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(1)Title. 人家性ショウジョウバエの生態生理学的性質に及ぼす温度の影響. Author(s). 渡部, 英昭; 輿石, 育子; 薬師, 文代. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第二部. B, 生物学,地学,農学編, 42(1): 7-25. Issue Date. 1991-07. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/6472. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 平成3年7月. 2巻 第1号 北海道教育大学紀要(第2部B)第4 l ionl 工 B) Vo ion (Sec i t ido Un iver ty of Educat l of Hokka s Jowl l a ‐42 ‐I , No. ly Ju ,199I. ies Effects of T eαーperature 。n Ec。雨physiologicaI Propert. of Domestic D 締 切夢脇卿 Species. 2 ) } and Fumiyo YAKUSH1 Hide‐aki WrATABE, lkuko KosH1‐lsHII Ui i f lege Biologi caI Laboratoly, Sapporo Col , Hokkaido n versty o S Educat ion 02 , apporo o ,japan. 人家性ショウジョウバエの生態生理学的性質に及 ぼす温度の影響 渡. 部. 英. 昭・輿. 石. 育. 子・薬. 師. 文. 代. 北海道教育大学札幌分校生物学教室. Abstract. l i l i IProperties hatchabi iabi ty Theeco-Phys iol ty oflan’ae and Pupae,longevity o弾ca ,v i t females, and speed of sexual maturation, of Seven domestic t ty of adu1 s of adu1 ,fecund ions ious temperature condi t l ids were studied under var drosophi . l dlosophi ids showed rapid. ivi ty product ‐. ic AI 1 of the domest. lent egg ive organs and had excel ion of reProduct maturat. i i f ferencesin viabi l They showed ren i ty ty and longeず 〔 larkable d .. Thelarger. ler spe i i fe-spanthanthe smal 鴬)had a longer adul tl D‐ 彰”霧,容 and D‐ メガZ c es(D‐ species(. Z q im”如れs and D‐ 虎裕次”) 7 208熔解γ and D 創e如7 2og熔解考 D.s . ““脳 had a wider range ‐ D‐ 粥8 tabl e for the development oflarvae and pupae than the other of culturing temperatures sui specles ‐. lntroduction 1 ば i l areas of せまe earth there are large nunnbers of orga ln nearly al sms that have , 1y adapt ヒ nents ed themse1ves to new environi mi rom other P1aces and successfu1 gratedf . Such ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‐ ) 唖 i l l orga sms have been ca s- ed のゎ7 2鷲粥g s Pβde. )Ashoro-Ni } i inko E1 f i l i Sapporo sh The present af Shi E1 emen‐ ementa at on :1 Iγ School ;2 , sapporo o01 tar 「 ご y School ・ , Ashoro o89一37. 7 ) (.

(3) . 8. Hide冊aki 汎rATABE,lkuko Kos日Hs日工and Ft lロロyo Y旺ms日ー. ln the d ly Drosophi ipteran fami l idaein▽o lving about 3,00o species, most are endemi c to on ly one ofs h i ix zoogeo鱒「 h i i l h f l l i t ap c reg ons, w ereas t e o ow ng en sPec es occurin near y lrealms(Dobzhansky igen ) al 口 r tevant 20寡鴻彰γ Me ,1965 , D飾留め廟如 粥8如7 , D‐ 影粥“如硲 Stu , D‐ l l la Z C0qu l l αれα放鴻sαe Do i i i t eschal ) et c us , D‐ た洗卿wの Bur , D. ろ雄 次Z , D‐ ルれe毎禽 (Fabr , D‐ メガ脳 Sturtevant, ゑ 毎〆 D a s を加 W S l l d t 山 代 t D t t t Z v n u r e v ant a n e a 窪 め o n e o s ,a ‐ , ‐ ‐ 粥mを粥硲 l t may reasonably be assujmed thata1 1oftheseten speciesreachedthe i 1d一Wide r present Wor di ibut ion Wi ion‐ th the aid of mode str l rn transportat. They occーば in and near hu uman. habi ions tat tores tat sremotef rom such ,orchards ,s ,and breweries and are notfow・din habi “ ” l T h f D b h k 1 9 6 5 f a c e s d t h の i ) reerre o t em as p ereore s or “”%〆粥〆 粥e立た めecg . , o z ans y ( ’ weeゐ’ .. Since then the term of “〆◇粥 鱒云た ,. gs” has become more com mon than 物 江i. ‘ ‘のめ“”Z i i %g 跡鑑定ダ’for D飾締め脳如, and because of the r obed ence in the laboratory ,the i domes t ial ly D‐ 粥e如7 c species of D彫締め廟如, espec 2og i 雄だγ and D‐ 劣”猿, have come to be i i lds ofbiolo usedin e×per ments in many f e ≦評‐ However t i i i l i i ids whi i l i t t t tate c character s cs of domes c drosoph ch fac ~ 「 p , he pheneo ion wi 1 known. Co1onizing species encoーmter di thei th man are not we1 f ferent r associat. imat i i ionsin d i f ferent te1ばitories, even as they adapt to man‐made environ t cl c cond uments . one cond i ion for the i t l i ty to Wi r spread may be the capabi thstand extreme environumental tress( ) s cf cular ‐ David 鑑 αん 1983 ‐ ln pa貴i ,temperaturehasbeenfoundto be an important factor i i but i ion and abtuldance ofthe spec t odrewa貴ha and Bi i n the d s r ) es(A1 rch ‐ ,1974 Th i i f ic tness parameters of domest th the ef s paper deals wi ect of temperature on f drosophi l ids l l l i i i f adul ty of.a ty i t ty of 1 ae and .pupae s = ld ,on hatchabi ,viabi , ongevty o ,fect tfemales, and speed ofsexual maturation‐ The results are d i ion to the lat adul scussedinre f domes i r l idsin man‐made en電ronuments- t spread o cd 1 osophi. M aterials and Methods Seven species we igated t reinves : D‐ 粥8如 伽砦裾彰考 D‐ 諺粥”卿%s zお暁髭 , D.る. D‐兎〆霧“s ,. D‐ 妙 叱ろ D‐2伽雛忽m m, and D‐ メガ総. Most ofthef l i l es werecol ectedin or near Sapporo , d d i h l b b i i r t r t D 厄如 d i n w r e a e t a ee n e a ora ory y 符節め me wm conss ng of malt‐yeast-corn meal ‐sugar-agar ‐. Batchabmty l i ty of eggs was examined at e ighttemperature regimes, : The hatchabi o o o oC 26±l oC 29± C and 32±2 oC 12±lC, 15±1℃, 18±lC, 20±lC, 23±l For the ‐ , , , i r l les were al exper ments lowed to ov tfema ipos i imm ln a mi lk bot le t on food med e adul t ,t. 200 mlin vol )at20℃,and one hun山r ( l ed eggs werecol ected twice a day and placed on wet . f i 1 id i ter paper in pe t r shes ‐ They were maintained in incubators, and obsel弐rations were ly for about one week‐ i made da 0C and Viab道ty l i l ty f t eclosion was e×amined between 12 : The viabi rom egg to adu 0 C T h f i 3 . l i lowed to ov posit in a mi lk bot l e emal t ef es were al e at 20 C, and eggs were l i l T h i l i i d h h lfor about 5 minutes to t t t col ected twice da 7 0 e e s w e e r s r z w % e e e ano y gg ‐ ld l( 25 mm in d ty eggs were placedin a glass via iam‐ prevent mo r th ) wi . Thi . ,40 mlin vol. 8 ( ).

(4) . i f t Ef t c Dのめの廟ね s oftemPerature on domes ec ied icates were carr ty repl i 8凹め r n incubators‐ Thi med um ( s were maintained i ,andthe vial h i out f or D‐ ろ z雄次” and D‐ Z粥粥増加%s , and twenty for the ot er sPeC es. iments we ion: Exper Speed of se1mal maturat rom re made attemperatures ranging f o o 1k bot 1 1osedf 1 i t .2C to 29 c. New1y ec rom mi eSto via1s every day es weretranfsenedf ,and then maintained i n incubators‐. Fen ly d iod i i [ : lales we re per ssected in Ringer solution to cal. he developmental status of ovaries and the existence of sperm in spermathecae examine t and selninal receptacles‐. T十. ←÷ GーQ5s. iQー .. loo mm. ivi Fig. 1 5 females tudying egg product ty t 打i es( ‐ Adul . Procedure fors f d d l l l d i i 5 t d ) t an maes were a owe o ov pos eggs on oo mei um,and eggs were counted every day atfood renewal .. l ies 8 to 12 day‐o Fecundity: The egg product ivi ly ma ld females, ty o f se×ual ture f ,. oC Five females and the same number of was examined at temperatures f rom 1 C to 29 . i l ia l wi ted by ) th food (Fig ma es were P1acedin a glass V ‐1 , and the number of eggs dePos ive fema1es was cotmted on f ive successive days these f ‐. ffer among Food preferences di. ii l ) species (Ca rocks rson nson and Shor ; Atki , 1965 , 1977 , and two kinds of substrates, v ng f iwm‐ The food was f re food med cayedfun鱒l s yeast and de , were placed on the sur ace o tl renewed every day ‐. Longevi l i ined at the same ined in the v iabi l i ty tf ty tes t were mainta : Adul es obta l lf temperature as in the pre-imaginal stage un l i i i la t es had d ed ‐. The i r conditions were. i 1y for 20 days after ec1osion andthen every two days‐ Therear ing vial obse l べ red da s were 0 0C i l }立ee or fol low 23 renewed da lr days be y at temPeratures above 26C and every t ‐. Res 璽 遜ts and Discusslon Hatchabi l i l i i ty tyind : Fi chabi cated bythe nu工nber ofeggs hatched at g . 2 shows hat 0C 0ver9 ltemperatmes exceptfor temperatures f 0% of eggs hatched at al rom 120C to 32 . D. ろ Z and D. Z伽伽窄% l i ty of D‐ ろ z燈次ぎ α“s z 根に厩Z was very low at both . The hatchabi. 9 ( ).

(5) . . 1O. Hide-aki wrATABE imiyO YAKUSH SHland Fu 1 ,lkukO KOSHトー. 0 f cul ing temperatures l i tur extremes o 8% at 32oC‐ The hatchabi ty of a ,3% at12 C and 3. i粥粥を粥硲. oC and onl ll% hatched at 32 0C decreased at temperatures above 29 y . ,. These. ts indicate t hat Z ) Z has the narrowest range of tel土 table for egg resul IPeratures sui z ン 長蛇左Z -わ development and t hat the opt imum temperature range for the P. Z例解名川”s eggs i s at , 1ower temperatures ‐. D ! 「 n 5 o o 0 e r 9 .me. o ′mm′ 「 o ” s 9 .. 0 0 :. 0C) TemperQture(. 121 5 18Z 0 232 21 21 51 82023 6 293 21 21 62 93 51 8a 023 2. 32 6 2932 82 02 1 51. 話ig. 2. Hatchabi l i i l ids at temperatures ty (%) of domes t c drosophi o 0 f 2 C C i 1 3 2 t rang ng rom o -. ViabiUty i l ivedf l tf )ofadu : Fig esder rom 30 eggs. . 3 showsthe nUmnber(mean±S‐D. l i i 120C and l 1n mos h l h i i i t spec es,t e vab ty was ow at bot extremes ofcutu 二 rng temperatu こ res , o o ‐ ) 32 c‐ 1n pa賞i i d not develop to the pupalstage at 12c,29oc,and cular ・ 彰‘”虚飾 larVae d ,上 lar ly l i 3 C‐ Simi ty of D‐ す粥粥をm m decreased at 1 C, and i t i d not s lanrae d ,the viabi oC 公江os ‐ ) he pupal stage at temperatures aboVe 29 i tZ d reach t ed at the 3 1 ・ ・ カツメメ larvae d oC ina llarvae of D‐ 霜粥“ね%s and D‐ 勉”8る?喬 fa i l stage at 1 C edin pupation at 32 . The f . ‐ ) Z 上 ) lat ive ly h i l i ty i S showed a re 2og αs毎γ and 上 e ext reme gh viabi . 甥解ね7 . メガZ , even at せl ing temperatures‐ tur cul A compar i fthe viabi l i ty curves ofthe species rather than dl t son o e nu・nber of adul. oC ind f l losed shows that D. Z粥粥を” l i i in i i ing te peak of viabi ty at 15 es ec α%s has a def cat , 0 imum forthe develop立Ientofi t thattemperatures around 15C aretheopt slarVae and pupae‐ o 般 Zi f l b Theviabi ) l i ら 1 5 d2 6 c i d i i ty curve of上 t t t z sc s a e ween an - z , n ca ng a widertemperature range f orthe development of D. る雄次覇 than for D.2伽粥を賃α“s,al though the number of D‐ ltemperatures l Z る船 次” adul h f 刀 l h h t secosed was muc owert ant ato ‐ 粥粥省細れs at al ‐ The 0 l i lmos lat between 12 C and ty cu1rei tf extreme case i s D. 粥8如7 2og z鴻彰γ sa , where the 電abi. i 3 C‐ These resul t th D‐ 粥8如7 t cons th Ludwi i 2og s wi stent wi 硲彰γ are almos e g and Cabl. 19 33 t 5℃ and ( ) semerge attemperatures between 1 ,whostatedthat pupae develop and adul 0C but that no f oC and 34 0C 33 l i es emerge at lo .. The wide f lat viabi l i ty cu 1re in D‐ i D 櫛 如 如 t f di i i b l i T h i b i l i 粥e 7 20尊鴻彰γ was no oun n t ss ng spec es, . 欄“ “s. e va ty cul「′e of D‐ 10 ( ).

(6) . . 11. i t f Ef c Dの締め廟如 e on domes ect softemperatmr. l i l ty of D‐ メガZゐ decreaseS though 口l imi lar to that of D‐ 粥e加7 〆γ”声 i e Viabi 20g熔解γ ss ,a 。C Thef oc and 32 lowing igures clearly indi l ight ly at .2 catethatthe temperature range al s . h Z i d 上 ) 〆雑 Z Si h ) develop江l flarvae and puPae of上 s muc w ert an for s彰γ and - 20野蛮 ent o - 伽8廓7 ic spec・es the other domest ‐. .. 綿 節. ロ.busc友” ・. 0 1. 0 er -me′a刀ogasf. 0 .. 節 知. ○ .′mm′gra〃s. 0 1. .. ぴ. 一. 紛 0 2 静 が o. oz 鵬ニコ℃弔 ↑. 船. . 0 2. き . 冊. O. D ′r′”s ‐y. e TEMPERATURE(C). o. 髪. 12. 15. 18 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 12. 15. 18 20. 23. 26. 29 32. l Fig. 3 l i icated by the average number of adu t aies ty as ind . Viabi (mean士SD) emerging 官om 3 0 eggs .. ion: SPeed of se1mal matmrat. le Percentage of Figs ‐ 4A and B show changes in tr. oCto 29 oC fema l th mature ovaries andinseminatedfemal es wi es attemperatures between 12 . Forinterspec i f i ime(days 0% ofthefemales(LD5 ) when 5 c comparisons, Table l gives せま et 。 in there lat ionship between lue th mal ) had mature ovaries and had mated wi es va . To obta 11 ( ).

(7) . . 12. Hide-aki VVATABE 1kuko KosH iyo YAKUs日 ・ 一 1 [ l sm and Fun 1 ,. mQture femoーe. 語. 畝 Z ,odo. inseminoted femqーe. ′ ,o do ・ ・・.. 舟. .. 。 o 醐. 0 24. 8. 16・. 24. 32. 0 24. 16. ‐ or i十4. 8. 24. 32. 12. 16. 12. 16. 狐. 8. o 15 C ----- - ---- ------------…---ーー. . ひゴ 0. 2. 4. 8. 12. 16. 1. 尋 18 C. =- - - - - =- ” = = ” い h‐ ‐=M ‐…. 膳 0. 2. 4. 8. 16. △ - △. ‐略‐ 謄 0. 12. 2. 4. 8. 12. 16. 0. 2. 4. 8. Fi g. 4A.. The sPeed of ovar ian maturat ion ( lef t ) and 廿l e rate of l ic drosop ]皿ids reared at lnseminated f i t )i ema es( r n domest gh ious temperatures var : 圏, D‐ 創e如7 s i zog 硲毎γ; □, D ‐ Synbol .. i粥〆α“s ま s ; △, D. ろ雄次ま ; ▽, D. f粥粥忽mm; △,D. 毎〆“; ▽,D. 方 ““効,禽; ◎, D. メガ熊‐. 1 2 ( ).

(8) . . 13. i Ef fec t t s oftemperature on domes c D形跡の廟如. l h lt i igure ion andt he mat ing status tedin Fig‐ 5 sf l matu こ rat ovarial ‐ Th ,t etwo va ues are po. ly conrelated Wi hattheinseIninationi th ovarian maturation when a sPeciesi s showst sC1ose i inethe mat ing sta【s after ine located on the regression l s above thel ,and When a spec esi. ly l l the fema oped ful e ovaries have deve . ・ 1. 仰 , =. へ j . ℃ o. o. 0. 2. 4. 8. 1. 2. 4. 8. 0. 1. 2. 4. 8. 0. 1. 2. 4. 8. 1. 2. 4. 8. 1. 2. 4. 8. ー. 1. 。 0 『. 仰. 0. 甘. ^ ′ ‘. げ. 0. dqys qfte「 eC1os ion. dqys qf te「 ecーosion. ′mu 歴 ・鶴 ロ ′ sr e′ ロ O D ons ー川副O刀○タo .s D △ ÷ ÷ △ ′ D カ d ′ mm勾 ′ o n s e ‐ .ツ . ←÷I Qあ”sc★〃 牛÷『 Q′ ′ s 〃nebr. . Fig. 4B. The speed of ovar ian maturat ion ( lef t ) and 値e rate of l inseminated femal ic drosophi ids reared at t ) in domes es (nght ious te var lnperatures ‐. o D‐ 粥8迄“昭次”“: Th i ) s species 1s a rapid breeder (Fig ‐4 , and above 18C, most oC femal loped ovaries and mated Wi thin 2 days of eclosion. Even at 12 th mal es deve es wi , loped ovaries but deve 2 day…oid females were virgins wi loped ovaries and began th ul ldeve i to depos t eggs 5 days af ter eclosion-. th co lぼelated Wi. The inseminat ion status of thi l s species is wel. ion (Fig 値e ovarian maturat ) .5 ‐. 1 3 ( ).

(9) . . 14. Hi de冊ak i WrATABE 1 and FumiyO YAKUSHI ,lkuko KOSHHSH Tabl ian deve lopment 仰 and mat ing act ivi el B ) as ty ( . Rates of ovar ind icated by ロ ] fロ ion had 窟ー l コ e age when ha ature e fenlales populat ies and were inseminated by the i ovar r own mal es ・. TemPeratures ぐC). 18. 20. 23. 26. 29. 1.6 1.4. 2‐3 1‐8. 0‐6 0-5. 05. 2‐5 1.5. 2‐5 1‐5. 1‐4 1‐1 1‐5. 1.6. 1‐5. 0‐5. 1‐4. } -1. 6‐7 1‐5. 1 3‐5 3‐I 2‐4 { 1‐6 4‐5 1.5. 3‐1 2‐9. 6‐8 4‐7. A. 78 57. A. 60. 3.9 3‐6 3‐4. B. 5ユ. 2‐4. A B. 60 57. 6.6 5.O 6.8. A A. 68 1‐9 72. B. 69. A B. 24.3 28‐2. A B. I9‐0 27‐5. 1‐9 3‐3 3‐O 7‐I 14‐2 10.I 10.I. 5‐1 1‐2 3‐5 2.4 6‐9 12.7 5‐4 6‐6. 2.5 2‐1 3‐5 9‐2 5‐7 6‐5. QJ . 1 1▲ .上 月,. 15. B. B. D. メガZ Z S. 12. 87. 8‐2. ) - ‐2. 1‐5 1‐5 1‐5. 1‐O 2.7 2.0. 6‐6 3‐6. 5‐1 6.6 4‐0. 4.9 7‐5. 4.9. 4‐5. 3‐2 3‐5. 1 )1nseminat ) Fema ion not obser▽ed. 2 l i d not develop to the mature stage‐ e ovaries d. 0C and23℃ the rate of ovarian maturation D. 籾粥“如7 2 : Attemperatures between 12 s , i tident andthe changesi n insemination frequency were almos 1硲彰γ calto D- 創8腐れo g 1 ,but at temperatures above 26℃ D. 覇粥“ぬ7 i l f l l d h D ね t r 2 s ema o v a e s s owe r e v e s e o a n 粥 8 7 2og熔解γ p , ‐ . 0 At29C, D.s Z粥”ね7 l l h ht h h ies wi i d d not mate t h i d t 2 v t 3 sfema esd o a r a o u e ma r a u e n a s g y y , of eclosion. D. ろ ikethe abovetwospec i Zfemal z裕次“: Unl z燈次ぎ eshadbe es を 罫 lnto matebefore , D‐る o l ly deve the ovaries werefu loped(Fi 5 C 2 - 8 d t ay oldfemal es wereinseminated g ;at1 , mos .) but al l had undeveloped ovar ies ‐. Both ovar ian maturat ion and mat ing were strongly. 0C inf l igh temperatures above 29 uenced by h ‐ D‐ カツメ的: D. 力 2i l s as ow breeder ,d8 ・ Low temperatures strongly suppressed ovarian o ion and ma ing behavior ion maturat t ter eclos ta【ed 16 days af . At12 c,ovary matuヱation s oC wi ing af lopm ter 24 days th increas me and mat ent speeded up to 29 lng ‐ ovary deve , temperature ing of 上 ) あ i メ 鑑 f d h h d l f t d d t t l l n ; o v a r e s s a r e a e e a v e e o e u ツ ・ ハ江at p y . ‐ D.Z粥粥を粥 焔: Simi larto D‐る雄 次”, D‐Z粥粥忽焔 郷 females began to mate wi th mal es oC 4 da -old fema before the ovaries were ful ly deve loped A 2 l i l lh d d l t1 t e ss a u n v e e o e y pd ‐ , ies bu l l t日hey had a ovar th ma t8day-oldfemal ready mated wi es eshad mature ovaries . D江os. 0C but onl hal oC l be f above 26 ow 23 y ‐ ,. oC ovar At 29 ie id not mature s d , owing to high. 1 4 ( ).

(10) . . 15. i t Ef f oめ廟ね c Dms tsoftemPeratur e on domes ec. 32. dqys. ヂ. 12◎C. /. /. ,5℃. f. sm. v. m b. b. S. .. . 2. 1. 6. E Oの仁- 心一 0E 心中 ロ心さ こ”. h. 4. 8 16 32. 16 8. . h. 8 為. . . 2 2 1. m5. . 6. 1. 2. 2. 4. 8 16. …』 /. V. ◎ ,8 C. 1. b 喬. 4. 8 16. 1. 2. 4. 8 16. 8 ム 2 1. 1. 8. ム. 8 16. 1. 2. 4. 8 16. ′ m ‐ Q me qnogos鰭′ . 。. . . 2. f 一○.′Unebri s. . . /. dqys. 1. 2. 4. 8 16. ion ian maturat ion and inse lat F~g. 5. Re ionships between ovar Ininat f l l ion h h i t h h l f i d i d t t t b t h u a ema e o t t a w c e a a e n e a p p s a us as c y e g i ies and were inseminated by the had mature ovar r own mal es .. 15 ( ).

(11) . 16. Hide-aki Wr ATABE 1and Fumiyo Y驚くUSH 1 ,lkuko KOSHHSH. temperature stress ‐. Thi i si nd cates that the development of ovaries of D‐ Z粥粥省“ α燦 i s. igh temperatures. strongly suppressed by h o D. 彰7 dly 286γ声: Thi s species breeds rapi 0% of2 day-old . At 23 C and 26℃, over 8 oc about9 fema l loped oVaries andbe i es haVe al ready deVe teggs- Even at12 0% 主犯nto depos , of 4 day‐o1d fema1es were vi th undeve1oped ovaries but they began to deve1op rgins wi ies 6 days af ter emergence ion correlates wi ian maturat ovar l th ovar ion at al . 1nseminat te l 苫 ーperatures ‐. 上 ) ZS Simi ) lar to 上 ‐ メガZ . カツメ銃, this species is a relatively slow breeder- ies began matur ing 16 days af ing af ter eclosion and mat ovar ter 24 days ‐ oC) The development and mat ing we t d t b h i h 29 re no preven e y a g temperature ( ‐. oc At 1 2 , ovar ian. D. メガ偽. females do not ma i te unless the tained the mature stage. r ovaries have at. l ludedthatl ic spec・es are rapid breeders, at 20℃ mos ti )the domes t l sconc tfema es have developed ovar ies and ma ted wi thin four days of eclosion; 2 th mal es wi ) ovaries. deve lop morerapidl igher temperatures, but extremely high temperatures cause stress y at h , lay de ing ovarian maturation and suppressing mat i ior ) at low temperatures D‐ ng behav ;3 “ガムS and 上 ) lop slower than other domest i c spec・es. - 力’〆“ ovaries deve Fectm i i tytest are representedin Appendices l(十 : Theor L甫ty ginaldata ofthefectmd l iv ing yeast f i )and2(十 decayedfungus i i ) ty c comparison offecund ‐ Fortheinterspec ,they he average number of eggs produced by a s f l ingl are converted to t d ema e e r ( e ay Tabl e p. 2 ) ‐ 上 ) ) i depos i f eggs both on the food ted nearly the same nu〕 ヒ nber o . 成仏”霧雀 and 上 ‐ カタメB ium added to l iv ing yeas ium) and on decayed fungi t(M 十Y med med s (M 十F) , The other ial lyf specles tfeeders P‐ 粥e如”噌硲彰γ and D‐ 霧粥%血筋 (Carson spec rui ;Atkinson and ,e ,1965 Shorrocks ( 五wm せま ) an on M 十F demium. , 1977 , produced much more eggs on M 十Y me Therefore interspeci f i ions of egg product ivi ty are made mainly by the resul c compar ts ,. i obta ned on M十Y mediuj c n‐ oC にα 39 e s er 早 D‐ 粥βわ7 l idthe largest number of eggs at 26 2og z z防げ fema esla gg p . d d d d h b f l b l r ) t t tt 1 C( l ro eggs ecrease ex reme y a emperatures e ow pe ay,an , enum e essthan 0C)inf H i h t t 2 9 l d h ) i d ( t f a わ em e r a u r s c仏 4 eggs e t n p u e c e e r o n e c o g u o 銘 匿 “唯靴 防げ gg p . l i h ly iv i ty of D‐ 綿粥”如“si i s gt s nearly ident calto thatof D‐ 粥〆α 7 2o i 姫彰γ g ‐ Theegg product oC whereas D 制粥”如”s roduced more e s atlow tem eratures attemperatures above 26 gg p p ‐ , , ly at 15oc・ especial. The opt imuエロ range for ovipos i ion of D‐ るz格c廟雀 was restr icted to t. temperatures between 2 0℃ and 23oC,andi i t ty was extremely low at both extremes u ld sfect. o ofthe temperature range ,12℃ and 29C‐ As shown in Appendices l and 2 the nU u コ nber of eggs laid by females decreased ,. 0 low 15℃,butthefecund trongly attemperaturesbe i i l lhi ty of D‐ズ粥粥を焔 硲 wass s t gh at15 l C にα,22 eggs ) thoughi t decreased at2 9℃ にα 9eggs imum ) catethat opt , The dataindi ,a temperature f i or egg production of D‐ Z例解増“ 〃”s i s lower than for other domest c spec・es‐. D‐ ル”のγな fema l ium over M十F med ium for egg depos i ion es preferred M十Y med t . 0C and 26℃ f 0 At 23 i 1 2 d h i h 2 C D. 危“8ら 1 id not ) 7 sd , ecun ty was very g (cα 5 eggs , but at 16 ( ).

(12) . . 17. i t Ef f t c Dr り so のあす血 ec soft emPerature on domes ids indicated by t l le average i l Tabl ty of do 1 ば l e 2‐ Fecundi est c drosophi f l d f i b i l d d b r t n e e a r a s e ema num e o eggs epos e P y. y g. Temperat班es (℃) i Spec es. M十Y M 十F. M十Y M十F M十Y M十F M十Y M十F M十Y M十F M十Y M 十F. 15. u u フ( 4 QJ ヴ十 1 1^ = V ハ. QJ ^ 0 にゾ ( = U QU QJ ▲ ー ・ . . ‐ . . ・ ・ , . ‐ . , 0 0 0 月T O QJ ^ u J 《U 亡 I QJ QJ O O亡 へ り 11 0 つ 。T . } M 十YI ) M 十F2. 12. ヘ リ U ^ = Vr X U nV nU ( U( / ムー 十 ▲ RU QJ r へ りn RU A1 n U′ ○ 4 nV ^ = V ^ = V nU h = U II RU ★ QU 月T r o^ ‘ (. Z) i 広跡2γ . 鰯雄加算og. iuヱn FO。d ルーed. 18. 20. 23. 26. 29. 15.8 5‐7. 20‐2 4.4. 23‐9 4‐5. 39‐1 13‐0. 29‐0 6‐1. 21‐6 3‐5. 22‐6. 37‐5. 4‐9 16‐0. 6‐0 21‐2. 35‐4 3‐8. 30‐5 5‐1. 16‐9 29‐6 11‐7. 16‐0. 14.8 4-1. 2‐0 2-3. 38‐4 7.3. 27‐4. 38‐0 15‐8. 52‐8 14‐8 15‐2 23‐1. 52‐4 12‐8 37‐8 15‐4. 8‐8 11.7 24‐2 3-9. 30‐0 15‐5. 31‐6 9‐7. 4‐1 3‐6 25‐2 7-8 35‐0 13‐5 18.4 19‐4. 13-9 18.0. 19‐6. 24‐4. 4‐3. 7‐6. 19‐2. 33‐3 13.4 46‐0 6‐4. 1 i ) Living yeast was added on dhe surface off um‐ 。od med he surface off i 2 ) Decayed fungus was placed on t ood med um‐. o ) カ dB i id not d ingui t s sh between D江十Y andD江+ emal es d Produce any eggs - Below 23C Z . ツ 雀f oc f dハ ) Zd b 互+Y‐ Z i F med iaforo電Pos i ion t any i d not oviPos t ‐ 力’〆β ,but a ove 26 they Pre en「e 0 o 26C and 29℃) 2 C, but produced large numbers at high temPeratures ( eggs at 1 s ‐ Thi h i i i ) カ f i メ ii h i h h h hatthe opt1nuエロ range ofthe ov Poston of上- タ g s g ert ant at o ot er suggests t oc and roduced the ) Z S fema les dePos i i l ids domes i ted eggs even at 12 t c drosoPh P ‐ 上 - メガZ , o 6 largest numbe ighes t temPerature (”‐ 4 eggs at 29C) r of eggs at the h ‐ l ldomestic species have the abi l i Thefecund i ty datashow thatl tyto producelarge )a i f fers from species to imum temPeratme for egg Production d )the oPt numbers of eggs ;2 f ferent kinds offood substrate inf luence egg Product i ty sPecies ) di vi ;3 , D. る雄 次覇 and. ゑ. i 力少de i accePt both 公α十Y and Dd十F me盃a for egg dePos ion t ,butthe other sPecies rather ハ4十Y mdeiu上n‐ Longeず i i ty ty curves of mal : Thelongeず esand females are rePresentedin Fi gs ‐ 6 and fe sPan i 7 i i 0% ofindividual s shovvn for both sexes, by the age at wh ch 5 s ‐ The average l had d ied (Tabl ) e3 ‐ Ddos l l iesd inl ivedforabout a year:one tadu tf i th oodaysofeclosion,butsomel ed wi f l i fema l D 効, 肉 l i df 3 7 6 d t d l t1 C an one ma e ‐ 7 2 ve or ays a er ec os on a eD ‐ メガ伝 for383 0 days at 15 C. ln mostsPeci i fe sPan increased at lower rearing temPeratu・es. At es ,the l 17 ( ).

(13) . . 18. Hi de-ak i ▽VATABE iyo YAKUSH 1 [ 1 sH1and Fun I ,lkuko KOSHト. 韮 鰭. 12oC. “ 0 0 0 8 6 4. 州. 0 nβ ′ ′ S 崩じ ≧ ” S . 0 劣 b“s り の e . . - 0 o 0 0 0 頓 0 0 2 0 8 6 0. 50. 1 00. 1 50. 200. 0. 50. 29oC. 50. 1 00. 1 50. 50. 1 0 0. 0 2 5 50. 32eC. ・2 5 50 doys. Fig. 6 i l ies of domes ty curves of mal i l idS at t ef c drosophi . Longev f ferenttemperatures d i ‐. ′ ′ 5 a S 口 00 力 川w . o ”0 ′ a鳩 mm r ダ .i . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 8 鑓 叩 2. 5 0. l oo. oo t. 1 50. 200. 0. 50. 1 00、. 00. 0. 50. 10 0. i8oC. 50. 0. 1 0 0. 23oC. \. 0. 1 5 0. 50. 00 1. 150. 26oC. 0. 50. 100. 5 0 i. 20 o doy s. I SO 29oc. 0 25 50. oC 32. 9。 y. Fig. 7. Longevi ty cu i l ids at 1r es e 鎖es of domest c drosophi ,offemal di f ferenttemperatures .. 1 8 ( ).

(14) . 19. i f Ef t c上方○締め粥匁 s ofte 1 nPerature on domes ect l ids as indicated by 伍e i Tabl t ty (days ) of domes c drosophi e 3‐ Longevi ions had d i l 0% oft he ma ed e or females populat age at which 5 .. Rear ing temperature (℃). ・8. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 60‐7 8L5 103‐0. 155‐9 36‐0 44‐8 29.4 43‐3. 82‐0 100‐5. 81‐2 81‐6. 53‐1 49‐3. 60‐2 60‐0. 32‐7 33‐6. 44‐3. 41-2 38.6. 28‐7 33‐9. 4L2. 36.3. 23‐8 11‐3. 18‐1 19‐3 - - ‐. 63‐O 51-5 62‐I. 58‐5 55‐0. 43‐3 48‐0. 32‐2 29‐2. 58‐5 44‐6. 58.3 39‐6. 41.0 43‐0. 28-8 31‐5 31‐5. 107‐3 104‐3. 98‐0 89‐5. 59‐0 48‐4. 47‐0. 96‐0 76‐8. 77‐3 56‐8. 88‐2 73‐5. 131‐7. 144‐0. 114‐0. 36‐O 35‐5 64‐5. 131・3. 128.O. 1lo‐7. 55‐〇. 12. 124‐0 148‐0 224‐9. 60 QO ‐O 129‐3 121‐0. 〆 早. 112‐3 104‐0. 67‐ -7 130‐O. 114‐7. 〆 与 己. 66.0. 170‐0 169‐5. 131‐5 131‐3. 99‐0. D- あツメ“ D- メガ/禽. 15. 75.〇. 97‐8. 31‐8. 27‐0 48‐8. 23‐O 21‐5 16‐2 15.9 27‐0 25‐9. ly about 8 0 More 値an 50 nies (usual ) were examined at each temperature.. 0 oC the average longevity of D 彰“eるγ ive Z 29 es was about 23 days s mal ‐ ,but at12C aboutf , ) 2og熔解γ and D. メガ応:the sin a 例g如7 e3 months(Tabl ‐ There weresome exceptions to thi 0 0 o i fe span was shorter at 1 C than at 15C,18C, or 20 C‐ average l f ferences in t There are al ived i les l i he longev ty of some spec so sexual di es . Fema low 18℃, D‐ 超“8る?禽 at 1 C,and D‐ i i f i mn s cant 1onger than males,in D‐ 粥〆α“og雄花γ be b 0 h D ズ l 2 i 1 C C1 es vedlongerthanfemal 句dd at ‐ oftheothers , , w ereas . 粥粥省m“s maesat1 l l i f fb h d i l 〆 館 誌 h d l ly 上 ) た す 省 d 上 ) 彰 ia ti t t も e r a e s a n s s e x e s a v n e o o γ a n a a mo c a s e P espec 一 ‘ ミ 立 g ‐ ‐ - oC D 方““eる ived species and mor l f of ma lesl i At12 ,肉 wasthe longest-l ethan ha ved , . i l forf ive months and females for seven months, whereas D‐ 諺粥“血”s Wastheshor tes t‐ ved l l adul th a ts dead wi thin two months- spec・es wi oC D 諺門Z Z l iving species, and at 1 C the Attemperatures above 15 s wasthelongest- , . i fe span was about 170 daysfor both sexes‐ D ived ろ ?喬 was al average l solongl ‐九桝ぼ ,and o b f f f b A 1 C h l i f i l i t h h 5 ta ty o young t s average e span was a ou our mont s or ot sexes . t ,t e mor ) f l i rom 9o rom 170 days of eclosion in 上 es was extremely low,and increased f - りカイZ禽 andf iod wi i i i inct at daysin D‐ カメeられs thlow mor tal t t s per es became shorter and less d s ‐ Thi ‘ l l ived spec ies(D. 櫛雛z i higher temperatures. ln thesho 1 忙- t ty was ”“s and D. を裕次鷲) mo r a ‘ , i very h ghin the young stage. 0C the averagel fe span of D. 粥e如7 i i At18 2og calto that z婚Z eγ females wasalmostident , 19 ) (.

(15) . 20. Hide-aki VVATABE 1kuko Kos日 iyo YAKUs日 1 - 1 1 and Fur ] r l s日 1 ,. l of the a 勉7 ) 28らテ禽 f i ema es(Tabl ty cu1ァes are d f ferent(Fi e3 ) g ,butthelongevi .7 ,due to i d i f ferencesin mortal ty i n the young stage‐ 0C morethan h l At 20 ion of mostspecies di inthree months,but afthe Populat th ed wi , o D- ““Z Z S1 ived for four months. At23 C there were cons iderabl f ferencesin the adu i l t ed , 0 l i fe span of D‐ メガ‘ Z h d h t d i A i t tc spec es‐ t 26C D. 勿 i s an e o er omes 20g婚蛇γ ツメg , , D‐ 粥8如7 , oC too D カ メ8 Z S1 ived re lat ive l and D. メガZ ず y longer than the other species. At29 wasthe , . ツ l iving spec・es,suggesting thatthe opt secondl t onges imum range of D- カタdg ‐ 雀 adu f l t t sshi sto h igher temperatures. At3 C f ies had d l i f l l h i d h k i i l t f s e c t e s o a r e e p e w n e we e s o c osion‐ , l l species sul ti rvive longer at lower temperatures s apparent that al ‐ Fig l l ix domes i i l ids t eandfema ef esofs c drosopohi ‐8 showsthe size of mal ‐ Figs ‐6ー 8show thatlargerspecies(D.九勿 効71s and D. メメ Z焔)apparent l ler l▼ivelongerthan smal ysu i ly exception i spec es(D. mB如 加厚顔彰γ s D‐Z粥粥窄粥”s . Theon , D‐ 諺粥”超然 and D‐ 6裕 次”) , i f wh i lmos ch belongs to the large species gI i tident espan a 「oup but has a l calto or shorter ,. l l than that ofsma l ltemperatures. er species, at a Adu l tlongevi ty or aging i in ly D‐ 粥8加“噌 α硲彰γ i n D飾締め廟ね, ma tud ed by ,has been s i many researchers, aslongev tyi l l kno▽vn that ti s an important componentin fitness‐ l s we longevi luenced by many factors genes nutr ty i i ion mat s inf i t ng status , , , , photoPeriod, h temperature ty, and so on (Lamb 1 f f i ) rom d erent geo c 圭#aphi , Uぽnidi - Data obtained f , 978 f f i l i strains or under d t h f ions are,t ere ore, not completely comparable, t erentexper men a condi but a med ian l i fe‐span of D. mBね7 imated to be about40 to 50 days at 2og硲彰γ has been est. 23℃. l or room temperature 1923 ; 39 daysi l and Ei ) 1960 n Gonza es( ) che ( ,35 daysin Rame , i l d h h 1960 t t b d and49 daysin Doane( 3 i t5 l ) d 4 9 d nt s u e r e e was a ou ays n maes an y ays ‐ , oC (Tabl in f emal es at 23 ) e3. .. l i f ti f i i tto assesslongev lat i tyinre ion ofdomest i s very d cul on to adaptat c species・n f i ial envi a賞i romment lose ly re lated Wi c ty of c l s d , because of lack of data on the longevi species ‐. At t he present stage of our knowledge, considerations are possible only for the. longevi ty of D. メガ偽. Dmbin and Yoon( 1986, 1987 ly examinedthelongevi )haverecent ty h fb d i ld members ofthe 劣“熊 species‐鱒「oup ul t o ot omes c and Wi ・der LD 1 2:12( 2hr of 1 l i ) at23℃. They demonstrated that D ivesl lspec i ght or dark phase ongest of al es ‐ 劣“熊 l fe span of mos i ld species ofth i andthatthe average l t wi s gi s shorter 仕l roup i an two‐thi rds Z fe span may be more eas i l i of D‐ 劣“‘ s th huu n nans y adapted to colonization Wi . A 1ongerl , he adu l ts as t tage would be more tolerant to environumental stresses than other develop‐ mental stages ‐. Concluding rema1ks i : Th tudy showed that temperature d i l p醍uences a l l ss rect yi f i tness parameters l i ty, viabi ian maturat ty, speed of ovar ion and longe晒ty‐ : fectなldi ,. ln. i ive in places where temperatures f nature luctuate and i sl t is therefore , however , an mal , necessary to evaluate how we l lresults obta ined at constant temperatwres can be appl i ed to. ly l iving animals (Andrewar natural tha i i ) thercompl si s fur cated by : ; odmn, 1976 ‐ Th ,1970 D f f 1 i t i h l ) i fe cyc e ofdrosophi l idf l i i bl erent s age n t el f ferent opt i imum es poss y may have d temperature ranges 2 h f d h l f v n ) e e tt i i d l i t e x s t t u r s o r e r m o e s p o rosop es o ex reme empera‐ ,. 2 0 ( ).

(16) . 21. i Ef fec t t c Dm贈り九”” s oft emPerature on domes. ′ E. 35 署‐. I. 豊3 o -. 〇. . 圏H瞳 D.me′○カ0gosfe′. 2 5 .. ▽-▽ D‐′mm′9′0′鴨 . 2 O .. ◎◎ D‐y′r′”s 20. 25. ず. 3 ‐0. 35. 40. Body 豊 ength《mm). 晒g‐ 8‐ The body s i i l ze of ma c spec les e and female adults of domest . Thi”y adu1 h f 1 t seac o maes andfemales Were meas ed t 刀 r s : つ ご nbo1 ‐ Sy. 圏, 且 雛β如〃og熔解 □, D‐ S Z ’ ”“超焔ゞ 金, D‐ ろ裕次” ; ▽, D‐ Z例‐ ◎ D 諺“脳 mを焔“$ ▽, D‐ 方 ““eる“s ; , . .. tures may lmpa i i l i ty to develop at favorable temperatures‐ r the r abi. Thi s study showed. d i f ferent opt imum temperatures [ l i l ー ] for hatchabi ty and viabi ty t eggs of ) above ; mos o domest ic dro h i l i d h h 定 l h l d tt t f 1 2 C b to 3 C u id t os toft e arvae d sop s atc e a empera ures rom not develop to the pupal stage at the extre ] エ ー e te .nperatures ‐. Therefore conclusions n 〔 lust ,. be restricted to two points: the eco治phys iological traits common to domestic drosophi l ids andthe range offavorabl e temperatures. AI 1domest i l ids are rapid breeders and are abl c drosophi e to produce large nu工nbers Th ‐ h l i i l h i i 〕nance for species to t t ofeggs every day ese eco p ysoogca c aracers cs are ofiロー ーpo . ivein man-made environ工nent, Where breed thr ing substrates would change rap 1y both in id ime i iods( space andt t mul t cf plyin short per ; W,atabe ,and the species mus ‐ Atkinson ,1979 , 21 ( ).

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