. After. Brubaker. climatic at. (1986),. change. and. near The. the. climatic. change. in. 20th. to. correspond. after to. in. abies. cause. temperature to. response to. a. summer. Scandes.. of. the. decline. is. dehardening general. warming. since. seasonal responses. of. decline,. the. change. early has. tree. is. easy. been to. the if. the. sub-alpine He. 20th Picea. suggested. the. that. of decline. growth. summer may. be. initiation early. in. June. phenomenon. in. prior. that 1988).. considered. et. late. reduction. and. the. Northern. the. (Kullman,. has Thus,. studies. of. climate.. responses elfin. of. May. Rocky. (Scott. the in. a. 1970s. growth. Distinguishing change. in. the. -. 1974),. that. Or, and. 1920. Canada. the. 1960's.. tree. in. in. demography. temperature. occurred. northern. showed. early. possible. from. Heikkinen,. Swedish. the. especially is. years,. places. (1988). to. Conspicuous. 1971;. other. and. which. 400. 1983),. and. Age,. have. limit. occurred. late. al.,. limit. forest. records.. the. earlier to. Ice. in. since an. to observed. forest. change. in. many. vigor. declined basic. ecotone.. populations. the. meadows. (Kullman,. the. in. clearly. the. of. climatic. et. and. of. environmental. Kullman. century,. is. Little. interval. Scandes. Hemisphere.. due. the. sub-alpine. warmest. 1987),. tree. structure. responses. (Franklin. Swedish. just. of. surveys. various. establishment. the. age. with. Mountains. found. treeline.. century. the. are response. aforementioned the. 1950,. the. through. clarified. al.,. styles. woods. of forming. trees. to the. climatic ecotone. are.

(17) composed. of. are. competitive.. not. conspecific. independent with. of. the. the. krummholz. the. have. been climatic. depressed. the. limit,. area. necessary,. would. alternative. where. forest. 1.2.. limit. in. Japanese. defining. an. pumila. thickets. Numata,. 1972;. Japan, the. is same. as. the. e.g.. Abies. mariesii,. e.g.. Betula. ermanii,. characterized. is. 1984). and. as. component. and. alpine. widely. in. which. light. a is of. elfin. wood. in. Ahti. 1969).. sharp. boundary. extent. species said of. 8. between. described. species conifers,. deciduous. that. Japanese. in which. tree. comprising. (1969). 1962;. limit, of. from. Pinus. forests. forest. He. distinct. species. by. Takahashi,. the. thereby. dominated. the. the. as. belts,. coniferous. as. the. limit. 1944;. sub-alpine. where. as. and. forest. The. (Imanishi,. Hamet-Ahti. disturbance. characteristic. the. Nakano,. boundary. discontinuous. unsuitable. 1981).. regarded. is. limit.. that. Koizumi,. therefore. the. Japan. belt. thickets. its. resulted. from. (Holtmeier,. (e.g.. pumila. an. for. differs. to. period,. human. is. sub-alpine. alpine. or. krummholz,. define. between. to. are. rose. warm. Krummholz. botanists. demarkation. Pinus. the. both. competitive. consequently. and. with. are limit. cooling. vegetation,. Forest. forest. and. cover.. competition. they. restricted. Subsequent. as. species. post-glacial. location.. deforested. forests,. krummholz. upper. the. forest. the. species,. during. must. the. forest. When. level. forming. As. forest.. highest. trees. trees, the. forest. Betula. ermanii. forest. limit,.

(18) making. up. 2600. a. belt. meters. in. conditions,. that. coniferous. some. Northern deciduous. scrub,. contiguous. to. called. Betula forests. to. the. forests. (Suzuki,. have. 1970).. forest. As. limits. difficult. the The. Honshu. combined. with. effects. on. scientists. the. Shidei Ogawa, phenomenon. ,. the reason. 1973;. Yoshino,. 1978). should instead. the. an. to. snow lack. as. individual. effect.. 9. it. of ,. region, and. wind. to. conifers. its Many. be. the. (e.g.' Maki. insisted a. Sea snowy. this. 1976;. the. Japan. 1977).. or. is. by. the. (Ishizuka,. (1952). understood. upper. monsoon. Sakai. Suzuki be. of. for. forests. the. in. of. in too,. limits on. varied. so-. cited. birch. forest. conifers. effects. the. species,. northwesterly. 1973;. But,. many. related. are. up. Japanese. environment. strong. consider important. of. snowy. vegetation. by. of. and. Honshu. because. causes. probably. The. Central. of. lack. is. environment.. above,. in. directly. 1956,. replaced. composed. explain. conditions. of. stated. are. to. been. Sea. absent,. make. (Shidei, of. 1973).. is. which. mountains. for. Japan. mongolica,. zone On. the are. thickets. we. (Ohba,. forests. pumila. to. substituted. conditions. Quercus. edaphic. Therefore,. only. near. 2400-. contiguous. ermanii.. mountains. Pinus. and free. are. edaphic. e.g.. Hokkaido under. have. coniferous. 1973).. coniferous. effect". without. "pseudo-alpine". Shidei,. most. thickets. the. Honshu,. in But. pumila. due of. meters Honshu.. birch. forests. On. side. Central. forests. consider. same. 1300-1800. Pinus. coniferous can. of. compound Hukushima. ta. that. and the. "monsoon (1972).

(19) surveyed. the. monsoon. viewpoint. of. extensive. snow. Suzuki. distributions, Ishizuka. derived al.. the. was. due. also. to. warm. glacial. the and. being. in. explanation. of. introduced. the. credence. to. the. of. scale. upward. of. words a. of its. conifers. to. remain. eventually. lack mountain. of. the. out. he. early. Japan. postSea. side. Ishizuka's of. conifers and. lends. between of. in. the. not. high. Later,. Ono not. the. just. topography,. 10. to. Abies. to. in. allow maiesii. added the. in. occured.. enough. (1983). the. period,. have. latitudes,. on. that. warm. must. the. conifers. concluded. effect",. individual. to. the. He. mountains. also. those. declined. the. extent. zones. relates but. et. in. conifers. relationship. and. vegetation. at. Yamanaka. absence. Islands.. vanished.. conifers tops. tops. the. of. viewpoint. the. "pushing. on. conclusion. at. (1982).. examined. Japanese. a. extinct.. the. interpretation. the. of. on. history. or. depth. during. of. birch. Furthermore,. became. causes. mountain. result,. present.. conifers. and periods. snow. area. geologic. movement. other. the. the. mountains. the. (1982). altitudes. that. the. species.. conifer. Gassan. environments. snow,. tree. cool. Mt.. distribution. Kaji's. Kaji. at. in. Finally,. covered. the last. the. vegetational. age,. data. snowy. age.. of. post-glacial. than. that. the. form. the. from. emphasized. affected. that. concluded. less. Hakusan (1978). growth. during. pollen. He. had. suggested. the. the. (1973).. concluded. has. limiting. of. from. periods. As. which. expanded. Mt.. Ishizuka. damage. beginning. on. (1952).. (1978). communities the. effect. that. the. height other. of words.

(20) its. "oitsume. the. Mikuni. (cornering) Mountains. mariesii. is. conditions. in. claimed. Yrs. Sugita(1990). ago.. forests. adapted. on. the. that. to. support. Fuji. (e.g.,. Franz,. 1979).. pumila. thickets. forests. mugo of Pinus to Pinus. in. Hamet-Ahti Hamet-Ahti to. middle. their. northern. Pinus. similar. of. the. mugo mugo. forest, pumila. occur. scrub and. well appears. for. (Wardle,. al., al.. (1974). 1977;. boreal. Alps. above to. this. in. the be. as. reason Okitsu,. 11. not. high. except. for 1977;. compared. Pinus. coniferous. Europe,. and. also. (sub-alpine). limit,. sub-alpine. Pinus. plants extensive. alternative. mugo 1984;. to Pinus. although. forest a. Pinus. Wardle,. the. However,. it. European are. 1974;. oro-boreal. European. of. region.. counterparts. and. physiognomically stands. et. Japan,. vegetation,. et. not. mountain. in. mountains. high-alpine. zone, or. niche. alpine. Japaneses. the. blank. each. limits. ecological the. true. on. forest. the. that. during. indigenous. slopes. upper. define. consider. enough. the. the. gentle. 3000. mariesii. the. were. of. until. Abies. expandingto. characterizes. ecologists. Mt.. of. examining to. forests. condition. forests. extent. necessary. pumila. mariesii. consisted. that. were. pollen. Aizawa(1986). originally. snowy. Abies. of. and. mariesii. and. and. Abies. When is. humid. period. whether. Abies. example. where. results. Morita zone. an. topographic. the. considered. to. glacial. depended. to. Honshu,. lacking. as. certain. according. "pseudo-alpine". shrub,. used. Honshu,. under. northern. that. He. Central. indigenous. deciduous. and. of. Moreover,. analyses. post. effect".. Ito,. differ 1984).. from.

(21) Hamet-Ahti pumila. et. thickets. vegetation. any. cover. have. also. the. is said. correlate. its. pumila by. stands. edaphic. therefore,. extent. with. 1982; the. and. Therefore,. it. tree. species. 1969),. by. "elfin of. the. forest. and. coniferous. be. considered. depression of. forest. forest. forests. of. (Okitsu,. vegetation. should and. the. Pinus. form. together. 12. (Imanishi, treeless. area 1984). thickets. pumila and. 1967), combined. where. pumila. Pinus. be. wind. 1984b).. (Okitsu,. 1984). (Ohba,. of. growth. Pinus. between. 1985),. dominate. zones with. and. Suzuki,. Ito,. they. fill. forest. productivity. forests. thickets. the. controlled. degree. their. Pinus. (Suzuki. and. to. species. species floor. in. develop of. places. the. that. to. 1974).. and. (Okitsu. of. careful. field. on. disturbed. be. the. Shimizu. depth. they. trees",. that. coniferous. may. that. Mingling. pumila. 1984;. snow. must. block. depends. are. and. formed. Yoshida,. establishment. exposure. to. out. Imanishi,1937;. (Makita,. selectively. the. botanists occur. 1922;. as oro-. where. locally. climate. upper. Japanese. we. e.g.. the. in. and. places. heavy.. thickets. 1972),. occur. upward,. in in. (Honda,. condition,. Shimizu, and. pumila. advance. found. Pinus. regional may. zone. be. too. zonation. Numata,. or they. especially not. that. local. temperate may. but. Pinus. out. vegetation. the. zone,. altitudinal. 1969;. either. they. deep,. pointed. local. from. (sub-alpine). snow. be. as. vegetation. boreal. as. is,. sub-zone. regional. (1974). may. That. almost. al.. as similarity. pumila show. with with. high. of thickets. that the them. as. Pinus. subalpine a. upper.

(22) class do. unit not. ((Ohba,. always. the. subalpine. the. Pinus. agree. pumila. (Ito,. not. only. but. as. boundaries. tree. Some growth. of. snow. the low. important. and. higher. and. snow the. forest. 1.3.. and. place. its. zonal. considered. subalpine of. zones. the. growth. in. factor. Japan. difficulty. of. low. limit a upper. single. and. significance. of. 13. this. as. to. facts. factor. to. the. Japanese heavy. lower. than. (Schwarz,. limits. These. paper. forest. and. index. limit.. which. rise. are. forest. forest. for. elevations. thermal. also. mountains. to. altitudes. 1969). any. is. However,. by. soil.. for. the. able. climate.. the. period,. favorable. be. (Imanishi, using. On. slopes. forest. undeveloped. absolute. using. sense,. retard. vegetation. wind,. should. forest. may. conditions). of. calculated this. the. 1982).. by. their. In. Purpose. be. orographic. characterized. altitudes. temporary the. Kaji,. zones. are cover,. 1983).. and. can. of. to. that in. the. controlled. mountains. alpine. vegetation. changes. severe. composed. forest. elevation. limits. we. need alpine. temperature. (e.g.. growth,. the. because. factors. (including. establishment are. zone. altitudinal. period,. height. very. of. altitudinal. limits. important. cover. Mountain. forest. species.. include. long. an. between of. upper. occasionally,. alpine. Forest. boundaries. of. , in. the. ,. boundary. thickets. 1984).. as. the. However. following. extent. Therefore. with. zones.. sub-zone. form. 1967).. may point define. be out the.

(23) The. forest. correlated. limits. with. which. Considering,. pumila. thickets. pumila. zone. zones.. For. floor. of. Pinus. pumila,. a proper. important. line. but. the. growing. to as. altitude forest. to. reconsider. that. an. the. forms. to. forms. shrub-like. growth. Japanese. above. the. forms. tree. were. to This. the. factors. point. forest. limit. occur. in. on many. all. sites. determining. becomes. important. Japanese. different. it. Islands. environments,. 14. is. necessary thickets Shrub-like. limit. where. or. differences. of. growth. in. detail. the. forest. As. whether. genetically. shrub-like. when. tall-. of. the. form. that. of. pumila. formed. a. increasing. regardless. between. growth. means. mountains.. compete. as. determination. Pinus. forest. it. only. with. view,. of. the. conditions. related. of. Understanding. environmental tall. point. cannot. environmentally.. and. this. Pinus. limit, not. the. the. subalpine. It. trees for. distribution. dominate. growth. of. of. forest. ecotone.. criteria. From. peculiar. growth tree. variation. limit.. are. the. that. and. limit. in alpine. limit. the. forest. Pinus. the. conclude. alpine. of. including. important. of. lower of. the. subalpine. and. the. zone,. forests. cannot. boundary. recognize. zone. and. vegetation, we. been. pumila. similarity. understanding. form is. the. a. Pinus. coniferous. by. climatic. have. alpine. the. represented is. the of. subalpine. forest. a. of. however,. limit. mountains. boundary. and feature. forest. limit. the. to. productivity. Japanese. lower to. zones.. is. the. corresponds. relic. in. is. form. directly. limit. we. the. examine forest. they. the limits. should. be.

(24) examined. variously. and. systematically, is. not. important. the. to. specific. enable. historic. and and. of. consider or. of. higher. offer. as. as. allowing. extension. change. of. altitude. its. growing. Mt.. Fuji. upper method. are. form a. is. high. larches. limit listed. the. relationship. conditions. are. reexamined. in. are this. paper. are. altitudes. as. between examined; the. the 2). Central. 15. well-. to. for. the limit. through increasing surveys,. limit species. as. is. by. and. same area. mainly. there.. follows:. altitudes. a. determine. these. Japanese. Honshu. are. forest. the. the. of. thickets,. with. determined of. case. thickets. forest. the. consider. factors. its. and by. a. the. species. must. thickets. which. field. scale. Japan. pumila. pumila. tree. and. the. in. Pinus. for. limits.. forests. forest. on. forest. around. Pinus. limits.. important. study. the. of. also. can. of. of. forest. controlled. with. suitable. that. subjects. forest. the. is. will. are. of. estimation. of. the. of. The. and. limits. it. coniferous. thickets. an. result,. pumila. we. data. pumila. mountaintop. composed. If the. using. altitudes. limits. important Pinus. as. growth. it. by. of. Linus. own. altitudes. is. limit. establishment. of. well. causes. their. examination,. a. of. of. where. meaning. the. forest. without. will. As. the. mountaintops.. mountain. developed. potential. understandings. their. this. viewpoint. existence. not. altitude. of. the. the. whether. the. extensive. interpret. For. parameter.. dynamic. Surveys. it. estimate. determination. various. to. individually.. climatic. a. This. extensively. 1) the. uniform Islands,. the. thermal. relationship using. the. is actual.

(25) meteorological which. data. is. the. species. for. highest. are. FOREST. 2.1.. are. LIMIT. ON. THE. In. to. order. selected. 1/200,000. mountain,. the. forest. photograph. analysis using. forest. forest contain variety means including extensive. Fuji,. the. tree. a.s.1.,. the. changes. of. the. vegetational. and. Northern maps. have. some. Japan. deciduous tree. controlling above weak. recognition. points,. is of. the. 16. that. (1/50,000,. Japan that. subalpine. Betula. ermanii. composing forest. each. limits. may. altitudes,. and. The. reason. used,. in. it forest. aerial. altitude. their. been. by. each. Agency). as. factors. have. On. to. the in. Central. Forestry. species. homogenous,. and. out. highest. forest. the. mentioned. made. contiguous. heterogeneities their. been. the. mountains. (Fig.1).. maps. are. not. 211. Honshu. 1/20,000,. Consequently,. limit. limit,. vegetation. or. are. forest. forest. referring. forest,. some. the. regional. thickets. limit. ISLANDS. the. (ca.. pumila. in. meters. using. limits. Agency). coniferous. Mt.. where. attitudinal. of. actual. Environment Pinus. the. Hokkaido,. the. and/or. 2900. JAPANESE. discuss in. on. and. on. techniques.. distribution. Honshu. 3). Japan. determined. Altitude. were. to. and. dendro-climatological. 2.. in. up. features limits. mountains;. mountain. present. structural forest. some. is. why. the. spite. necessary limit. a. of for. to. grasp.

(26) 繋コ・. 灘. SeaofJapan. ÷. σ・1・麟. 〆. 幽. 齢. 138' 44° 一. 庵 PacificOcean. 羅』i. 146155 且4T. '6264. 148 149150: 15ほ52 156153. Northern Honshu. 。鞍. 666766691 ?0 71. 158157159 159US l60 161 162. 1ユ5 126 ユ 1捌釦1. 1(違16q 【651661σ7 168169 1了0171. 179131. 置721了3. 1星32に3134. iマ4itl了8 1了6179 mieo I81. Central Honshu. ・響,. 十36。 144̀. 漏. 欝蜥 F}9.lS七udyarea Numbersshoothelocationofmountainstreatedinthisstudy. refer七. 〇Tab.1.. 17. 200km.

(27) uniformly. on The. are. altitudes. shown. pumila. Okitsu,. Japanese. in. the. to. ca.. the. the. contrast Ocean. be. limit. of. may. be. (e.g.. Thermal. the. Ohba,. Warmth. Index. relative. 2000. Fig.. meters 3. and. Hidaka. of. in the. southern. altitude. showing. per. 10. horizontal. concentric. Japan. boundary. in. the. pattern. Mountains. the. limit. meters in. the. between. at is. a. the. in. Sea which. (WI). have. and. Hokkaido,. side is. and. composed. the of. limit factor. humid. Coldness. devised. by. ben. widely. accuracy.. forest. principal. under. condition. their. ca.. the. 1000 a.s.l.. recognize. condition. distribution. 1971),. ca.. forest. lines.. forest. Kira,. can. of. meters. In. side,. contour. altitudes. 2800. Disetsu. Temperature. thermal. pumila. shown. would. upper. conifers. from. being. we on. the. latitude.. distribution,. 2.2.. 2,. difference of. focusing. Pinus. been. had. it. the. way. have. future,. subalpine. this. who. investigate. extend. part. degrees. dense. Fig.. Islands. part,. the. because. in. they. Ito(1984a). In. of. out. Hokkaido and. to. made. 1984).. shown. northern. In. manner.. vegetation. As. Pacific. 1.. thickets. alternative. and. limit. necessary. Pinus. 1967;. forest. Okitsu. same. instructive. scale.. Table. following after. Islands of. in. determined them. Japanese. climatic Index. Kira. correlating. 18. in. the. conditions.. (CI),. (1945; used. By. governing. indicators 1948,. Japan the. cited. of in. because. of. limits. of.

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(33) distribution. of. Kira. argued. (1971). limit. of. been. WI15. on. correlated after. between. lower. summit. lower. the. Yanagimachi. of. (1989). can. investigations. cannot. values be. the. be. is. drawn. the. will. shed. light. by. thermal. zone. zone, the. on. and. the of. Ohmori. and. boundaries depend. of. on. thermal. before more. of. other. Indices. necessary. boundaries. the. Warmth. Specifically,. into. explained. of. on. altitudes. pumila. Hokkaido. that. generally. relative. that. study. out. were. pumila. in. Warmth. On. of. range. Pinus. zones. Further. conclusion. WI. the. but. Pinus. concluded. vegetation. conditions.. with. to. dependent. mountains.. the. upper. discrepancies. hardly. range. of. levels. limit. vertical. of. the. pointed. values,. altitudes. limits. many. were. WI. or. (1984a). Hokkaido. correlating. the. mountain. the. Ito. Indices,. correspond. however,. definite. with. hand,. and. in. any. to. and. Warmth. limits,. seemed. Okitsu. the. forest. Recently,. limits. or. with. the. zone,. found.. forest. species. that. C M (WI15).. have. the. tree. subalpine. Index=15. the. some. forest. any. extensive. distribution. those. phenomena. conditions. alone. which (Kaji,. 1982). What. does. difficult. to. understood extent.. How. present,. they. corrected. by. Kira,. 1948;. WI15 explain a. are. vertical. at. relative. have. value WI. been. uniform. Saito,. for. exactly. as. a. mean. values. calculated temperature. 1977;. Ishizuka,. 24. tree. growth?. this. time,. As WI15. governing. lapse 1978;. is. should. be. the. obtained? using. this. forest Up. the rate Okitsu. to. the. temperature (0.55/100m: and. Ito,.

(34) 1984a;. 0.61/100m:. 1982;. and. into. Kira. so. on).. But,. consideration. which. the. become. The. lapse. and. small rates. in are. lapse. regional. and. eastern. but. landform,. altitude,. exposure,. 1982).. 1961;. under. various. extensively. the. forest. are coast.. conditions weakness. a. of. regression To. address. method. to. aerological process. is. as. altitudes. are. monthly. mean. each distributions. we. changes point,. 11 1). estimated. by. temperatures during of. Warmth. order. of. the. them to beech of. and. distance. from the. which the. thermal. accurately. that. each. the. The. coefficient. location.. and. Oka. (1989). Indices. devised using. the. stations.. temperatures. at curves. standard. 1951-1980.. 25. in. of. regression. Indices. use. variables. Warmth. at. to. the. fairly. The. lapse. analysis. meteorological. follows.. Iida, of. going. estimate. Aoyama the. of. 1977;. WI). is. pressure 2). are. as. Sekiguchi,. fitness. are. can. at. and such. (1988),. however,. determine. station. we. regions. method,. data. the. altitude. this. regional. (e.g.. (including. method. summertime.. Maejima,. data,. equation. in. regression. mountainous this. on. Yanagimachi. multiple. this of. so. if. latitude,. Using. and. taken. conditions. consider. meteorological. longitude,. local. condition. used. mountainous. must. and. thermal. zone,. only. by. not. differences,. by. not. Kaji,. have. seasonal. 1970;. conditions. Ohmori. estimate. of. we. rates. or. Hasegawa,. Accordingly,. rates. also. 0.5/100m:. Hokkaido,. controlled. conditions. Yoshino,. 1967;. these. seasonal. 1949;. Yoshino,. calculated. Its arbitrary. composed. of. levels. at. Altitudinal by. using.

(35) the. estimated. term. of. which. temperatures. the. are. second. they. are are altitudes,. The. Warmth. at. rates. of. of. least. of. arbitrary. 703. term. between. by. of. WI,. 11. points.. the. squares.. Warmth. Indices. Indices. on. these. calculated. 4). arbitrary. lapse. rates by. observatories. are. first. Warmth. altitudes. Indices. at. of. a. a. equation,. mean. method. estimated. Warmth. temperatures. the. lapse. finally. level. the. coefficients namely,. are. regression. of. by. of. distribution with. reexamined. coefficients. every. coefficients. Indices. stations. the. altitudinal. correlation. and. As. of. replaced. the. degree. sea. of. are. Additionally,. These. degree. composed. small,. 3). and. surface. including. AMeDAS. stations. Warmth the. altitudes. (1989) WI. at. C•M 25-30. limits. should. note. such Mt. Fuji and This. of as. 1.. C•M. 2).. rarely that. fact. lie. in. the. roughly. mountaintops, and. frequency. and. over,. its. can. WI15.. being see. condition. of. Mt.. Satsunaidake. (18.8),. Mt.. in. that. the. 26. Central Japanese. that the. However,. thermal. in. of. that. the. (18.7). of range. mountains. (19.9). method. the. mode. we. some. Oka's. from. with. and. distribution. extends. (16.1),. Yarigatake. Okuhodakadake means. The. are. Kamuiekuuchikaushiyama. Mt.. Aoyama. Consequently,. there. Mt.. by. coincide. Rakkodake. (17.7),. and. limits 50. (Tab.. which Mt.. Tab.. of. limits. estimated. forest. that. C•M. forest. in. the. to. forest. WI15. shown. values. limits. at. of. are. 15-20 of. Indices. one forest WI15-20. (19.1). Hokkaido,. and. Minamidake Honshu forest. and Mt. (18.8). (Fig.4). limit. can.

(36) Tab.2. Frequency. distributionofulvalues a七forestIimi七. WI. Total. NorthernCentral. Hokkaido. NonshuHonshu. (CM) 0^‑15. 0. 0. 0. 0. 15‑‑20. 7. 3. 0. 蔓. 20‑‑25. 41. 12. 0. 29. 25‑‑30. 54. 15. 3. 36. 30^‑35. 41. 15. 17. 9. 35^‑40. 35. 5. zi. 9. 40‑45. 23. 1. 14. 8. 45.50. io. 0. 4. 6. 1. 0. 1. 0. 50〜. .overage. 28.8. 31.6. ?7. 37.4. 29.6.

(37) ご ≡皇. 頃寸. O. 嘱O話暮ソ三 ≦. ≡=. .一=. 潟一=諺. ︒○ ︒っ. ; =﹂. 卜︒っ. 一￠ ︒っOO ;H[ 二. &. .Φ着 . 芝轟︒ = 邸>. O) で三葺二層 ω一̀ω. .一Σ. . π O﹂ε. 6 ︾三 ⁝ 三 ≦ }︹︺二﹁三〇. ︻三二三 ︑ ⊆ 一ご. 8. コ・5 ﹂ ⊂D︒︒. q⊃︒っ. 頃︒っ. ロσ. .一Z .一Z. 0寸. (Z ・) ω ℃ ヨ等. c. [三壽 X. N寸. 6 よ≦ ご ≡￠⊂ ≡. 曽. r. ⁝ の二̀ソ = 二〇一 ≡ 巻. 丼. 0頃 G. a 囚. O寸 ). X. 0︒っ叫叩. 把 ON 田里. OF. 0. L. O q⊃. ?g. =》‑cr一. 一一噂」一 =44も.

(38) rise. up. WI15. value As. to. a is. shown. change. potential. altitude. inevitably. very. in. with. Fig.. in. of Fig.. 6. Northern. and. Hokkaido,. seen. the. central. the. southern. 2.3.. Causes The. Central in. part. some. part. of altitude. change. difference. of. stable. in. of. of. regression. (Y=1.1X-887.2,. are. This. is fact. not. affected. generally. by governed. Studying emphasized determining. the the the. of. in in. one. for. in. seems. limit is. Fig.. 8. the. and. small. in. to. shows. WI15. in. the. Hokkaido. and. shows,. the. indicated. by. linear. However, each. the. sub-region the. (Tab.. forest. individually,. limits they. are. condition. in. the. 7. forest. As. factors. WI15. Fig.. although. mountains. forest. one. crowded. variable. strong. thermal. of. in. limit. are. that,. role. the. r=0.86).. local. pattern. pattern. altitudes. Honshu,. always. by. and. of. altitudes. suggests. lines. concentric. limit.. both. both. contour. zonal. forest. Honshu.. relationship. correlation. the. altiutudes. Central. Some. Honshu.. forest. Northern. of. pattern. between. part. Islands.. scattered. Honshu. of. of. constantly. the. the. distribution. latitudinal. southern. and. Northern. that. WI15. The. detail,. formation. to. 3).. follows:. Northern. of. of. pattern. Honshu. of. correspond. The. as. therefore,. Japanese. horizontal. are. and. altitudes the. the. WI15,. important.. the. throughout. characteristics seen. 5,. of. altitude. limit.. Hokkaido, of Subsequently. 29. Okitsu the. mountaintop Ohmori. (1984) in and.

(39) 專. 丼. N寸. F寸. (2 し. = 三. 0寸. 一髪 2. ト︒っ. の ω(こり. ︒︒︒っ. ﹂︒ 戸 ; コ o霧. cD︒っ. q⊃ でコご ↑ σコ﹂. =ぎ ≦ ︑ 二﹁ゆ = } ﹂o ︒︒m 二}三. 等. 鐙嚥蜜︑魔ぼ. 〆. 三おこ. ω︒っ. の. .・︒ こ. の︒っ. 0. 009. 0 0 0N. 0000っ. 000寸. ). 田ー. apn=}!↓1∀.

(40) a. 夕. 7. 醍らoo. ア令. J. .〜00 0. 襲. 十. 138° 44°. D. 一. 9. 繋難. '. V l,一・竃. 響レ. 簗"・7丙oo① 籔. ÷. 0. 鍮. キ. 十. ・ a. 2000. 馨. SeaofJapan. 端'. zzoo. 糾. 6. 磁婆灘. 十. 薦. 十. PacificOcean. 十. ⊥‑. 十. 9騰. ユ600÷. 〉. 棄i鋤郵,,。. 一. zgpO. 。. 十36。 14G. +闘. 0100200km 一か Fig.G. 41titudedistributionofU115inJapan. 31. 搾. 9.

(41) 專. ご三. ◇. ⊂D︒っ. に﹂. ↑o ωO﹁ ≡ こご 6 ﹄O =〇二 8 ︒っ. 0寸. (2 ︒) qD でコ ↑ ; 等. ぢ巴 O↑. 罪謄評. ロロ口. qe ω O ﹂ O. oっ oっ. 轡 .像評診. =窪 ̀ ﹁三. 卜︒っ. 一にニ2 三﹂①Z. 口. ◇. .︒︒ こ. 頃 ︒っ. 009. 00 0N. ∀. 判. 11 . n. P. 3 ). 山. OOO︒っ ■ (. 000寸. 32. 0. ト. の cつ. ξ 穿. 。. ・鴇. ゆ= ). 〔Gillnlロ. 8夕. 誘. 蝋. 旧= き﹁三蝿ご三. 口 0.

(42) (㎝︺聰 .O H﹂コ= 儒. ﹂O. ニ }二〇う= O 一一謁一①乞. 一〇= 一一 ; O 一壱うL りO﹂蜀OL ). = OO3 一〇コ. .N .卜Cσ} W‑X 一.州11 > の O= コ一一一一6. 葺. =〇一一轟一〇L ﹂Oe. . } 一謂二一一の O﹂O ﹂. i. 『. 一=む一〇一﹂﹂OOO め [一}. q⊃ ℃ コ ↑ 一剃一く. 009. ‑ ‑ I Iートー. 0. (・ Σ・ 9 摯 "﹁≧こ. 000N ﹁. O ︒っ. 33. 一!】・1∀. (↓lu」!11sa」o})apn】. OOOの一. O. ▼一一.. C＼」. ○⑩)○ ○. 。 30舞. 000て =﹁一. 麟. 謁 ︒. 群嗣. 纂. 難環。.

(43) Tab.3. Altitodesofforestlimi七andwll5. correlation. regression. line. Hokkaido. coefficient. Y=0.5X十250.0. 0.4898. Y=O.SX‑568.8. 0.4502. Y=1.6x‑2481.9. o.ssso. Y=1.IX‑887.2. 0.8642. Northern Honshu. Central Honshu. Total. 34.

(44) Yanagimachi. (1989). claimed. that. the. causal. factor.. In. oder. an. expansion. a. primary more. is. extensive. study. necessary.. The. mountaintop to. are. overlap. shows,. each. the. Strong. region. 4).. correlation. of. forest. been. In. reality. this. is the. 3000. altitude In determining. secondly. we. tree. species. case,. what. forest. limit.. order. the. becomes. shown to forest. in. altitudes. is. Fig.. decide limit,. due. looks. the. limit. each. subby. the be. determining. the. magnitudes. a. correlation. of. WI15. cases to. low. higher. the. mountain,. importantly,. around. a. limit the as. limit on. the. mountaintop forest. forest. and. where. the. limit. stable. stronger. like. More. forest. the. altitudes. is. 10. should. First,. find. Fig.. mountaintop.. decide. can. tend. forest. limit. comparing. the. higher,. Even. as. simply. the. Evidently,. meters. to. between. becomes. As. the. and. They. Hokkaido.. correlation.. not.. endlessly.. than. simple. of. mountaintop tp. by. and. altitude.. higher. limit. 9.. judging. of. area. limit. only. altitude. issue,. study. for. forest. premature. found. disappearance. the. the. supported. the. is. of. mountaintop,. in. by. it. coefficient. has. is. was. this. Fig.. between. Accordingly,. governed. However,. of. that. coefficient,. primarily. in. both. correlation. (Tab.. factor. than. resolve. forest. in. between. r=0.95). WI15.. of. except. condition. of. plotted. other. correlation. thermal to. altitudes. latitudinally. (Y=0.9X-10.6, and. and. the. does. not. mountain. 2700-2800. the go more. meters. 10. which. factor the. 35. thermal. is. more condition. important. in or. the.

(45) 專. 丼. ℃二に. . 一 =暑. 等. 一一二つω ﹂O 馬. N寸. ﹄O. むつ ① ℃=. 一一一一に. 0寸. ↑O. OO Pつ. Qうo つO ﹂〇. ⊂ 鳥こ縄︻ . ρ二 = O 皿↓ Oq) Ωつ. CDeつ. (2 ︒) ① でコ ↑ 一↑ qコ﹂一寸. 且〇一 = 一じ5一 = 二〇∈. ①︒っ. 一ご= O = ︺一﹂ΦZ. トeつ. G︒. .・︒ こ. ゆ︒っ. ). 山. ー. 36. 0. 009. 0 0 0N. 000︒っ. 000寸. apn↓!↓1∀.

(46) 000寸 E. 一のo﹂ε. (ニョー三5 ==︒三. 三. .O巳. .蟷 .0 7 Xα .〒と. 00 9. 憲﹂の=Oリ. 戸 δ ①き ①Ω 二 ≡ ω⊆o ; ≦ o匡. (鴇. ↑ 一く. ↑o ω薯耳 ; 石. 旦 0 0 0N. コ= ω=o=. コニoo=O = =﹂OF ; ﹂OZ. 9. .・︒ こ. 0. 0. 009. 0 00N. 37. ︻ δ の三 9 ; oE ℃=憾 ρ三 =. 000σっ. 留竃. E OOO︒︒. 退山!1‡sa」0})apn‡!↓1∀.

(47) Tab.. 4. of. Altitudes. limit. and. mountaintop. correlation. regression. line. Hokkaido. forest. coefficient. Y=0 .6X+236.6. 0.7519. Y=0.8X+215.3. 0.8880. Northern Honshu. Central Honshu. Total. Y=0. .7X+390.4. Y=0.9X-10.6. 38. 0.9033. 0.9495.

(48) altitude. of. altitude. and. mountaintop, the. and. the. difference. and. the. altitude. Each. forest. of is. the. that. of (MT. generally by. WI15. in. as. the. WI. WI. limits. each. group. (Fig.. 12,. parted. divided. (Society. into cm;. Fig.. grow. larger,. find. a. high. the. Islands.. forest. of. limit. is. altitude. According. to. namely,. as. go 1=X,. and. which. the. regression. order. that. for. of. than. controlled. Japanese. line. the. conclude. thermally the. the. smaller. strongly. 11.. The. that. is. speak,. shown. 5).. intensive. altitude to. of .. shows. of. have the. 100-150. been. Forest. Forest eight. also. Fig. the. down,. the. namely,. the. coefficient. mountaintop. in altitude. cm;. in. Environment. Environment, groups. examined. (see 150-200. Tab. cm;. 39. relation. Map 1972) 1):. 200-300. snow less. of. to Japan. depth than. cm;. ,. .. 6-A).. On of. altitudes. from. by. limits. depth.. the. FL). compared. (Tab. can. of. corrected. We can. Forest. scale. -. coefficient. FL). is. the. so. values. are. Tab.. limit. value, is. we. mountaintop. altitudes. surface.. 50-100. of. thermally,. WI15. devided. between. a. mountaintop. snow. on. 5. WI15. mountaintop. are. mean). (WI15. forest. FL). more. Therefore, the. order. corrected. forest. FL).. relation. substituted. 11,. -. the. the. Tab.. of. conditions. The. be.. variation. speaking. thermal. / the. to. -. by. deviation. (WI15. of. (MT. examined. ought. of. limit. the. itself. altitude. coefficient,. relationship coefficient. the. then. between. altitude. forest. (standard. smaller. difference. limit. between. scatter. variation. the. 300-400. are 50. cm; cm;.

(49) の .旧 ρり N. 守 . ︻cむ [. ぐ .cQ gQN σっ . 努. 嶋 .m 頃ト. O .8. (﹂﹂. ‑ ↑Z). Qう o﹂o ↑. ﹂﹂ー﹄﹁ Z. O> <. CQNぐLn 一トーODζ. うく ρ. MM卜一一り守cりM蟹 ⊃ く=唱 oつ ζつq弓cりN. 自う .oQ 偽. 掴 .δ 囚. O .O ヨ. ロ .霧頃一 .cO 鶉. 国 .co ひっ. 頃 .= 創. ︹{.冨亭っ .⊂う冨. O .ぐっ =. 創 .￠σ 鋼. 卜 .掴蕊 q . ぐcっ一. Ω .O 章つの. ぐ.O爲. O.雲 9 協 .守卜. O.漏. ﹃ロ爲. 卜一M可. oOつoしnN. O ト一. O' rの. }o. ﹂﹂. .. .の一 Σ. }二 ︒う一 Z. 一5. コと̀二〇︾㏄＼ ̀コ﹁=. 0' [. ﹁. 一訂﹂︿＼つの一ヱ＼o X轟. 一轟 ◎Q ;6り一鳴﹀一﹁. .oう一 Z 9り. ︒9り一一高コOO. 一巳 ̀1 帽一一X. ︻d﹂一=ω り. ▽= = コ∠O ＼一一二一ソ= Z＼o ゆQ 一二〇Mπ =. .●り↓=. コ= ω⊆O 躍. 9. .ω' Σ. コニ 9り=O 篇 = ﹂ω=一L O Z. O℃ 一一＼￠・ 5㊤O＼一E再ロ◎̀ ﹂一二しリ. = ̀= IO O. 一= 06芸 o↑＼コの一〇ω 一慮 O. =̀ソ[< ＼O>[〇一〇﹂一二の. .oう一Σ. .9り一=. 頃. .︹駕﹂︑. o℃ 一帽 )[XO =. Oよ一二〇り邸Z ＼o 一二 Qりo ↑. ↑=. 一頃一一). .ω' =. 頃一一き. 二〇一 ζ 一縄. }=oE. O眉コ一一一 }邸 .① ﹁︺=. 一一の [̀. 縞o. ' =O 皿O 一﹂弔①o り. =o 一.剃儲 }﹂邸﹀. cg O自. 囚 ︒っ爲. 〇っゆ豊. 創. ￠ .り︒〇一. O .囚9. q⊃ .O =. 骨 .守卜. O .9. ︒Q .O ◎〇一. ゆ .掴卜O. N .暮創 .oっ oD. O .σう屯⊃囚. 創 .守三 O .呂. ︒︒.緯. O .紹. 0 9. 骨 .囚9. 〇 .O爲. ca .O 呂 ◎っ .qっ鍔ロ .O 鴇卜 .O 守ゆ. oQ .頃虫. 守 .c隣 oっ㊤. ㊤ Oc 降創. 聰霧. 瞬 . 一σっ ⑩. 創頃O国. τ⊆ に. . 一一蓬一一 ↓. .﹀ .り. N 8. あ. ﹃ゆ旨. の一﹁} ). こD. 守 ω≧. O↑の. ρう oっ鴇. ﹃ロ器頃 .αcgO. O>< ﹂﹂ーの二 }. 1. .① 唱二一一の一̀ (﹂﹂. 窪0. 斜 .⇔っ創. .ン .り. トー σ}一 M‑cつ. [:]LV. <dL)0. の .8. ζつ一守N. ocりLoo◎ N四一くぐ噂. 協 .暮. 貯oc⊃o 頃cつMoN.

(50) 一≦ ;﹁さ巳﹂ε. ①三望. ;. 一￠三ヨごご超. 忌の二 ; ω雪のの一ユ︒芒一≦ =ぎ ⁝ ち﹂①E o. ︒う①ヨこご磁 =①Φ3 Φ﹄ Ω ≡ の=︒ ; 豆 Φに. ユ3 三 5 ⊆⊃o最もち一く・. ***・.. コ=而ご三一ぢ Φ﹂ε. 口. 2 ヨ. oa. Φ﹁三こご帽︹ δ 芒. 三. as. ,︒} ; 三 0 00 F. =. .︒︒ こ. 009. O. 00ロN. 41. 0. ヨ 08 ︒︒. (↓!田!1↓sa」o})apn坦}∀. .0 0 0 N. 熟a. 謬. 、 '● 幽. (Σ・ 9 皐 π﹁さ. コ. 鹸乳一 ,... 000eっ. 醒. く. ぐ. 十. ○. ●. ★. ぐ. ⊃oLつo つcつ. nnnnnn し「)OL「一ぐVNζ. ∬ くll刈!《〜1《11州. 〇守的つ ⊃ou⊃ L'つoじ ‑NNρ. 曹ミ=暑. 蹴. 000寸 ≡ 一. ●.

(51) 000. マ ∈. ◎＼. 5. ＼. き. ≡. 嶋= ) ﹁三轟ご ≡=. ︑ OOO︒っ .. 二2 三 ≦ =コ︒三﹄︒ ︒﹁ ⁝ の︒﹁︺三. w >. ⁝. コヨ. 窃 2 ￡. ) ︒コ三. も. (Σ . ︒・ヨ "蚕 .000N. ⁝. 盈. 至. ご﹀ =︺︹一;︒ . 記. ﹀. .・︒ 一ら二. 八鴇. ︿ 9. ⑨. ◎. ◎. 鋼. の ︒・超. ︿ ︒︒・. ㊥. ㊦. ︒ ︒・州. く鴇. ㊥. ︒憲ヨ. 削. M. ︿ ︒囚. e. 鴇. ︿ヨ. ︒憲. w一︒﹂・ 5 り. .︒ 11 >. c︒ .︒ 11 >. 6 00 r. [ δ 雲芯二 =︒ ⁝. ︿. m [︒︒ ー誘. .・︒︒︒・ ⁝ x ;. ー x ︒・① .︒ 11 > ン. ・︒鐸. ε .π. ︒・︒ .︻ 1ーン. x ・︒ 一 .一日﹀. ︒ .マ. ‑ 話 T 姦. ︒・鴇の8 ︒8. ゆ.︒工. [≧. O. 0. ∀. 8 0﹁ ←. 羽, n. a. ρ. の. 嘩. 廻罰口. ・OOO囚口. ・. 戸 = OO霧. i. :}').

(52) Tab . 6(A). Correlation. between. altitudes. WI-value at the mountain-top 15>. of. forest. correlation. n. coefficient 22. 0.9486. 20>. 15. 36. 0.9722. 25>. 20. 43. 0.9767. 30>. 25. 33. 0.9674. 35>. 30. 33. 0.9422. 40>. 35. 30. 0.8555. 14. 0.8599. 211. 0.8642. ?40 Total. Tab. 6 (B). Same as Tab. 6(4), snow. snow depth(cm). but. for. regarding. depth condition n. regression. correlation. line. coefficient. Z300. 41. Y=1 .44X-2030. 300>. Z200. 58. Y=1. 200>. Z150. 53. Y=1 _03X-841. 0.8159. 59. Y=X-593. 0.9284. 150>. 43. .05X-916. 0.7609. 0.8782. I init. and. 4'I15.

(53) 400-500. cm;. depth. do. not. r=0.07,. more. in. Fig.. forest redivided 300. in. cm. and. pattern. WI15. 4. that. of. the. lines. B).. In. not. so,. added.. declinations axis. 300. of. limits. depths. decreases,. 150. as. line. ordinates. and. from. the. diverge. thermal. the. forest. 200-. distribution mountaintop the. and. the. the. depths. values. decrease,. diminish. conditions. are. (Tab.. 6-. worsen,. surface;. limits. cm,. increase,. values. WI15. of. condition. the. larger As. as. altitudes. a. when. grow. these. only level.. 150-200. depths. increase.. stable. cm, in. snow. found. depth. results. the. be. the. snow. distinct. As. words,. forest. cm,. regression. become other. than. r=0.55).. significance with. the. less. can. snow. Hokkaido:. Honshu:. 0.05. diagram adding. and. r=0.28,. them. at. scatter. than. is are. the. between. groups,. more. altitudes. on. and. limit. Central. Honshu. a. Forest. (Total:. r=0.01,. Central. 13,. limit. cm.. strongly. difference. and. In. 500. Honshu:. significant Total. than. correlate. Northern. The in. and. as. closer. the. the. to. snow. the. WI15. surface. These. facts. primarily. the. (WI15. -. are. peculiar. to. the. correlating. mountaintop In. related. order to. altitude the. forest. and each. to. the. the. altitudinal. latitudinal. factor. altitude and the is. difference, depth. condition,. differences. 44. WI15. and/or which. are. differences. mountain. decide. snow. limits. the. altitude. the or. the condition,. altitude. condition.. mountaintop. thermal. limit. on. strongly. by. although,. forest. FL). dependent. by. that. controlled. between. depth. show. are snow more the. we with. begin the.

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わ が 国 の 山 岳 地 域 に お け る森 林 隈 界 に 関 ず る 気候 学 的 ・植 生 学 的研 究

わが国の山岳地域における森林隈界に関ずる気候学的・植生学的研究