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(1)and Marx. Ben仙am. Daisuke. 1 ¶1e. 'justice'hasan. word. law. applicatioI1. 0f the. appropriate. distribution. a. with. certain. value. century. eighteenth ¶1e 比ought we. Bentham's. Secondly, Thirdly,. we. to. find. Negative Unlike. regarding. what. case. THE. deal, and. book. Utilitarianism systematic. had. This. a. classical laissezfairetheorywithout collectivist making.. be仕er. or. Kelly's to suⅣey. authoritarian claim. is. it丘rst.. so. justice. positive to. equal. often. represents. the. for political participation,. opportunities. justicehas. basically. judgement. on. commutative. regime deeply. Social. European tⅣ. been. to be. meant. distribution. of holdings･. in their. Justice. to. justice in. tradition him. s血ate. analysis. in the negative. his Critique. to. contribute. the. Bentham's. of the theory. of the ideologue. justicein. TRADITION. of. of. economic. justice.First,. justicetradition.. of early capitalist society.. (1875). Programme. ofGotha. of contemporary. understanding. pursuit. challenge. to the. positive. justice by. with. SOCIAL. SCIENCE. ends. with血e. of distributive. the western. much. refer to the concept. of. not. 1990:. had. a. of血e. that Bentham's. tradition. as. any. utilitarian theory. a. maximum idea. of the theory. moral of. of. that his distributive social well-. shares. justice,and that Bentham happiness. justicein. the丘rstfu11-length. presents. p.39),and. pursuit. discussion. P. J. Kelly, in his detailed. books.2). 'Bentham. that. interpretation. of the greatest. been. has. the Civil Law,. claiming. own. received theory. and. writings'(Kelly. of his. by his principle concerned. Bentham. Civil Law. did not. in his published. of]'ustice. of. in the. W ESTERN. there. principle,. fact, Bentham. Jeremy. theory. IN. Science happiness. the term. Justice:. any. distributive. representative. left to. justice.In. individual's is. a. of distributive. greatest. developed. was. p.66).. hand,. fair and. means. century.. the. of Bentham's. `reconcile[s】 an. being'(Kelly 1989:. other. however,. justice or. and. JUSTICE. about. Distributive. and. defence. new. clearly defined. distributive justice which. justicetried to. on. of. as. anything. in lⅣestern. of research. never. justiceusually. even. any. long-time. Bentham. NEGATIVE. Ben也am血ougbt. great. and. of the. Justice Tradition the. the. concern. subject here. to也e. has. Marx. AND. their. within也e. evaluates. beginning. BENTHAM. 2. imply. concept. idea of the principle. whether. at the. circumstances. On. ideas,. not. would. hand,. one. sometimes. of economic. the. society. related. Marx. MaI叉's. and. confine. examine. of fu山re. claims. analyse. the. society. is to. pick up how. we. in order. 2.1. idea. On. sense.. income. Smith. and. commercial. MaⅨ's. and. extract. Hume. Introduction. moral. justicethat. negative. of this paper. aim. wide. In the history. standard.. because. is mainly. or. bene五ts,. of goods,. justice,or. commutative This. legal. a. with. Arie. in its meaning.1). ambiguity. Justice★). on. much. tends. criterion. justicethat. with. to plan. a. in policyit would. be.

(2) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (454). 2. idea of justicehas been. The. 丘ve of Nicomachean and. Ethics. transactions. in. apportionment degree. a. of public. be. can. community.. for the distribution. of public. transactions. or. Aristotle. contracts.. 253-323).. or. Aristotle. with. this result. names. each. language. goods.. a. quantitative. for this. proportion retributive. for the. Justice,. of contribution. exchanged. for B. to be. to. in equal. usually. goods,. divided. should. in也e. Justice, have. which. context. The. distributive words,. the. In the. justice as possessing &. a. of. Man. Not. world. eighteenth. on. between. a. as. third. justice,. of different. kinds. of. exchange. ratio. of. social evaluation A is going. or. be. to. `geometrical. words,. proportion'in. be. Reid. of. whole. ediflCe. If it is removed,. as. 86). This. of the key. the great,. the immense. justice undoubtedly,. legal and. right',which. 1981:. 99). Smith. Hume. was. was. negative. not. law. moral. it more. clearly:. not. beginning being. as. a. the. society.. relegating. proprietyby. by law. In other. commanded. poor). was. removed. to the. 29134).. and. Reid. thought. treated. also be. to. in the Ordinary. societyvirtue. it was. justice in. is the main said, 'Justice.... fabric of human. wrote. absolute. Law,. of contract. the rich to the. Justice is employed. a. it. Lfairness'. of civil law by the. concepts. the role of commutative. between. civil society, which. is. an. proprietyor. of Roman. process. the principles. placed. like Hutcheson,. of society. He. commercial. sometimes. 'which. must has. in. commutative. composed. of people. affairs between. equality'(Haakonssen 1990: 138). Following this tradition, justice and also regarded justice not and commutative. the foundation. justice'.(Haakonssen. or. public. In addition,. concemed.. certain. outside of law (Hont and Ignatieff1983: thinkers. contracts. only formal. the accepting. one. ìmperfect. or. of. 1, 2).. asfundamental. said, `commutative. distributive. but. been. wrote. justice is appliedfor. agents. a. with. justice requires. 1990: Chs.. justicehas. of this theme,. in private. the individual. justice (i.e"propertytransferfrom. footing. virtue. 1976:. of. rule for property-based. rights;or, as. implied. category. Scottish. century,. like beneflCenCe,. atoms'(Smith. the. 'arithmetical. of. distributive. fair exchange. judgment. value. tried to distinguish. of them. that should. afundamental. considered. process. àrithmetical. justice, althoughAristotle himself. wor也of. commutative. already. Grotius. justiceto the. a. but also Pufendorf. law, which. that both. as. tradition, through. that had. only. subject of distributive. of the distinction. commutative. jurispmdence Justice. positive. 1959; Arie. (Baldwin. of positive was. attributive. equal. in private. makers'retribution. In other. commentaries. justice.4)While. the personal. while. community,. natural. system. thing or. both. of contribution.3). Aquinas's. is to be taken. justice implies. nlle. century.. of the moral. realm. a. but commutative. important. Thomas. of commutative. do with. to. nothing･. of man-made. of the seventeenth foundation. grade. operates. justice.Secondly,. justice.Consequently,. by the realizing. completed. and. the contrary,. on. that distributive. In the continental distributive. to be. or也e. qualitative. name. the. different. maker's. of distributive. of corrective. values. Magnus's. justiceinstead. by the authorityof. measure. case. wi也their proves. the. with. the. each. with. case. barter. instance,. For. a. introduces. the. as. such. required.. (a) distributive justice and (b) commutative. into. commutative. be noted. proportion'is flrStly in accordance. aswith. of Albertus. corrective. transactions,. transactions. he. Then. equivalent.. the. relation.. the time. or. retributive. geometrical. relation. commodity-to-commodity. been. and. of private. the communityas. value. man-to-man. Following. case. determined. in accordance. realised. proportion'in. of equivalent. practical. B is to be. the degree. prove. more. justice,. this. A and. commodities. exchange. the. an. or. value. proportion'as. justice with. ■. For. commodities.. the. means. which. ,. personal. justice,which. ). to which. according. different. `geometrical. in book. given. of justicefor distribution. the principle. is corrective. standard. originally. kinds. three. member's. s血ation. Second. common. shows. introduces. justice.¶1is justiceis. in accordance. made He. a. of the Aristotelian. manner. First is distributive. goods to. in the. (Aristotle1934:. community.. of contribution. standard. discussed. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). Smith a. kind. was. moment. traditionally. aware. of positive. pillar that upholds a. Man. crumble been. the into called.

(3) Ben也am. There. is,. whicb. is due. Mere. quotation. less. required. 1976:. exercised.. In this. this bourgeois. the Penal. implies. role of. main. more. a. be was. said that commutative confronted. a. wealth. Nations,. of. (Nozick 1979). For. Smith,. This. point. lost. a. society. normative. was. of view. doing. sitting still and. justice as. to negative. or. to. of to. was. facts. be. could. social rule, be. a. It was. character.5). are. Its legislation.. prevent. is. a. This. sanction.6). was. by. idea of the conflned. suitable. Bentham女)1lows. say that. word. activities undertaken. (IPML).. justice,which. knowledge.. common. key. certain. happiness. commutative. it is possible. above,. the following. activities for seeking. people's. proportional sense. would. commercial. commutative. almost. of his science. component. of legislationforBentham. to other. had. Justice. which. of justice by. modern. or. virtue,. neighbour. (Smith 1976: 82). Justice Tradition. lot to Smith's. purpose. a. gratitude.. our. with.. fundamental. a. of negative. hurting. of societybecame.. that. considered. state. of minimal. state. from. us. 3. approbation,. litde. of liberal individualism,. all the rules. oftenfu1fi1. minimum. good,. concept. all也e. it is entitled to very. only hinders. and. the. that account,. upon. typical expression. a. proper. that only. In this. society.. the. words,. harmful. commercial. function,. real positive. the Nozickean. Smith. as. might be legislationis almost that. people. or. phrase.. owed. Code. that the. Principle. in the Negative. who. to be. thought. sense,. no. negativevirtue,. In other. it would. position. a. "we. 82).. sense,. Bentham,. wrote. This. to. justice that Marx. Bentham's Asfor. a. famous. the condition. on. but. it merits,. justice,and. of. (455). Justice (Daisuke Arie). on. it does. as. occasions,. is, in. above. following. sustained,. He. most. in the. n･othing'(Smith. 2.2. propriety.. justicewas. symbolised. However,. J.S.Milrs Harm. to. connected. the. to. in the practice. propriety. justiceis, upon. This be. doubt,. no. and Marx. for. minimumru1e. the tradition. of negative. justice. Bentham,. however,. beginning. at也e. In his distribution of rights should. have. for his. What. think. this. do. we. of language. them. as. of pain. considered. as. political, including refers. to. Aristode is commonly. ordinary. treated. implies. pleasure. certain. moral. or. punished. He. the distribution. justiceas. presupposed. a. a. or. one. thinkers.. This. some. or. X, p.. subsistence,. of distribution The. kind. would. in the other. as. us. Aristotelian. an. abundance. and. is relatively. former. Ethics.. to be. cases. in which. rights,and to也ink. several. be noted. sanctions:. obligations. inteⅣention the ma杖er. by of. a. of. principally. that Bentham with. justiceor. the. always. sanctions, learned. by. literally. the non-performance. here. that. regulated. is the fact that Bentham. of the. Bentham. different from. is going. are. others. did in Nichomachean. there. of occasional. lead. uses. by individual self-interest,. 51).It should. such. Bentham. like Aristotle. Therefore,. time.. of non-commoditythings. two. forms. of matter. popular'(Works time,. or. that is motivated. `Justice is beneficence:. same. Certainly,. obligations,. of. more. objects.... in the community.. force. said,. 302). material. certain. by也e. virtue. At the. by these. in. says,. punishable moral. and. without. individuals. judgement. benevolence.. rights. that the dimension. among. I, p.. justice tradition?. transaction. goods. common/public. the legal, and. justiceor. Since. already. follows:. as. wrote. politic. In inquiring. (Works. negative. commercial. and. justicewith. in the. subject above.. this treatment. legislatorwith. connects. an. abstract. words,. of the ma仕er. in the in. commodities. about. have. we. find four subordinate. we. Equality. Security.. In other. it is. consists,. Abundance.. treats. the. of the body. Subsistence.. manner. not. this happiness. of the Civil Code',. legislator,. obligations,也e. the happiness. object. in what. particularly. and. `principle. of the. while. legislator distribution.

(4) (456). 4. to. be. 横浜国際社会科学研究. in. positioned. economic. and. auxiliary. because. world,. regularly. an. properly. propertyor spontaneous. activity,but. as. neither as. a. of poor. problem. a. being. laws. an. Bentham. by. is decided. law,. are. activities. of the distribution. thinks. positive. on. social. nor. that. as. We. utilityor expediency.. of. of people's then. can. say. justice.. a. practical nor. as. that. a. was. problem. an. èxpediency',. he. of economy,. to claim. a. as. not. right, and. in terms. the Poor. on. essay as. characterized of natural. of income. policy, but started. of economic. draft of. to Bentham's. agenda. redistribution. certain kind. Laws as. not. an. conventional. did not. it. treat. judgement. of moral. whole.. civilized political society, it is neither that any individual. security,. wi血public. right based. individual-based. normal. enforced, while. to suppose血at. agenda. of Bentham's. condition. be. relief. According. of the. analysis. proper. never. will. positive. This. of property,. issue. result of systematic. and utilityof societyas. a. a. of. of poor. as. on. is. charity.Althoughrelief througha. case. relief. right based. of positive. a. the. it is reasonable. political agenda.. of this is. example. (1796), be也ougbt. In. Therefore,. is stillin the tradition of negative. A good. issue. inteⅣention. sanction-based. income. that Ben也am. for arranging. agenda. operated.. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). of life,be left to perish. consistent. for want. should,. outright....None. humanity,. common. with. of any. of也e. be left to starve. should. nor. necessaries. outright.. (UC153a,25) As. seen. above,. does. which Bentham. have. not. is justan. at丘rst血is direct. considered. poor. a. relief. Bentham. objects of policy.Also, (marginal) utility.Utilityfor the utilitywould increase All these. adopted.. judgement. as. such. distribution. as. a. National. Company.. (UC. 153b,. being. was. the best way. have. to be. was. which. to his scheme,也e. company. This. that Bentham. imply. would. for promoting. should. in. even. wealth,. of income. subordinate. his theory. with. that for the rich,. than. Bentham. systematic. as. for poor. a. joint stock. pro丘t upon. contains. thought. of the problem of economic. company. the base. sustained. a. the idea. offree. intervention. was. priori value of income. policy･7) It was. the East. to. `也e principle. of. was. policy. by Bentham.. similar. of. that gross. so. in terms. relief put forward. government. where. of the. one. strong. basically. cases. secondly,. pleasure. is. justice that. plans. gain. condition,. But,. redistribution. something. organized. poor. of security, if the proper. positive. famous. and. which. is greater. justice.If. suggested. of the most. one. on. pain. redistribution. for the poor. based. not. on. community,. of the. policy. of distributive. notion. of. in the direction. are. a. to excessive. morality. based. activities. of money. forward. go. policy, he should. CharityCompany,. 267-268).. amount. sense. common. of the security. justifythe. treatments. of example. people's. problem. same. the traditional. According. a. could. it would. rational. prior. A similar kind the. and. to. relationship as. of typical. expression. of economy'. economic usually. Indian. activityas. thought. to be. preferable.8) 'mis natural. view. on. before. sel丘shness. Considered. with. constututed. by. propensity each. moment. whatsoever. activity is closely. economic. absence,. in the breast. by. in. of each. so. business. the. to bin. appear amount. to. relation. the. `securities. suggesting. doing,. so. far. as. his. for Moral. here possible,. individual to be. to Bentham's. related. a. he abstracts. preponderant or. moral. certain. is the propensity own. character.. He. declares. Aptitude':. in question, of. of human. assumption. withholds. aptitude. is. a. propensityuniversal. to. sacri五ce all other. interest: it from. to. all other. obtain. negative'quality:. it is. in human. This. interests happiness. to. nature.. that which for himself. at to. individuals.. (Bentham. 1989:. 13).

(5) This. homo. structure. is concerned.. 3. character. common. Instead,. hedonistic. quite likely to be thought. of. as. a. an. protagonist. only. individualism,. but also political world.. emerged. the. far. as. society,. 5. in the. (1985: 42). validity in raising. methodological. economic. of newly. Macpherson. in Bentham's. role. beings,. (457). man'by. is considerable. essential. not. 'market. is called. human. of Ben血a皿's. components. Justice (Daisuke Arie). on. In short,也ere. does not play. judgement. normative. was. human. of liberal democracy.. account. explicitly. justiceare. and Marx. economicuslike. of the. context. Ben也am. concept血at. its theoretical. as. negative. utilityand In this. Bentham. sense,. capitalist society.. MARXONBENTHAM Marx. rarely. However,. the. Bentham. as. by. transaction. of Marx's. manner a. of the. symbol equal. that. is in fact. very. Bentham.. we. Eden. theygive. other,. as. auspices. of. do. an. simple. Marx. above,. Each. looks. all, in accordance. 2001g:. economic. who. exchange.. Individuals. Therefore,. Marx. Bentbam. as. As. buy. by. to point. no. one. to their mutual. to, is but the. himself. troubles. of things, the. advantage,for. in the. ¶1e Only. the gain. and. rest,. just. about血e. harmony. form. Property,. only to himself.. is the se岨shness,. other,. preestablisbed. private. are. the. out. by analysing. capitalist economy. sell their. and. in this process. came. the. together. tries to characterise. can. only, and. constrained. for equivalent.. looks. and. into relationwith. enters. equivalent. each. are. power,. come. each. each. on,. goes. or. common. and. the. under weal. in. and. 186). commoditycirculationfounded agents. they. because with. economic. Equality, Property. of labour. say. exchange. and血･ee. of labour power. Freedom,. the agreement. and. Bentham,. with. property. of. is asfo1lows:. rule. commodity,. in relation. to himself. work. private. in Capital. alone. they. and And. own.. of his characterisation. in terms. will. Equality, because. and puts them. providence,. (Marx. free agents,. as. is his. a. seller of. to their common. of what. they. allshrewd. and. contract. toge也er. do. buyer. on. of letters to Engels.. amount. the sale and purchase. There. man.. of. rights. enormous. consistent. phrase. boundaries. whose. his. that is based. well-known. of commodities,. of each.. so,. 也e interest of all.. Asseen. only. them. the private interests they. both. owner. simple. brings. because. innate. because. disposes. each. force也at. of the. is quite. society. most. within. legal expression a. with. capitalist The. free will. They. own. which. because. modern. including. of Bentham. treatment. deserting,. are. Freedom,. only by their. in his all writings,. agents.. economic. ¶1is sphere a. Bentham. to. refered. property.. In this situation,. there. freely. amongst. each. Then. all things. commodities by. motivated. selflShness.. between. relationship. its abstract are. form. as. equal. under. the. reach a. the process. socially. other. political economy. as. new. a. of. individual contract. harmonious. science,. of. state,. utility and. follows:. a. etc.-to. an. such to. all relations independent the relation first time. branch. special. extent. itself. as. of science. [political economy】. that it reduced one. only. them. aspect. signiflCanCe. Outside political. of utility,and. its unconditional. in Bentham's. industⅣ,. the. bourgeoisie. existence. are. those. works,. where,. is. longer. no. of the whole. to. economic. of these. The. presented. French as. society. (Marx 2001b:. a. and. complete. to the. elevation. other. relations.. relations,. economy.. after the. it absorbed也e. special. 4121413). relations it regarded. thereby. the. and. class, but. them. as. the. for the. of all existing. of all other. juridical,. -political,. this subordination. allowed. subordination. sole content Revolution. But. relations,. development class. whose. rest. of an. relations. occurs. to. for the. of large-scale conditions. of.

(6) famously. Marx. Jeremy to. 横浜国際社会科学研究. (458). 6. a. conceive. social as. established. Marx's. turned. dogma. a. early. there. should. veiled. by the equal. to be. a. into. contract. today. on. 2001b:. by. We. it would. be. of. compatible. content. gradually that under. prove. generally. It has. useful.. is going. AN. UNJUST. the. with. Marx,. to. be on. follower. a more. that. and. thought. was,血en, was. similar to. r?ther. justice tradition. and. of. justiceis. for. the. definition. of. the state. what. thinks. of harmony. appearance. Bentham. of the negative. clearly. that Marx. assume. of utilityand economics. to. what. to. natural. capitalist society. alliance. thought. and. to know. need. in the. an. making. and. oracle. seems. to. attempt. advantageous. capitalists. According. and. an. first. was. leather-tongued. economic. loved. always. 413-414). above,. on. going. unjust. the most. are. that, `The. state of affairs,. economy. of Bentham. evaluation. call Mr.. should. this preJ'udice. insipid, pedantic,. economics. existing. Bentham. of Bentham,. chracterisation liberalism.. for the. labourers up. and. But. of efficiency.. Ben也am,地at. economists'(Marx or. degree. Ì. Heine,. that, `classical. 605) : and. century.'(Ibid.)9)This. of people. between. 2001g:. of utility也eory. of Marx. friend, Heinrich. of my. fixed. a. Jeremy. apologia. wrong. next.. 4 For. Marx,. it was. CAPITALISM. almost. Marx's. reviewing. it. (1875).12)Therefore, the bourgeois. against. Secondly, idea. of justice.′merefore, though. attack,. distribution. justicein The. of income. political theory individualism, stream. (Aronson Capital. where血ere. was. like the Bible.. justice血･omMarx. him. as. Marx's. a. excludes. new. scholarship. an. easy. a. negative. labour. the. of the. long. been. much. quite likely to In fact, Marx. texts.ll). Qf. Gotha. the. a. We. Program. new. principle. 1998:. world's task. largest to. extract. decades.. find. even. 234) number. justice,or. commutative. Marx's. Marxism,. after the years. of Europe's. particularly. of Marxist. newly. and. emerged. 'exploitation'.15)Another do not. of 'the end. of 'crisis'. The. plausible. of. critic of liberalism,. for instance,. Marxists. of unequal tradition. Justice.. the recent of. tried. decline. the. radical. declaration. of traditional. something. and. of Marx,. on. the. problem. the Aristotelian. for the proof. of value. justiceMarx. will trace. Wall. Marx's. on. effect. what. critics of the. philosophy,14). of revitalising can. significant. overlooked. scholarship. timefocused. theory. attempts. agenda,. of the last two. to think. seem. tried to propose. of the Berlin. collapse. right by his labour-oriented. Marxes'(Carver. still is the. It is not. for. was. or. radical then,. paper,. target. situation. has. Althusserian plausible. 'multiple and. chaotic. intention. of the most. one. that Marx's. bourgeois. apologetic. vii)or. the. Marx. of Aristotle's. scholars'negligence. often misinterpreted. Althoughit. Marxism. some. in providing 1995:. some. conflrm. accelerated. utilitariallism, and. is that. successful. and. how. limited. difficultiesin. some. have. in Critique. once. are. did not. therefore,. just the. reading. there. himself. scholars,. tO COn丘rm. in capitalist society.13) This. goods. However,. in capitalist society.. cbaracterised. economics.. of analytical. example. Japan. have. and. have. from. unJ'ust society from. an. class.. societyonly. the Prog71am. for difficulty is that the historical. reason. states. communist. or. scholarship. third. raised. they have. they. western. are. by. for future. of distribution. standard. difficulties. improperly. often. examine. SYSTEMIO). of the fact that Marx. including letters. Marx. of distribution. this paperwi1l. of the working. isfirstly because. and. ECONOMIC. that capitalist societyis. labour. unpaid. it血･eely. ideal principle. the. mentioned. truth. of his writings,. works. interpret. to. or. from. This of justice.. idea. justicein the whole. neglect. AS. self-evident. capitalist's proflt that derives. to. mere. contributor of this covering. property-based. of. alliance. a. courage. of. of the 19th. introduction. something. the nco-classical. Marx. of the. all modern. to the. be. magnitude. the mutualrelations. among. According. fixed. a. intelligence. critique. conditions. this character. as. I the. stupidity'(Marx. by the arch-Philistine,. the utilitytheory. existing. of bourgeois. capital. bourgeois. the ordinary with. in the way. genius. that, `Had. Bentham. cursed. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). who. consistent. seem. yet. of Marxism'. situation. is worse. have. been. reading. on. Marx】s. idea. in. of.

(7) and Marx. Bentham. The. Formula'(MaIⅨ labourers. and. Contrarily. 801). and. over. as. only,. labour. All surplus. unpaid. capital resolves. of expansion. Adam. Smith. the. itself into having. any. without. contribution. to the. particular. materialisation a. labour.. over. interest, (profit, labour.. of unpaid. de丘nite. production. then,. The. other. quantityof. We. can丘nd. Equality, Propertyand. the world agents. where. that they. the. realization. what. is his. interest. each. other. own'(Ibid.).. To. society based. is. situation, amongst. as. the process. there. are. socially. each be. other to. natural. ordinary. social. labourers. and. To. of commodities.. and. hides. workers. insists that he. absolutely. It is essentially. the commalld. it may. subsequently. or. rent). ,. of the self-expansion. secret. people's. unpaid. then the. with. point. there. that Marx. 534). impeaching. a. labour. or. Equality. power.. that is,. equivalent, 'dispose. can. everybody. of private. only. and. of. general. harmonised. of the eternal. protagonist. of. the fact that both. equivalentfor that. as. buy. by. Justice,. power or. and. and. by selflShness.. unjust. is. an. unequal. This. between exchange. of. with. endowed. of the exchange. appearance. It. in the. is the exploitation. in accordance. it clear that Marx. on. going. contract. equal. its wages.. justice,or. far make. or. wrong. free. the exchange. of commutative so. the. freely. commodities. motivated. is that there. of capitalism. of labour. are. it. In this. propertysystem.. sell their. and. something. masked. things. the private. in this process be. by analysing･. capitalist economy. by. can. who. should. critique. the surface. it is well known. 2001g:. by. means. identiflCation. the. founded. agents. distributive. All these. exchange. tries to characterise. exchange. wages.18). and. Freedom. commodity,. Propertymeans. Individuals. core. terminology,. a. seller of and. of harmony. of Marx's. realise itself under. that is, labour. on'(Ibid.).. circulation. thinks. the veil of the equal. the Ahstotelian not. Marx. of exchange.. appearance. of deception. system. of. labour.. indicates the four major characteristics. responsiblefor. economic. that Marx. the. transactions,. commodity. individual. the. is also symbolised. more血eoretica11y,. equal. assume. under. labour-quantitydoes equivalents,. under. He. calculation.. of simple. capitalists. The. use. thought. the contract. process. labour. quantityof problem･. above. form. a. and. above. be. to. the self-interest-motivated. on. put the assertion. in abstract. indicated. justice,. Bentham. goes. just as commodityowners as. of commutative. target. 186). Marx. power. buyer. just a. are. to. wants. 2001e:. of labour. purchase. by his utilitarian felicitous. bourgeois. would. confront. clearly. Bentham'(Marx. free will of wage-contract. with. implies. 'the sale and. Marx. that. account. another. by. together. (Marx. 'Freedom,. Trinity. 17'. in Capital:. form. live peacefully. capitalists. Marx,. the command. says,. the disposal of. between. compensation･. asfo1lows. value, whatever. into, is in substance. crystallise. time. of working. is not. of them. The. attacks. 7. capitalists, landowners. classes:. three. in reality, the wage-relation. the capitalist way. Capital, therefore,. for each. compensation. account,. of workers'part 'secret'of. the. as. The. is that Marx. of three. appearance. economy.. political. (459). Its implication. the harmonious. classical. wages. to Marx's. according. of Political Economy'.. that symbolises. in the. portrayed. exploitation reveals. 2001h:. profit, rent. receiving. is À Critique. of Capital. subtitle. Justice (Daisuke Arie). on. of to. judg･es capitalism. be. unjust. On. the o也er. of historical. theory. development is worth view. band,. on. materialism. itself creates. mentioning, development. that. that the existing. social system. the. of the. society.. capitalist. some. the. of Marx's. Then,. is not. stable. third. of the views. is, theoretically,. to be. new,. of an. higher. that not. capital'(Marx. obstacle only. by applying也e. In this theory,. stemmed血･om也e. civilizing influence comes. of history.. philosophy. emergence. historical. and. development. the capitalist economic. Ⅲegelian. lead to也e. it is the result of `the great. however, case. from. the conditions也at. in passing, as. derived. values. to human. developed. and idea. above.. 2001d:. stage.. It. First is his. 336). Second. development.. capitalisト1abourers. capitalist. This. relations. is, is but.

(8) human. present on. 横浜国際社会科学研究. (460). 8. newly. nature,. created conditions. In addition,. Marx. na山re.. it is useful. writes. time. same. individualism. does. relations. It can. judgement;. classィelative incommensurable. value. well-ordered. subject:that. in the. of how. Marx. Marx. higher. without. What. we. the contrary,. Accordingly,. same. stage:. 2001e:. receives. back. 'to each. 87).. show. Ìn order. assumption. of也e. exchange labour. essence. principle. human. from. being. that focuses. the existence. in society. members. just as. it emerges. a. be. of labour. costs.. show. OF. current. of. have. who to. society. the. a. plausible. The. and. 9).Let. us. consistent. the birth一血arks of the. draws血･om血e same. social. in every society. of. that he. means. to his need'. according. of M年rX's idea still show. by. confusing. quotation.. on. its own. respect, from. economically,. whose. to. have as. society. on. morally. it emerges.. womb. of consumption. hasgiven. but. foundations,. deductions. -a丘er也e. stock. of labour. amount. old. society. each. scholars. thefo1lowing. is thus. capitalist society, which. back血･om. some. while. society, then. of communist 'to. in. distribution problem. interpretation. it has developed. as. the. answer. the lower,. consider. to血e. return. justice.. first stage. at the. principle. must. JUSTICE. tries to. exceptionally. we. again,. DISTRIBtTTIVE. society, not. receives he. -. of distributive. justice indicated above,. with. producer. gives to it.. principle. to his contribution'in. communist. from. still stamped individual. new. (See footnote. is. capitalist economy. valued也e. (1875). to. of. to血･istotle. in. been much. made as也e. form. one. he. in another.. Of the distribution principle. of commodity-equivalents: in. actual. theory. (Marx. ¶le. to make. eternal. overlooks. mechanism. is not. 5).. in Rawlsian. totally different. and. Marx. `′me philosophers. says,. 2001c:. liberal. to produce,. 211). Third,. aphorism. it'(Ma∝. transition. any. distribution. I wish. here. the. according. terminology. with. the. amount. famous. of production;地at. with. PRINCIPLE. the. dealing. what. -exactly. IDEAL. firstly shows. intellectually,. and. not. has negatively. Programme. reference. are. does. the Gotha. the Aristotelian. remarks. cohabitation. from. at. social connections. 2001d:. oversimpliflCation. negligence. wi也a. tries to propose. MARX's. of. higher (Marx. applying. Marx. point也at. critique. to the. proceeds. the. that. to the. objections. himself. says,. it, be. changing. practical action that leads. of utilitarian neo-classical. place. ignores. that. standard;. 5. society.. market. Marx's. and. only wi也in也ese. the necessityof science.. He. process.. against human. on. also. societybut world. separates. place'(Marx. point is to change. ways;也e. Marx. and. take. of criticalviewpoints. external. Second,. ano血er. couple capitalist. on也e. production. wi血one. social. some. also make. in也e. production,. radical critique. depending. changeable. society.21). made也is. Marx's. in various. utilities in也e. consumer. Having. recognition,. progressively. a. on. only. not. 187).. but claims. indispensablefor. provides. economicus.. expected. mere. relations. implies. `By-.acting. 2001g:. does. or. relative. above. universalism. nature. nature,. with. a. claim. nature'(Marx and. are. of production.19). nature,. communal. the world. Marxism,也us,. future. own. social factors. only interpreted. main. opposes. empbasising也e. of. mode. human. their relation. subjective and. just on. say. the whole,. on. that Marx's. changeable his. allied.to the scholarship. of homo. here. into de丘nite connections. they enter. have. basis, or也e. First, Marx. about. changes by. to. law,. even. and. and. theories.20). contemporary. the. culture. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). anotherform'(Ibid. of distribution. agiven. 86). From. is, to rather. an. here, amount. as. Marx. of labour. the Aristotelian extent,. himself. considered. in. one. viewpoint, as. says, is `也e form. principle. is exchanged. it is almost. retributive. same. for. self-evident. justice.If we. think. an. 2001e:. prevails equal. 85-86). amount. that the lower of it as. in the. as. of level. the exchange.

(9) Bentham. of the exchange. based are. to. of labour. quantity and. the equal. on. properly each. the. society.. Marx. ill Marx, former. while. the. principle,. or. due. to. is unequal. or. proportion'. personal. values,. in proportion. society. is due. to. classical conception. its definition. distribution from. 9. quantitative. misunderstanding. of the. confusion. of distributive. word. from. compensation. the. equal. different. on. proportion'based means. the. the 'arithmetical. both. scholars'confusion. or. latter. of both. realization. value.. the latter. Some. (461). Therefore,. 'geometrical. words,. language. authority,. simultaneous. member's. and the. of today's. The. that. and by. imposed. standard. to. grade. of the Aristotelian. justice. each. time. In other. same. contribution. their negligence. to. of commodity. at the. Justice (Daisuke Ade). on. this is the. proportion. exchange. realised. personal. distributive. for commodity,. the exchange. Marx. and. justice does. a. with. not. of. certain assume. always. inequality. Marx. necessityof. contributors. there. between. enslaving. mental. stage of the communist. labour, has vanished; forces. of. common. the. meet. real. stillunequal. and. far. right'(Ibid.:. the. as. of the different quantityof. contribution. equal. the establishment. or. exchange,. and. after labour. of. not. then. only. From. also the antithesis life's. of the individual, horizon. narrow. each. of lifebut. a means. only. the. can. thereby. development. the all-round. with. of distribution:. principle. and. become. its banners:. on. societyinscribe. of labour,. has. abundantly.... the五nal. shows. to the division. also increased. more. wealthflow. in its entirety. crossed. have. He. society.. of the individual. subordination. and physical. all the springs. each. of the. not as. 86).As. -bourgeois. by the unequal. in spite of the realization. after the productive. want;. right be. higher. up to the. [A]fterthe. and. evaluates. is stillin principle is counted. this situation. proportion'.. goes. prime. here. it does. proportion'because. different. Marx. are. goods. real inequality. remains. àrithmetical Marx. right. individual for consumption. of each. labour,. 'equal. that. 'geometrical. the. living conditions. whose. unjust by saying. therefore claim. the contribution. opposes. to. according. of bourgeois his abilities, to. to his needs!. according. (Ibid.:87) Here, society. Marx. not. to. This. situation. with. 'geometrical. he. his/her. to do with也e. nothing. of true. to what. in proportion. in proportion. former. rejectsthe. and. However,. producer. The. has. back. Instead,. quantity. principle. distributive. receives. of labour.. needs.. co且tribution. 'arithmetical. higher. no. such. restriction. the equivalent血･om. each. Marx. can. labour,. of public. the. receive has. now,. into the needs. transformed. principle.. goods,. that is. think of it as the establishment. to. seems. individual. of contributed. justice for the distribution. proportion'.. to make. of communism. of the communist. the needs. as. of consumption. to be. seems. labour and goods,. stillrequired. stage. a. is. while. labour a. not. related he. actually. of goods to. the capabilityof. or. distribution.. for claiming. of labourers. We. in terms. resources. theright have. activity, the. against. relation. Marx. between. to. various. strength. still keeps them.. of desire. or. and. so. necessity,23). the reciprocal. Each. individual Surely,. of necessities.. the problem. differences. this is the society I,ogically,. all members'needs. of the supply. returned. society'with. of economy?. Nevertheless,. rejectsthe quantitative. contribution. kingdom. stage. ùnequal. an. societyis. of goods,. kind of societyis this higher. what. labour. where. stage. ¶1e. his/her. Aristotelian. proportion'without. is that the. is. there. between. process.. individual. supplies in the fom. but to. contribution. similartothe. in the members'characters. where. or. equality.22). ¶1e point. on.. contributes. distribution. is almost. that each. principle. of labour. relation is. member the. in Marx's. higher whole. system. It is not. unreasonable. to. suppose. that Marx's. concept. of the. principle. of distributive. justice implies. the.

(10) (462). 10. following.. 横浜国際社会科学研究. First, his image. that entitles the. contribution evaluation. of labour. distributive. justiceseems. labour. offuture. theory. productive. member. ethical. with. to have. and. a. a. of. the. to. society. distributive. a. philosophical. optimistic. of distribution. claim. Third,. significance.. close relationship. basic. wi血his. limitless.. seems. and. reflects. Marx's. Marx's. labour-based. idea of labour. strong. particularly. principle. the substance. as. labour. Second,. of. in his. of value. of value.24). increasingly complex ideas. classical. is quite. power. CONCLtJSION. 6 The. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). character economy. of society,. justice,is one. of contemporary. of thefundamental. ideas of justicecertainlygives us. an. human. and. issues. has. capitalism beings.. The. that all countries. face today.. the contemporary. rethink. opportunityto. led. withglobalisation question of justice,or Reviewing. to re-examine. us. ¶1en. problems.. that. particularly. Bentham's. of. and Marx's can. What. learn. we. fromthis? According. to Shan°. Utilitarianism,. approach.. in which. analysis. Secularisation distance. has. been. begins. worth. between a. with he. individuals. and. society.. ¶1is claim. of rights has. but. be. Bentham,. failed. to. To. some. to the. return. accepted. extent,. still be somewhere We. Marx,. labour. predicted. playing. the contemporary. justiceshould been. world.. moral an. by. on. many. theory. claim. been. and. and. basic. of certain. for gaining bad. a. economics. reputation the. the. difference. the individual. in logically. necessities. by. the. seriously. did Marx,. way.. certain. (1971), Rawls. Justice. rights of So. a. impoverished. of. take. not. in. counted. Theory. that it does. in calculative. science. substantially. political pbilosopbers.. justice,however,. criterion, and. in any. in his particular theory.. consistent. of utilitarianism.. contemporary. does. world. ne. stillseem丘rm.. its definition, whether. to. not. find. a. well-. to find the exit. only way. and. distance. e也ics. classical. Marxian. human. might. issue, the expected. between. new. economics. principle. simple. principle. that `modern. waning. certain. it. Secondly,. is too. nature. a. contemporary,. including the distributive. in reply to Sen's. that has grown. or. implements. the authority也at. is the economic. of economics by也e. require. say, labour-based. I,astly, if distribution. impoverished. may. role in his social theory. indispensable. be the combination. substantially. measure. has. the protection. responsibilityfor such. society. Needless. communist. common. in saying. justicerequires,from. acceptable. keeps. a. in economic. victory. èngineering'. of its. utilityand rights.. distributive. kind of commonly. insisted. allies of utilitarianism. between. see丘rstly. the necessityof. have. to. economics. of utilitarianism. been. its great. reduced. because. economists. and ethics'(Sen 1987: 8). In A. of distributive. problem. The. standard.. then. labour-based. might. are. to many. ge仕ing. `modern. economics. claims. to show. as. of. goods. critique. between. way,. and. completed,. grown. his argument. is thought. actually,. all values, has. that. has appealed. (1990:64), utilitarianism. to. for. as. inthe. cope. with. of distributive ecollOmics. has. ethics'(1987: 7).. and. Notes. ☆)This. paper. Culturgest. was丘rst. 1) On this point, introduces. 2) There 3). is. prepared. in Lisbon, see. Marx's. Portugal Westphal. critique. for仙e on. 7血International. Conference. 'utilitarianism, Human. (1996: xi). This Gotha of the. book. of the lnternational. Society. Rightsand Globalization', ll-13 is. a. compact. anthology. on. for Utilitarian Studies. justice. from. Plato to Nozick. entry. of Ljustice'inthe catalogue. 1962:. In this equal. house.. and. P710gram.. (Milne 82). of UCL manuscripts different, as one hundred the shoes equal to of each commodityis value exchange, number such See is hundred big Rackham's Here,也e times one as account value of a carpenter as也at of a shoemaker. just one. at. April 2003.. Aristotle (1934: 282). 4) On the problem of the I.atintranslation of subdivided. particular justicesin Nicomachean. Ethics,. see. one. in. Ritchie (1894: 188).

(11) Bentham. 5). the rise of the civic humanist of the. philosopher. justice,Witztum 'separating. never. penal. a. Marx. Mill and. of positive. the scope moral. an. moral of. for economic by. He. Smith.. interpretation of his. appropriate. casuistryllike instruction in the codiBcation. activityor. in the. that stands. of sanction. 2001a:. of. of Bentham's. center. century'. (Marx. major. theory. in Capital. Marx. where. (Marx. the footnote. added. Benthamthan. simply. in his dull way. reproduced. 2001g:. evaluation. of Bentham's. references. and quotations.. the end. a. Marx. once. seems. almost. in terms. of the. `Bentham. based. `The. has. to Ben也am,. one. of interest. of development;. stage. 1st. 1811,. part. of Chapter. 3. are. reedited. and. a. discovery. no. of. source. original. to. 1818), according Manuscript. title of. he. ,... to Akama. `Marx. as,. was. Bentham,. when. this comment. owe. of. Marx's. of Capital. by the rate of proflt,. in也e. published. main. highly developed. more. 2001:. stepforward'(Engels. MaⅨ's. 2nd. determined. even. his apologia for usury'(Marx 2001f: 230). I disagreements there are some of interpretation. a. understood. said wi也esprit in the 18也 school within the Radical bourgeoisie, it is. in his 185711858. was. itwas. of correctly. bad. safely state. Usury. to IJOCke, that the rate. of Malthus,. English communism'(Marx. his teachings. can. (1825/26;. Defence of. his first. for. names. of utility was. principle. a. The. mentioned. his system to found. system. in developing. succeeded. with the. originalityofutilitarian ideas, though. and other Frenchmen. ThoughBentham. to task. Bentham. at. (1989,. and Distributive. (2005).. like what. Wespbal. isfor true justice, ･･. between. Helvetius. took. among others, Jeremy Bentham, edit. Paris, 1826, t. II, L. IV, ch. II'(Ibid.,606).. 3rd edition of Theorie. popular dictionaries on Marx's 'distributive 'justice'nor justice'.Moseley. revoked. of. of Ma∝. higher. considerably. 1990) and Nagai (1982) ,血ougb 10) ′mis chapter, Chapter 5 and instance,. is the. writings. of the lath century,wrote. Justice'in Ucbida. have. connection. in opposition. argued, capital at. For. sponte-. `compared. 3eme. by saylng. what. 605) and Engels's claim. only the proletariat and the Socialists who. Hume. between. compromise. 605-606) together. saying. Helvetius. of British socialism. stream. 2001g:. traduct. d'Et. Dumont,. less estimated. 428). As for the bibliographical. witnessing. a. this point.. on. first is that Marx. The. points.. from Bentham's Helvetius'morality, and Owen proceeded by other quotations, 131). These two are confirmed such as He. Wood. 135-38) and Sayers Marx. might be called. on. Bentham.. 'When. interpretation. of two. et des reompenses,. in the. Bentbam. interest. terms. Masset. as. such. (1993) does. not. (1970) and CaⅣer (1987) have也e entⅣ of neither discuss justice.The academic situation on the matter. `there is disagreement. writes,地at. among. scholars. and commentators. about wbetber. on this point is ･or relatively old but well-knowncontroversy againstjustice'(1996: xxiii). Geras See Cohen (1972), Husami (1978), Lukes (1982), (1985) and (1988). also I(aim (1988:. The. (1998: 113-19).. briefly mentions. he scorns Proudon's ideal of justice.Marx èternal lacks of justice'that actuality (Marx, 2001d: 96). abstract argument Marx's in 'self-contradictory'in Critique of the Gotha Program statement 13) EIsterfinds without. 12). a. founder. a. of this paper.. of the position. economics-based. of wage-fund. is that Marx. second. an. MacCullocb. des peines. he put. Marx. from. (1991). As. (1987) and justice expressed. negative/commutative Smith's idea of justice is not. idea is beyond. an. rather than. Pack. of. as. characterised. mar･ket economy. Dwyer. (1978),. to be. come. often. of the free. critique. Winch. are. the meaning. in terms. the dogma. Theorie. ll). severe. has. of the redistribution of income/wealth. treatment. to Bentham. refered. James. .. a. interpretation. the promotion. tried to show. once. formulating. The. ll. (intervention).. and agenda. 8) Arie (1991) 9). to such. think about. should. Bentham's. sense,. acta. (463). of civil law.. scheme. 7) In. as. works. the received. respond. expresses. law, We. even. distributional considerations. work'(1997: 259). To 6) Bentham. or. liberalism. Typical. challenges. in the 1970s, Smith. paradigm. eighteenthcentury. the idea of economic insists,. Justice (Daisuke Arie). on. (1959: ll, 62).. and Baldwin After. and Marx. justice at the place where. only makes. fool of. a. Proudon's. relationsbip. between. EIster (1997) belongs. 14) Other Scanlon. representative. Aristotle and Ma∝ to, has. no. plausibilityof. (1982). Lukes. account. over. of them.. theory, carefully but optimistically traces transcendent. morality. on. and related works. self-realization in community,freedom. and points. out. some. and Ware. on. comment. (1997). on. Miller. (1975), Cohen,. the. exploitation, to which. to Aristotle.. references. (1980) and Buchanan Marx's. (1997: 37). In addition, Nielsen. any. Rain. Marx's. idea of justice before. (1982) introduces. some. positive. alienation and the maximization. (1988). A-om. 1989. the viewpoint. are. factors. in Marx's. of welfare, though of the Kantian. moral. system. Nigel such. he also questions. and as. the. and the血･istotelian ethical to development Marx's the the direction of spontaneously of ethical thought logical inconsistency between individual and community. ,.

(12) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (464). 12. 1989,. 15) After them. Post-modernism. and Nielsen. and analytical Marxism. (1995), Aronson. O'Neill. are. 第10巻第5号(2006年1月). (1995), Marsh. have. been. Tant. and. major disciplinesfor. two. Ruccio. (1999), Callariand. Marx. Some. publication.. (1996), Carver. of. Ware. (1998) and. (1989).. is the only developed. is taught as a prerequisite subject introduction of Marxian country economics wherethe Therefore, littleattention has been in the is like Its Capital content reading. stillcatechism majorityof universities. is Arie (1990). given to也e point. The exception. 16) Japan. 17). declaration. Marx's. here. 18) I think putting Marx's interpretation.. If l. V very end of Part of Capital Esecrei'of the of capitalist production. is located. Marx's. Relative Value'where. idea of justice in也e. am. some. right,. titled `ne. atthe. account. tradition is the only way. Aristotelian. introduced. controversies. of Absolute. production. of. and. flnishes.. two. in footnote. for. were. its consistent. and. plausible. Marx. unnecessary.. himself. it characterises the unjust situation as follows, capitalobtains this surplus labour without an equivalent, and in essence forced labour, no how it seem to from free ma杖er may always remains much result contractual agreement'(Ma∝ l. 2001g:806). 19) ¶1ere is space. for. no. than. more. between. indication of the relationship. an. Marx's. philosophy. of history. and justice. bere.. 20) For this. part, I owe. lotto Sayers. a. (1998), Gamble. al. (1999).. et. I extracted Rawlsiantheory, 21) On the objections to some 22) This needs principle excludes nominal equality based in the Critique essentially, his response of the Gotha book twenty-two centuries later'.(1978:718). On Marx. discussion. pbilosophical for. space. no. Tnomson. indication of thefo1lowing. morethan. from. Buchanan. is only. a. (1982: 122).. That is why. commodityexchange.. PT10gram. `need',. between. of. paraphrase. in Aristotelian tradition, see. the de丘nition and the relationship. on an. of them. some. on. r,elated contributions. such. a. Dognin. `desire'and as. Castoriadis certain. Ìn fact,. says,. in the fifth. passage. (1958).Althoughdetai1ed `want'is. required, I have. Ignatieff (1984) Braybrooke. (1987). ,. ,. (1987) and Doyal. 23) Singer. and Gough(1991). as òptimistic'and this plan of Marx. on. comments. 64,. material abundance'(1980: 24) ¶1is evaluation might be that the whole Backhouse characterised. says. is premised. about communism. on. in the scholarship. knowledge. of the history of economic theory. Blaug concluded 'the labour philosophical significance of economics cost'(1958: 38), and theory lay in its ìdeological'and èthical'implication (1985: 122). EIson (1979) once. depends. labour. Marx's. Marx's. Marx. 65).. common. of Marx's. system. says. Èverything. value theory. on. of I.abour'. see also Hollander. `value Theory. as. (1979: 263).. Reference Akama,. (1989) 'K. Marx's. M. critique. Bentham',. in The. in The Economic. Review. on. Economic. Review. No.. ofEhime UniversityUapanese),. 22,. 35-58.. (1990) `Marx _. 血一ie,Daisuke Tokyo:. _. and Bentham',. (1990) I/abour Sofusha. Aristotle. Baldwin,. R. Bentham,. Press,. Roemer,. Justice',. in Fukagai,. Y.. et. al. (eds.) Market. and. Fluctuation. with. English. an. by H. Rackham,. translation. Cambridge,. (1995) AfterMarxism,. (1985) A. Histo7T. (1989). York: Economic. OfModern nleOry. T71anSaCtions. Centmies',. Jeremy. New. in Economics. MS:. Harvard. First. Analysis,. Oxford:. Of the Just Price: Romanists,. of the. Principles. Guilford Press.. American. Preparatory. Philosophical to. Basil and Blackwell. Canonists, Society, New. Constitutional. Code,. and Tもeologians in the Twelfth Series,. Vol.49, Part. ed. by Philip. (1962) The Works. of. Jeremy. Bentham,. ll Vols. (1838-43), ed. by John Bowring,. Russel. & Russel.. and. 4. 1-92.. Schofield,. ClarendonPress.. _. Uapanese),. 49178.. Ethics,. J.W. (1959) `¶1e Medieval. Tnirteenth. Histoyy. Press.. Ronald. Backhouse,. Shobo. (1934) The Nicomachean. University Aronson,. Utility and. on. Minerva. ,. A. 23, 47-64.. Press.. (1991) `Bentham Uapanese). Justice:. and. No, ofEhime UniversityUapanese), Socio-Economic Ideas from Aristotle to of. Oxford:.

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