著者名(日) 柿崎 正樹, 蔵田 明子
雑誌名 国際社会研究
巻 2
ページ 157‑186
発行年 2011‑12
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1092/00000553/
−承認と正当性への挑戦− 1)
ࡍࠣࡦࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ
⪺ ᩑፒ ᱜ᮸
⬿↰ ሶ
⸶
Teaching Interpretive Methods in Political Science : The Challenges of Recognition and Legitimacy
Peregrine SCHWARTZ-SHEA KAKIZAKI Masaki (trans.)
KURATA Akiko (trans.)
⸶⠪ઃ⸥
ᧄⓂߪ P 㧚ࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ߇☨࿖ᴦቇળೀⴕߩ⾰⊛ᄙ㊀ᚻᴺ⎇ⓥ
㧔 QMMR 㧕࠾ࡘ࠭࠲ 2009 ᐕᤐภߢ㐿ߐࠇߚ․㓸ޟ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ ࠍߤ߁ᢎ߃ࠆ߆ޠߦነⓂߒߚ⺰ᢥ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2009b 㧕ࠍ⠡⸶ߒߚ߽ߩߢ
***
࡙࠲ᄢቇᴦቇㇱᢎޕProfessor, Department of Political Science, the University of Utah.*** ࡙࠲ᄢቇᴦቇㇱඳ჻⺖⒟㕖Ᏹൕ⻠ᏧޕPh.D. candidate, associate instructor, Department of Political Science, the University of Utah.
*** ࡙࠲ᄢቇᴦቇㇱඳ჻⺖⒟㕖Ᏹൕ⻠ᏧޕPh.D. candidate, associate instructor, Department of Political Science, the University of Utah.
1) ᧄⓂߩၫ╩ߦ㓙ߒߡޔShaun Bowler, David Pion-Berlin, ߘߒߡࠞࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᄢቇࡃ
ࠨࠗ࠼ᩞߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߩ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆኻ߆ࠄ⋉ߥ␜ໂࠍᓧߚޕ߹ߚޔ
Dvora Yanowߩഥജߦ߽ᗵ⻢ߔࠆޕ
Translation and Commentary
ࠆޕ࡙࠲ᄢቇᴦቇㇱߩᢎߢࠆࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪޔᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ ᣇᴺ⺰⼂⺰ߩታ〣ࠍ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߒߡࠆޕೋᦼߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡޔᓐᅚߪ ታ㛎ᚻᴺߣวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ↪ޔቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᢎ߃ߡߚ߇ޔࡈࠚ ࡒ࠾࠭ࡓ⎇ⓥߦ⥝ࠍᜬߟߦߟࠇޔ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇޔߘߒߡ⸃㉼ਥ⟵⊛ⷞᐳ߆ ࠄߩᣇᴺ⺰⎇ⓥ߳ߣਥ⌒ࠍ⒖ߔࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕ 2006 ᐕߦ D. ࡗࡁ࠙ߣ ߒ ߚ Interpretation and Methods: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn 㧔 Yanow & Schwartz-Shea, 2006 㧕ߪޔ☨࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆઍ⊛ߥ⸃㉼ਥ
⟵⊛⎇ⓥᚻᴺߩᢎ⑼ᦠߢࠆޕߐࠄߦࡗࡁ࠙ߣߦ 2011 ᐕࠃࠅೀⴕߐࠇࠆ⸃
㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍߞߚᴦ⎇ⓥฌᦠ㧔 Routledge Series on Interpretive Methods 㧕ࠍ
✬㓸ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ╙৻Ꮞߢߪߎߩੑੱ߇⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߦၮߠߊࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗ
ࡦࠍ⸃⺑ߒߡࠆ㧔 Yanow & Schwartz-Shea, 2011 㧕ޕ
ㄭᐕᣣᧄߦ߅ߡ☨࿖ᴦቇᣇᴺ⺰ߩਥⷐᢎ⑼ᦠ߇⠡⸶⚫ߐࠇߟ ߟࠆޕߘߩઍ߇㧳㧚ࠠࡦࠣޔ R. O. ࠦࡋࠗࡦޔ S. ࡧࠔࡃߦࠃࠆ ޡ␠ળ⑼ቇߩࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦޢ 㧔 King, Keohane, & Verba, 1994 㨇㇌⸶ߪ 2004 ᐕ㨉㧕ޔ㧴㧚ࡉࠗ࠺ࠖߣ D. ࠦࠕߦࠃࠆޡ␠ળ⑼ቇߩᣇᴺ⺰ޢ 㧔 Brady & Collier, 2004 㨇㇌⸶ߪ 2008 ᐕ㨉㧕ޔ߅ࠃ߮ S. ࡧࠔࡦࠛࡧࠚ
ߦࠃࠆޡᴦቇߩࠨ࠴ࡔ࠰࠶࠼ޢ 㧔 Van Evera, 1997 㨇㇌⸶ߪ 2009 ᐕ㨉㧕 ߢࠈ߁ޕߎࠇࠄਃౠߣ߽☨࿖ᴦቇߩᣇᴺ⺰⊛⼏⺰ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߢᰳ
߆ߖߥᢎ⑼ᦠߢࠅޔߘߩ⠡⸶ ߦߪᗧ⟵߇ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ৻ᣇߢޔ ᣇᴺ⺰⊛⼏⺰߇⏕┙ߐࠇߡࠆߣߪ⸒㔍ࠊ߇࿖ߩᴦቇߦ߅ߡޔ ߎࠇࠄߩᢎ⑼ᦠߢ⺰ߓࠄࠇࠆޟᄌᢙޠᔨࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߚታ⸽ਥ⟵⊛ᣇ
ᴺ⺰㧔 positivist methodology 㧕ߎߘ߇ޟ໑৻ߩޠᱜᒰߥ␠ળ⑼ቇᣇᴺ⺰ߣ
ߺߥߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߩߢߪߥ߆ޔߣ߁ෂᗋ߽ࠆޕߘ߁ߒߚℂ⸃ߪޔ
␠ળ⑼ቇືቇߦ߅ߌࠆޟ⑼ቇߣߪ߆ޠߣ߁⺰ߣਵ㔌ߔࠆᒻߢ⺰ߓ
ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ☨࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆޟ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥޠ⼏⺰ࠍ➅ࠅߔ߽ߩߢ
ᄙరਥ⟵⊛ℂ⸃㧔 Fay, 1996 㧕ࠍήⷞߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕߎߎߢ
⚫ߔࠆࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߩ⺰ᢥߪޔᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ⸃㉼
⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ᛴ߃ࠆᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡߩޟᛚޠߣޟᱜᒰᕈޠߩ㗴ࠍ⺰
ߓޔᄌᢙᜰะဳߩታ⸽ਥ⟵⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߣኻᲧߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᚒޘ ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߦኻߔࠆⷞ㊁ࠍᐢߍߡߊࠇࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
߹ߚޔᧄ⺰ᢥߪᴦቇᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡߛߌߢߥߊޔᄢቇ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒⺰ߣ ߒߡ߽⺒ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ޟ․ቯߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦߣࠄࠊࠇ߿ߔޠቇ↢ߦޔᄙ
᭽ߥޔߣࠅࠊߌ⥄ಽߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࠕࡊࡠ࠴߳ߩᱜߒ⼂ࠍᜬߚߖࠆߦߪޔ ᢎ߃ࠆߪߤ߁ߞߚߎߣࠍ⠨ᘦߔߴ߈ߥߩ߆ޕߎߩᄢቇᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ㊀ⷐ ߥࠍޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪ⥄ࠄ߇ቇ↢ߦਈ߃ߚᬺ⺖㗴ࠍㅢߓߡ⺰ߓߡ
ߊޕᓟߩޟ⸶⠪⸃⺑ޠߢ⚫ߔࠆ R. ࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢ߇ⴕߞߚߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߩ ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍߡޔᓐࠄߩ⹜ߺߪޔᴦቇᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ߃ߡࠃࠅᄙߊߩᄢቇᢎ
⢒ߦ៤ࠊࠆᣇޘߩෳ⠨ߣߥࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕ
1
ߪߓߦ㧦☨࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍߋࠆ⻉㗴ߥߚ߇ቯ㊂⊛ᣇᴺ⺰߿Ყセ⎇ⓥࠍᄢቇ㒮ߢᢎ߃ߡࠆߣหߩ
ᴦቇ⠪ߦߒߚߣߒࠃ߁ޕߘߩหߪߥߚߩᬺౝኈࠍߔߋߦࠊ߆ ߞߡߊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕหߓࠃ߁ߦޔᄢቇ㒮↢߽ቯ㊂⊛ᣇᴺ⺰߿⎇ⓥߦ
ࠦࠬࡢࠢࠍㅢߓߡᘠࠇⷫߒࠎߢࠆߪߕߥߩߢޔߥߚߩᬺౝኈ ࠍߚ߿ߔߊℂ⸃ߒߡߊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߢߪᐲߪޔߥߚ߇⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍ ᢎ߃ߡࠆߣవ߶ߤߩห߿ᄢቇ㒮↢ߦ⸒ߞߡߺࠆߣߔࠆޕߔࠆߣޔᕋ
⸧ߥ㗻ࠍߐࠇࠆ߆ޔ߽ߒߊߪޟ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߣߪߩߎߣߢߔ߆ޠߣߔߋ ߐ߹⡞߈ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕቇ↢ߪ߅ߘࠄߊޟ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺޠߩ ᗧࠍℂ⸃ߒߋߨߡޔߘࠇߪޟቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥᚻᴺޠߩߎߣߛࠈ߁߆ߣ⠨
߃ޔ߹ߢߩࡒߢ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂ࠍ⺒ࠎߛ߆ߤ߁߆⥄ߔࠆ
ߪߕߢࠆ ޕ
⸃㉼ቇߣ߁ᣇᴺ⺰ߩฬ⒓߿ᗧߪޔ☨࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߡᐢߊ⍮ࠇᷰߞߡ
ߥޕߎࠇߪⴕേ⺰㕟ߩ⽶ߩㆮ↥ߢࠆޕ␠ળ⺞ᩏᴺߩ⊒ዷ߿ࠦࡦࡇࡘ
࠲ߩṶ▚ಣℂ⢻ജߩะߦࠃߞߡޔቯ㊂⊛ᚻᴺ߇ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆޟ໑৻
ߩޠಽᨆᚻᴺߣߥࠅޔᴦቇࠍቇ߱ᄢቇ㒮↢ߦߣߞߡߪߎࠇ߇ᔅୃ⑼⋡ߣߐ ࠇߡ߈ߚߩߦኻߒޔ⾰⊛⎇ⓥᚻᴺߪᲧセᴦቇࠍኾߔࠆቇ↢ߦኻߒߡㆬᛯ
⑼⋡ߣߒߡᢎ߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ㧔 Bennett, Barth, & Rutherford, 2003; Schwartz-Shea, 2003 㧕ޕޟ⚻㛎⊛㧔 empirical 㧕ޠߣ߁⸒⪲ߩᗧߪޔߎ߁ߒߚᴦቇߩᵹࠇߩ ਛߢᰴ╙ߦ⁜ࠄࠇߡ߈ޔᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߣߞߡߪޟቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥޠߎߘ߇ ޟ⚻㛎⊛⎇ⓥޠࠍᗧߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕ߹ߚޔࡔ࠰࠼ࡠࠫࠬ࠻㧔ᣇᴺ⺰ߩ ኾ㐷ኅ㧕ߣ߁⸒⪲ߪᢙℂ⊛ቯ㊂⊛ᚻᴺߦ․ൻߒߚ৻ㇱߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍᗧߔ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡߞߚ㧔 Schwartz-Shea & Yanow, 2002 㧕ޕߎ߁ߒߚਛޔ⚻㛎⊛
⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߩน⢻ᕈ߇☨࿖ᴦቇߢߪታឃ㒰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ ߢࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ 2000 ᐕߦ☨࿖ᴦቇߢࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞㆇേ㧔 Monroe, 2005 㧕 ߇Ꮞ߈ߎࠅ
ާ⸶ᵈ 2ިޔ⾰⊛⎇ⓥߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡦ࠰ࠪࠕࡓ߿☨࿖ᴦቇળ 㧔 APSA 㧕ߩ৻ㇱ㐷ߣߒߡ⾰⊛ᄙ㊀ᚻᴺ㧔 QMMR 㧕࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߇⸳┙ߐࠇ ߡ߈ߚߎߣߢޔ⾰⊛⎇ⓥߦᰴ╙ߦ㓁߇ߚࠅߛߒߚޕߘߒߡޔᄢቇ㒮ߩࠞ
ާ⸶ᵈ1ިᴦቇᣇᴺ⺰ߦߪޔቯ㊂⊛㧔Quantitative㧕ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޔቯᕈ⊛㧔Qualitative㧕ࠕࡊࡠ
࠴ޔߘߒߡ⸃㉼⊛㧔interpretive㧕ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩਃߟ߇ࠆޕቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߣ⸃㉼⊛⎇
ⓥߪ⾰⊛࠺࠲ࠍਥߦᛒ߁ߚߦޟ⾰⊛⎇ⓥޠߣ߫ࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ߇ޔቯᕈ⊛⎇
ⓥߪ⛔⸘ቇ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߦၮߠߡ⾰⊛࠺࠲ࠍᛒ߁ߣ߁ὐߢ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߣߪᄢ߈ ߊ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ާ⸶ᵈ2ިࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞㆇേߣߪޔ☨࿖ᴦቇળ߇ቯ㊂⊛ᚻᴺ߿วℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߣߞߚ․
ቯߩᣇᴺ⺰ߦߞߡࠆߎߣߦ⇣⼏ࠍ໒߃ޔ⼂⺰ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ࠍឭ໒ߒߚ ㆇേߢࠆޕޟࡒࠬ࠲ࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞޠߣ⒓ߔࠆඞฬߩᴦቇ⠪ߦࠃࠆࡔ࡞ߦ ࠃߞߡᆎ߹ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔޟࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞㆇേޠߣ߫ࠇߡࠆޕㄭᐕߩ☨࿖ᴦ ቇ⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵߳ߩേ߈ߦߟߡߪ㧔⬿↰, 2010ᐕ㧕ࠍෳᾖޕ
ࠠࡘࡓߦᓢޘߦ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺ߇⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚޕ
ᣣޔቯ㊂⊛ᚻᴺߦߞߚ৻ర⊛ߥᣇᴺ⺰ᢎ⢒߇☨࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߡᐢߊ
㗴ⷞߐࠇߟߟࠆޕࠄࠁࠆࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߦ╵߃ࠄࠇࠆਁ⢻ߥ
⎇ⓥᚻᴺߥߤߥߣ߁ߎߣߪ⊕ߢࠅޔ߹ߚ৻ర⊛ߥᣇᴺ⺰ᢎ⢒߇ࠊ ࠁࠆޟ⸠✵ߐࠇߚή⢻ജ㧔 trained incapacity 㧕ޠ̆̆⇣ߥࠆⷞὐߢࠍ┙ߡ ࠆ⢻ജ߇৻ర⊛ᣇᴺ⺰ᢎ⢒ߦࠃߞߡ៊ߥࠊࠇࠆ̆̆ߣ߁⚿ᨐࠍ߈߆ߨߥ
ߎߣ߽⍮ࠄࠇߡࠆ㧔 Burke, 1965 㧕ޕቯᕈ⊛ᚻᴺࠍቇߴ߫ቇ↢ߪቯ㊂⊛ᚻᴺ ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆⷰὐ߆ࠄᣂߚߥࠍ┙ߡࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔ߹ߚ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍ ቇߴ߫ࠃࠅᐢⷞ㊁߆ࠄ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕᣇᴺ⺰
⊛ℂ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ߪޔਔ⠪৻ߣߥߞߡ J 㧚࠼ࠗ࠶ࠢߩਥᒛߔࠆޟ᳓
ᐔ⊛ㅴᱠޠ̆̆␠ળ⊛ࠕࠢ࠲߇ᱧผ⊛ߦᣂߒ㗴ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ㓙ߦଐߢ ߈ࠆ⎇ⓥવ⛔㧔 research tradition 㧕ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ̆̆ߦነਈߔࠆߩߢࠆ 㧔 Dryzek, 1986 㧕
ާ⸶ᵈ3ިޕ
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ౨㗡ߢ␜ߒߚࠪ࠽ࠝߩࠃ߁ߦޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍᢎ߃ߡࠆ
⎇ⓥ⠪ߪޔᧂߛߦੑߟߩ⋧ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡࠆޕߎߎߢߪߘࠇ ࠄࠍޟᛚߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗴ޠߣޟᱜᒰᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗴ޠߣ߱ߎߣߦߔࠆޕᧄ
Ⓜߢߪޔ⑳⥄り߇ᜂᒰߒߡࠆࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᔅୃࠦࠬߢߤߩࠃ߁ ߦߎߩੑߟߩ㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆߩ߆ࠍ⚫ߒߚޕߎߩᬺߩᄢ߈ߥ⋡
⊛ߪޔቇ↢㆐ߦࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߦ㑐ߔࠆߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⼏⺰߿ᢥ₂ࠍቇ߫ߖ
ާ⸶ᵈ3ި␠ળ⑼ቇߩޟ᳓ᐔ⊛ㅴᱠޠߣߪޔ⑼ቇ⊛ᬌ⸽ߦࠃߞߡวℂ⊛ߦ⎇ⓥࡄ࠳ࠗࡓࠍข ᝥߒߡߊ⥄ὼ⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆޟု⋥⊛ㅴᱠޠߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦޔᱧผ⊛⊒ᕈߦࠃߞߡ
┙ߜࠇⷙቯߐࠇࠆࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߦᨵエߦ╵߃ࠆޟ⎇ⓥવ⛔ޠߩᢙࠍ⼾
ንߦߔࠆߎߣࠍᗧߒߡࠆޕࠆᤨὐߢ․ቯߩ⎇ⓥવ⛔ߩ⺑⢻ജ߇ุቯߐࠇߚ ߣߒߡ߽ޔ⥄ὼ⑼ቇߩࠃ߁ߦߘࠇࠍ᳗ਭߦ᫈ߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥޕߥߗߥࠄޔ߹ߚ
ߩᤨὐ߿ᱧผ⊛ᢥ⣂ߦ߅ߡߪߘߩ⎇ⓥવ⛔ߩലᕈ߇⊒ើߐࠇࠆߎߣ߽ࠆ߆ࠄ
ߢࠆ㧔Dryzek, 1986㧕ޕ⎇ⓥવ⛔⺰ߦߟߡߪ㧔Laudan, 1977㧕ࠍෳᾖޕ
ࠆߎߣߢޔඳ჻⺰ᢥࠍᦠߊ㓙ߦޔฦ⥄ߩ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߦㆡߒߚࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗ
ࡦࠍ᭴▽ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕߘߎߢᧄⓂߢߪޔ߹ߕ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߩ ޟᛚޠߣޟᱜᒰᕈޠߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗴ߦߤ߁ขࠅ⚵ߴ߈߆⠨ኤߒޔᰴߦᣇᴺ
⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵߇ౝ൮ߔࠆቇ⊛ᗧ⟵ࠍౕ⊛ߦቇ↢ߦ⚻㛎ߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߥᬺ
⺖㗴ࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕߎߩ⺖㗴ߪޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߩലᕈߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ⸃㉼ቇߩ
⑼ቇߣߒߡߩᅷᒰᕈ̆̆ࠛࡦࠞ࡞࠲ㄉᦠ߇␜ߔޟ⌀ଔߩ⍮ޠߣߒߡߩޟᛚ
ޠߩᗧ̆̆ࠍ߽ᄢቇ㒮↢ߦታ〣⊛ߦᢎ߃ࠆߣ߁ലᨐ߇ࠆ
2)ޕ 2
ᛚࠍߋࠆ㗴ᄢቇ㒮↢ޔ․ߦඳ჻⺖⒟ߩቇ↢ߪޔ ޟ⸃㉼⊛ޠߣ߁ࠞ࠹ࠧߦ߹ࠇࠆ
⎇ⓥߦ߅ߘࠄߊ৻ᐲߪળߞߡࠃ߁ޕ߽ߜࠈࠎߘߩળߩ㗫ᐲߪኾ㐷ಽ
㊁ߏߣߦ⇣ߥࠆߢࠈ߁߇ޔ ޟ⸃㉼ޠߣ߁↪⺆߇␜⊛ߦࠊࠇߡߥߊߡ
߽ታ⾰⊛ߦߪ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߦଐߒߚ⎇ⓥߦળߞߡࠆߪߕߢࠆޕ࿖㓙㑐 ଥ⺰߿Ყセᴦቇࠍኾߔࠆቇ↢ߢࠇ߫ޟ᭴ᚑਥ⟵㧔 constructivism 㧕ޠߦ⸅
ࠇߡࠆߛࠈ߁
3)ޕ☨࿖ᴦኾߩቇ↢ߩ႐วޔ R. ࡈࠚࡁ㧔 Fenno, 1978 㧕ߦ ࠃࠆ⼏ળ⎇ⓥߦ⸅ࠇߚߎߣ߇ࠆ߆ޔ߽ߒߊߪዋߥߊߣ߽ᓐߩฬߥޟ㧔⎇ⓥ
ኻ⽎ߦ㧕ߤߞ߲ࠅߣᶐ߆ߞߡតࠅ߹ࠊࠆ㧔 soaking and poking 㧕ޠߣ߁⸒࿁
ߒࠍ⡞ߚߎߣ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕⴕቇߦ߅ߡቭ⎇ⓥ߿╷⎇ⓥߦ៤ࠊ ߞߡࠆቇ↢ߪޔ P. ࡉ࠙㧔 Blau, 1963 㧕ޔ H. ࠞ࠙ࡈࡑࡦ㧔 Kaufman, 1960 㧕ޔ M. ࠢࡠࠫࠚ㧔 Crozier, 1964 㧕ޔ G. ࠕ࠰ࡦ㧔 Allison, 1973 㧕ޔ J. ࡊࠬࡑࡦ߅
2) ࠛࡦࠞ࡞࠲㧔Encarta㧕⧷⺆ㄉᦠߦࠃࠇ߫ޔޟᛚ㧔recognition㧕ޠߦߪᰴߩਃߟߩᗧ߇
ࠆޕ㧝㧚એ೨ߦ⺕߆ࠍޔ߽ߒߊߪ߆ࠍߚߎߣ߇ࠆߣ᳇ߠߊߎߣޔ߹ߚߪߘ߁ߒߚ
᳇ߠ߈ߦၮߠߊ⼂ޕ㧞㧚ᚑᨐߦࠃߞߡൎߜᓧߚ⾨⾥߹ߚߪฬჿޕ㧟㧚⌀ଔߩ⍮ޕ 3) ߽ߞߣ߽᭴ᚑਥ⟵ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߽ᄙ᭽ߥ┙႐߇ࠅޔߔߴߡ߇⸃㉼⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥޕ
ࠃ߮ A. ࠙ࠖ࡞࠳ࡈࠬࠠ㧔 Pressman & Wildavsky, 1973 㧕ߣߞߚฎౖ⊛⎇ⓥ
ࠍ⺒ࠎߛߎߣ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߎࠇࠄߩ⎇ⓥߪޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢ㗫❥ߦ↪ߐࠇ ࠆෳਈⷰኤ߿ࡐ࠹ࠖࠞ࡞ࠛࠬࡁࠣࡈࠖߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥⷰኤᚻᴺ߹ߚߪผ ᢱಽᨆࠍ↪ࠆޕᴦℂ⺰ኾߩቇ↢ߪޔዋߥߊߣ߽࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߩޟ♖⺒㧔 close
reading 㧕 ޠߣ߁ᔨࠍㅢߓߡ⸃㉼ቇߦ⸅ࠇߡࠆߣᕁ߁ޕߘߒߡ␠ળ⑼ቇ
ືቇߦ㑐ߔࠆ⻠⟵ࠍฃߌߚߎߣ߇ࠆቇ↢ߢࠇ߫ޔޟ⸃㉼⊛ォ࿁
㧔 interpretive turn 㧕ޠߦߟߡቇࠎߛߪߕߢࠆ㧔 Hiley, Bohman, & Shucterman, 1991; Rabinow & Sullivan, 1985; Taylor, 1977 㧕
4)ޕ
⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺ⺰ࠍขࠅࠇߚᬺࠍᜂᒰߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߣߞߡޔᦨೋߩᄢ߈ߥ
⺖㗴ߪޟ⸃㉼⊛ޠߣ߁ࠊ߆ࠅߦߊฬ⒓ߩᗧౝኈࠍ✎ኒߦ⺑ߔࠆߎߣ ߢࠆޕ߹ࠆߣߎࠈޔቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥ⠪ߪಽᨆ⚿ᨐࠍޟ⸃㉼ޠߒޔℂ⺰⎇ⓥ⠪
ߪ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ࠍޟ⸃㉼ޠߒߡࠆߩߢࠆޕߒߡᣇᴺ⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢙޘߩᢎ⑼ ᦠߪޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ㒢ࠅ߹ࠅᓎߦߪ┙ߚߥޕ 2000 ᐕߩᤨὐߢߪޔ
ᴦቇᣇᴺ⺰ߩᢎ⑼ᦠߪޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍ␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥᣇᴺߩ߭ߣߟ ߩน⢻ᕈߣߒߡ⌀ᱜ㕙߆ࠄขࠅᛒߞߡߥ㧔 Schwartz-Shea & Yanow, 2002 㧕ޕ W. ࡁࠗࡑࡦ㧔 Neuman, 2006 㧕߿ J. ࠢࠬ࠙ࠚ࡞㧔 Creswell, 1994 㧕߇⪺ߒߚ ᢎ⑼ᦠߪޔ⾰⊛ᚻᴺߣ߁ฬ⒓ߢ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍ⺑ߒߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒᓐࠄߩ
⸃⺑ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠆߣࠊ߆ࠆߎߣߛ߇ޔᓐࠄߩ⸒߁⾰⊛ᚻᴺߪޔ␠ળቇ߿
ᴦቇߦ߅ߡㄭᐕ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚቯᕈ⊛ᚻᴺߣߪᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥߞߡࠆ 㧔 Creswell, 1994, p. 5; Neuman, 2006, p. 15 㧕
5)ޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔቇ↢ߩᷙੂࠍ࿁ㆱ ߔࠆߚߦ߽ޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ߇႐วߦࠃߞߡߪ⾰⊛ᚻᴺߣߒߡᢎ⑼ᦠߢ⸃⺑ߐ
4) หߓᴦቇㇱߢ߽ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆᬺౝኈߪᄢቇߏߣߦᄙ᭽ߢࠆߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽
ߥޕߎߩὐߦߟߡߪ㧔Schwartz-Shea, 2005㧕ࠍෳᾖޕ
5) ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆቯᕈ⊛ᚻᴺߩㅴዷߪޔ․ߦ QMMR ࠍ⸳┙ߒߚᲧセᴦቇ⠪ߦࠃߞߡᜂ ࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ࠇߡࠆߎߣࠍᬺߢવ߃ࠆߴ߈ߢࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔℂ⸃␠ળቇ㧔 interpretive sociology 㧕ޔ␠ળℂቇ㧔 sociological geography 㧕ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦቇޔᢥ ൻੱ㘃ቇޔߘߒߡ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄߩ␠ળℂ⺰⎇ⓥ㧔 Foucault, 1970; Schutz, 1967 㧕 ߣߞߚ㓞ធಽ㊁ߢ⾰⊛ᚻᴺߣ߫ࠇߡࠆ⎇ⓥᣇᴺߪޔᴦቇ߿␠ળㆇേ
⎇ⓥ㧔 Benford, 1997 ߥߤ㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߦᒰߔࠆߢࠈ߁ޕ
ᴦቇߦ߅ߡ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺߩᛚߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗴ࠍߐࠄߦⶄ㔀ߦߒߡࠆߩ ߪޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ⠪߇↪ࠆಽᨆᚻᴺߩᄙ᭽ᕈߢࠆޕߣߒߡޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ ߦߪ⸃㉼ቇ㧔 hermeneutics 㧕ޔࡔ࠲ࡈࠔಽᨆ㧔 metaphor analysis 㧕ޔ⸒⺑ಽᨆ 㧔 discourse analysis 㧕ޔࡈࡒࡦࠣ㧔 framing 㧕ޔ‛⺆ಽᨆ㧔 narrative approach 㧕ޔ
ࠬ࠻࠹ࡦࠣ㧔 story-telling approach 㧕ߥߤ᭽ޘߥᚻᴺ߇߹ࠇࠆޕ ߘߒߡߎ߁ߒߚ↪⺆ߪ⸃㉼⊛ᴦቇߢ߽ቯᕈ⊛ᴦቇߢ߽ࠊࠇࠆ߇ޔ߹ߞ ߚߊหߓᗧߢࠊࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕߚߣ߃߫ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘᛛᴺߪⵍ㕙ធ
⠪߆ࠄޟታޠࠍߔࠆᣇᴺߣߒߡቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߢ↪ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽ࠇ߫ޔ ⵍ㕙ធ⠪߇⟎߆ࠇߡࠆ⇇ࠍ ( ⎇ⓥ⠪ߢߪߥߊ ) ⵍ㕙ធ⠪⥄り߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ ᛠីߒߡࠆߩ߆ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚߩᣇᴺߣߒߡ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢ↪ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ
߽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߎࠇࠄ߇ߦ⍦⋫ࠍߪࠄᔅⷐߪߥޕห᭽ߦࠛࠬࡁࠣ
ࡈ߽ࠖޔታ⸽ਥ⟵ߣ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ߩߤߜࠄߩሽ⺰⼂⺰⊛೨ឭߦ߅ߡ߽
߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕߎߩ߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ቯ㊂⊛
ቯᕈ⊛ᚻᴺߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⇣ߥࠆߩ߆ࠍᢎ߃ࠆߚߦߪޔ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇߦ〯ߺ ㄟࠎߢߊᔅⷐ߇ߡߊࠆޕߎߎߢߪ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇߦ㑐ߔࠆ⻠⟵ࠍฃߌߚߎ ߣߩߥቇ↢ߩℂ⸃ࠍഥߌࠆߚߦޔฦᚻᴺߩ․ᓽࠍℂ⺰߿࠺࠲ߣߞߚ ၮᧄ⊛ߥᔨߏߣߦኻᔕߐߖߚ 1 ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ
6)ޕ
6) ╩⠪߇ൕോߒߡࠆ࡙࠲ᄢቇᴦቇㇱߩ႐วޔࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߣ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇߪඳ
჻⺖⒟ߩቇ↢ߦߪᔅୃ⑼⋡ߣߥߞߡࠆޕߚߛߒޔ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇࠍหߓߊᔅୃߩࠨ࠴
࠺ࠩࠗࡦࠃࠅ߽వߦฃ⻠ߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥޕୃ჻⺖⒟ߩቇ↢ߦߣߞߡࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߪ ᔅୃ⑼⋡ߢࠆ߇ޔ␠ળ⑼ቇືቇߪጁୃߒߥߊߡ߽ࠃޕ
1 ߪᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍޟᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥ㧔 variables-oriented research 㧕ޠߣޟ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ㧔 interpretive research 㧕ޠߣߦᄢߒޔ⋡⊛߆ࠄ⹏ଔ ၮḰ߹ߢ৾ߟߩၮᧄ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߏߣߦᲧセߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕࠥࠪࡘ࠲࡞࠻ߣ
߁⸒⪲ࠍߞߡࠆ߇ޔߘߩℂ↱ߪޔฦ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߩ✚એ
ߩ߽ߩߢࠆߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ߇ߚߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪⷐ
⚛ߩනߥࠆ㓸วߦㆶరߒ߈ࠇߥో⊛ߢ⋥ⷰ⊛ߢߐ߃ࠆᗵⷡࠍߒߡ
ࠆޕ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⋥ⷰ⊛ᗵⷡߦߒߚ߇ߞߡࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦࠍ
⠨߃ޔ⎇ⓥߩޟ⦟ߒᖡߒޠࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߩߢࠆޕ 1 ߢߪቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴
ߣቯᕈ⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍޟᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥޠߣ߁৻ߟߩࠞ࠹ࠧߦ߹ߣ
ߡࠆ߇ޔߎࠇߪ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ࠍᄌᢙߣ߁ⷞὐ߆ࠄᝒ߃ߥ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߣߩ㆑
ࠍ㓙┙ߚߖࠆߚߢࠆ㧔ᄌᢙࠍ↪ߥߣ߁ὐߪޔᄢቇ㒮ߢᄌᢙᜰะ
ဳ⎇ⓥߦⷫߒࠎߢ߈ߚᄢቇ㒮↢ߣߞߡ㛳ߊߴ߈ߎߣ߆߽ߒࠇߥ㧕
ާ⸶ᵈ5ިޕߐ ࠄߦ⸒߃߫ޔߎߩಽ㘃߇ޔ⎇ⓥߢᢙሼ߇ࠊࠇߡࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ߁ߎߣߣ ߪή㑐ଥߢࠆߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚޕቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥߣቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥࠍ৻ߟߦ߹ߣ
ߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߪޔߘࠇߙࠇߩᣇᴺࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪㑆ߢࠊߐࠇߡࠆޔᄙ ᢙ㧔 large-N 㧕⎇ⓥߣዋᢙ㧔 small-N 㧕⎇ⓥߩଔ୯߿㧔 King, Keohane, &
Verba, 1994 㧕ޔᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥߣᜰะဳ⎇ⓥߩ⋧ኻ⊛ଔ୯㧔 Ragin, 1997 㧕
ࠍߋࠆ⼏⺰ࠍήⷞߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕᬺߢ߽ߎ߁ߒߚ⼏⺰ߩᄌㆫߦߟߡ
ާ⸶ᵈ5ިᴦቇߦ߅ߡ৻⥸⊛ߦߪቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥߣቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߣߩ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇࠆᒻߢߩᣇ ᴺ⺰߇ዷ㐿ߒߡ߈ߚޕࠠࡦࠣޔࠦࡋࠗࡦޔࡧࠔࡃߪޔࠃቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߣߪቯ㊂
⊛⎇ⓥߣㅢߩ⺰ℂߦၮߠߡⴕࠊࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣߒޔޡ␠ળ⑼ቇߩࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗ
ࡦޢߦ߅ߡਔ⠪ߩᣇᴺ⺰⊛⛔วࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ㧔King, Keohane, & Verba, 1994㧕ޕߎࠇ ߦኻߒޔࡉࠗ࠺ࠖߣࠦࠕ߇✬㓸ߒߚޡ␠ળ⑼ቇߩᣇᴺ⺰ޢߢߪቯᕈ⊛ࠕࡊ ࡠ࠴⁛⥄ߩᣇᴺ⺰⊛ଔ୯ࠍ᭽ޘߥ⎇ⓥ⠪߇໒߃ߡࠆ㧔Brady & Collier, 2004㧕ޕ৻
ᣇޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪޔߎ߁ߒߚቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥߣቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߣߩ㑆ߩ⺰ߪ⚿
ዪⷰኤኻ⽎ࠍޟᄌᢙޠߣ߁ㇱಽߦಽഀߒߡ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ․ቯߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ⎇ⓥᣇᴺ 㧔ᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥ㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆౝㇱ⺰ߛߣ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ
ߒวߞߡߪࠆߩߛ߇ޔቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥߣቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߩ㘃ૃᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡦ
ࡦࠨࠬ߇ㄭᐕߩᴦቇߢߪᰴ╙ߦᒻᚑߐࠇߟߟࠅ㧔 Brady & Collier, 2004;
Gerring, 2007 㧕ޔ 2009 ᐕޔਔ⠪ࠍ߭ߣ߹ߣߦᛒ߁ߎߣߪએ೨߶ߤᄢ߈ߥ
㗴ߢߪߥߛࠈ߁ޕࡉࠗ࠺ࠖߣࠦࠕߪቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥߣቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥ߇
ㅢߩ⹏ଔၮḰߦၮߠߡࠆߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒޔ J. ࠥࡦࠣߩ႐วߪቯ㊂⊛⎇
ⓥࠍ㑆⎇ⓥ㧔 cross-case study 㧕ߣ߱ߎߣߢޔ㑆⎇ⓥ㧔ቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥ㧕 ߣ⎇ⓥ㧔ቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥ㧕ߣߩㅢ㗄ߣޔߤߜࠄ߆ࠍㆬ߱㓙ߦ↢ߓࠆ࠻
࠼ࠝࡈߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߩߢࠆޕᦨᓟߦޔߎߩߢߪ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ
ౝㇱߦห᭽ߦሽߔࠆᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ⋭⇛ߒߡࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߣ߁
ᔨࠍ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪ߁ߴ߈ߢߪߥߣ⠨߃ࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߽ࠇ߫ޔߘࠇࠍౣ
ᔨ ൻ ߔ ߴ ߈ ߛ ߣ ਥ ᒛ ߔ ࠆ ⎇ ⓥ ⠪ ߽ ࠆ 㧔 Hansen, 2006; Yanow 㧒
Schwartz-Shea, 2006 㧕ޕ߹ߚޔ࿖㓙㑐ଥ⺰ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ᚑਥ⟵ߢߪޔ⼂⺰ሽ
⺰ߩ㆑߆ࠄޔታ⺰⠪㧔 Wendt, 1999 㧕߅ࠃ߮⸃㉼⺰⠪㧔 Hansen, 2006 㧕
ߣ߁⇣ߥࠆ┙႐߇ሽߒߡࠆޕ
એߩࠃ߁ߥὐࠍᢿߞߚߢޔ 1 ߩౝኈߦ⒖ࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁ޕߎߩߪޔ ᄢቇ㒮ߦ߅ߌࠆᬺޔ․ߦቯ㊂⊛⎇ⓥᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆᬺౝኈࠍ߰߹߃ߚߢޔ
⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩ․ᓽࠍᒝ⺞ߒޔߘߩⷐࠍ߹ߣߡࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ৾ߟߩၮᧄ ⷐ⚛ࠍߘࠇߙࠇ⚦ߦ⼏⺰ߔࠆߎߣ߽น⢻ߢࠆ߇ޔߎߎߢߪ⺒⠪ߦ㚔ᨴߺ ߩ⭯⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߩߺࠍ⠨ኤߒߚޕ
Ԙ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛㧦⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪޔ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ㑐ᔃߪᗧߩᚑࠅ┙ߜߦࠅޔ࿃
ᨐ⊛ផ⺰߿৻⥸ൻน⢻ߥ࿃ᨐᴺೣߩ⊒ߛߌ߇⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ߢߪߥޕ
1
ੑߟߩ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߩᲧセ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ ࠥࠪࡘ࠲࡞࠻ +
ᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥ ࠥࠪࡘ࠲࡞࠻ ++
⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ
Ԙ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ ᥉ㆉ㧔㕖ᱧผ⊛㕖ᢥൻ⊛㧕 ℂ⺰ߩ᭴▽ޔ߹ߚߪਛ▸࿐ℂ
⺰ߩ᭴▽㧧੍᷹ߣᓮ
ᗧ↢ᚑㆊ⒟߳ߩ㑐ᔃ㧧ᴦ
⊛␠ળ⊛᧤❈ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್ߣ ߘߩ⁁ᴫ߆ࠄߩ⸃㧧㧔⸃㉼
⊛ⷞᐳ߆ࠄߩ㧕࿃ᨐ⊛⺑
ԙℂ⺰߮ᔨᒻᚑ వ㛎⊛߆ߟṶ➈⊛ℂ⺰ൻ߅ࠃ
߮ᔨᒻᚑ Ꮻ⚊⊛ࠣ࠙ࡦ࠺࠶࠼ࠝ
㧧ᒰ⠪ߩ⇇ⷰߦᴪߞ ߚᔨᒻᚑ
Ԛ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ ⺑ߣࡕ࠺࡞ត⚝㧧ᜰᮡߩㆬ
ᛯߣ᷹ቯ ⎇ⓥߩㅴዷߦ߁ᨵエᕈ㧧࠺
ࠩࠗࡦߩᣂߚߥ↪⺆㧔ߚߣ߃
߫ࠨࡦࡊࡦࠣߦઍࠊࠆធ
⸅㧕 ԛ࠺࠲ ᢙ㊂⊛࠺࠲߇ޟᦨ߽ᦸ߹ߒ
ޠ ࠺࠲ߩ᭽ᑼࠍ㊀ⷞ㧔ᢙሼޔ
⸒⪲ޔࠗࡔࠫޔⓨ㑆㧕
Ԝಽᨆ නห⾰ᕈߩࠃ߁ߥ೨ឭࠍḩ
ߚߒߚߢߩ⛔⸘⊛ᚻᴺ߇ᅢ
߹ࠇࠆ
࠺࠲ߩ᭽ᑼߦଐሽߔࠆ
ԝ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ ᥉ㆉ⊛ᴺೣߣߒߡߩ࿃ᨐᓞ㧧
࿃ᨐࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ ࠪࡖࡠ࠶ࠢࡎࡓ࠭⊛ޔ
᭴ᚑ⊛EQPUVKVWVKXGޔὼ
⊛EQPVKPIGPVޔᏓ⟎⊛
EQPHKIWTCVKQPCN࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ Ԟ⹏ଔၮḰ ᅷᒰᕈXCNKFKV[ߣା㗬ᕈ
TGNKCDKNKV[㧧ౝ⊛ᅷᒰᕈ ߣᄖ⊛ᅷᒰᕈ㧧ቴⷰᕈ
ା↪ᕈVTWUVYQTVJKPGUUޔ
ෘ⸥ㅀޔ࠻ࠗࠕࡦࠡࡘ
࡚ࠪࡦޔౣᏫᕈޔࡔࡦࡃ
࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢޔ⋙ᩏጁᱧޔ⸽
ಽᨆ
ԙℂ⺰߮ᔨᒻᚑ㧦⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪޔᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ᭽ᑼߢ ℂ⺰⊛⠨ኤ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆޕ․ߦޔᔨߩ↢ᚑߪ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߢࠆੱ㑆߿␠ળ ߩ㛎ߣ⸒⺆ߣߦᩮߑߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޔߣ߁⠨߃ᣇ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ
7)ޕ
Ԛ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧦⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߢߪޔᨵエᕈ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆޕ ߥߗߥࠄޔ⎇ⓥߩㅜਛߢ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߦ㑐ߔࠆℂ⸃߇ᷓ߹ࠆߦߟࠇޔ߅ߩߕ ߣ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩୃᱜ߿ᄌᦝ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕߎߩߎߣߪޔᣂߒ
ᣇᴺ⺰↪⺆ߩᔅⷐᕈࠍᗧߔࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥߢߪޟࠨࡦ ࡊࡦࠣޠߣ߁↪⺆ࠍ↪ߡᮡᧄ߇ߤߩ⒟ᐲᲣ㓸࿅ࠍઍߒߡࠆߩ ߆ߣ߁ߎߣߦ᳇ࠍ߁߇ޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪᗧߩ↢ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆㅢὐޔ Ꮕ⇣ޔ߅ࠃ߮ᦌᤒߐࠍតࠅߔᚻᲑߢࠆ⸽߿ᢥ⣂⊛⢛᥊ߦ⎇ⓥ⠪߇
ޟធ⸅㧔 exposure 㧕ޠߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ
ԛ࠺࠲㧦ࠄࠁࠆ࠺࠲ࠍᢙሼߣߒߡ᷹ቯน⢻ߥᜰᮡߦᠲൻߔࠆߎߣ ߪ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ᅢ߹ࠇߕޔ࠺࠲ߩ᭽ᑼ㧔⸒⺆ޔᤋޔ㖸ჿޔ
ⓨ㑆㧕ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ᄢಾߦߐࠇࠆޕ
Ԝಽᨆ㧦ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߢߪ᭽ޘߥ࠺࠲᭽ᑼࠍㆡಾߦಽᨆน⢻
ߥᛛᴺ߇ㆬᛯߐࠇࠆ㧔 Bauer & Gaskell, 2002; Harper, 2003; Yanow, 2006 㧕ޕ
ԝ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ㧦⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ⠪ߪޔ␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߡߪᗧߩ↢ᚑߣ߁ੱߩ
⍮⊛༡ὑ߇ᱧผ⊛ߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡࠆὐࠍᒝ⺞ߔߴ߈ߛߣ⠨߃ޔߘߎߦ߅
ߡ࿃ᨐᴺೣߣ߁⠨߃ᣇߪ㚔ᨴ߹ߥߣߔࠆޕߎߩߚޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ
7) ৻ᣇߢޔᢥൻੱ㘃ቇ⠪ߢࠆ C㧚ࠡࠕ࠷ߩޟ⚻㛎߆ࠄ㆙ޠᔨ߽㊀ⷐߛߣߩᜰ៰ߦ
߽ᵈᗧߖࠃ㧔Geertz, 1973㧕
⠪ߪ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍౣᔨൻߒޔߚߣ߃߫ޔࠆ⽎ࠍᒁ߈ߎߒߚේ࿃ߪ
․ቯߩ߿᧪ߦᩮߑߒߚ߽ߩߛߣ⠨߃ࠆޕߎࠇߪࠪࡖࡠ࠶ࠢ
ࡎࡓ࠭߇ౕ⊛ߥ⸽㘃ࠍߟߥ߉ࠊߖߡផℂߔࠆᣇᴺߣࠃߊૃߡ
ࠆޕઁߦ߽ޔ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߪੱ㑆ߩℂ⸃ߣⴕേࠍޟ᭴ᚑߔࠆ߽ߩߛޠߣ⠨߃ ࠆ┙႐߿ࠦࡦ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߦኒធߦ⚿߮ߟߡࠆ̆̆ ޟᏓ⟎㧔 configuration 㧕ޠ
̆̆ߣ⠨߃ࠆ┙႐ߥߤ߽ࠆޕ
Ԟ⹏ଔၮḰ㧦એߩࠃ߁ߦ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߪᄌᢙᜰะဳ⎇ⓥߣߪ᭽ޘߥὐߢ⇣
ߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔ⎇ⓥߩ⦟ߒᖡߒࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆၮḰ߽ᒰὼ㆑߁߽ߩߦߥࠆޕߟ
߹ࠅޔ⎇ⓥߩ⹏ଔၮḰߪ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߦ․ߩ⋡⊛߿ሽ⺰⊛߅ࠃ߮⼂
⺰⊛೨ឭߦၮߠߡࠆ
8)ޕ
1 ߪฦ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ౝㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ᭽ޘߥᏅ⇣ࠍᄢ㔀ᛠߦᛒߞߡߪࠆ ߩߛ߇ޔᄢቇ㒮↢ߦቯ㊂⊛ߢ߽ቯᕈ⊛ߢ߽ߥޔ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩ․ᓽࠍޟᚻߞ ขࠅᣧߊޠᢎ߃ࠆߣ߁⋡⊛ߦߪㆡߒߡࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
3
ᱜᒰᕈࠍߋࠆ㗴ߑ⎇ⓥߦ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍ↪ߡߪߤ߁߆ߣឭ᩺ߔࠆߣޔᄢቇ㒮↢ߪ ᒝ⥝ࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߽ࠇ߫ޔ⥄ಽߩ⎇ⓥߦߪㆡᒰߢߥߣਇାᗵ߿ή㑐ᔃ ࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߽ࠆޕߚߣ߃⥝ࠍ␜ߔቇ↢ߢߞߡ߽ޔ ޟ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢ ቇ⺰ᢥࠍᦠߚߣߒߡޔ⺰ᢥክᩏᆔຬળߩᢎߚߜߪߘࠇࠍᛚߒߡߊࠇ ࠆߛࠈ߁߆ޠߣᔃ㈩ߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍ⋡ᜰߔోߡߩቇ↢
8) ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩ⹏ଔၮḰߦߟߡߪޔ㧔Schwartz-Shea, 2006㧕ࠍෳᾖޕ
߇ޔቇ⇇ߢߩ↢߈ᱷࠅߣ߁ၮᧄ⊛ߥ㗴ࠍ᳇ߦߔࠆߎߣߪℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆޕ☨
࿖ᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩ⟎߆ࠇߚ⁁ᴫࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫ޔ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ ߢᦠ߆ࠇߚ⺰ᢥࠍ ߢ߈ࠆᇦߪࠆߩ߆ޔ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺߢቇࠍขᓧߒߡ
⎇ⓥ⡯ߦࠅߟߌࠆߩ߆ޔ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߪ₪ᓧߢ߈ࠆߩ߆ޔ࠹࠾ࡘࠕߪขࠇࠆߩ ߆ޔߘߒߡᩮḮ⊛ߥ㗴ߣߒߡ̆̆Ᏹߦ⸙߆ࠇࠆ⸶ߢߪߥ߇̆̆⸃㉼⊛⎇
ⓥߪ⑼ቇ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߥߩ߆ߣ߁⇼ࠍቇ↢߇ᛴߊߩߪᒰὼߢࠈ߁ޕ
⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩ⌀ଔࠍવ߃ࠆߚߦߪޔߎࠇࠄߩ⇼ࠍ߈ߜࠎߣฃߌ ᱛߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ⑳ߪޔᄢቇ㒮↢ߦߪ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺߣࠅ߹ߊ⁁ᴫࠍℂ⸃
ߔࠆᮭ߇ࠆߣᕁ߁ߩߢޔ⁁ߦߟߡ₸⋥ߦࠍߒߡࠆޕ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ ߇ᛚߐࠇߦߊߣ߁⁁ᴫߦߪޔ㔀⺰ᢥ ߩታᘒޔ㓹↪⁁ᴫޔቇㇱߦ ߅ߌࠆᣇᴺ⺰ࠞࠠࡘࡓߣߞߚ㗴߇߆ࠄࠎߢࠆ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2003 㧕ޕߒ߆ߒߘߩ৻ᣇߢޔߎߩ߅ࠃߘ 10 ᐕߩ㑆ߦߪ೨ะ߈ߥᄌൻ߽߈ߡ
ࠆޕࠍߍࠇ߫ޔᴦቇߦ߅ߡ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇᧪
ߟߟࠆޕ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺߢቇࠍᓧߡ⎇ⓥ⡯ߦዞߚ⧯ᚻᴦቇ⠪ࠍੱ⊛ߦ
⍮ߞߡࠆ߇ޔਛߦߪฬᄢቇߦណ↪ߐࠇߚ߽ࠆޕ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥࠍฃߌ
ࠇࠆቇⴚ߽Ⴧ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔ⦟⾰ߥ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥᦠ߽⌕ታߦೀⴕߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔ APSA ޔ WPSA 㧔ㇱᴦቇળ㧕ޔ MPSA 㧔ਛㇱᴦቇળ㧕ޔ ISA 㧔࿖㓙㑐ଥቇળ㧕ߥߤߦ߅ߌࠆߊߟ߆ߩౝㇱ⚵❱ߢߪ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥ߳ߩᡰᜬ ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚޕߚߣ߃߫ޔ APSA ߢߪ QMMR ޔ MPSA ߢߪ
ᴦ␠ળቇ߿ᴦੱ㘃ቇߩ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ߅ߡ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ߇ᐢߊࠊࠇߡ
ࠆޕ
ቇ↢ߩߎ߁ߒߚਇࠍขࠅࠄߍࠆߚߦޔ⑳ߪࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩ
ᬺߢએਅߩੑὐࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߕޔࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߦࠃߞߡㆡ
ಾߥᣇᴺ⺰ࠍㆬᛯߔߴ߈ߛߣਥᒛߔࠆ㗴ਥዉဳ㧔 problem-driven 㧕ࠕࡊࡠ
࠴ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ⼏⺰߇ㄭᐕߢߪ㜞߹ߞߡࠆߎߣߢࠆ㧔 Norton, 2004; Shapiro,
㗴ਥዉဳࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪޔ⎇ⓥ⠪߇߹ߕޟታߩ㗴ޠߦੱ⊛ߥᖱᾲࠍ ᜬߞߡขࠅ⚵ߎߣࠍ೨ឭߣߒߡࠆޕߘߒߡ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߦࠄ߆ߩశࠍᛩߍ ߆ߌࠆߩߢࠇ߫ޔ߆ߥࠆ⎇ⓥᚻᴺ߿ℂ⺰ࠍㆬࠎߢ߽Ꮕߒᡰ߃ߥޕߚ ߆߽⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߩࠃ߁ߦ․ቯߩᚻᴺ߿ℂ⺰ߦߎߛࠊࠆߩߢ ߪߥߊޔߘࠇࠄࠍޟ⎇ⓥౕޠߣߒߡᨵエߦ⠨߃ޔࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦ ߦᔕߓߡ⛔⸘⊛ᣇᴺ߿Ყセ⎇ⓥޔߘߒߡ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺࠍಽߌࠆߎߣߦ ߥࠆޕߎߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᒝߺߪޔታߩ㗴ߘߩ߽ߩࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎߣߦࠆޕ
߽ߜࠈࠎቇળߦ߅ߡᐢߊࠊߐࠇߡࠆᣇᴺ⺰⊛ℂ⺰⊛⼏⺰߇ᄢಾߢߪ ߥޔߣ߁ߎߣߢߪߥ߇ޔߘ߁ߒߚ⼏⺰ߪޟታߦ㊀ⷐߥ㗴ߦ㑐ㅪߒ ߚ߽ߩޠߢࠆߴ߈ߢࠆޕߎࠇߪޔᄢቇ㒮↢߇ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆⷙ▸ࠍቇ
⠌ߔࠆ㓙ߦⷡ߃ߡ߅ߊߴ߈ࡔ࠶ࠫߢ߽ࠆޕ
ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ߩℂᗐߦߪߚߒ߆ߦዅ㊀ߔߴ߈ὐ߇ᢙᄙߊࠆ߇ޔߎࠇ ߪ⑼ቇߩታ〣ߦ㑐ߔࠆឬ౮ߣߒߡߪᔅߕߒ߽ᱜ⏕ߢߪߥޕ㗴ਥዉဳࠕࡊ ࡠ࠴ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔޟታ㓙ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ␠ળ⑼ቇ⠪ߪᣇᴺ⺰
⊛ℂ⺰⊛㑐ᔃߣߪή㑐ଥߦ߽ߥߣߎࠈ߆ࠄޡ㗴ޢࠍ⊒ߒޔߘߩᓟ ߦㆡಾߥᚻᴺߩㆬᛯߦ⒖ࠆࠃ߁ߥߎߣߪߒߥޠ㧔 Atkinson, Coffey, &
Delamont, 2003 㧕ޕታ㓙ߩߣߎࠈޔ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߩᒻᚑߪℂ⺰⊛ᣇᴺ⺰⊛⸠✵ߣ
ኒធߦ⚿߮ߟߡࠆޕߎࠇߎߘ߇ޔࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᬺߢᄙర⊛ߥ ᣇᴺ⺰ࠍቇ߱ଔ୯ߢࠆޕቇ↢ߪߘࠇ߹ߢߩ⚻ᱧ߿ㆡᕈ߆ࠄޔ․ቯߩࠕࡊࡠ
࠴ߦߣࠄࠊࠇ߿ߔ㧔߽ߜࠈࠎ․ቯߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦ․ൻߔࠆߎߣߪޔኾ㐷
⊛⍮⼂ࠍᓧࠆߚߦਇนᰳߢࠆߎߣߪุቯߢ߈ߥ㧕ޕߒ߆ߒޔᄙ᭽ߥ⎇ⓥ
ᚻᴺߦ⸅ࠇࠆߎߣߢޔቇ↢ߪޟᣇᴺ⺰⊛ઁ⠪㧔 methodological others 㧕ޠޔߟ߹
ࠅ⥄ಽߣߪ⇣ߥࠆᚻᴺࠍ߁⎇ⓥ⠪߿⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦ㑐ߔࠆᱜߒ⼂
ࠍᷓࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁㧔ߎߩ㓙ᣇᴺ⺰ࠍᜂᒰߔࠆᢎຬߪޔࠆ․ቯߩ ᚻᴺࠍઁߩᚻᴺࠃࠅ߽ࠃࠅޟ⑼ቇ⊛ޠߥ߽ߩߛߣήᗧ⼂ߦߢ߽ઃߌߥ
ࠃ߁ߦᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ㧕ޕᄢቇ㒮↢ߪ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߒߡߩࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߩㅜਛ
ߢߎ߁ߒߚࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᬺࠍฃߌࠆߩߢࠅޔߎߎߢᄙర⊛ߥᣇ ᴺ⺰ࠍቇ߱ߎߣߢޔߚߣ߃⥄ಽߩ⎇ⓥߢߪࠊߥߣߒߡ߽ޔ᭽ޘߥᚻᴺࠍ ዅ㊀ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕቇ↢߇ߘߩࠃ߁ߦᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ࠍౕ⊛ߦ ቇ߱৻ഥߣߒߡޔᰴ▵ߢߪޟࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡦࡔࡦ࠻ޠߣ㗴ߒߚṶ⠌⺖
㗴ߦߟߡ⺑ߔࠆޕ
4
䇸ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡔࡦ࠻䇹ࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᬺߪޔቇ↢ߩኾಽ㊁ߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕᴦቇㇱߢߪ ᔅୃߣߥߞߡࠆߚޔߘࠇߙࠇߩኾಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆਥⷐߥᣇᴺ⺰ࠍࡃࡦ
ࠬࠃߊ⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ⑳ߩ႐วߪޟቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠޔ ޟᲧ セࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠޔߘߒߡޟ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠࠍᬺߦ⚵ߺㄟࠎߢࠆޕ ⑳ߩޟࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦṶ⠌ޠߪޔᄢ߈ߊ೨ඨߩޟਃߟߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠޔ ᓟඨߩޟ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᲧセޠߦಽߌࠄࠇࠆޕ೨ඨߢߪޔߎࠇࠄਃߟߩࠕ ࡊࡠ࠴ࠍߘࠇߙࠇߩᣇᴺ⺰ߦଐߒߚౖဳ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߿㐷⊛ᢥ₂ࠍ
ߞߡ⚫ߔࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔቇ↢ߪฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩ㐳ᚲ⍴ᚲߦ⇐ᗧߒߥ߇ࠄ
⥄りߩࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦࠍ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
9)ޕṶ⠌ߩᓟඨߢߪޔਃߟ ߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᔨᒻᚑޔ⸽ߩ↢ᚑޔಽᨆߣ⺑ޔߘߒߡ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧔⸳⸘㧕 ߣ߁ⷐ⚛ߏߣߦᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
ߎߩޟࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡔࡦ࠻ޠߩ⌕ᗐߪޔ࡙࠲ᄢቇ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩ⹏ଔߦ㑐 ߒߡᄢቇോ߆ࠄᢎຬߦ㈩Ꮣߐࠇߚޔ 43 ߩ⾰߆ࠄߥࠆ⾰⚕⺞ᩏ㧔ࠨࡧ ࠚࠗ㧕߆ࠄ᧪ߡࠆޕ 2 ߪߎߩ⾰⚕ߩᛮ☴ߢࠆޕߎߩ߁ߜ 27 ߩ⾰ߢ ߪޔ 9 Ბ㓏࠶ࠞ࠻ዤᐲࠍ↪ߡޔޟߥߚ߇⸵ኈߢ߈ࠆᦨૐ㒢ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨ
9) ߎߩṶ⠌ߢߪޔ߹ߕቇ↢ߦࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩ᭴ᗐࠍ 2 ࡍࠫ㧔╙৻Ⓜ㧕ߦ߹ߣߐ ߖޔቇᦼߩ᛬ࠅߒᤨὐߢ╙ੑⓂޔቇᦼᧃߦᦨ⚳Ⓜࠍឭߐߖߡࠆޕ
ࡆࠬߩࡌ࡞ޠޔ ޟߥߚߣߞߡᦸ߹ߒ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩࡌ࡞ޠޔߘߒߡ ޟߥߚ߇ᕁ߁ታ㓙ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩࡌ࡞ޠߦߟߡ⹏ଔߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ᳞
ߡߚޕߎߩ⺞ᩏߩ⾰ᒻᑼߪᭂߡࠊ߆ࠅߠࠄߊޔ࿁╵⠪ߩ⥝ࠍߋ ࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߣߐ߃⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߐࠄߦߎࠇࠄߩ⾰ߪޔ⑳ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚↪ߩ
㛎ࠍㆡಾߦᤋߒ߁ࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߚޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐߦߪ ଔ୯߇ߥߛࠈ߁ߣᕁߞߚߩߢࠆ
10)ޕߒ߆ߒหᤨߦޔߎߩ⾰⚕ߪࠨ
࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩ⦟ߒᖡߒࠍቇ↢ߦᢎ߃ࠆߢ߭ߣߟߩᢎ᧚ߦߥࠆߩߢߪߥ
߆ߣ⠨߃ޔߎࠇࠍᬺ⺖㗴ߦ⚵ߺㄟߎߣߦߒߚޕ
ߎߎߢߩ⺖㗴ߪޔ ޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾰ޠࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍ⸳⸘ߔࠆߎߣߢ
ࠆޕߎߩ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑߩࡔ࠶࠻ߪޔᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ৻⥸⊛ߥࠨ࠴ࠢ
ࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߣᄢ߈ߊ߆ߌ㔌ࠇߡࠆߚߦޔቇ↢߇ᴦቇߩℂ⺰⊛㗴ߥߤ ߦ߹ߤࠊߐࠇߕ⚐☴ߦࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߛߌࠍ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߢ
ࠆޕ߹ߚޔߎߩ࠹ࡑߢࠇ߫వⴕ⎇ⓥߩ⺞ᩏߦᤨ㑆ࠍ⾌߿ߔᔅⷐ߇ߥߊޔ ࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥฦ⥄ߩቇ⺰ᢥߦะߌߚࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߦࠃࠅᄙߊߩᤨ㑆ࠍ
ഀߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ
10) ታ㓙ߦ⑳ߪࠨࡌࠗࠍታᣉߒߚᜂᒰ⠪ߦࡔ࡞ࠍㅍࠅޔߎߩᣦࠍવ߃ߚޕ
2
ർ☨⎇ⓥ࿑ᦠ㙚දળARL
ߦࠃࠆࠨࡌࠗࠨࡦࡊ࡞⾰ ⸵ኈߢ߈ࠆᦨૐ㒢ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨ
ࡆࠬࡌ࡞ ᦸ߹ߒ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬࡌ࡞ ታ㓙ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬࡌ࡞
࿑ᦠ㙚⡯ຬߪ↪⠪ߦ⥄
ାࠍᜬߚߖߡߊࠇࠆ ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ᒰߥߒ ٤
⥄ቛ߿ࠝࡈࠖࠬ߆ࠄ࿑ᦠ 㙚ߩ㔚ሶ⊛ᖱႎ⾗ᢱ߳ࠕࠢ
ࠬߢ߈ࠆ
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ᒰߥߒ ٤
࿑ᦠ㙚ࠬࡍࠬߪീᒝ߿
ቇ⠌߳ߩᗧ᰼ࠍ㜞ߡߊࠇࠆ ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ૐ 㜞 ٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤٤
ᒰߥߒ ٤
ࠢࠬߩੱᢙߦࠃߞߡޔߎߩ⺖㗴ߪੱߢⴕߞߡ߽ࠃߒޔࠣ࡞ࡊߢⴕ ߞߡ߽ࠃޕࠢࠬోߢߎࠇࠄਃߟߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ဋ╬ߦ㈩ಽߐࠇࠆߩߢ
ࠇ߫ޔᢎຬ߇ฦቇ↢߹ߚߪࠣ࡞ࡊߦ․ቯߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᜰቯߒߡ߽
ߒޔቇ↢ߦㆬ߫ߖߡ߽߆߹ࠊߥޕߎߎߢ⑳߇ㆊߦⴕߞߚߎߩ⺖㗴ߩታ〣 ႎ๔ࠍߒߡߺߚޕߎߩࠢࠬߦߪ 12 ੱߩቇ↢߇ߚߚߦޔ߹ߕࠢࠬࠍ 6 ੱߕߟߩੑߟߩࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽߌޔߐࠄߦฦࠣ࡞ࡊߢਃߟߩࡍࠕࠍࠄߖޔ ฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦࡍࠕࠍ߭ߣߟߕߟᝄࠅಽߌߚޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔࠢࠬోߢߪ ฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦੑߟߩࡍࠕ߇ᒰߚࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ⎇ⓥᚻᴺߩㆬᛯߣࡄ࠻࠽
ߩㆬᛯߪࠆ⒟ᐲቇ↢ߦછߖߚޕߘߒߡቇ↢ߦߪએਅߩ᭽ߥᜰ␜ࠍਈ߃ߚޕ
ߘࠇߙࠇߩࡍࠕߪޔฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᧄ⾰߆ࠄᄢ߈ߊㅺ⣕ߒ ߥ㒢ࠅޔ⥄↱ߦ⎇ⓥᚻᴺࠍㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔቯ㊂ ⴕേ⺰⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢࠇ߫⾰⚕⺞ᩏޔ⋥ធⷰኤޔ߽ߒ ߊߪ੍▚ᦠߩಽᨆߥߤ߇߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒޔߤߩࠃ߁ ߥᚻᴺࠍ߁ߦߖࠃޔޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾰ޠߦ㑐ߔࠆ
ߦㆡಾߦ╵߃ࠄࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕᲧセࠕࡊࡠ
࠴ߢࠇ߫ޔⷰኤޔࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘޔ߽ߒߊߪ⾗ᢱಽᨆ߇⠨
߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔ߿ߪࠅ⇐ᗧߔࠆὐߪޔ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩᲧセߦࠃߞߡ ޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩ⾰ޠߦߟߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ߇ዉ߈ߖࠆ߆ߣ
߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍㆬࠎߛࡍࠕߪޔෳਈ
ⷰኤޔࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘޔ⾗ᢱಽᨆߥߤࠍ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇ޔ ߎߎߢߪ↪⠪ߦߣߞߡޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾰ޠߣߪࠍ ᗧߒߡࠆߩ߆ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ
ቢᚑߒߚࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߪᦨ⚳⊛ߦᬺߢญ㗡⊒ߐࠇࠆޕߘߎߦ߅
セߒߥ߇ࠄฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᒝߺߣᒙߺࠍቇ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕߐࠄߦޔቇ↢ߚ ߜߩࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߣߘࠇߦኻߔࠆᢎຬߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪ WebCT ߦឝ␜ߒ ߡࠆߩߢޔߐࠄߦᷓᲧセ⠨ኤߣ⹏ଔ߇น⢻ߢࠆ
ާ⸶ᵈ6ިޕ
ߢߪቇ↢ߚߜߪౕ⊛ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥࠍ⸳⸘ߒߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ߹ߕޔᲧ セᴦࠍኾߔࠆቇ↢ߪᲧセᚻᴺࠍㆬᛯߒޔᣣᧄޔਛ࿖ޔ࠼ࠗ࠷ޔࠕࡔ
ࠞߣ߁⇣ߥࠆ⢛᥊ߦ߅ߡ࿑ᦠ㙚ߣ߁߽ߩ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦࠄࠇߡࠆ ߩ߆ࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᢥൻ⊛ޔᱧผ⊛ޔ⸒⺆⊛ߥᏅ⇣߇࿑ᦠ㙚ߩ⾰
ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹏ଔߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⠨ኤߒߚޕᓐࠄߪᲧセᴦߩ
ᬺߢߔߢߦቇࠎߢߚᣇᴺ⺰߿ޔߎߩᬺߢቇࠎߛ⍮⼂ࠍ↢߆ߒޔㆬ
ᛯޔනห⾰ᕈޔߘߒߡ⠨߃߁ࠆ࿃ᨐ⊛ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߩ⺑ߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎ߡ
ߚޕቯ㊂ⴕേ⺰⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍㆬࠎߛቇ↢ߪޔ೨ㅀߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡌࠗߩ㗴 ὐࠍᗧ⼂ߒߡޔࠃࠅା㗬ᕈߩ㜞⚿ᨐࠍዉߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥࠨࡌࠗࠍ
⠨᩺ߒߚޕߚߣ߃߫ޔ⾰⚕⺞ᩏߩၮᧄߢࠆࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߩઍᕈࠍ⏕ߔࠆ ߚޔࠨࡦࡊࡦࠣߩᣇᴺߦᄙᄢߥᵈᗧࠍᛄߞߡߚޕࠆࡍࠕߩ႐วޔ߹
ߕ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩ↪⁁ᴫࠍ↪⠪ߩ⋡ߦઃ߆ߥᒻߢ᷹ቯߒޔߎࠇߦၮߠߡᦨ ㄭߩ࿑ᦠ㙚↪⠪ࠍኻ⽎ߦࠨࡌࠗߔࠆߣ߁ੑᲑ㓏ߩ᷹ቯ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ ߢޔ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩࠨࡆࠬ⁁ᴫࠍ↪⠪ߩ㛎ߣߔࠅวࠊߖࠃ߁ߣ߁⎇ⓥ⸳⸘
ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
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⸳⸘ߒߚޕࠆቇ↢ࡍࠕߪޔޟࠬ࠻࠹ࡦࠣޠߣ߁⎇ⓥᚻᴺࠍߞ ߡޔ↪⠪ߩ⺆ࠅ߆ࠄ࿑ᦠ㙚↪ߦ߅ߌࠆౕ⊛㛎ࠍᒁ߈ߘ߁ߣߒߚޕ
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ߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚᬺᡰេ߅ࠃ߮ᬺ▤ℂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢࠅޔർ☨ߩᄢቇߢߪᐢߊ↪
ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߩ⸒⪲ߢℂ⸃ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚޕ߽߁৻ᣇߩࡍࠕߪޔ߹ߕ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᣇ ᴺ⺰⊛․ᓽ㧔࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᨵエᕈޔ⢛᥊߿ᴦ⊛ᮭജߦኻߔࠆᗵᐲޔߘߒߡ⎇
ⓥ⠪ߩౣᏫᕈ㧕ߦߟߡ⼏⺰ࠍߒޔᒰೋߩࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߦᄌᦝࠍ ട߃ߚޕ߽ߒߊߪࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦࠍᒛߒߚߣ⸒ߞߚ߶߁߇ᱜ⏕߆
߽ߒࠇߥޕߟ߹ࠅޔ ޟ⾰ߩ㜞࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߣߪ߆ޠߣ߁⽎⊛ߥ
ࠍ┙ߡࠆઍࠊࠅߦޔᓐࠄߪޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾰ࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆߩߪ⺕߆ޠߣ
߁ࠍ┙ߡߚߩߢࠆޕߘߒߡߎߩࠃ߁ߥࠍ┙ߡߚ႐วޔ⎇ⓥኻ⽎
ߩᴦ⊛㕙߇ࠃࠅᒝߊᶋ߆߮߇ߞߡߊࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔᓐࠄߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ ߦߪ࿑ᦠ㙚↪⠪ߛߌߢߪߥߊ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߩੱޘ̆̆࿑ᦠ 㙚ߣ߁㓏ጀ⊛⚵❱ߩߦ⟎ߔࠆ▤ℂ⡯ߣਅߦ⟎ߔࠆมᦠ߽̆̆⎇
ⓥኻ⽎ߦ߹ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥ߇߽ߚࠄߔ⚿ᨐߪޔઁߩੑ
ߟߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇߽ߚࠄߔ⚿ᨐߣߪᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߎߩ⎇ⓥߪޔ▤ℂ
⡯߇ቭ⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬࠍะߐߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ㓙ߦᔅⷐߣߔࠆ․
ቯߩⷐ࿃ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔޘߩᢥ⣂ߦᩮߑߒߚࠨࡆࠬߩឭଏ
⠪ߣฃ⋉⠪ߣߩ㑆ߦࠆޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾰ޠߦ㑐ࠊࠆวᗧ߿ኻ┙ޔ߹ߚ ߪᗧߩ⋧㆑ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆޕߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߪޔᗧਅ㆐ߩᗧᕁቯ ߣߪ⇣ߥߞߚޔࠃࠅᄙߊߩ࿑ᦠ㙚⡯ຬ߇ߘߩ⚵❱ߦ߅ߌࠆ߿⡯⢻⊛ኾ㐷 ᕈߦ㑐ࠊࠅߥߊޟ⦟࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬޠࠍ⠨᩺ߔࠆㆊ⒟ߦෳടߔࠆߎߣߦߟ ߥ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߘࠇߪޔ⇣ߥࠆࠨࡆࠬߦᓥߔࠆ⡯ຬห჻ߩℂ⸃ࠍᷓࠆ ߚߩ৻ഥߣߥࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠬ߅ࠃ
߮⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߩᛒᣇߪޔઁߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߣߪ㆑ߞߚᴦ⊛ᗧࠍᜬߟߩߢ
ࠆޕ
ญ㗡⊒ߩᓟߩ⸛⺰ߢߪޔฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴㑆ߦሽߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥ㆑ߦ㑐ߒߡ ᵴ⊒ߥ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇߚޕ⼏⺰ࠍㅢߓߡቇ↢߇⊒ߒߚߎߣߪޔ⎇ⓥߣߪ߆ޔ
⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߣߪ߆ߣ߁ὐߦ㑐ߔࠆࠊࠇࠊࠇߩℂ⸃߇ޔߩ┙ߡᣇޔߘ
ߦ⚿߮ߟߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ⎇ⓥߦ㑐ߔࠆ᭽ޘߥⷐ⚛߇⋧ߦᓇ㗀 ߒߞߡࠆߎߣࠍቇ↢ߦ⸒⪲ߢᢎ߃ࠆߎߣ߽ᄢಾߢࠆ߇ޔ⺖㗴ࠍㅢߓߡ ᓐࠄߦታ㓙ߦ㛎ߐߖࠆߎߣߩ߶߁߇ࠃࠅᄢ߈ߥᗧࠍᜬߟߛࠈ߁ޕࠕࡊࡠ
࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡔࡦ࠻ߢߪޔቇ↢ߪ⥄ಽߢ⸳⸘ߒߚ⎇ⓥࠍઁߩቇ↢ߩ⎇ⓥߣᲧ セߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕญ㗡⊒ߢቇ↢ࡍࠕ߇␜ߒߚߩߪޔߘࠇߙࠇ߇ㆬᛯߒ ߚࠕࡊࡠ࠴߆ࠄߪߘࠇߦ․ߩᵢኤ߇ᒁ߈ߐࠇࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߎ ߁ߒߚᬺࠍㅢߓߡޔቇ↢ߪ․ቯߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴̆̆ߚߣ߃ߘࠇ߇⥄ಽߩᅢ
ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߣߒߡ߽̆̆߇ࠊࠇࠆℂ↱ࠍℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ
5
ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ߦะߌߡ̆̆⸃㉼⊛⑼ቇߩᛚߣᱜᒰᕈ̆̆ߎ߁ߒߚᣇᴺ⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆᬺࠍጁୃߔࠆߎߣߢޔቇ↢ߪ⸃㉼⊛⎇ⓥߩ․ᓽ ࠍᛠីߒޔቯ㊂⊛߅ࠃ߮ቯᕈ⊛⎇ⓥߣߩ㆑ࠍ⼂ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߪߕߢ
ࠆޕ߹ߚޔߎࠇࠄߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴․ߩ⋡⊛ࠍᲧセߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔߘࠇ ߙࠇ߇߽ߚࠄߔᵢኤࠍᱜᒰߦ⹏ଔߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ⻠⟵⸘↹ߩᎿᄦߣࠕࡊ ࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡔࡦ࠻ߦࠃߞߡޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᴦቇ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆᱜ ᒰߥᚻᴺߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡᢎ߃ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆޕߘߒߡᦨᓟߦޔࠨ࠴
ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦߩ⸳ቯ߿ࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩ㓙ߦ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍㆬᛯߔ ࠆቇ↢߽ߡߊࠆߎߣߢࠈ߁ޕ
ޣ⸃⺑ޤ
ᧄ⺰ᢥߢࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ߇ਥ㗴ߣߒߚߩߪޔᄢቇ㒮ࠞࠠࡘࡓߢ⸃㉼
ਥ⟵ࠍᢎ߃ࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߇⋥㕙ߔࠆޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡߩޟᛚޠ
ߣޟᱜᒰᕈޠߩ㗴ߢࠆޕᓐᅚ߇ᧄᢥߢ⸅ࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ 1950 60 ᐕઍ
ߦⴕേ⺰ਥ⟵߇☨࿖ᴦቇࠍᏨᝬߒߡએ㒠ޔ☨࿖ᴦቇ⇇ߢߪ㐳ࠄߊታ⸽ਥ
⟵ߦଐߒߚᄌᢙਥዉဳࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ޟ໑৻ߩޠᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡߩࠍ⏕┙
ߒߡ߈ߚ߇ޔߎߩⷓᮭ⊛ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߣߒߡߩታ⸽ਥ⟵ߩࠍᡰ߃ޔౣ↢↥
ߒߡ߈ߚߩ߇ᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߢࠆ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2005 㧕ޕᄢቇ㒮ߪ⎇ⓥ⡯ࠍ⋡
ᜰߔቇ↢߇ቇ⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆⷙ▸ࠍቇ߱႐ᚲߢࠅޔߦࠞࠠࡘࡓߩਛߢᄌ ᢙਥዉဳࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ᦨ߽ᦸ߹ߒ⎇ⓥᣇᴺߣߒߡᛒࠊࠇࠆߎߣߪޔߘ߁ߒ ߚ⼂ࠍᜬߟ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣࠍᗧߔࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔᄢቇ㒮ࠞࠠࡘ
ࡓࠍㅢߒߡቇ↢߇ᄌᢙਥዉဳࠕࡊࡠ࠴એᄖߩᣇᴺ⺰ࠍቇ߱ߎߣޔ߹ߚᓐ ࠄ߇ߘࠇࠍ↪ࠃ߁ߣߒߚ႐วߦޔߘߩᢿ߇ᢎ㒯߆ࠄޔߐࠄߦߪቇ⇇ో
ߦ߅ߡℂߦ߆ߥߞߚ߽ߩߣߒߡฃߌࠇࠄࠇࠆߎߣߪޔ⸃㉼ਥ⟵߽ߒ ߊߪᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ⸒߃߫ᩮᧄ⊛ߥ㗴ߥߩߢࠆޕ
ࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞㆇേએ㒠ޔ☨࿖ᴦቇ⇇ߢߪᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ ჿࠍ⢛᥊ߦᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߩࠅᣇ߇⋥ߐࠇᆎߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔᄢቇ㒮ࠞ
ࠠࡘࡓߩ⋡⊛ࠍޟ৻ੱ೨ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߥࠆߚߦᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂ࠍᦨ⍴ߩᤨ㑆 ߢᄢቇ㒮↢ߦല₸ࠃߊਈ߃ࠆߎߣޠߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫ޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߣหߓߊ
․㓸ޟ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺࠍߤ߁ᢎ߃ࠆ߆ޠߦነⓂߒߚ R.ࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢ߇ㅀߴࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ
ࠍᢎ߃ࠍᢎ߃ߥ߆ߣ߁ޟขᝥㆬᛯޠߩ㗴ߪޟㆱߌࠄࠇߥޠ 㧔 Adcock,
2009, p. 3 㧕ޕታ㓙ߦޔ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍᛒ߁ᢎ߇⋥㕙ߔࠆ࿎㔍ߪ╙৻ߦ⸃㉼⊛ᚻᴺ
ࠍᢎ߃ࠆࠍࠞࠠࡘࡓߩਛߦߟߌߔߎߣߢࠅޔᄙߊߪࠨ
࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩࠃ߁ߥ✚ว⊛ߦᣇᴺ⺰ࠍᢎ߃ࠆᬺߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍ
⚵ߺㄟߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2009a 㧕ޕ
ߎߩ㗴ߪޔනߦᄌᢙਥዉဳࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦኻߒߡ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇ߤߩ
⒟ᐲࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇࠆ߆ޔߣ߁㊂ߩ㗴ߦ⇐߹ࠄߥޕࠕ࠼ࠦ
࠶ࠢ߇ႎ๔ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔቇ↢߇⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦ⸅ࠇࠆߎߣ߇ޔᔅߕߒ߽
⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦኻߔࠆ⢐ቯ⊛ߥᔕࠍ↢ߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ߆ࠄߢࠆ
㧔 Adcock, 2009 㧕ޕࠁ߃ߦޔ㒢ࠄࠇߚᤨ㑆ߩਛߢޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߦ߅ߌࠆ
ࠆޕߎߎߢߪޔߎߩ㗴ߦ⇣ߥࠆᣇะ߆ࠄขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢߣࠪࡘ ࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚࠍᲧセߒޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߩ⺰ὐࠍᶋ߈ᓂࠅߦߒࠃ߁ޕ
⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦߩᬺߦ⚵ߺㄟߢࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢ
߇㊀ⷞߒߚߩߪޔ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ߩߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㕙ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠇ߫ޔቇ↢߇ߘࠇࠍᱜ ᒰߥᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡฃኈߒ߿ߔ߆ޔߣ߁ὐߢࠆ㧔 Adcock, 2009 㧕ޕࠕ࠼ࠦ
࠶ࠢ߇ೋᦼߩᬺߢ↪ߡߚ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ߩᢥ₂ߪޔ㧔1㧕ሽ⺰⼂⺰⊛
㕙߆ࠄ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ߽ߩޔ㧔2㧕ޟ␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆޡ⺑ޢߣߪ߆ޠ ߣ߁㗴ߦขࠅ⚵߽ߩޔ㧔3㧕␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆౣᏫᕈߩ㗴ߦขࠅ⚵
߽ߩޔ㧔4㧕ࡈࠖ࡞࠼ࡢࠢࠍㅢߓߚ࠺࠲㓸ߦὶὐࠍߡࠆ߽ߩޔߦ
ಽߐࠇࠆޕߤࠇ߽⸃㉼ਥ⟵ߩ㊀ⷐߥ㕙ߢࠆߎߣߦᄌࠊࠅߪߥ߇ޔࠕ࠼
ࠦ࠶ࠢߪ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍࠃࠅቇ↢ߦฃߌࠇ߿ߔ߽ߩߦߔࠆߣ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄޔ
ࠪࡃࠬࠍᡷቯߔࠆ㓙ޔቇ↢߇ߨ⢐ቯ⊛ߥᔕࠍߖߚ㧔2㧕ߣ㧔4㧕ߦߐ ࠄߦὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆߎߣߦߒߚޕߘߩ৻ᣇޔ㧔1㧕ߣ㧔3㧕ߦኻߔࠆቇ↢ߩᔕ ߪ⦟ߣߪ⸒߃ߕޔᤨߦุቯ⊛ߢߐ߃ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔᓐߪਔ⠪ࠍᬺ߆ࠄ ᄖߔߎߣߦߒߚߩߢࠆޕࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢߦࠃࠇ߫ޔࠨ࠴࠺ࠩࠗࡦࠍฃ⻠
ߔࠆᲑ㓏ߦࠆඳ჻⺖⒟ߩቇ↢ߦߣߞߡߪޔᓐࠄ߇ࠦࠬࡢࠢࠍㅢߒߡቇ
߮ᘠࠇⷫߒࠎߢ߈ߚޟᴦ⑼ቇޠߩࠗࡔࠫߦㄭߒ߽ߩ߶ߤℂ⸃ߒ߿ߔߊޔ ฃኈߒ߿ߔޕߒߚ߇ߞߡࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢߪޔޟ⺑ޠᔨߩℂ⸃߿ޔࡈࠖ࡞࠼
ࡢࠢߦ߅ߌࠆࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘߣߞߚޔታ⸽ਥ⟵⸃㉼ਥ⟵ᣇߦㅢߔࠆ
㗴ࠍߔߎߣߢޔቇ↢ߪ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍฃߌࠇ߿ߔߊߥࠆߣਥᒛߔࠆޕ
ઁᣇޔᧄᢥߢ⚫ߐࠇߚࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߩޟࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡦࡔࡦ
࠻ޠߩਥ⌒ߪޔฦᣇᴺ⺰ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᩭߣߥࠆᕈޔ․ߦᒝߺࠍ㓙┙ߚߖࠆ ߎߣߦࠆ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2009b 㧕ޕหߓ㗴ߦ⇣ߥࠆᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ↪ߡขࠅ⚵
߹ߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔቇ↢ߪฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇㗴ߩߤ߁ߞߚ㕙ߦὶὐࠍ
ᒰߡޔ⇼ࠍ๒ߒޔ⸃╵ࠍᓧࠆ߆⼂ߔࠆߩߢࠆޕ ޟ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬߩะޠ
ߣ߁㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ߦߒߡ߽ޔቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍណࠆ⠪ߪⶄᢙߩ࿑ᦠ㙚
ߦㅢߔࠆ㗴ߩේ࿃ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ߇ޔ⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍណࠆ
⠪ߪޔ࿑ᦠ㙚ຬ߿↪⠪ߦߣߞߡޟࠃ࿑ᦠ㙚ࠨࡆࠬޠߣߪߘ߽ߘ߽ࠍ ᗧߔࠆ߆ޔߣ߁㗴ࠍ⋥ߔ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ
ਔ⠪ߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ߅ߘࠄߊࠕ࠼ࠦ࠶ࠢߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪ⸃㉼
ਥ⟵ࠍޟฃኈߔࠆޠቇ↢ߩᢙࠍჇ߿ߔߣ߁⋡⊛ߦ߅ߡലᨐ⊛ߦߊߩߦ ኻߒޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪޔ ޟ⥄ಽ߇⥝ࠍᜬߟታ⊛㗴ߩ৻
㕙ߪߤߩᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣߢࠃࠅലᨐ⊛ߦឬ߈ߐࠇࠆߩ߆ޠߣ߁
㗴ࠍቇ↢ߦ⠨߃ߐߖޔߘߩᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߒߡታ㓙ߦߞߡߎ߁ߣᕁࠊ ߖࠆߣ߁ὐߢലᨐ⊛ߣ⸒߃ࠆޕࠁ߃ߦޔᓐᅚߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢߪޔߚߣ߃߫ޔ
ࠆᴦ⽎߇ࠕࠢ࠲ߦኻߒߡᜬߟᗧߦታ⊛㑐ᔃࠍࠃߖࠆቇ↢ߪ⸃㉼
ਥ⟵ߩน⢻ᕈߦᗖ߆ࠇࠆߢࠈ߁ߒޔߘߩᴦ⽎ߩ᥉ㆉ⊛ߥේ࿃ߦࠃࠅ㑐 ᔃ߇ࠇ߫ቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߢࠈ߁ޕ
⸃㉼ਥ⟵ߩᱜᒰᕈߣ߁㗴ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ႐วޔ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍޟฃኈޠߔࠆቇ↢
ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ߽ޔ⸃㉼ਥ⟵ࠍ⎇ⓥߦ↪ࠆቇ↢ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ߽╬ߒߊ㊀ⷐߢ
ࠅޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ߇೨⠪ߩ⋡⊛ࠍシⷞߒߡࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕߒ߆ߒޔ ߘߩߢᓐᅚ߇ฦࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆߎߣࠍఝవߐߖࠆߩߪޔ⸃㉼
ਥ⟵ࠍනߦޟฃኈޠߔࠆߛߌߢߥߊޔታ㓙ߦ⥄ࠄߩࠨ࠴ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦ ߦኻߒߡㆡಾߛߣ⠨߃ޔㆬᛯߔࠆቇ↢߇ߡ߶ߒޔߣᦸ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ
ࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ߇ߎ߁ߒߚࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍណࠆືቇ⊛⢛᥊ߦߪޔᧄᢥߢ߽
⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡࠆ␠ળ⑼ቇߩޟ᳓ᐔ⊛ㅴᱠޠߣ߁ᔨ߇ࠆ㧔ޟ᳓ᐔ⊛ㅴᱠޠ ߦߟߡߪ⸶ᵈ 3 ࠍෳᾖ㧕ޕ㧶. ࠼ࠗ࠶ࠢ߇ਥᒛߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ␠ળ⊛⢛᥊ ߩᄌൻߦߞߡࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩ⋉ᕈ߇ᄌࠊࠆߩߢࠇ߫ޔ⛔⊛ⷓᮭ⊛ߥ ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩሽࠃࠅ߽ޔߒࠈᄙ᭽ᕈߎߘ߇␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߡ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ ߴ߈߽ߩߣߥࠆޕߛ߆ࠄߎߘޔℂ⺰⊛ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ߥᄙరᕈ߇ᔅⷐߥߩߛߣޔ
ࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪਥᒛߔࠆߩߢࠆޕ
߁⹏ଔߔࠆߴ߈߆ߣ߁㗴ߦߟߥ߇ߞߡߊޕࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪᧄᢥߢޔ
․ቯߩᣇᴺ⺰ߦၮߠߊ⎇ⓥߪߘߩᣇᴺ⺰ߦ߅ߌࠆၮḰߦࠃߞߡ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߴ ߈ߛߣㅀߴߡࠆ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2006 㧕߇ޔߘߩ⢛ᓟߦߪࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߩޟ
⚂ਇน⢻ᕈ㧔 incommensurability 㧕ޠߣ߁㗴߇ࠆޕታ⸽ਥ⟵ߦ߅ߡߪޔ
⍮⼂ߪታ⇇ࠍᤋߔࠆ㏜ߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ⑼ቇ⊛ᚻᴺࠍ↪ࠆߎߣ ߢ⼂ߦ߅ߌࠆࡃࠗࠕࠬߪขࠅ㒰߆ࠇޔታߦߟߡቴⷰ⊛⍮⼂ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆޕࠁ߃ߦޔℂ⺰ߩ⦟ߒᖡߒߪޔߘߩታߦኻߒߡቴⷰ⊛ߦᬌ⸽
ߐࠇࠆߩߢࠆޕ৻ᣇޔߩ⑼ቇືቇߢਥᵹߣߥߞߡࠆ㆙ㄭᴺਥ⟵
㧔 perspectivism 㧕ߣ߫ࠇࠆ⠨߃ᣇߦ߅ߡߪޔ⼂߿⠨߃ᣇߣߞߚ߽ߩ
ߪ․ቯߩᔨ♽㧔 conceptual scheme 㧕߽ߒߊߪࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩਛߢᒻᚑߐࠇ
ࠆ㧔 Fay, 1996, pp.72-76 㧕ޕ⹏ଔߩၮḰ⥄߇ߎߩᔨ♽ߦౝߔࠆ߽ߩߢ
ࠅޔߒߚ߇ߞߡᔨ♽㑆ߩ⋧ኻ⊛ଔ୯ࠍࠄ߆ߩㅢၮḰࠍᜬߞߡ⹏ଔߔ ࠆߎߣߪਇน⢻ߣߥࠆޕ⚂ਇน⢻ᕈߣߪߎߩㅢၮḰߩᰳᅤߢࠅޔᭂ┵
ߥᒻޔߚߣ߃߫㨀㧚ࠢࡦ߇ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߩ⚂ਇน⢻ᕈߦߟߡㅀߴࠆࠃ ߁ߥ႐วߢߪޔᔨ♽㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᔨ↪⺆ߩㅢ⸶ߪਇน⢻ߛߣਥᒛߐࠇ ࠆ㧔 Fay, 1996, ╙ 4 ┨㧕ޕ
߽ߞߣ߽ޔߘߩࠃ߁ߦᭂ┵ߥ⚂ਇน⢻ᕈߣ߁ߩߪޔ␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߡ ߪ⠨߃ߦߊޕၮᧄ⊛ߦ⥄ὼ⑼ቇࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎ߡߚࠢࡦߪޔᦨ⚳⊛ߦ
ࠆࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ߇ߩࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߦ⒖ࠅᄌࠊࠆߣ߁ᗧߢࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߩ┹
ߣ⚂ਇน⢻ᕈߦߟߡㅀߴߡࠆ߇ޔ⼂⺰⊛ℂ⺰⊛ᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙర ᕈࠍ․ᓽߣߔࠆ␠ળ⑼ቇߦ߅ߡߪޔࡄ࠳ࠗࡓห჻ߪࠢࡦߩ⸒߁ࠃ߁ߥ ᗧߩ┹㑐ଥߦࠆߣߪ⸒㔍ߊޔߘߩ㑆ߦߪ৻ቯ⒟ᐲߩ⚂น⢻ᕈ߇ሽ
ߔࠆߩߢࠆ
11)ޕ߃߫ޔᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙరਥ⟵ࠍᗐቯߔࠆߩߢࠇ߫ޔࠆ
11) ߐࠄߦ⸒߃߫ޔ㧮㧚ࡈࠚࠗ㧔Fay, 1996㧕߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔࠢࡦ߇ᗐቯߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ┹
㑐ଥߦࠆࡄ࠳ࠗࡓห჻ߪޔ⚿ዪߩߣߎࠈหߓ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ࠍߒޔචಽߦᗧᕁ⇹ㅢ߇
ᣇᴺ⺰ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ߇ઁߩᣇᴺ⺰ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߣห᭽ߦᱜᒰߢࠆߚߦߪޔࡄ
࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߦࠆ⒟ᐲㅢߔࠆଔ୯߿⎇ⓥᚻ㗅ߥߤ߇ሽߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ
12)ޕ ߒ߆ߒ৻ᣇߢޔ⇣ߥࠆࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߦߪޔߘࠇ߇⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߢࠅ⋧ኈࠇ ߥ೨ឭߦ┙ߟએޔ৻ቯ⒟ᐲߩ⚂ਇน⢻ᕈ߇ሽߔࠆޕࠆࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ ߦ߅ߌࠆ⹏ଔၮḰߪޔઁߩࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߢߪ㊀ⷐߣߐࠇࠆ㗴⸳ቯࠍ⍵ዊൻߒ ߡߒ߹߁น⢻ᕈ߇ࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓߣวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߩ㑐ଥߦ 㑐ߔࠆ⺰ᢥ㧔 Schwartz-Shea, 2002 㧕ߢࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚ߇⺰ߓߡࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ ࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓℂ⺰ߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥޟૐߦ߅߆ࠇ⛯ߌߡࠆੱޘ㧔ߎߎ ߢߪᅚᕈ㧕߇ߘߩߦ߅߆ࠇࠆߎߣࠍᅷᒰߥ߽ߩߣߒߡฃኈߔࠆޠߣ߁ ᔃℂ⊛㗴߇ޔวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߦ߅ߡߪනߦޟ㕖วℂ⊛ⴕേޠߣߒߡ⍵ዊ ൻߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ޕ߹ߚޔࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓℂ⺰ࠍ⚵ߺㄟߴߊวℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ࠍ ᄌൻߐߖࠆߣ߁ߎߣߪޔᣇᴺ⺰⊛ੱਥ⟵߿Ꮖ⊛ߦⴕേߔࠆੱߣ߁ ೨ឭࠍ⋥ߔߎߣߢࠅޔߘࠇߪ߽ߪ߿วℂ⊛ㆬᛯℂ⺰ߣߪ⸒߃ߥߛࠈ ߁ޕߛ߆ࠄߎߘޔࠆࡄ࠳ࠗࡓౝߢⴕࠊࠇߚ⎇ⓥߪߘߩࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߦ߅ߌ ࠆၮḰߦࠃߞߡ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪਥᒛߔࠆߩߢࠆޕ
߅ߘࠄߊޔߎߩᣇᴺ⺰ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߣ⹏ଔၮḰߩ㗴ߎߘ߇ޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷
ࠪࠚ߇ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠕࠨࠗࡦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍㅢߒߡቇ↢ߦቇࠎߢ߶ߒߎߣߢࠈ ߁ޕቯ㊂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߿⸃㉼⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߣߞߚ⇣ߥࠆᣇᴺ⺰ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓ ߪޔࠆ㗴ߦ㆑߁ᣇะ߆ࠄశࠍᒰߡߡ㗴ࠍ⸳ቯߒޔ⸃╵ߔࠆޕߘࠇࠍ৻
ߟߩࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩ⹏ଔၮḰߩߺࠍ↪ߡ⹏ଔߔࠇ߫ޔߩࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߦၮߠ ߊ⎇ⓥߪߟ߹ࠄߥ߽ߩߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁߆߽ߒࠇߥޕߒ߆ߒޔᣇᴺ⺰⊛ᄙ
࿑ࠇߥߌࠇ߫ᚑ┙ߒߥޕޟߥࠎߛ߆ߐߞ߬ࠅࠊ߆ࠄߥޠ⋧ᚻߣߪޔ┹ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ਇ น⢻ߣߥࠆޕ
12) ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦㅢߔࠆ߽ߣߒߡޔࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߪޔಽᔨ ߩ↪ޔ⸽߆ࠄߩផ⺰ޔ⺰ℂ┙ߡޔ⎇ⓥߩታⴕน⢻ᕈߩ㗴ߥߤࠍߣߒߡߍߡࠆ 㧔ࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ࠪࠚߣߩ⑳ା㧕ޕ
రਥ⟵ߦၮߠ߈ޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⹏ଔၮḰࠍࠇ߫ޔߘࠇࠄߪታߩ㗴ߦޔ
⇣ߥࠆߌࠇߤ߽╬ߒߊ㊀ⷐߥᵢኤࠍਈ߃ߡߊࠇࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷
ࠪࠚߩ⸒߁ޟᛚޠߣߪޔනߦ⥄ಽߣߪ㆑߁⎇ⓥᣇᴺ߇ሽߔࠆߎߣࠍ⼂
ߔࠆޔߣ߁ߎߣߢߥߊޟ⇣ߥࠆ⎇ⓥᣇᴺ߇หߓࠃ߁ߦଔ୯ࠍᜬߟޠߎߣࠍ
⼂ߔࠆޔߣ߁ᗧߢߩᛚߥߩߢࠈ߁ޕ
ᒁ↪ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ 㧨ᣣᧄ⺆ᢥ₂㧪
⬿↰ሶ㧔
2010
㧕ޟࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߌࠆᣇᴺ⺰ߩᣂዷ㐿̆̆ޡᴦቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃㉼⊛ᣇᴺ⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
NSF
ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊޢෳടႎ๔ޠޡᄢ᧲ᴺ⺰㓸ޢ19
ภޔ155-175
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