小学校における英語音声指導の試行　　　―第二言語習得における子音の音韻発達を中心として―

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(1)小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ዊቇᩞߦ߅ߌࠆ⧷⺆㖸ჿᜰዉߩ⹜ⴕ ̆╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߦ߅ߌࠆሶ㖸ߩ㖸㖿⊒㆐ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ̆ ᐔ ㊁ ᐘ ⷙ 㧝㧕࡮ ૒ ㊁ ን ჻ ሶ 㧞㧕࡮ ੹ ᧛ ⴕ ㆏ 㧟㧕. ߪߓ߼ߦ ᐔ ᚑ 23 ᐕ ᐲ ߆ ࠄ ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߢ ߪ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ߇ ᱜ ᑼ ߦ ᆎ ߹ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߆ ࠄ ⧷ ⺆ ᢎ ⢒ࠍᆎ߼ࠆߎߣߦߟ޿ߡߪ޿߹ߛ⾥ุਔ⺰߇૬ሽߒ‫߇⺰⚿ޔ‬಴ߡ޿ߥ޿߹߹ߩ ታᣉ㐿ᆎߢߪ޽ࠆ߇‫ߦߢߔޔ‬ቇ⠌ᜰዉⷐ㗔߽๔␜ߐࠇ‫⋡ޔ‬ᮡ߽‫ޟ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ࠍㅢߓ ߡ‫߿⺆⸒ޔ‬ᢥൻߦߟ޿ߡ૕㛎⊛ߦℂ⸃ࠍᷓ߼‫ޔ‬Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߔࠆᘒᐲߩ⢒ᚑࠍ࿑ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿ߿ၮᧄ⊛ߥ⴫⃻ߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖ ߥ߇ࠄ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬⢻ജߩ⚛࿾ࠍ㙃߁‫⸳ߣޠ‬ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ౝ ኈ ‫ ⇐ ޔ‬ᗧ ὐ ߩ ߶ ߆ ‫ ޔ‬ᐕ 㑆 35 න ૏ ᤨ 㑆 ࠍ ⏕ ଻ ߔ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ቯ ߼ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ ߎ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ⁁ ᴫ ߦ ߅ ޿ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬ᐔ ᚑ 23 ᐕ ᐲ ߆ ࠄ ߩ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ߩ ᤨ 㑆 ߩ ቢ ో ታ ᣉ ߦ ะ ߌ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬㒝 ዻ ᮮ ᵿ ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߢ ߪ ᄢ ቇ ߣ ߩ ㅪ ៤ ߩ ߽ ߣ ‫ ޔ‬ᐔ ᚑ 21 ᐕ ᐲ ߦ ߪ 5 ᐕ ↢ ߢ 12 න ૏ ᤨ 㑆 ‫ ޔ‬6 ᐕ ↢ ߢ 10 න ૏ ᤨ 㑆 ࠍ ߣ ߞ ߡ ‫ ᧄ ޔ‬ᩰ ታ ᣉ ߩ ೨ ߦ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ࠍ ⹜ⴕߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߪ㒝ዻዊቇᩞᢎ⻀ߩ⵬ഥᓎߣߒߡ᝼ᬺߦടࠊࠆߎ ߣ ߦ ߥ ߞ ߚ ቇ ㇱ 4 ᐕ ᰴ ↢ 㧝㧕߇ ⥄ ࠄ ߩ ⺖㗴 ࠍ ⸳ ቯ ߒ ‫ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ૕ ♽ ߇ ߢ ߈ ޽ ߇ ߞߡ޿ࠆ 6 ᐕ↢ఽ┬ߦ߽‫ޔ‬㖸ჿᜰዉࠍⴕ߃߫⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߦലᨐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߣޔ‬⠨߃ ߚ ⹜ ⴕ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ࠍ ႎ ๔ ߔ ࠆ ߽ ߩ ߢ ޽ ࠅ ‫ ੹ޔ‬ᓟ ߩ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ߩ ᣇ ะ ᕈ ࠍ ␜ ໂ ߒ ߚ ޿ ‫ޕ‬ 㧝㧚⊒㖸ᜰዉߩ㊀ⷐᕈ 㖸ჿߦࠃࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ೨ឭߣߒߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߩવ߃ߚ޿ߎߣ ߇⋧ᚻߦવࠊࠆߎߣ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫⥄ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ಽ߇⊒ߒߚ㖸ჿ߇⋧ᚻߩ⡊ߦዯ ޿ߚߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᗧ๧ࠍ߽ߞߚ⸒⺆ߣߒߡ⹺⼂ߢ߈‫ޔ‬ౝኈ߇ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩߢߥߊߡ ߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬᭎ᔨߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦਛᔃߩᄖ࿖⺆ᜰዉᴺ߇ਛᔃߣߥߞ ߡ߆ࠄ‫ߣࠆߔ߽߿߿ޔ‬ᜰዉߩਛᔃ߆ࠄᄖߐࠇߚ᭽⋧ࠍ๒ߒߡ߈ߚ߇‫ޔ‬⡞߈ᚻ߇ ታ ⾰ ⊛ ߦ ℂ ⸃ ߔ ࠆ ᐲ ว ޿ (intelligibility)ߩ ㊀ ⷐ ᕈ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⹺ ⼂ ߇ ‫ ޔ‬ㄭ ᐕ ‫ ޔ‬㜞 ߹ ߞ ߡ ߈ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (Derwin & Munro, 1997, 2005㧘 2009; Jenkins, 1998, 2000; ᧻ ᳗ , 2006)‫ޕ‬ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ቇ ⠌ ⠪ ߇ Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߣ ห ߓ ࡟ ࡌ ࡞ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ᱜ ⏕ ߐ ߿ ⥄ ὼ ߐ ࠍ ₪ ᓧߔࠆߩߪኈᤃߥߎߣߢߪߥߊ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸ᜰዉࠍฃߌߥ޿߹߹ቇ⠌߇ㅴ߻ߣ‫ޔ‬ᓟ߆ ࠄ ⊒ 㖸 ࠍ ⍶ ᱜ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߪ 㔍 ߒ ޿ ߁ ߃ (Derwin & Munro, 2009)‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ⸒ ⺆ ߢ ࠦ ࡒ ࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߣࠆ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽⊒㖸߇⧷⺆ߣ⹺⼂ߢ߈ࠆ⒟ᐲߦ߹ߢ ⠌ᾫߒߡ޿ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ᦨޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ㄭߪ⊒㖸ᜰዉߦߟ޿ߡ⥃⇇ᦼ⺑ߪᒰߡߪ ߹ ࠄ ߕ (Abu-Rabia & Kehat, 2004; ጊ ↰ 1999)‫ ޔ‬㐿 ᆎ ᤨ ᦼ ࠃ ࠅ ߻ ߒ ࠈ ቇ ߮ ᆎ ߼ ߚ ߣ ߈ ߦ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ᜰ ዉ ߇ ⴕ ࠊ ࠇ ࠆ ߆ ߦ ⌕ ⋡ ߒ ߚ ⎇ ⓥ ߇ ಴ ᆎ ߼ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (Fullana, 2006; Tsuzuki, 1996; ᦭ ᧄ , 2005)‫ޕ‬ ᐔᚑ 22 ᐕ㧟᦬ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇᢎ⢒ੱ㑆⑼ቇㇱත࡮⨆㊁Ꮢ┙㐳ፄਛቇᩞᢎ⻀ ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇᢎ⢒ੱ㑆⑼ቇㇱᢎ᝼ 㧟㧕 ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ㒝ዻᮮᵿዊቇᩞᢎ⻀㧝㧕㧞㧕. 41.

(2) 42. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ߎ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ታ 㓙 ߩ ࠦ ࡒ ࡘ ࠾ ࠤ ࡯ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ ߩ ႐ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ᔅ ⷐ ᕈ ࠍ 㐓 ߺ ‫ ޔ‬ᐔ ᚑ 21 ᐕᡷ⸓ߩዊቇᩞቇ⠌ᜰዉⷐ㗔ߦࠃࠆᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩ⋡ᮡߪ‫ޔ‬ ‫ ޟ‬ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ࠍ ㅢ ߓ ߡ ‫⸒ޔ‬ ⺆߿ᢥൻߦߟ޿ߡ૕㛎⊛ߦℂ⸃ࠍᷓ߼‫ޔ‬Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ ߣ ߔ ࠆ ᘒ ᐲ ߩ ⢒ ᚑ ࠍ ࿑ ࠅ ‫ޔ‬ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߿ ၮ ᧄ ⊛ ߥ ⴫ ⃻ ߦ ᘠ ࠇ ⷫ ߒ ߹ ߖ ߥ ߇ ࠄ ‫ޔ‬ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߩ⚛࿾ࠍ㙃߁‫ߣޠ‬ቯ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ዊቇᩞ ߩᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߢߪ‫ޟ‬ ‫ޔ‬⡞߈ᚻߦℂ⸃ߒߡ߽ࠄ߃ࠆ㖸ჿࠍ૶ߞߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ ࡦߔࠆ⢻ജߩ⚛࿾ࠍ㙃߁‫߇ߣߎޠ‬ᔅⷐߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 1.1 ᢥ ᴺ ⊛ ℂ ↱ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ౞Ṗߦⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦߪ‫ⷙߩ⪲⸒ޔ‬ೣࠍᱜߒߊㆡಾߦ૶߁ ⢻ജ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬⢻ജߦߟ޿ߡቇ⠌ᜰዉⷐ㗔ߢߪౕ૕⊛ ߥ ቯ ⟵ ߪ ਈ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ߥ ޿ ߚ ߼ ‫ ᧄޔ‬Ⓜ ߢ ߪ Bachman(1990)ߩ ࠦ ࡒ ࡘ ࠾ ࠤ ࡯ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦߩߚ߼ߩ⸒⺆⢻ജߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ૶߁ߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ Bachman(1990)ߪ ‫ ߩ ߼ ߚ ߩ ࡦ ࡚ ࠪ ࡯ ࠤ ࠾ ࡘ ࡒ ࠦޔ‬⢻ ജ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ ‫⸒ޔ‬ ⺆ ⢻ ജ (language competence)‫ ޔ‬ᣇ ⇛ ⊛ ⢻ ജ (strategic competence)‫ ↢ ␹ ♖ ޔ‬ℂ ࡔ ࠞ ࠾ ࠭ ࡓ (psychophysiological mechanisms)ߩ 3 ߟ ߣ ߒ ‫ޔ‬႐ ߩ ᢥ ⣂ (context of situation)߿ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ ⹤ 㗴 ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⍮ ⼂ (knowledge structure)ߣ ว ࠊ ߖ ‫ࡘ ࡒ ࠦ ޔ‬ ࠾ ࠤ ࡯ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ ߩ ߚ ߼ ߩ ⸒ ⺆ ⢻ ജ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ ␜ ߒ ߚ (࿑ 1)‫ޕ‬. Knowledge Structures. Language Competence. Strategic Competence. Psychophysiological Mechanisms. Context of Situation. ࿑ 1. Components of communicative language ability in communicative language use (Bachman, 1990).

(3) 43. 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ߎ ࠇ ࠄ ᭴ ᚑ ⷐ ⚛ ߩ ਛ ᔃ ࠍ ߥ ߔ ⸒ ⺆ ⢻ ജ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬᭴ ᚑ ⢻ ജ (organizational competence)‫ ⊛ ⺰ ↪ ⺆ ޔ‬⢻ ജ (pragmatic competence)ߩ 2 ߟ ߩ ⷐ ⚛ ߢ ᭴ ᚑ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ޔ ߦ ࠄ ߐ ޕ‬᭴ ᚑ ⢻ ജ ߪ ᢥ ᴺ ⢻ ജ (grammatical competence) ߣ ࠹ ࠢ ࠬ ࠻ ⢻ ജ (textual. competence) ߦ ‫ ⊛ ⺰ ↪ ⺆ ޔ‬⢻ ജ ߪ ⊒ ⺆ ౝ ⢻ ജ (illocutionary. competence)ߣ ␠ ળ ⸒ ⺆ ቇ ⊛ ⢻ ജ (sociolinguistic competence)ߦ ‫ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ߘ ޔ‬ಽ 㘃 ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ⺆ ⸒ ࠄ ࠇ ߎޕ‬⢻ ജ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ࠍ 㓏 ጀ ࿑ ߦ ␜ ߒ ߚ ߽ ߩ ߇ ࿑ 2 ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬. Language Competence. Organizational Competence. Pragmatic Competence. Grammatical. Textual. Illocutionary. Sociolinguistic. Competence. Competence. Competence. Competence. ࿑ 2. Components of language competence (Bachman, 1990). ߎߩਛߩᢥᴺ⢻ജߦߪ‫ߦ߼ߚࠆߔࠍࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ᔅⷐߥ⺆ᒵ㗄⋡ߦ 㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂‫ޔ‬ᒻᘒ⊛⍮⼂‫⊛⺆⛔ޔ‬⍮⼂‫ޔ‬ᗧ๧⊛⍮⼂‫ߦࠅ✄ޔ‬㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂‫ߒߘޔ‬ ߡ㖸㖿⊛ⷙೣߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ቇ⠌ᜰዉⷐ㗔ߢ␜ߐࠇߡ ޿ࠆ㖸ჿ࡮ᢥᴺ࡮⺆ᒵߪ‫⺆⸒ߡߴߔޔ‬⢻ജࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆⷐ⚛ߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆᢥᴺ ⢻ജߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߡߞࠃޕ‬ᢥᴺߣ⺆ᒵߩߺߢߪቇ⠌ᜰዉⷐ㗔ߢ⋡ᮡߣߒߡ ឝߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߩ⢒ᚑߦߪਇචಽߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ᱜߒ޿⊒㖸ࠍりߦߟߌࠆߎߣߪ‫ࠣࡦ࠾ࠬ࡝ޔ‬⢻ജߩะ਄ߦ߽ᓎ┙ߟ‫ޕ‬ ⥄ಽߢᱜߒߊ⊒㖸ߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩߪᦸ߹ߒ޿⡬ⷡ௝߇ቯ⌕ߔࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬⡞޿ߚߣ߈ߦ ߽⡬ⷡ௝ࠍᱜߒߊࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫ޔ‬ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ߆ ࠄ ߢ ޽ ࠆ (Ur, 1984; ᦸ ᦬ ઁ , 2001)‫ ⥄ޔ ߦ ࠄ ߐޕ‬ಽ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߇ ᱜ ߒ ߊ ⋧ᚻߦવࠊࠆߣ޿߁⚻㛎ߪ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߦ⥄ାࠍਈ߃‫ޔ‬ౝ⊛േᯏઃߌߣߥࠅ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ ቇ⠌ᗧ᰼ࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߎߣߦ߽ߟߥ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ 1.2 ␠ ળ ⊛ ℂ ↱ ᄖ࿖⺆ࠍ⹤ߔੱߩਛߦߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ࠍ⹤ߔᤨߦቢోߦᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣหߓ⊒㖸 ࠍߒࠃ߁ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߪߥߊ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ⥄りߩ⸦ࠅࠍ଻ᜬߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆੱ߇޿.

(4) 44. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ࠆ߇‫৻ߩ࡯ࠖ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡦ࠺ࠗࠕߩੱߩߘ߇ࠅ⸦ߩߘޔߪࠇߘޔ‬ㇱߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ (Harmer, 2001)‫ࠍ ߐ ߒ ࠄ ੱ ࠦ ࠪ ࠠ ࡔ ߦ ߈ ߣ ߔ ⹤ ࠍ ⺆ ⧷ ߫ ߃ ߣ ߚ ޔ ߡ ߞ ߇ ߚ ߒ ޕ‬ ᱷߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ߁⹤ߒᚻߦߣߞߡߪ‫߹ߪߣߎߔ⹤ࠍ⺆⧷ߩࠅ⸦ࠦࠪࠠࡔޔ‬ ߞߚߊ໧㗴߇ߥ޿‫⊒ࠆ޽ߩࠅ⸦ޔߪߡߞߣߦੱ޿ߥߢ߁ߘޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㖸ߦࠃߞ ߡ޿ߊߟ߆ߩਇ೑⋉ࠍߎ߁߻ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⸦ࠅߩ޽ࠆ⊒㖸ߪℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇㔍ߒ޿‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬⡞߈㑆㆑߃߿⹤⠪ߩᗵ ᖱ ࠍ ⺋ ⸃ ߒ ߡ ߒ ߹ ߁ ේ ࿃ ߦ ߥ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ޽ ࠆ (Flege, 1995)‫ ޔ ߚ ߹ ޕ‬⡞ ߈ ข ࠆ ߚ ߼ ߦ⋧ᚻߦ૛⸘ߥദജࠍⷐ᳞ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸એᄖߩ⢻ജ߇ߤࠎ ߥߦఝ⑲ߛߣߒߡ߽‫ุޔ‬ቯ⊛ߥ⹏ଔࠍฃߌߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ή⢻ߛߣᕁ޿ㄟ߹ࠇߡߒ߹ߞ ߚ ࠅ ‫ޔ‬Ꮕ ೎ ߔ ࠄ ฃ ߌ ࠆ ੐ ଀ ߽ ႎ ๔ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (Derwin & Munro, 2009)‫ޕ‬ᱜ ߒ ޿ ⊒㖸߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߚ߼ߦ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸એᄖߩߎߣ߹ߢุቯߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߩߪ޽߹ࠅߦᱷ ᔨߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬㒐ߋߚ߼ߦ߽‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌⠪߇ᱜߒ޿⊒㖸ࠍりߦߟߌࠆദജࠍߔࠆ ߎߣ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧ߇⊒㖸ᜰዉߦജࠍ౉ࠇࠆߎߣߪᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 㧞㧚㖸ჿߩಽ㘃ߣ․ᓽ ߎߣ߫ࠍ⊒㖸ߔࠆߣ߈ߩ㖸ჿࠍ⺞㖸㖸ჿቇ⊛ߦߣࠄ߃ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊሶ㖸ߣᲣ 㖸ߩ 2 ߟߦಽ㘃ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔߪࠄࠇߘޕ‬㖸ჿߩ඙೎‫ޔ‬㖸ჿ⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬㖸ჿᜰ ዉߩၮḰߣߥࠆߩߢ‫․ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ᓽࠍએਅߦ⸥ߔ‫ޕ‬ 2.1 ሶ 㖸 ሶ㖸ߪᕷ߇⢖߆ࠄญߩᄖߦ಴ߐࠇࠆ߹ߢߦ‫ޔ‬ჿᏪ‫ޔ‬エญ⬄‫⎬ޔ‬ญ⬄‫ޔ‬ᱤ⨍‫ޔ‬ ᱤ‫ޔ‬ໃߣ޿ߞߚ⺞㖸ེቭߢᛶ᛫ࠍฃߌࠆ㖸ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ሶ㖸ࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆߚ߼ߩⷐ⚛ ߪ ਥ ߦ ‫ ᦭ ޔ‬ჿ 㧛 ή ჿ ߩ ඙ ೎ (voiced/unvoiced)‫ ⺞ ޔ‬㖸 ὐ (place of articulation)‫ޔ‬ ⺞㖸 ᭽ ᑼ (manner of articulation)‫ ߩޔ‬3 ⒳ 㘃 ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ⊒ޕ‬ჿ ᤨ ߦ ჿ Ꮺ ߩ 㔡 ߃ ࠍ ઻ ߁߽ߩࠍ᦭ჿ㖸‫ޔ‬ჿᏪߩ㔡߃ࠍ઻ࠊߥ޿߽ߩࠍήჿ㖸ߣ޿߁‫⺞ޕ‬㖸ὐߣߪ‫ޔ‬⢖ ߆ࠄߩᕷߩᵹࠇ߇ᦨ߽ᛶ᛫ࠍฃߌࠆ႐ᚲߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫߇⥠ޕ‬㐽㎮߿⁜߼ߦ૶ࠊ ࠇࠆ႐วߪ‫߽ᦨ߇⥠ޔ‬ㄭߠߊὐ߇⺞㖸ὐߣߥࠆ‫⺞ޕ‬㖸᭽ᑼߣߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬㖸߇ߤߩ ࠃ߁ߥᛶ᛫ࠍฃߌߡ⊒ߖࠄࠇߚ㖸ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬ᕷߩᵹࠇ߇ቢోߦᱛ߹ࠆ႐ ว ߪ 㐽㎮㖸 (stop)߽ ߒ ߊ ߪ ⎕ ⵚ 㖸 (plosive)‫ ޔ‬㐽㎮ ߹ ߢ ߪ ޿ ߆ ߥ ޿ ߇ 㕖 Ᏹ ߦ ᒝ ޿ ⁜ ߼ ߢ ๭ ᳇ ߇ ᝄ േ ࠍ ⿠ ߎ ߔ ႐ ว ߪ ៺ ᡂ 㖸 (fricative)‫ ޔ‬㐽㎮ ߩ ᓟ ‫ ޔ‬⎕ ⵚ ߦ ⛯ ޿ ߡ ៺ ᡂ ߇ ⿠ ߎ ࠆ ႐ ว ߪ ⎕ ᡂ 㖸 (affricative) ‫ ޔ‬ญ ߢ ߩ 㐽㎮ ߇ 㐳 ߊ ‫ ޔ‬㥦 ߆ ࠄ ᕷ ߇ ಴ ࠆ ႐ ว ߪ 㥦㖸 (nasal)ߣ ޿ ߁ ౕ ว ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬㐽㎮㖸 ߦ Უ 㖸 ߇ ⛯ ߊ ႐ ว ‫ޔ‬㐽㎮ ߇ 㐿 ᡼ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ߆ ࠄ ჿ Ꮺ ߩ 㔡 ߃ ߇ ᆎ ߹ ࠆ ߹ ߢ ߩ ᤨ 㑆 (voice onset time/VOT)ߪ ৻ ⥸ ⊛ ߦ ᦭ ჿ㖸ࠃࠅ߽ήჿ㖸ߩ߶߁߇㐳޿‫ࠍ⺆⧷ޕ‬฽߻ߔߴߡߩ⸒⺆ߩߔߴߡߩ㖸ࠍ✚᜝ ⊛ ߦ ␜ ߒ ߚ ࿖ 㓙㖸 ᮡ ᢥ ሼ (the International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA)ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ሶ 㖸ߣ⺞㖸ὐߣߩ㑐ଥߪ࿑ 3 ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫᦭ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ჿ㧛ήჿߩ඙೎ߣ‫ޔ‬ ⺞㖸ὐ߅ࠃ߮⺞㖸ᣇᴺߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡሶ㖸ߪಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬.

(5) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ࿑ 3. IPA ሶ 㖸 ⴫. 2.2 Უ 㖸 Უ㖸ߪሶ㖸ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬⢖߆ࠄญߩᄖ߹ߢ⺞㖸ེቭߦࠃߞߡᄢ߈ߥᛶ᛫ࠍฃ ߌߕߦ಴ߐࠇࠆ᦭ჿ㖸ߢ޽ࠅ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸ᤨߩໃߩᒻߣ‫ߩߤߩ⥠ޔ‬ㇱಽ߇ߤߩ⒟ᐲญ ⬄ߦㄭߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ‫ߩߤޔ‬㖸ߢ޽ࠆ߆ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ‫ߩ⥠ߩߎޕ‬㜞ߐ߿૏ ⟎ߪ‫߿࠻ࡦ࠮ࠢࠕޔ‬ᣇ⸒╬ߦࠃߞߡᓸᅱߦ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬୘ੱᏅ߽޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬෩ኒߦ ᷹ቯߒߡ್ᢿߔࠆߎߣ߇㔍ߒߊ‫ޔ‬Უ㖸ߩ඙೎ߦߪ‫ޔ‬⡬ⷡ⊛ߥශ⽎ߦࠃߞߡಽ㘃 ߔ ࠆ ᣇ ᴺ ߇ ߣ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬࿖ 㓙 ⊛ ߥ ၮ Ḱ ߣ ߒ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬࿑ 4 ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߦ 28 ⒳ 㘃 ߩ ၮ ᧄ Უ 㖸 ߇ IPA ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ቯ ߼ ࠄ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬. ࿑ 4. IPA ၮ ᧄ Უ 㖸 ࿑ (IPA (2006)ࠃ ࠅ ᒁ ↪ ). ࿑ 4 ߢ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㆑޿ߩ߶߆‫ޔ‬Უ㖸ߩ⒳㘃ߦߪ‫ᤨ⛯⛮ޔ‬㑆ߩ㐳ߐߦࠃߞߡ. 45.

(6) 46. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ⍴Უ㖸ߣ㐳Უ㖸‫⊒ޔ‬ჿਛߩ⺞㖸ߩᄌൻߩ᦭ή߅ࠃ߮࿁ᢙߦࠃߞߡනᲣ㖸 (monophthong)‫ ޔ‬ੑ ㊀ Უ 㖸 (diphthong)‫ ޔ‬ਃ ㊀ Უ 㖸 (triphthong)ߣ ޿ ߁ ಽ ߌ ᣇ ߇ ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 2.3. ⧷⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿߩ㆑޿. ⧷ ⺆ ߣ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ ਥ ߥ ㆑ ޿ ߣ ߒ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬1)Უ 㖸 ߿ ሶ 㖸 ߩ ᢙ ߅ ࠃ ߮ ⒳ 㘃 ‫ ޔ‬2)㖸 ▵ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ‫ ޔ‬3)ࠕ ࠢ ࠮ ࡦ ࠻ ߇ ᜼ ߍ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ޔ ߕ ߹ ޕ‬Უ 㖸 ߩ ᢙ ࠍ Ყ セ ߔ ࠆ ߣ ‫⺆ ⧷ ޔ‬ ߪ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߿ ߘ ߩ ઁ ߩ ⸒ ⺆ ߣ Ყ ߴ ‫ ޔ‬Უ 㖸 ߩ ⒳ 㘃 ߇ ᄙ ޿ ‫ ߪ ⺆ ⧷ ޕ‬13 ⒳ 㘃 ޽ ࠆ ߩ ߦ ኻ ߒ ‫ ޔ‬ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ ᮡ Ḱ ⺆ ߦ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬/i/‫ ޔ‬/e/‫ ޔ‬/Ś/‫ ޔ‬/o/‫ ޔ‬/Ÿ/‫ ޔ‬/Ţ/ߩ 6 ⒳ 㘃 ߇ ⷗ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢ⺆⧷ޔߚ߹ޕ‬Უ㖸ߘߩ߽ߩߩ㆑޿ߢ඙೎ߔࠆߩߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣣ ᧄ⺆ߪ⍴Უ㖸ߣ㐳Უ㖸ߩ඙೎ߦࠃߞߡᗧ๧ߩ㆑޿ࠍ⼂೎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫߹ޕ‬ ߚ ‫ ߩ ⺆ ⧷ ߦ ⊛ ⥸ ৻ޔ‬VOT ߪ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ VOT ߣ Ყ ߴ ᄢ ᏷ ߦ 㐳 ޿ ߣ ޿ ߁ ߎ ߣ ߇ ࠊ ߆ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (Isono, 2000)‫ ޕ‬㖸 ▵ ࠍ ᭴ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ⷐ ⚛ ߩ ㆑ ޿ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ‫ ߪ ߢ ⺆ ⧷ ޔ‬2 ߟ એ਄ߩሶ㖸߇ㅪ⚿ߔࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸▵ߪၮᧄ⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬Უ㖸 1 ߟ ߆‫ޔ‬1 ߟߩሶ㖸ߣ 1 ߟߩᲣ㖸ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߢᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ሶ㖸ㅪ⚿ߪේೣ ߣߒߡ⸵ߐࠇߥ޿‫ߪߦ⺆⧷ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ੑ㊀Უ㖸߿ਃ㊀Უ㖸߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ ߢߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ߌߟߩ࠻ࡦ࠮ࠢࠕޕ‬ᣇߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߪ㖸ߩ㜞ૐߦࠃߞߡ ࠕࠢ࠮ࡦ࠻ࠍߟߌߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ߪߢ⺆⧷ޔ‬㜞ߐࠃࠅ߽ᒝᒙߦࠃߞߡࠕࠢ࠮ࡦ࠻ࠍߟ ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ߣ⺆⧷ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ஥㕙ߢ⇣ߥߞߚ․ᓽ ࠍ߽ߟ‫ޕ‬ 㧟. 㖸ჿߩ₪ᓧ 3.1 Უ ⺆㖸 ჿ ߩ ₪ ᓧ ੃ ᐜ ఽ ߪ ‫ ߦ ⺆ ⸒ ࠆ ࠁ ࠄ ޽ޔ‬฽ ߹ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߔ ߴ ߡ ߩ 㖸 ࠍ ඙ ೎ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ ߒ߆ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬⢻ ജߪ↢ ᓟᢙࠞ᦬߆ ࠄ 1 ᐕ㑆ߩ ߁ߜߦᕆㅦߦ ᄬࠊࠇߡ ߒ߹߁‫ߎޕ‬ ࠇߪ‫ᦼߩߢ߹ᦼᤨࠆ޽ࠄ߆ߡࠇ߹↢ޔ‬㑆ߢ⡊ߦ౉ߞߡ߈ߚ㖸ჿࠍಽᨆߒ‫ߎߘޔ‬ ߦ ฽ ߹ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ 㖸 ߩ ඙ ೎ એ ᄖ ߪ ή ⷞ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ቇ ⠌ ߒ ߡ (᫃ Ꮉ , 2003)‫ ࠅ ࠃ ޔ‬ല ₸ ⊛ ߦ Უ ⺆ ࠍ ಣ ℂ ߔ ࠆ ⢻ ജ ࠍ り ߦ ߟ ߌ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ␜ ߒ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (⊕ ੗ , 2008)‫ޕ‬ ቇ⠌ߒ₪ᓧߒߚ㖸ჿߪ‫ޔ‬1 ᱦߊࠄ޿ࠍႺߦ⸒⪲ߣߒߡ⊒ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ߇‫⊒ޔ‬ 㖸ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ޿߈ߥࠅߔߴߡߩ㖸ࠍ⊒㖸ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ Gnanadesikan(2004)߇ ⥄ ಽ ߩ 2 ᱦ ߩ ᆷ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ࠍ ⷰ ኤ ⸥ ㍳ ߒ ߡ ␜ ߒ ߚ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ‫ޔ‬ 㖸ߦࠃߞߡ⊒㖸ߩߒ߿ߔߐ߇⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߩᚑ㐳ߣ⸒⺆ߩ⊒㆐ߦ઻޿‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫ޘ‬ ߦ ⊒ 㖸 ߢ ߈ ࠆ 㖸 ߇ Ⴧ ߃ ߡ ޿ ߊ ߩ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ⺞ޕ‬㖸 ⊒ ㆐ ߪ 3 ᱦ ೨ ᦼ ߆ ࠄ 4 ᱦ ᓟ ᦼ ߦ ߆ ߌ ߡ ߩ ᦼ 㑆 ߢ ⪺ ߒ ߊ ‫ޔ‬7 ᱦ ᓟ ᦼ ߦ ߶ ߷ ቢ ᚑ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ࠊ ߆ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ (ਛ ේ , 1983)‫ޕ‬ 7 ᱦᓟᦼߢቢᚑߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆዊቇᩞ 5 ᐕ↢߅ࠃ߮ 6 ᐕ↢ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦᲣ⺆ߩ⺞㖸ߦ㑐ߒߡߪቢੌߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 3.2 Უ ⺆㖸 ჿ ߩ ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆㖸 ჿ ߩ ⊒ ㆐ ߳ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩೋᦼቇ⠌⠪ߪ‫⺞ޔ‬㖸ེቭ߇Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ⊒㖸ߔࠆߎߣߦㆡᔕߒߡ ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒߩ߹߹‫╙ޔ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ⊒㖸ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߩߘޕ‬ ߼ ‫ޔ‬ሶ 㖸 ‫ޔ‬Უ 㖸 ‫ޔ‬VOT ߩ ޿ ߕ ࠇ ߦ ߽ ᓇ 㗀 ߇ ⴫ ࠇ ‫ޔ‬ᄙ ߊ ߩ ႐ ว ‫ ╙ޔ‬ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ․ ᓽ ߆ ࠄ Უ ⺆ ߇ ផ ቯ ߢ ߈ ࠆ (Flege, 1984)‫ ޔ ߫ ߃ ߣ ߚ ޕ‬ᣣ ᧄ ੱ ߦ ߣ ߞ ߡ /l/ߣ.

(7) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. /r/ߩ ඙ ೎ ߇ ߢ ߈ ߦ ߊ ޿ ╬ ߩ ․ ᓽ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬Უ ⺆ ₪ ᓧ ߩ ㆊ ⒟ ߢ Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߦ ή ޿ 㖸 ࠍήⷞߒߡ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ಣℂࠍല₸⊛ߦⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐ‫╙ޔ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⠌ᓧߩㆊ⒟ ߢ ߪ ‫ ╙ ޔ‬ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ࠍ ‫ ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ▸ ⇵ (phonetic category)ߦ ޽ ࠆ 㖸 ߢ ઍ ↪ ߒ߇ߜߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߩ․ᓽ߇╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߦ߽⃻ࠇߡߒ߹ ߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬Უ⺆ߦή޿㖸ߩ඙೎ࠍήⷞߔࠆߎߣࠍቇ⠌ߒߡᲣ⺆ ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇⏕┙ߒߚᓟߩ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⠌ᓧߦߪ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ߇ᄢ߈ߊᐓᷤ ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߘࠇߢߪ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇৻ᐲ⏕┙ߒߡߒ߹ߞߚࠄ‫╙ޔ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍᱜ ⏕ߦ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߛࠈ߁߆‫╙ޕ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇ᣂߒߊ૞ࠄࠇ ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵ߦ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ߇ㅊടߐࠇߚࠅߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ޽ࠅ߃ࠆ ߩ ߛ ࠈ ߁ ߆ ‫ޕ‬એ ਅ ‫ޔ‬Flege(1991)ࠍ ߪ ߓ ߼ ߣ ߔ ࠆ 㖸 ჿ ⠌ ᓧ ߩ ⎇ ⓥ ߆ ࠄ ᓧ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ⚿ ᨐ߆ࠄ౒ㅢߔࠆ⍮⷗ࠍ᜼ߍߡߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬ Flege(1991)ߪ ‫ޔ‬Უ 㖸 ߩ ⠌ ᓧ ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ‫ ߩ ⺆ ࠬ ࡦ ࡜ ࡈޔ‬Უ 㖸 /u/߅ ࠃ ߮ /y/ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ‫ߦࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬૑߻ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞੱߦ⊒㖸ߒߡ߽ࠄ޿‫⺆ࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⊒㖸 ߣ ߩ ㄭ ߐ ࠍ ⺞ ߴ ࠆ ߣ ޿ ߁ ታ 㛎 ࠍ ⴕ ߞ ߚ ‫ ⚿ޕ‬ᨐ ߪ ‫ ߪ ߦ ⺆ ⧷ޔ‬ή ޿ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ߩ /y/ ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ߪߌߛࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩߋߔߡ᧪ߦࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⊒㖸ߣ ㆑߁⧷⺆ነࠅߩ⊒㖸ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ⇣ߥࠆ⸦ࠅ ߪ ⋡ ┙ ߞ ߡ ⃻ ࠇ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ ৻ޕ‬ᣇ ‫ ⊒ ߩ ⺆ ⧷ޔ‬㖸 ߦ Ყ セ ⊛ ㄭ ޿ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ߩ /u/ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ ‫ޔ‬10 ᐕ એ ਄ ߽ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ਛ ᔃ ߩ ↢ ᵴ ࠍ ㅍ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߢ ߽ ‫ޔ‬ቢ ో ߦ Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣหߓ⊒㖸ߣߪߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ߹ ߚ ‫ ޔ‬Flege(1995)ߪ ሶ 㖸 ߩ ⊒ ㆐ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ‫ ߦ ࠞ ࡝ ࡔ ࠕ ޔ‬૑ ߺ ᆎ ߼ ߡ 12 ᐕ એ ਄ ߩ ᣣ ᧄ ੱ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߣ ‫ ޔ‬3 ᐕ ᧂ ḩ ߩ ᣣ ᧄ ੱ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߦ ኻ ߒ ‫ ޔ‬/l/ߣ /r/ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߅ ࠃ ߮ ⡞ ߈ ข ࠅ ߩ ᱜ ⏕ ߐ ࠍ ⺞ ߴ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬/l/ߪ /r/ࠃ ࠅ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ ࡜ ⴕ ߦ Ყ セ ⊛ ㄭ ޿ ߚ ߼ ‫ޔ‬ Უ ⺆ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ઍ ↪ ߇ ⿠ ߎ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߚ ࠄ ‫ ޔ‬/r/ࠃ ࠅ ߽ /l/ߩ ߶ ߁ ߦ ⿠ ߎ ࠅ ߿ ߔ ޿ ߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ߦ ࠞ ࡝ ࡔ ࠕ ޔ ߇ ࠈ ߎ ߣ ޕ‬૑ ࠎ ߢ 3 ᐕ ᧂ ḩ ߩ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬/l/ߩ 㖸 ࠍ ᱜ ⏕ ߦ ⊒ 㖸 ߢ ߈ ߚ ߩ ߇ 63%‫ޔ‬/r/ߩ 㖸 ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ 76%‫ޔ‬12 ᐕ એ ਄ ૑ ࠎ ߢ ޿ ࠆ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߢ ߪ ‫ޔ‬/l/ߩ 㖸 ࠍ ᱜ ⏕ ߦ ⊒ 㖸 ߢ ߈ ߚ ߩ ߇ 77%‫ޔ‬/r/ߪ 92%ߣ ‫ޔ‬ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ઍ ↪₸߇ૐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ‫╙ޔ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⠌ᓧߦ౒ㅢߒߚࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇ߺ߃ߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߹ ߕ ‫ ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ߦ ߥ ޿ ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߇ 㖸 ჿ ▸ ⇵ ߦ ട ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ߎ ߣ ߇ ࠊ ߆ ࠆ ‫ࠇ ߎޕ‬ ߪ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ߦ ૑ ߻ ⧷ ⺆ Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߇ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ߩ Უ 㖸 /y/ࠍ ߶ ߷ ⸦ ࠅ ߥ ߊ ⊒ 㖸 ߢ ߈ ߡ ޿ ߚ ߎ ߣ ߿ ‫ ޔ‬12 ᐕ એ ਄ ࠕ ࡔ ࡝ ࠞ ߦ ૑ ࠎ ߢ ޿ ࠆ ᣣ ᧄ ੱ ߇ ሶ 㖸 /r/ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ࠍ ߶ ߷ቢ⅜ߦ඙೎ߢ߈ߡ޿ߚߎߣ߆ࠄ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ ㄭ޿㖸ߪᲣ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵ߦߥ޿㖸ߣᲧߴߡ⠌ᓧߒߠࠄ޿ߎߣ߽ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ ⧷ ⺆ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߣ ㄭ ޿ ࡈ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ߩ Უ 㖸 /u/ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⎇ ⓥ ⚿ ᨐ ߣ ‫ޔ‬ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ ࡜ ⴕ ߦ ㄭ ޿ ሶ 㖸 /l/ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⚿ ᨐ ߦ ౒ ㅢ ߒ ߡ ߺ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ⃻ ⽎ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޔ ߦ ࠄ ߐޕ‬Უ 㖸 ࠃ ࠅ ߽ ሶ 㖸ߩ߶߁߇Უ⺆ߩᐓᷤࠍᲧセ⊛ฃߌߦߊ޿ߎߣ߽ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬ᣣᧄੱߩਛ ߦ ߪ /l/ࠍ ᱜ ⏕ ߦ ⊒ 㖸 ߢ ߈ ࠆ ੱ ߇ ᄙ ߊ ޿ ߚ ߩ ߦ ኻ ߒ ‫ࠬ ࡦ ࡜ ࡈ ࠆ ࠃ ߦ ੱ ࠞ ࡝ ࡔ ࠕޔ‬ ⺆ ߩ Უ 㖸 /u/ߦ ߪ ⧷ ⺆ ߩ ⸦ ࠅ ߇ ࠃ ࠅ ᄙ ߊ ᱷ ߞ ߚ ߎ ߣ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ‫ ޔ ࠅ ߹ ߟ ޕ‬1) Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ▸ ⇵ ߇ ⏕ ┙ ߒ ߚ ᓟ ߢ ߽ ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ₪ ᓧ ߪ น ⢻ ߢ ޽ ࠅ ‫ޔ‬2) Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ▸. 47.

(8) 48. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ⇵ ߦ ߥ ޿ 㖸 ߪ Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߦ ㄭ ޿ 㖸 ࠃ ࠅ ߽ ₪ ᓧ ߐ ࠇ ߿ ߔ ߊ ‫ޔ‬3) Უ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߦ ㄭ ޿ 㖸ߢߪ‫ޔ‬Უ㖸ࠃࠅ߽ሶ㖸ߩ߶߁߇₪ᓧߐࠇ߿ߔ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߐ ࠄ ߦ ‫ޔ‬VOT ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߽ ‫ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ߩ ᓇ 㗀 ߇ ޽ ߞ ߡ ߽ ⠌ ᓧ ߇ ㅴ ߼ ߫ 㕖 Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ ․ᓽࠍᷫࠄߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁⎇ⓥ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣห᭽ߦ‫߿⺆ࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬ ࠬ ࡍ ࠗ ࡦ ⺆ ߩ VOT ߪ ⧷ ⺆ ߩ VOT ߣ Ყ ߴ ⍴ ޿ ‫ޕ‬Უ ⺆ ߇ ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ⠌ ᓧ ߦ ᓇ 㗀 ࠍ ਈ ߃ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߣ ߔ ࠇ ߫ ‫ ߩ ⺆ ⸒ ߚ ߞ ޿ ߁ ߘ ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߇ ⊒ 㖸 ߔ ࠆ ⧷ ⺆ ߩ VOT ߪ ‫ ⺆ ⧷ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߩ VOT ߣ Ყ ߴ ⍴ ߊ ߥ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ੍ ᗐ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬Flege(1991) ߪ‫⹤⺆⧷ੱࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬⠪߅ࠃ߮ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞੱࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆⹤⠪ߩ‫ࠃ߅⺆ࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬ ߮ ⧷ ⺆ ߩ /t/ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ VOT ࠍ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ⺞ ߴ ߚ ‫ ⚿ ޕ‬ᨐ ߪ ‫ ╙ ޔ‬ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߦ ⸅ ࠇ ࠆ ᦼ 㑆 ߇ 㐳 ޿ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߶ ߤ ‫ ߩ ⺆ ⧷ ߩ ੱ ࠬ ࡦ ࡜ ࡈ ޔ‬/t/ߩ VOT ߪ 㐳 ߊ ‫ࡈ ߩ ੱ ࠞ ࡝ ࡔ ࠕ ޔ‬ ࡜ ࡦ ࠬ ⺆ ߩ /t/ߩ VOT ߪ ⍴ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ ⚿ ߩ ߎ ࠅ ߹ ߟ ޕ‬ᨐ ߆ ࠄ ‫ ޔ‬㐳 ޿ ᦼ 㑆 ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߦ ⸅ ࠇ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߢ ‫ޔ‬VOT ߩ 㕙 ߆ ࠄ ⷗ ߡ ߽ ‫ޔ‬Უ ⺆ ߩ ⸦ ࠅ ߩ ߥ ޿ ⊒ 㖸 ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߥ ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ 3.3 ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ⠌ ᓧ ߣ ᜰ ዉ ߩ น ⢻ ᕈ એ਄ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇⏕┙ߒߚᓟߢ߽╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿߪ⠌ᓧߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫⋡ޔߟ߆ޔ‬ᮡ⸒⺆ߦߚߊߐࠎ⸅ࠇࠆߎߣߢࠃࠅ⋡ᮡ⸒⺆ߦㄭ޿⊒ 㖸ࠍりߦߟߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚ‫ߦ․ޕ‬ሶ㖸ߪᲣ㖸ߣᲧߴ₪ ᓧߐࠇ߿ߔ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞߩᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩࠃ߁ߥ㒢ࠄࠇߚᤨ㑆ߩ ਛߢ߽⠌ᓧ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬਄⸥ߩ⎇ⓥߪߔߴߡ⋡ᮡ⸒⺆ ߇ ESL ߣ ߒ ߡ ૶ ࠊ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ Ⅳ Ⴚ ߢ ߩ ⎇ ⓥ ߢ ޽ ࠅ ‫ޔ‬ᣣ ᧄ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ⋡ ᮡ ⸒ ⺆㧔 ⧷ ⺆㧕 ߇ EFL ߣ ߒ ߡ ૶ ࠊ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ Ⅳ Ⴚ ߢ ߽ ห ߓ ߎ ߣ ߇ ޿ ߃ ࠆ ߣ ߪ 㒢 ࠄ ߥ ޿ ‫ޕ‬ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߩ ᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߢ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿ߇₪ᓧߐࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⺰ߕࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫߇⺆⧷ޔ‬ ᄖ࿖⺆ߣߒߡᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆⅣႺߢߩ⺞ᩏ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 3.4 ⊒ 㖸 ᜰ ዉ ߩ ᣇ ᴺ ⊒㖸ᜰዉߩߚ߼ߦᓥ᧪߆ࠄߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᣇᴺ߇⠨᩺ߐࠇ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߢ߽૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ ࠆ ‫ ߫ ߃ ߣ ߚ ޕ‬Celce-Murcia et. al. (1996) ߇ ⚫ ੺ ߒ ߚ ᣇ ᴺ ߛ ߌ ߢ ߽ 10 એ ਄ ޽ ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦਥߥ߽ߩࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬ 1. Listen and imitate ᢎᏧߩ⊒㖸ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ⡞߆ߖ‫ࠅ➅ޔ‬㄰ߒ⌀ૃߒߡ⊒㖸ߐߖࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㍳㖸 ߐࠇߚ㖸ჿ߿ࡆ࠺ࠝᤋ௝ࠍࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 2. Phonetic training ⺞㖸ᣇᴺࠍ⺑᣿ߒߚࠅ‫⺞ޔ‬㖸ེቭߩ᭽ሶࠍ࿑␜ߒߚࠅ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸⸥ภࠍ↪޿ߚࠅ ߒߡ⊒㖸ࠍᢎ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 3. Minimal pair drills ᦨዊኻߣߪ‫ޔ‬1 ߟߩ㖸⚛ߩߺ߇⇣ߥࠆ⺆߿ᢥߩࡍࠕߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ዊኻ ࠍ⡞߆ߖߡ㖸⚛ߩ㆑޿ߦ᳇ߠ߆ߖߚࠅ‫ᦨޔ‬ዊኻࠍ↪޿ߡ⊒㖸ߩ඙೎ࠍ✵⠌ߐ ߖߚࠅߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫⺆ޔߪߦ⊛⥸৻ޕ‬න૏ߢߩ✵⠌߆ࠄᢥන૏ߩ✵⠌߳ߣ ㅴࠎߢ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬ 4. Contextualized minimal pairs ᦨዊኻࠍᢥ⣂ਛߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧ߇⊒㖸ߒߚ߶߁ߦวࠊߖߡ↢ᓤ߇ㆡ.

(9) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ಾ ߥ ㄰ ੐ ࠍ ߔ ࠆ ᣇ ᴺ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫“ ޔ ߫ ߃ ߣ ߚ ޕ‬The blacksmith (a. hits / b. heats) the horseshoe.”ߣ ޿ ߁ ᢥ ߦ ኻ ߒ ‫ ↢ ޔ‬ᓤ ߪ ᢎ Ꮷ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߦ ᔕ ߓ ߡ “a. with the hammer. / b. in the fire.” ߩ ߤ ߜ ࠄ ߆ ㆡ ಾ ߥ ᣇ ߢ ╵ ߃ ࠆ ‫ ౕ ߁ ޿ ߣޔ‬ว ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ 5. Tongue twisters ᱜߒ޿⊒㖸ߣᵹᥰߐࠍりߦߟߌࠆߚ߼ߩ✵⠌ߣߒߡᣧญ⸒⪲ࠍ૶߁‫ޕ‬ 6. Developmental approximation drills /r/ߣ /l/ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ඙ ೎ ߇ ߢ ߈ ߥ ޿ ੱ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬/w/߆ ࠄ /r/߳ ‫ ޔ‬/y/߆ ࠄ /l/߳ ߣ ⒖ ⴕ ߐߖߡ޿ߊߥߤ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩሶߤ߽߇⊒㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߦ୮ߞߡᱜߒ ޿⊒㖸ࠍりߦߟߌࠃ߁ߣߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ 7. Reading aloud / recitation ࠕࠢ࠮ࡦ࠻߿ࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ޔࡓ࠭࡝ޔ‬㑆ߩขࠅᣇߥߤߦᵈᗧߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᢥࠍ ჿߦ಴ߒߡ⺒߻✵⠌ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔ⹞߿࠴࡯ࡇࠬޕ‬ᚨᦛߥߤߩᢥ߇૶ࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ 8. Recordings of learners’ production ࠬࡇ࡯࠴߿ળ⹤ࠍ㍳㖸߽ߒߊߪ㍳↹ߒ‫ޔ‬ౣ↢ߒߡࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢࠍਈ߃ࠆᣇ ᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቇ⠌⠪߇⥄りߩ⊒㖸ࠍ⡞޿ߚࠅ⷗ߚࠅߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚ߼‫⥄ޔ‬ Ꮖ⹏ଔߐߖߡ⥄ಽߢ޽߿߹ߞߚ⊒㖸ߦ᳇ߠ߆ߖࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߘߩઁ‫ޔ‬Ṷ഍߿ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲߿ࡑ࡞࠴ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕࠍ೑↪ߒߚ⊒㖸ᜰዉ‫ޔ‬ᔃℂቇࠍ ᔕ↪ߒߚᣇᴺ߽⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ਛ߆ࠄዊቇᩞߩᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩ⿰ᣦߦ㚔 ᨴ ߻ 1, 2 ࠍ ↪ ޿ ߡ ‫ ╙ޔ‬ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ⠌ ᓧ ࠍ ଦ ߔ ߣ ޿ ࠊ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ᒻ ߦ ᵈ ᗧ ࠍ ะ ߌ ࠆ ᜰ ዉ ᴺߦᔕ↪ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞߩᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߦ߅޿ߡ⧷⺆ߩሶ㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ࠆߩ߆ᬌ⸽ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬ 㧠㧚ታ㛎 4.1 ታ 㛎 ߩ ⋡ ⊛ ߣ ⢛ ᥊ ᧄታ㛎ߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢ↢߹ࠇ⢒ߞߚᣣᧄੱዊቇ↢߇ߪߓ߼ߡ⧷⺆ࠍቇࠎߢ ޿ ߊ 㓙 ߦ ‫ޔ‬1) ߔ ߢ ߦ ╙ ৻ ⸒ ⺆ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ߇ ߢ ߈ ޽ ߇ ߞ ߚ ߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ᐕ 㦂 ߩ ఽ ┬ ߢ ߽‫ޔ‬ㅳ 1 ࿁ߩࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߛߌߢ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩሶ㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩ߆‫ޔ‬ 2) ߽ ߒ ₪ ᓧ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ߣ ߒ ߚ ࠄ ‫ ઀ ߩ ࠴ ࡯ ࡠ ࡊ ࠕ ߩ ߳ ┬ ఽޔ‬ᣇ ߩ ㆑ ޿ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ሶ 㖸 ߩ ઍ ↪ ߩ ᡷ ༀ ߅ ࠃ ߮ VOT ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߦ Ꮕ ߇ ಴ ࠆ ߩ ߆ ‫ ޕ ࠆ ޽ ߦ ߣ ߎ ࠆ ߴ ⺞ ߡ ޿ ߟ ߦ ޔ‬ሶ 㖸ߩઍ↪ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ߩߢ⺆⧷࠽ࠞ࠲ࠞޔ‬ሶ㖸ߩ⊒㖸߇ᱜߒ޿⊒㖸ߦᄌࠊߞߡ޿ ࠇ߫‫ߩ⺆⧷ߪ┬ఽߩߘޔ‬ሶ㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߒߚߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣᲧߴ⧷⺆ߩ VOT ୯ ߪ 㐳 ޿ ߚ ߼ ‫ ߩ ⺆ ⧷ ߇ ┬ ఽޔ‬ሶ 㖸 ࠍ ₪ ᓧ ߒ ‫ ߦ ⺆ ⧷ ࠅ ࠃޔ‬ㄭ ޿ ⊒ 㖸 ߇ ߢ ߈ ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߥ ࠆ ߣ ߔ ࠇ ߫ ‫ޔ‬VOT ୯ ߽ ₪ ᓧ ೨ ߣ Ყ ߴ ߡ 㐳 ߊ ߥ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ੍ ᗐ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ‫઀ߩ࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕߩ߳┬ఽޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᣇߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡሶ㖸ߩઍ↪ߩᡷༀᐲว ޿ ߿ VOT ୯ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ㊂ ߦ ߽ Ꮕ ߇ ಴ ߡ ޿ ࠇ ߫ ‫ ޔ‬਄ ㆐ ߩ ᣇ ะ ߦ ᄌ ൻ ߒ ߚ ㊂ ߩ ࠃ ࠅ ᄙ ޿ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ᣇᴺ߇‫⊒ߩ߳┬ఽޔ‬㖸ᜰዉߣߒߡࠃࠅㆡߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸⠌ᓧߩ⚛࿾ࠍ㙃߁ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߚ᝼ᬺ⸘↹ࠍ┙ߡࠆߦ ޽ߚߞߡ‫ޔ‬6 ᐕ↢ߣ޿߁ఽ┬ߩᐕ㦂ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ‫⊒ޔ‬㖸ߛߌࠍขࠅ಴ߒߡ㖸ჿࠍ ㊀ ὐ ⊛ ߦ ᜰ ዉ ߔ ࠆ ᣇ ᴺ ߪ ߘ ߋ ࠊ ߥ ޿ ‫ ޔ ߼ ߚ ߩ ߘ ޕ‬ᐕ 㑆 10 න ૏ ᤨ 㑆 ߩ ߔ ߴ ߡ ߩ. 49.

(10) 50. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ᤨ 㑆 ߦ ߅ ޿ ߡ ‫ޔ‬1) ⸒ ⺆ ߿ ᢥ ൻ ࠍ ⍮ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ㅢ ߒ ߡ ⧷ ⺆ ߿ ᄖ ࿖ ߩ ᢥ ൻ ߦ ⥝ ๧ ࠍ ᜬ ߚ ߖ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ⁓ ޿ ‫ޔ‬2) ዁ ᧪ ߩ ࠦ ࡒ ࡘ ࠾ ࠤ ࡯ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ ߩ ߚ ߼ ߩ ⧷ ⺆ ૶ ↪ ߩ ⚛ ࿾ ࠍ ૞ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ᔃ ߇ ߌ ‫ ޔ‬3) ਛ ቇ ⧷ ⺆ ߳ ߩ ᯅ ᷰ ߒ ߦ ߥ ࠆ ౝ ኈ ߽ ⚵ ߺ ㄟ ߺ ‫ ޔ‬4) 㖸 ჿ ਛ ᔃ ߩ ᝼ ᬺ ࠍ ⴕ ޿ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ ᘠ ࠇ ߐ ߖ ‫ޔ‬5) ⧷ ⺆ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߪ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߣ ߪ ㆑ ߁ ߎ ߣ ߦ ᳇ ߠ ߆ ߖ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ⁓ ߞ ߚ ᝼ ᬺ ࠍ ⚵ ߺ ┙ ߡ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ᐕ 㑆 ᜰ ዉ ⸘ ↹ ߪ ⴫ 1 ߩ ߣ ߅ ࠅ ߢ ޽ ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⴫ 1 ᣣ. ⋡ᮡ. ⒟. 1. Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ. ᜿ᜦ. ᦬. ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣ. How. 28. ߔ ࠆ ᘒ ᐲ ߩ ⢒ ᚑ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ. you?. ᣣ. ߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖࠆ. I’m …. ᦬ 14 ᣣ 6. 3. ᦬ 9 ᣣ. ᵴേ. 㖸ჿߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖ. are. ࡆ ࡦ ࠧ ࠥ. I’m fine/OK/. ࡯ࡓ. sleepy/ hungry. One, two, three,. ᢙ ሼ 1㨪 20. ࠆ. ࡇ ࡜ ࡒ ࠶. four,. ࠼ࠥ࡯ࡓ. nine,. five,. six, ten,. twelve, …twenty.. ⸒⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⸃‫ ޔ‬ᢙ ሼ. 21 㨪. ၮ ᧄ ⊛ ߥ ⴫ ⃻ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ. 60‫ ᤨ ޔ‬ೞ ߩ. ᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖࠆ. ⸒޿ᣇ ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߣ. ᦬. ၮ ᧄ ⊛ ߥ ⴫ ⃻ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ. ᤨ ೞ㧦૗ ᤨ ߦ. 16. ᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖࠆ. ૗ࠍߒ߹ߔ. ᣣ. 㖸ჿ How are you?. ⸒⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⸃‫ޔ‬. 6 4. ౝኈ. 4. 5 2. ዊቇᩞ 6 ቇᐕߩߚ߼ߩᐕ㑆ᜰዉ⸘↹. ߆. Twenty-one ᤨ ೞ ߩ ⸒. …sixty. ޿ᣇ. వ ↢ ߩ ৻ ᣣ ;. ⧎ ਣ. What do you do around...?. ࠥ࡯ࡓ. 9 ᦬. (㧡 ᐕ ↢ ߩ ᝼. 15. ᬺߦෳട). ᣣ 9 5. ᦬ 29 ᣣ 10. 6. ᦬ 20 ᣣ. Japan, America. ᢥൻߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⸃‫ޔ‬ 㖸ჿߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖ. ࿖ᣛԘ. ߔߏࠈߊ. ࿖ᣛԙ. ࠞ࡞࠲. ࠆ ᢥൻߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⸃‫ޔ‬ 㖸ჿߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖ ࠆ.

(11) 51. 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. 11 7. ᦬ 10 ᣣ 11. 8. ᦬ 26 ᣣ. ⸒⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩℂ⸃‫ޔ‬ 㖸ჿߦᘠࠇⷫߒ߹ߖ ࠆ. A, B, C, …X, Y, Z ࠕ࡞ࡈࠔࡌ. ABC ߩ ᱌ ;. ࠶࠻. ὐߟߥ߉. ၮ ᧄ ⊛ ߥ ⴫ ⃻ ‫ޔ‬Ⓧ ᭂ ⊛ ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ ࡦࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣߔࠆᘒ ᐲ ߩ ⢒ ᚑ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ ᘠ ࠇ. Do you have 㨪?. ⷫߒ߹ߖࠆ. 㕲 ߩ ਛ り. Do you have a. ᒰ ߡ ࠢ ࠗ. …?. ࠭ ;. ࠞ ࡯. ࠼ 㓸 ߼ ࠥ ࡯ࡓ Do you like …?. Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ. 9. 12. ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣ. ᦬. ߔ ࠆ ᘒ ᐲ ߩ ⢒ ᚑ ‫ࡒ ࠦޔ‬. Do you like. ࠗ ࡦ ࠲ ࡆ. 1. ࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജ. 㨪?. ࡘ࡯. ᣣ. ߩ ⚛ ࿾ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ ᘠ ࠇ ⷫ ߒ߹ߖࠆ. 10. Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ. Guess who. 12. ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࿑ࠈ߁ߣ. ࠢ ࠗ ࠭ (೨. ᦬. ߔ ࠆ ᘒ ᐲ ߩ ⢒ ᚑ ‫ࡒ ࠦޔ‬. 8. ࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജ. ᣣ. ߩ ⚛ ࿾ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߦ ᘠ ࠇ ⷫ. ࠍ ೑ ↪ ߒ. ߒ߹ߖࠆ. ߡ). ߹ߣ߼. Do you like…?. ᤨ ߩ ࡢ ࡯ ࠢ ࠪ ࡯ ࠻. 4.2 ෳ ട ⠪ ᣣ ᧄ ࿖ ౝ ߩ ޽ ࠆ ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߩ 6 ቇ ᐕ ߦ ࿷ ☋ ߔ ࠆ ఽ ┬ ‫ ޔ‬A ⚵ 43 ฬ ‫ ޔ‬B ⚵ 44 ฬ ‫ ޔ‬C ⚵ 44 ฬ ‫ ⸘ ޔ‬131 ฬ ࠍ ኻ ⽎ ߦ ታ 㛎 ࠍ ⴕ ߞ ߚ ‫ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢ ޕ‬ฬ ߪ ᓟ ㅀ ߩ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࡯ ࠴ ߦ ߘ ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߩࠢ࡜ࠬฬߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ╓ภࠍᧄ⎇ⓥߩߚ߼ߦߟߌߚ‫ޕ‬ෳട⠪ߩᐕ㦂 ߪ ‫ ᦨ ޔ‬ೋ ߩ ㍳㖸 ࠍ ⴕ ߞ ߚ 4 ᦬ 28 ᣣ ᤨ ὐ ߢ 11 ᱦ 1 ࡩ ᦬ 㨪 12 ᱦ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬ෳ ട ⠪ ߩᄙߊ߇ᣣᧄ࿖ౝߢ↢߹ࠇ⢒ߜ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߇‫߽ߦࠬ࡜ࠢߩߤޔ‬ 5 ฬߕߟᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩᏫ࿖ሶᅚ߇฽߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ ߚ߹ޔ‬A ⚵ߩਛߩ 1 ฬߪ‫ޔ‬ኅߢ᥉ Ბ ߆ ࠄ ⧷ ⺆ ࠍ ૶ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬Ꮻ ࿖ ሶ ᅚ ߅ ࠃ ߮ ⧷ ⺆ ࠍ ᣣ Ᏹ ⊛ ߦ ૶ ↪ ߒ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ఽ ┬ ߪ ‫ޔ‬ ᜰዉ೨ߩᤨὐߢߩ⧷⺆ߩࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻㊂߇ઁߩෳട⠪ߣᲧߴߕߞߣᄙ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄ ࠇ‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߩታ㛎ߩ⋡⊛ߦߘߋࠊߥ޿ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ታ㛎⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ㒰ᄖߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬3 ࿁ ߩ᝼ᬺᤨߩ޿ߕࠇ߆ߦᰳᏨߢ޽ߞߚఽ┬߽࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ㒰ᄖߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ฦ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߩ ੱ ᢙ ߪ 36 ฬ ߕ ߟ ߦ ߥ ߞ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬3 ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߩ ෳ ട ⠪ ว ⸘ 108 ฬ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬ታ 㛎 ߩ ታᣉ೨ߦ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ⸅ࠇߚ⚻㛎߿ᯏળ߇㕖Ᏹߦዋߥߊ‫╙ޔ‬ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿߩ₪ ᓧ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߥ㊂ߦዯߊ߶ߤߩ⧷⺆ߩࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߪⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬.

(12) 52. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ߥ ߅ ‫ ᧄ ޔ‬ታ 㛎 ߢ ⊒ 㖸 ߒ ߡ ߽ ࠄ ߞ ߚ one ߆ ࠄ twelve ߹ ߢ ߩ ᢙ ሼ ࠍ ⧷ ⺆ ߢ ߤ ߩ ࠃ߁ߦ⸒߁߆ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ࿖ౝߢ߽ࠞ࠲ࠞ࠽ߢࠃߊ⷗߆ߌࠆන⺆ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼߆‫ޔ‬ᄙ ߊ ߩ ෳ ട ⠪ ߇ ⍮ ߞ ߡ ޿ ߚ ‫ޔ ߒ ߛ ߚޕ‬twelve ߪ ޽ ߹ ࠅ りㄭ ߢ ߥ ޿ ߣ ᕁ ࠊ ࠇ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ‫ޔ‬ ᔨߩߚ߼ᜰዉ೨ߩ㖸ჿࠍ㍳㖸ߔࠆ⋥೨ߦ৻ᐲߛߌ⚫੺ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ 4.3 ࠺ ࡯ ࠲ ෼ 㓸 ߣ ಽ ᨆ ߩ ᣇ ᴺ ⧷⺆ߦ⸅ࠇࠆᤨ㑆߇㒢ࠄࠇߚቇ⠌ⅣႺߩਛߢ‫ࠄ߆ߎߤߕ߹ޔ‬ᜰዉߩᓇ㗀߇⴫ ࠇ ࠆ ߆ ࠍ 㖸 ჿ 㕙 ߩ ⊒ ㆐ ߢ ߣ ࠄ ߃ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ‫ ⎇ޔ‬ⓥ ෳ ട ⠪ ߦ ߪ ࡑ ࠗ ࠢ ߩ ೨ ߢ one ߆ ࠄ twelve ߹ ߢ ⧷ ⺆ ߢ ᢙ ߃ ਄ ߍ ߡ ߽ ࠄ ޿ ‫ ߩ ߘޔ‬㖸 ჿ ࠍ ࠺ ࠫ ࠲ ࡞ ㍳㖸 ߒ ߚ ‫ ڎޕ‬㍳㖸 ߐ ࠇ ߚ 㖸 ჿ ࠺ ࡯ ࠲ ߪ iTunes 8.2.0 ࠍ ↪ ޿ ߡ WAV ᒻ ᑼ ߦ ᄌ ឵ ᓟ ‫ ޔ‬SoundEngine Free ver 4.41 ࠍ ↪ ޿ ߡ න ⺆ ߏ ߣ ߦ ಾ ࠅ ಽ ߌ ‫ ޔ‬㖸㗀 ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߪ WaveSurfer 1.8.5 ࠍ ↪ ޿ ‫ ޔ‬ᓧ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ 㖸 ჿ ࠺ ࡯ ࠲ ߩ VOT ߩ න ⺆ ߩ 㐳 ߐ ߦ ኻ ߔ ࠆ ഀ ว ࠍ ⊖ ಽ ₸ ߢ ⴫ ߒ ‫ ޔ‬ಽ ᢔ ಽ ᨆ ߦ ߪ SPSS(Ver.17)ࠍ ૶ ↪ ߒ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ න ⺆ ߏ ߣ ߦ ಾ ࠅ ಽ ߌ ߚ ࠺ ࡯ ࠲ ߩ ਛ ߆ ࠄ two, six, ten ߩ ᦨ ೋ ߩ ሶ 㖸 ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ಽ ᨆ ࠍ ⴕ ޿ ‫ ޔ‬two ߅ ࠃ ߮ six ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ‫߁ ࠃ ߩ ࠬ ࠢ ࠶ ࠪ ޔ ࡯ ࠷ ߩ ⺆ ⧷ ࠽ ࠞ ࠲ ࠞ ޔ‬ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬/t/ࠍ /Ư/ߢ ‫ ޔ‬/s/ࠍ /ƌ/ߢ ઍ ↪ ߒ ߡ ޿ ߥ ޿ ߆ ࠍ ⺞ ߴ ‫ ޔ‬ten ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬ᵄ ᒻ ࠍ ⷗ ߡ න ⺆ ో ૕ ߩ 㐳 ߐ ߣ VOT ࠍ 1000 ಽ ߩ 1 ⑽ න ૏ ߢ ᷹ ቯ ߒ 㧔 ࿑ 5㧕‫ ޔ‬න ⺆ ో ૕ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ VOT ߩ ഀ ว ࠍ ᜰ ዉ ೨ ߣ ᜰ ዉ ᓟ ߢ Ყ セ ߒ ߚ ‫ޕ‬. ࿑ 5. Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߅ ࠃ ߮ ዊ ቇ ↢ ߩ [tŤn]ߩ ᵄ ᒻ. ੹࿁ߩታ㛎ߢ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦᢎቶߢ⡞߆ߖࠆ⊒㖸ߩ㖸Ḯࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߦ޽ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߣ 㕖 Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ ․ ᓽ ࠍ ᢙ ୯ ߢ ␜ ߔ VOT ߩ ഀ ว ࠍ ၮ Ḱ ߦ ᬌ ⸛ ߒ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬࿑ 5 ߢ ␜ ߒ ߚ ࠕ ࡔ ࡝ ࠞ ੱ (Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3 r d edition CD-ROM) ߩ VOT ഀ ว ߪ 12.8㧑 ߢ ‫ޔ‬᝼ ᬺ ⠪ (ᐔ ㊁ )ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ VOT ഀ ว ߩ ᐔ ဋ ߪ 12.4% ߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ߤࠎߣ߶ޔ‬Ꮕߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃‫ޔ‬ᢎቶߢߩ೑ଢᕈࠍ⠨߃᝼ᬺ⠪ߩ⊒㖸 ࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ఽ ┬ ߳ ߩ ࠕ ࡊ ࡠ ࡯ ࠴ ߩ ઀ ᣇ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ‫ ߦ ߣ ߏ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢޔ‬એ ਅ ߩ 3 ߟ ߩ ᣇ ᴺ ࠍ ታ ᣉߒߚ‫ޕ‬A ⚵ߢߪ⸒⪲ߦࠃࠆ⺑᣿ߪߖߕ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧߩญరߦᵈ⋡ߐߖ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧߪᄢⴻ ⵯߦᚻᧄߩ⊒㖸ࠍߒߡߺߖࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߩ઀ᣇߣߪ㆑߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ ߦ᳇ߠ߆ߖࠆߎߣࠍ⁓ߞߚ‫ޕ‬B ⚵ߪ‫ޔ‬㤥᧼ߦ࿑ 6 ߩࠃ߁ߥ⛗ࠍឬ߈‫⺞ޔ‬㖸ὐߣ ⥠ ߩ ૏ ⟎ 㑐 ଥ ߩ ࠗ ࡔ ࡯ ࠫ ࠍ ᜬ ߞ ߡ ߽ ࠄ ߁ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ⁓ ߞ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬/t/ߪ ή ჿ ᱤ ⨍ 㐽㎮㖸 ߢ ޽ ࠆ ߩ ߢ ‫ ⺞ޔ‬㖸 ὐ ߪ ᱤ ⨍ ߦ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬A ⚵ ߅ ࠃ ߮ B ⚵ ߪ ‫ ⺞ޔ‬㖸 ὐ ߿ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ઀ ᣇ ߦ ᵈ.

(13) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ᗧ߇ะߊࠃ߁ߦߒߡ߆ࠄ࡝ࡇ࡯࠻✵⠌ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬⡊߆ࠄ౉ࠆ㖸ߛߌߢሶ 㖸ߩ⊒㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߢ߈ࠆ߆⺞ߴࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬C ⚵ߢߪ⺞㖸ᣇᴺߦᵈᗧࠍะߌࠆࠃ߁ߥ ߎ ߣ ߪ ߖ ߕ ߦ ‫ ߩ ઁޔ‬2 ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߩ 2 ୚ ߩ ࿁ ᢙ ‫ ޔ‬ᢎ Ꮷ ߩ ᚻ ᧄ ࠍ ⡞ ޿ ߡ ߆ ࠄ ⌀ ૃ ߒ ߡ ࡝ࡇ࡯࠻ߔࠆ✵⠌ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬. ࿑ 6. 4.4 ᚻ 㗅 ሶ㖸ߩᲣ⺆ߩᓇ㗀߇ߤߩ⒟ᐲୃᱜߐࠇߡ‫⺆⧷ޔ‬Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡ⡞߈ขࠅ߿ ߔ ޿ ⊒ 㖸 ߦ ㄭ ߠ ޿ ߡ ޿ ߊ ߆ ࠍ ᷹ ቯ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ‫ ޔ‬A, B, C ߩ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߏ ߣ ߦ એ ਅ ߩ 3 ߟߩᣇᴺࠍߘࠇߙࠇߢ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ A㧦 ⊒ 㖸 ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߩ ⺑ ᣿ ߪ ߖ ߕ ‫ ޔ‬᝼ ᬺ ⠪ ߩ ญ ర ߦ ᵈ ⋡ ߐ ߖ ‫ ޔ‬ᄢ ⴻ ⵯ ߦ ᚻ ᧄ ࠍ ⷗ߖߡ߆ࠄ࡝ࡇ࡯࠻✵⠌ࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬ B㧦⺞㖸 ᣇ ᴺ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬㤥 ᧼ ߦ ࿑ ␜ (࿑ 6)ߒ ߡ ‫ ⺞ ޔ‬㖸 ὐ ߣ ⥠ ߩ ૏ ⟎ 㑐 ଥ ߩ ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ߽ߞߡ߽ࠄߞߡ߆ࠄ࡝ࡇ࡯࠻✵⠌ࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬ C㧦⺞㖸 ᣇ ᴺ ߦ ․ ߦ ᵈ ᗧ ࠍ ะ ߆ ߖ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߥ ߊ ‫ ✵ ࠆ ߔ ࠻ ࡯ ࡇ ࡝ ޔ‬⠌ ߩ ࿁ ᢙ ࠍ 2 ୚ (6 ࿁ )ߦ ߔ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ ߘࠇߙࠇߩࠢ࡜ࠬߏߣߦ೎ߩᣇᴺߢ᝼ᬺߒ‫ߢࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬੐೨࡮੐ᓟ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ ⴕ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬᝼ ᬺ ߪ 2 ㅳ 㑆 ߕ ߟ ߩ 㑆㓒 ߢ ⸘ 3 ࿁ ⴕ ޿ ‫ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ߩ ㍳㖸 ߪ ‫ޔ‬੐ ೨ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߣ ߒ ߡ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ߩ ᦨ ೋ ߩ ᝼ ᬺ ߇ ᆎ ߹ ࠆ ೨ ‫ޔ‬੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߣ ߒ ߡ 3 ࿁ ⋡ ߩ ᝼ ᬺ ࠍ ⴕ ߞߚ⋥ᓟߩ⸘ 2 ࿁ⴕߞߚ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬᝼ᬺᣣߪ 2 ㅳ㑆ߩ㑆㓒ࠍ޽ߌߚ‫ޕ‬ Day 1㧦 ੐ ೨ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ‫ ޔ‬㖸 ჿ ᜰ ዉ (A or B or C) Day 2㧦㖸 ჿ ᜰ ዉ (A or B or C) Day 3㧦㖸 ჿ ᜰ ዉ (A or B or C)‫ ޔ‬੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ⊒㖸ᜰዉߩ᧦ઙߣߒߡឥ߃ߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧߩ⊒㖸ࠍ⡞ߊ࿁ᢙߢ޽ࠆ‫࠶ࡊࡦࠗޕ‬ ࠻ ߩ ࠨ ࡦ ࡊ ࡞ ߣ ߒ ߡ ‫ ߩ ߢ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢ ߩ ߡ ߴ ߔޔ‬ᢎ Ꮷ ߇ ⊒ 㖸 ߒ ߡ ⡞ ߆ ߖ ࠆ ࿁ ᢙ ࠍ 6 ࿁ ߕߟߦឥ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬3 ࠢ࡜ࠬߩિ߮ߣ‫ߩࠬ࡜ࠢߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬િ߮ߩേ߈ࠍᲧセᬌ⸛ ߔࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ಽᢔಽᨆߦ߆ߌߚ‫ޕ‬. 53.

(14) 54. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. 㧡.. ⚿ᨐ. 5.1. ሶ㖸ߩઍ↪ߦߟ޿ߡ. ฦ⚵ߏߣߦ‫ޔ‬ሶ㖸ߩઍ↪߇⷗ࠄࠇߚఽ┬ߩੱᢙߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᜰዉ೨ߣᜰዉᓟ߅ ࠃ ߮ ᄌ ൻ ߩ ௑ ะ 㧔 ᡷ ༀ 㧦 /Ư/ψ /t/, /ƌ/ψ /s/‫ ޔ‬ᖡ ൻ 㧦 /t/ψ /Ư/, /s/ψ /ƌ/‫ ޔ‬ᄌ ൻ ߥ ߒ 㧦 /Ư/ψ /Ư/, /ƌ/ψ /ƌ/㧕 ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ⺞ ߴ ߚ ߣ ߎ ࠈ ‫ ⴫ ޔ‬2 ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ⚿ ᨐ ߣ ߥ ࠅ ‫ ޔ‬ᜰ ዉ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ᄢ ߈ ߥ ᄌ ൻ ߪ ߺ ࠄ ࠇ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬୘ ‫ ޔ ߣ ࠆ ߺ ࠍ ޘ‬two ߅ ࠃ ߮ six ߩሶ㖸ߩઍ↪߇ߺࠄࠇߥߊߥߞߚఽ┬‫ޔ‬ᄌൻߩߥ߆ߞߚఽ┬‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ㅒߦሶ㖸 ߩઍ↪߇ߺࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚఽ┬‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ᱜ⏕ߥ⊒㖸߇ߢ߈ߡ޿ߚߩߦߢ߈ ߥߊߥߞߚఽ┬߇ߔߴߡߩ⚵ߦ⃻ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ ⴫ 2. ሶ㖸ߩઍ↪߇⷗ࠄࠇߚੱᢙ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩᄌൻߩ௑ะ㧔ੱ㧕 A:ᄢ ⴻ ⵯ. B:⺞㖸 ὐ. C:⡞ 䈒࿁. 䈭⊒ 㖸. 䉕␜ 䈜࿑. ᢙ 䈏ᄙ 䈇. (N=3 6). (N=3 6). (N=36). ᜰዉ೨. 4. 5. 5. ᜰዉᓟ. 3. 8. ᡷༀ. 3. ᄌ ൻ 䈭䈚 ᖡൻ. Two. A:ᄢ ⴻ ⵯ. B: ⺞㖸 ὐ. C: ⡞ 䈒 ࿁. 䈭⊒ 㖸. 䉕␜ 䈜࿑. ᢙ 䈏ᄙ 䈇. (N=36). (N=36). (N=36). ᜰዉ೨. 11. 10. 10. 4. ᜰዉᓟ. 8. 8. 9. 3. 3. ᡷༀ. 5. 4. 2. 1. 2. 2. ᄌ ൻ 䈭䈚. 6. 6. 8. 2. 6. 2. ᖡൻ. 2. 2. 1. Six. 5.2 VOT ഀ ว ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ VOT ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ ᜰ ዉ ߦ ࠃ ࠆ ᓇ 㗀 ߇ ߺ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬ෳ ട ⠪ ߩ ੐ ೨ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ (test 1) ߣ ੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ (test 2)ߩ ᐔ ဋ ୯ ࠍ ಴ ߒ (⴫ 3)‫ ߩ ߢ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢ ߩ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ ߘ ߦ ࠄ ߐޔ‬િ ߮ ࠍಽᢔಽᨆߦ߆ߌߚߣߎࠈ‫⴫ޔ‬㧠ߢ␜ߔ 2 ࿁ߩ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߪ‫ⷐߩࠬ࡜ࠢޔ‬࿃ߩ ਥ ല ᨐ ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ ᦭ ᗧ ߥ Ꮕ ߪ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ 㧔 F(2,105=0.296)㧘 n.s.㧕‫࠹ ޔ ߦ ࠄ ߐ ޕ‬ ࠬ ࠻ ߏ ߣ ߦ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ࠍ Ყ セ ߒ ߡ ߺ ࠆ ߣ ‫ޔ‬੐ ೨ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߽ ੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߽ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ 㑆 ߩ ᦭ ᗧ Ꮕ ߪ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ 㧔 F(2,105)㧩 0.296㧘 n.s.㧕‫ ޔ ߽ ߢ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢ ߩ ߤ ޔ ߒ ߆ ߒ ޕ‬੐ ೨ ੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߦ ߪ 5㧑 ᳓ Ḱ ߢ ᦭ ᗧ Ꮕ ߇ ޽ ߞ ߚ (F(1,105)㧩 19.613㧘 p<.01)‫ޔ ࠅ ߹ ߟ ޕ‬ ߤ ߩ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߽ VOT ߪ િ ߮ ߡ ߅ ࠅ ‫ ⊒ޔ‬㖸 ᜰ ዉ ߩ ല ᨐ ߇ ⴫ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ߚ ‫ޕ‬࿑ 7 ߢ VOT ୯ߩિ߮ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ ⴫ 3 ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ *:࠹ ࠬ ࠻. VOT ᷹ ቯ ୯ ߩ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ೎ ߩ િ ߮. ᐔဋ୯. ᮡḰ஍Ꮕ. 95%ା 㗬 ඙ 㑆 ਅ㒢. A B C. ਄㒢. 1. 7.8 06. .506. 6.802. 8.809. 2. 9.6 80. .538. 8.614. 10.746. 1. 8.1 77. .506. 7.174. 9.181. 2. 9.0 66. .538. 8.000. 10.132. 1. 7.8 53. .506. 6.849. 8.856. 2. 9.4 40. .538. 8.374. 10.508.

(15) 55. 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ⴫ 4. ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߏ ߣ ߩ VOT ୯ ߩ Ყ セ. ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ (I) test (J) test. 95% ᐔ ဋ Ꮕ ା 㗬 ඙ 㑆 a. ᐔဋ୯ߩᏅ (I-J) A. B. C. ᮡḰ⺋Ꮕ. ᦭ᗧ⏕₸a. ਅ㒢. ਄㒢. 1. 2. -1 .2 14 *. .567. .035. -2.338. -.089. 2. 1. 1.2 14 *. .567. .035. .089. 2.338. 1. 2. -1 .5 03 *. .567. .009. -2.628. -.378. 2. 1. 1.5 03 *. .567. .009. .378. 2.628. 1. 2. -1 .6 34 *. .567. .005. -2.759. -.510. 2. 1. 1.634 *. .567. .005. .510. 2.759. ផቯ๟ㄝᐔဋߦၮߠ޿ߚ *. ᐔ ဋ ߩ Ꮕ ߪ .0 5 ᳓ Ḱ ߢ ᦭ ᗧ ߢ ߔ ‫ޕ‬ a. ᄙ ㊀ Ყ セ ߩ ⺞ ᢛ : Bon fe rron i‫ޕ‬. ࿑ 7. ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߏ ߣ ߩ VOT ߩ િ ߮.

(16) 56. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ᰴ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬VOT ୯ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ࠍ Ყ セ ߔ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ‫ ޔ‬୘ ੱ ߏ ߣ ߩ ᄌ ൻ ߩ ᭽ ሶ ࠍ ߺ ߚ ߣ ߎ ࠈ ‫ޔ‬ A ⚵ ߣ B ⚵ ߦ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ 1 ฬ ߕ ߟ ‫ ޔ‬12.76%‫ ޔ‬11.33%ߣ ᭂ ߼ ߡ ᄢ ߈ ߥ િ ߮ ࠍ ␜ ߒ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߇ ޿ ߚ ‫ޕ‬࿑ 㧤 ߪ ‫ޔ‬VOT ߩ ഀ ว ߇ Ⴧ ߃ ߚ ޽ ࠆ ఽ ┬ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ᵄ ᒻ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ᜰ ዉ ೨ (਄ )ߣ Ყ ߴ ᜰ ዉ ᓟ (ਅ )ߢ ߪ ᣿ ࠄ ߆ ߦ VOT ߇ 㐳 ߊ ߥ ߞ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ ࠊ ߆ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬. ࿑㧤. ఽ┬ߩ⊒㖸ߩᄌൻ. ߐ ࠄ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬VOT ੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߢ Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ VOT ୯ (12.8㧑 )ߦ ㄭ ޿ 10%એ ਄ ߦ ㆐ ߒ ߚ ఽ ┬ ‫ ޔ‬10%ߦ ㆐ ߒ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ࠍ ඙ ೎ ߒ ߡ 2 ࿁ ߩ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߩ ᐔ ဋ ߩ િ ߮ ࠍ Ყ セ ߔ ࠆ ߣ ⴫ 5 ߦ ␜ ߔ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ‫ ޔ‬3 ࿁ ߩ ᜰ ዉ ߩ ല ᨐ ߇ ᄢ ߈ ߊ ಴ ߡ 10%એ ਄ ߦ ㆐ ߒ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߩ ೋ ᦼ ୯ ߩ ᐔ ဋ ߇ 3 ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߣ ߽ 㜞 ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ห ᭽ ߦ 3 ࿁ ߩ ᜰ ዉ ߢ ߪ ല ᨐ ߇ ಴ ߦ ߊ ߊ 10%ߦ ㆐ ߒ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߩ VOT ೋ ᦼ ୯ ߩ ᐔ ဋ ߪ 㜞 ߊ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ࠃ ߩ ߎ ޕ‬ ߁ ߦ ‫ޔ‬VOT ߩ ഀ ว ߇ ᷫ ߞ ߚ ‫ ⊒ ޿ ߒ ࠄ ⺆ ⧷ ࠅ ߹ ߟޔ‬㖸 ߆ ࠄ ㆙ ߑ ߆ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߽ ‫ోޔ‬ ⚵ ߦ ዋ ᢙ ߥ ߇ ࠄ ⃻ ࠇ ߚ ߽ ߩ ߩ ‫ ޔ‬㖸 ߩ ․ ᓽ ߦ ᳇ ߠ ߆ ߖ ߚ A ⚵ ‫ޔ‬B ⚵ ߢ ߪ ‫ޔ‬੐ ೨ ߩ VOT ୯ ߇ 㜞 ߆ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߩ િ ߮ ₸ ߇ ߿ ߿ ᄢ ߈ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬. ⴫ 5. ੐ ᓟ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ߩ ೔ ㆐ ᐲ ೎ VOT ୯ ᐔ ဋ ߩ િ ߮. ੐ ᓟ 䈪 10%એ ਄ 䈮㆐ 䈚䈢ఽ ┬ ੐೨. ੐ᓟ. 䊁䉴䊃. 䊁䉴䊃. A(N=12). 9.78. B(N=15) C(N=16). 䉪䊤䉴䋨ੱ ᢙ 䋩. ੐ ᓟ 䈪 10%䈮㆐ 䈚䈭䈎䈦䈢ఽ ┬ ੐೨. ੐ᓟ. 䊁䉴䊃. 䊁䉴䊃. A(N=24). 6.89. 7.34. 0.45. 3.48. B(N=21). 7.14. 7.23. 0.09. 2.28. C(N=20). 6.37. 7.48. 1.12. િ䈶. 䉪䊤䉴䋨ੱ ᢙ 䋩. 12.52. 2.78. 9.63. 13.11. 9.37. 11.88. િ䈶. 㧢㧚⠨ኤ 6.1 ሶ 㖸 ߩ ઍ ↪ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ታ 㛎 ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ‫ ޔ‬ᜰ ዉ ೨ ߦ ሶ 㖸 ߩ ઍ ↪ ߇ ߺ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߦ ߅ ޿ ߡ ‫ ޔ‬two ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ ߅ ࠃ ߘ 6 ഀ 㨪 7 ഀ ‫ޔ‬six ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ 2 ഀ 㨪 4 ഀ ⒟ ᐲ ߩ ఽ ┬ ߦ ᡷ ༀ ߇ ߺ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ᡷ ༀ߇ߺࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚఽ┬߽ో⚵ߦሽ࿷ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᡷༀߒߚ߆ุ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬㖸.

(17) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ჿ ߩ ᓸ ᅱ ߥ Ꮕ ߽ ⡞ ߈ ಽ ߌ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ߆ ุ ߆ ߩ ୘ ੱ Ꮕ ‫ ߮ ࠃ ߅ޔ‬2 㖸 ߩ 㖸㖿 ⊛ Ꮕ ߩ ᄢ ߈ ߐߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫✵࠻࡯ࡇ࡝ޕ‬⠌ߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧ߿߹ࠊࠅߩ෹㆐ߩ⊒㖸 ߣ⥄ಽߩ⊒㖸ߣߩ㆑޿ߦ᳇߇ߟߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚఽ┬ߪᱜߒ޿ሶ㖸ߢ⊒㖸ߢ߈ࠆ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߥ ࠅ ‫ޔ‬᳇ ߇ ߟ ߆ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߪ ߘ ߩ ߹ ߹ ḩ ⿷ ߒ ߡ ߒ ߹ ߞ ߚ ߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ ߹ ߚ ‫ ޔ‬six ࠃ ࠅ two ߩ ߶ ߁ ߇ ᡷ ༀ ߩ ഀ ว ߇ 㜞 ߆ ߞ ߚ ߩ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬/s/ߣ /ƌ/ࠃ ࠅ /t/ߣ /Ư/ߩ ߶ ߁ ߇ ሶ 㖸㑆 ߩ 〒㔌 ߇ ᄢ ߈ ޿ ߎ ߣ ߇ ᓇ 㗀 ߒ ߡ ޿ ࠆ ߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬/s/ߣ /ƌ/ ߪਔᣇߣ߽៺ᡂ㖸ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ 2 㖸ߩ㆑޿ߦ᳇ߠߊߚ߼ߦߪ㖸ჿߦኻߒߡࠃࠅᢅ ᗵ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ᳞ ߼ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ޔ ߒ ߆ ߒޕ‬/t/ߪ ⎕ ⵚ 㖸 ‫ޔ‬/Ư/ߪ ⎕ ᡂ 㖸 ߢ ޽ ࠆ ߚ ߼ ‫ޔ‬2 㖸 ߩ ㆑ ޿ ߦ ᳇ ߠ ߊ ߎ ߣ ߇ ߢ ߈ ߚ ߣ ⠨ ߃ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ޔ ߼ ߚ ߩ ߘ ޕ‬/s/ ߣ /ƌ/ ࠃ ࠅ ߽ /t/ ߣ /Ư/ߩ Ꮕ ࠍ ⹺ ⼂ ߒ ߿ ߔ ߊ ‫ ⚿ ߩ ߘޔ‬ᨐ two ߪ six ߣ Ყ ߴ ᡷ ༀ ߐ ࠇ ߿ ߔ ߆ ߞ ߚ ߣ ⸃ ㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ਔᣇߩⷐ⚛߇⋧߹ߞߡ㖸ჿߩᡷༀߦ୘ੱᏅ߇⴫ࠇߚߎߣ߽⠨ ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ 6.2 VOT ഀ ว ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ᜰ ዉ ೨ ߣ ᜰ ዉ ᓟ ߩ VOT ഀ ว ࠍ Ყ ߴ ࠆ ߣ ‫ޔ‬A ⚵ ‫ޔ‬B ⚵ ‫ޔ‬C ⚵ ߩ ߤ ߩ ࠢ ࡜ ࠬ ߢ ߽ િ ߮ ߇ ޽ ࠅ ‫ ᦭ ⊛ ⸘ ⛔ޔ‬ᗧ Ꮕ ߇ ⷗ ࠄ ࠇ ߚ ‫ ࠬ ࡜ ࠢޔ ߒ ߆ ߒޕ‬㑆 ߩ ᦭ ᗧ Ꮕ ߪ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ ᜰ ዉ ᓟ ߩ VOT ᐔ ဋ ୯ ߪ ⧷ ⺆ Უ ⺆ ⹤ ⠪ ߩ VOT ߣ Ყ ߴ ࠆ ߣ ⍴ ߊ ‫ ⊒ޔ‬㖸 ᜰ ዉ ߇ ఽ ┬ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ะ ਄ ߦ 㗼 ⪺ ߦ ല ᨐ ߇ ޽ ࠆ ߣ ޿ ߁ ߎ ߣ ߪ ߢ ߈ ߥ ޿ ‫ ⚿ ߩ ߎޕ‬ᨐ ߆ ࠄ ‫ޔ‬VOT ߩ ⷰ ὐ ߆ ࠄ ߺ ߚ ⊒ 㖸 ߩ ะ ਄ ߩ ߚ ߼ ߦ ߪ ‫ޔ‬㓒 ㅳ 1 ࿁ ⒟ ᐲ ߩ ᜰ ዉ ࠍ 3 ࿁ ߢ ߪ ਇ ච ಽ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ߣ ޿ ߃ ࠆ ‫ ߽ ߡ ޿ ߅ ߦ ⚵ ߩ ߤ ޔ ߛ ߚ ޕ‬VOT ഀ ว ߇ Ⴧ ߃ ߚ ఽ ┬ ߇ ᷫ ߞ ߚ ఽ ┬ ࠃࠅ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒟ᐲ߹ߣ߹ߞߚᦼ㑆ߩᜰዉߦࠃߞߡ᦭ᗧߥ㆑޿ ߇಴ߡߊࠆน⢻ᕈߪ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߹ ߚ C ⚵ ߩ ߺ ‫ޔ‬ᄌ ൻ ߩ ㊂ ߇ 㧗 3%㨪㧗 5%ߩ ࠣ ࡞ ࡯ ࡊ ߩ ੱ ᢙ ߇ 㧗 1%㨪㧗 3%ߩ ࠣ ࡞࡯ࡊߩੱᢙࠍ਄࿁ࠅ‫߽ᦨޔ‬ᄙ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᗧ࿑⊛ߦ⺞㖸ᣇᴺߦᵈᗧ ࠍะߌߐߖߥߊߡ߽‫✵࠻࡯ࡇ࡝߮ࠃ߅࠻࠶ࡊࡦࠗޔ‬⠌ߩ࿁ᢙ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇╙ੑ ⸒⺆ߩ⊒㖸₪ᓧߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߿ߔ޿ߣ޿߁௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ‫ޔ߽ࠄߜߎޕ‬㐳ᦼ㑆ߩ ᜰዉߢᄢ߈ߥᏅߣߥߞߡ޿ߊน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ 6.3 ࡈ ࠜ ࡯ ࠞ ࠬ ࡮ ࠝ ࡦ ࡮ ࡈ ࠜ ࡯ ࡓ ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ᧄታ㛎ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㖸߽⸒⺆ⷙೣߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆߣߩ⠨߃ᣇ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᗧ๧ߩℂ⸃ਛᔃߩ ⧷⺆ᜰዉ߿ᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩਛߢߩ⊒㖸ᜰዉߦ߽‫⺞ޔ‬㖸ὐ߿ญߩᒻߩ㆑޿ߦኻߔࠆ ᵈᗧߩะߌᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ߩ㆑޿ߦ᳇ߠ߈‫ޔ‬㖸ჿߩ⊒㆐߇ଦㅴߐࠇࠆ ߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫ߩߣޔ‬઒⺑ࠍ┙ߡߡታ㛎⊛ᜰዉࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᜰዉߩ⚿ᨐߪ‫⛔ޔ‬೙⟲ ߣᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿ߪߺࠄࠇߕ‫ࠅ➅ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬㄰ߒ✵⠌ߔࠆߎߣߩ৻ቯߩലᨐ߽⏕⹺ߐ ࠇߚ‫ߦ․ޔࡓ࡯ࠜࡈ࡮ࡦࠝ࡮ࠬࠞ࡯ࠜࡈޕ‬ᄢⴻⵯߥ⊒㖸ߩ઀ᣇ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ญߩᒻߦ ⌕ ⋡ ߐ ߖ ࠆ ᜰ ዉ ᴺ ߪ ‫ ᦼޔ‬ᓙ ߒ ߚ ߶ ߤ િ ߮ ߪ ᄢ ߈ ߊ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ ߩ ߘޕ‬ේ ࿃ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ‫ޔ‬ ᧄ ታ 㛎 ߢ ↪ ޿ ߚ /t/ /s/ ߩ ญ ߩ ᒻ ߩ ․ ᓽ ߇ ᜼ ߍ ࠄ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ ࠈ ߒ ߻ ߪ ࠄ ࠇ ߎ ޕ‬ญ ߩ ਛ ߩ ⺞㖸 ὐ ߦ ․ ᓽ ߇ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ޔ ߁ ߸ ߞ ޿ ޕ‬/f/ /v/ /ǉ/ߥ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߥ ᣣ ᧄ ⺆ ߣ ߆ ߌ 㔌 ࠇ ߚ ญ ߩᒻࠍߒߡ⊒㖸ߔࠆ㖸ࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߣ߈ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢⴻⵯߥ⊒㖸ߩ઀ᣇࠍߒߡญߩᒻ ߦᵈᗧࠍะߌࠆᣇᴺ߇ࠃࠅലᨐࠍ⊒ើߔࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ৻ᣇ‫⺞ޔ‬㖸ὐߩ⛗ࠍ␜ߒߡ⺞㖸ߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍߟ߆ࠎߢ߽ࠄߞߚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪ ലᨐ߇಴ࠆ௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ญߩਛߩᒻߪ‫ߦ⛗ޔ‬ឬ޿ߚ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߥ޿ߣ⺞㖸ὐ. 57.

(18) 58. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. ߩᗵⷡࠍߟ߆߻ߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ญߩᒻࠍ⷗ߖࠆߛߌߢߪ⧷⺆ߩ․ᓽ߇ߟ߆ ߺ ߦ ߊ ޿ /t/ߩ 㖸 ߢ ߪ ‫ ⺞ ޔ‬㖸 ὐ ࠍ ␜ ߔ ญ ߩ ᢿ 㕙 ࿑ ߇ ല ᨐ ⊛ ߦ ௛ ޿ ߚ ߣ ᕁ ࠊ ࠇ ࠆ ‫ޕ‬ ߎߩᜰዉᴺߣ➅ࠅ㄰ߒ✵⠌ߐߖࠆᣇᴺߣࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠇ߫‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥലᨐ߇ ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬2 ㅳ㑆ߦ৻ᐲߩ᝼ᬺߩਛߢ㖸ჿࠍዉ౉ߒߡ޿ߞߚߚ߼‫ࡊࡦࠗޔ‬ ࠶ ࠻ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ ਇ ච ಽ ߢ ޽ ࠅ ‫ ޔ‬1) Ფ ᣣ ᜰ ዉ ߒ ߚ ࠄ ല ᨐ ߪ ߤ ߁ ⇣ ߥ ࠆ ߆ ‫ ޔ‬2) ญ ߩ ᒻ߇ᣣᧄ⺆ߣᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆ㖸ߦ⌕⋡ߐߖࠆᜰዉࠍⴕߞߚࠄߤ߁ലᨐ߇಴ࠆ߆‫ޔ‬ 3) න ⚐ ߥ ➅ ࠅ ㄰ ߒ ✵ ⠌ ߩ ߶ ߁ ߇ ߆ ߃ ߞ ߡ ല ᨐ ߇ ಴ ࠆ 㖸 ߪ ޽ ࠆ ߩ ߆ ‫ ⇼ ߩ ߣޔ‬໧ ࠍ ⸃ߊߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪᲤᣣߩ᝼ᬺߩਛߢ⊒㖸ᜰዉࠍขࠅ౉ࠇߡ‫ޔ‬ኒ ᐲỚ޿⊒㖸ᜰዉࠍ⧷⺆ቇ⠌ߩೋᦼᲑ㓏ߢⴕ߃߫‫ޔ‬ᐕ㦂ߣߪ㑐ଥߥߊ⊒㖸ߩ਄㆐ ߇⷗ㄟ߼ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ 㧣㧚੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣቇᩞᢎ⢒߳ߩឭ᩺ ᧄ ⺰ ᢥ ߢ ߪ ‫ޔ‬ᐔ ᚑ 23 ᐕ ᐲ ࠃ ࠅ ౏ ┙ ዊ ቇ ᩞ ߢ ቢ ో ታ ᣉ ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ᵴ േ ߦ ߅ ޿ ߡ‫ߩ⺆⧷ޔ‬㖸ჿߦᘠࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇ ⏕┙ߒߚᓟߢ߽╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩ߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬໧޿ࠍ⸃ ᳿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ⠨ኤࠍㅴ߼ߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬㖸ჿߩ₪ᓧ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ ⠨߃ߚ߁߃ߢ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞߩᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߢ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ߩ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍតࠆߚ߼ߩታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߚ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩታ㛎⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞ㜞ቇᐕߩ ఽ ┬ ߳ ߩ ⊒ 㖸 ᜰ ዉ ߪ ‫ޔ‬㓒 ㅳ 3 ࿁ ⒟ ᐲ ߩ ᜰ ዉ ߢ හ ᐳ ߦ ല ᨐ ߇ ಴ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߪ ᦼ ᓙ ߢ ߈ ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚ‫⊒ࠄ߇ߥ߆ߕࠊޔߛߚޕ‬㖸ߩะ਄ߩళߒ߇⷗߃ߚߣ ߽޿߃ࠆߚ߼‫ⷰߥ⊛⛯⛮ޔ‬ኤߢࠃ޿⚿ᨐ߇⃻ࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߽ᱷߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬ ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ࠆ૛࿾߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬એਅߩὐߦߟ޿ߡឭ᩺ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬ ߹ߕ‫ޔ‬᝼ᬺᤨ㑆ߦߟ޿ߡߩឭ᩺ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ৻⥸⊛ߥⅣႺߢߪ‫ߪ⺆⧷ޔ‬ᄖ ࿖⺆ߣߒߡᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬᝼ᬺਛએᄖߢ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ⸅ࠇࠆᯏળߪ‫╙߇⺆⧷ޔ‬ ੑ⸒⺆ߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆⅣႺߣᲧߴࠆߣ߈ࠊ߼ߡዋߥ޿‫ࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦࠇߘޕ‬ ߕ‫ޔ‬ㅳ 1 ࿁ߒ߆ᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩᤨ㑆߇ߥ޿ߩߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇ߔߢߦ⏕ ┙ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆዊቇ↢߇ᣂߒߊᄖ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߦߪਇචಽߢ޽ࠆ ߣ⠨߃ߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿‫ߩઁޔ߃޿ߪߣޕ‬ᢎ⑼ߣߩ౗ߨว޿ߩਛ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ᵴേߩᤨ 㑆ࠍჇ߿ߔߩ߽ߥ߆ߥ߆㔍ߒ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ߡߒߦ߆޿ޕ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ⸅ࠇࠆᤨ㑆 ࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆ߆‫ޔ‬Ꮏᄦ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᰴߦ‫࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕߩ߳┬ఽޔ‬ᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡឭ᩺ߔࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁‫ޔ‬ᗧ࿑⊛ߦ⺞㖸ᣇᴺ ߦ ᵈ ᗧ ࠍ ะ ߌ ߚ A ⚵ ߅ ࠃ ߮ B ⚵ ߣ ‫ޔ‬ᵈ ᗧ ࠍ ะ ߌ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ ߖ ߕ ߦ ࠗ ࡦ ࡊ ࠶ ࠻ ߣ ✵ ⠌ ࿁ ᢙ ࠍ ᄙ ߊ ߒ ߚ C ⚵ ߣ ߩ 㑆 ߦ ‫ ޔ‬ᄢ ߈ ߥ Ꮕ ߪ ⃻ ࠇ ߥ ߆ ߞ ߚ ‫ ޔ ߒ ߆ ߒ ޕ‬VOT ߦ ߟ ޿ ߡ ߺ ࠆ ߣ ‫ޔ‬B ⚵ ߣ C ⚵ ߦ ᄌ ൻ ߇ ޽ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬㖸 ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ ߪ ‫࠻ ࠶ ࡊ ࡦ ࠗ ࠈ ߒ ߻ޔ‬ ߩ㊂ࠍჇ߿ߔ߶߁߇‫ߩ┬ఽޔ‬㖸ჿ▸⇵ߦᣂߒ޿㖸ࠍട߃ࠆߎߣߦߟߥ߇ࠆߩߢ ߪߥ޿߆‫ޕ‬ ߎࠇࠄߩὐߦᵈᗧߒߡ‫ߕ߹ޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ቇ⠌ߩᤨ㑆ߦߪߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅߚߊߐࠎߩᄖ ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ‫ߡ޿ߠߟޔ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ቇ⠌ߩᤨ㑆એᄖߢ߽‫ޔ‬ዋߒߢ߽޿޿ ߩߢᄖ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ⸅ࠇࠆᤨ㑆ࠍᲤᣣߣࠆߎߣ‫ ߩޔ‬2 ὐࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬1 ὐ⋡ߦ.

(19) 59. 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ߟ ޿ ߡ ߪ ‫ޔ‬CD ߿ DVD ߥ ߤ ߩ 㖸 ჿ ᢎ ᧚ ࠍ ↪ ޿ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߩ ߶ ߆ ‫ޔ‬ᢎ Ꮷ ߆ ࠄ ߩ ᜰ ␜ ߪ ߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅ⧷⺆ߢⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿‫ޕ‬2 ὐ⋡ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫߫߃ߣߚޔ‬ቇᵴߩߣ ߈ߦ⧷⺆ߢ⛗ᧄߩ⺒ߺ⡞߆ߖࠍⴕ߁‫⛎ޔ‬㘩ߩᤨ㑆߿᝹㒰ߩᤨ㑆ߦ⧷⺆ߩᦛࠍᵹ ߔ‫߇ߤߥޔ‬᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫߇┬ఽޔ߽ߡߒߦࠄߜߤޕ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ߩ㖸ჿߦ⸅ࠇࠆᯏળࠍ ᢎᏧ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ട߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧߩ⊒㖸ߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⊒ 㖸 ߦ ㄭ ޿ ߎ ߣ ߇ ᦸ ߹ ߒ ޿ ߣ ޿ ߁ ߎ ߣ ߪ ޿ ߁ ߹ ߢ ߽ ߥ ޿ ‫ ޕ‬3.3 ߢ ㅀ ߴ ߚ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ‫ޔ‬ Უ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ▸⇵߇⏕┙ߒߚᓟߢ߽╙ੑ⸒⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧߦߪ⥄ಽߩ⊒㖸ࠍะ਄ߐߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆദജ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᦨᓟߦ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄੱቇ⠌⠪߇ዊቇᩞ㜞ቇᐕ߆ࠄਛቇᩞ‫ޔ‬㜞ᩞߣቇ⠌ࠍ㊀ߨߡ޿ߊ ਛߢ⧷⺆ࠄߒ޿⊒㖸ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᜰዉߔࠆ஥߇㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߦၮ ߠ޿ߚ㖸ჿᜰዉࠍⴕ߃߫‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ല₸⊛ߦ㖸ჿ₪ᓧߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪߥ ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦലᨐ߇⃻ࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㐳ᦼ⊛ߥታ〣ߣⷰኤࠍߒߡ޿ ߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬ ⻢ㄉ ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍขࠄߖߡਅߐߞߚ㒝ዻᮮᵿዊቇᩞߩవ↢߇ߚߦᔃ߆ࠄᗵ⻢ ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ᒁ↪ᢥ₂ Abu-Rabia, S., & Kehat, S. (2004). The critical period for second language pronunciation: Is there such a thing? Ten case studies of late starters. who attained a native-like Hebruew accent. Educational Psychology,. 24, 77-98.. Bachman, L. (1990) Fundamental considerations in language testing (pp. 84-88) . Oxford: Oxford University Press.. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D.M., & Goodwin, J.M. (1996) Teaching. pronunciation: A reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. Derwing,. T.M.,. &. Munro,. comprehensibility:. M.J.. Evidence. (1997). from. Language Acquisition, 19, 1-16.. Accent,. four. L1s.. intelligibility,. Studies. in. and. Second. Derwing, T.M., & Munro, M.J. (2005). Second language accent and. pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach. TESOL Quarterly,. 39, 379-398.. Derwing, T.M., Munro, M.J., & Thomson, R.I. (2008). A longitudinal study of. ESL learners' fluency and comprehensibility development. Applied. Linguistics, 29, 359-380.. Derwing, T.M., & Munro, M.J. (2009). Putting accent in its place: Rethinking obstacles to communication. Language Teaching, 42,. 476-490..

(20) 60. 平野幸規・佐野富士子・今村行道. Flege, J.E. (1984). The detection of French accent by American listeners.. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 692-707.. Flege, J.E. (1991) Perception and production: the relevance of phonetic input to L2 phonological learning. In T. Huebner and C.A. Ferguson (eds.) Crosscurrents in second language acquisition and linguistic. theories (pp. 249-289). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.. Flege, J.E. (1995) Second language speech learning: theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (ed.) Speech perception and linguistic. experience (pp. 233-277). Timonium, MD: York Press.. Fullana, N. (2006) The development of English [FL] perception and production skills: starting age and exposure effects. In C. Munoz(ed.). Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning (pp.41-64). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Gnanadesikan, A. (2004) Markedness and faithfulness constraints in child phonology. In R. Kager et al. (eds.) Constraints in phonological. acquisition (pp. 196-221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Harmer, J. (2001) The practice of English language teaching . Essex, GB:. Pearson Education Limited. (ᷰ ㆺ ᤨ ᄦ ઁ (⸶ ) (2002)‫ ޡ‬21 ਎ ♿ ߩ ⧷ ⺆ ᢎ. ⢒ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ. ታ〣⊛⧷⺆ᢎ⢒ߩㅴ߼ᣇ̆ዊቇ↢߆ࠄ৻⥸␠ળੱߩᜰዉ߹. ߢ̆‫᧲ޢ‬੩㧦ᩣᑼળ␠ࡇࠕ࠰ࡦ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ) Isono, T. (2000) A study of English stops in word-initial position as produced by Japanese learners. JACET Bulletin, 32 , 37-48.. Jenkins, J. (1998) Which pronunciation norms and models for English as an. ELT Journal, 52 , 119-126. Jenkins, J. (2000) The phonology of English as an international language: new models, new norms, new goals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. international language?. Tsuzuki, M. (1996) An allophonic study of japanese vowels and consonants.. The Journal of Aichi Gakuin University Humanities & Sciences, 43,. 41-66.. Ur, P. (1984) Teaching listening comprehension . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. Wells, J. C. (2008) Longman pronunciation dictionary, paper with CD-ROM (3rd ed.). Essex, GB: Pearson ESL. ᦭ ᧄ ⚐ (2005). ‫ ⊒ ޟ‬㖸 ᜰ ዉ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ᢎ Ꮷ ߩ ᓎ ഀ ‫ ⺆ ⧷ ޡޠ‬ᢎ ⢒ ‫ ╙ ޢ‬54 Ꮞ 10 ภ. 27-29. ᫃ Ꮉ ␽ ਎ (2003) ‫ ⺆ ⸒ ߩ ఽ ੃ ޟ‬㖸 ჿ ₪ ᓧ ‫ޠ‬ ‫ ޡ‬ᣣ ᧄ 㖸㗀 ቇ ળ ⹹ ‫ޢ‬59 Ꮞ 4 ภ 230-235. ⊕ ੗ ᕶ ᒄ (2008) ‫ ޡ‬ᄖ ࿖ ⺆ ቇ ⠌ ߩ ⑼ ቇ ̆ ╙ ੑ ⸒ ⺆ ⠌ ᓧ ⺰ ߣ ߪ ૗ ߆ ‫ ᧲ ޢ‬੩ 㧦 ጤ ᵄ ᦠᐫ. ਛ ේ ኡ ሶ (1983) ‫ ޟ‬ᱜ Ᏹ ఽ ߩ ⺞㖸 ⊒ ㆐ ‫ ᧲ ޡޠ‬ർ ᄢ ቇ ᱤ ቇ 㔀 ⹹ ‫ ޢ‬2 Ꮞ 2 ภ 93-111. ᧻ ᳗ Ẵ ᄦ (2006) ‫ ޡ‬㖸 ߩ ⚻ 㛎 ̆ ⸒ ⪲ ߪ ߤ ߩ ࠃ ߁ ߦ ߒ ߡ น ⢻ ߣ ߥ ࠆ ߩ ߆ ̆ ‫ ᧲ޢ‬੩㧦.

(21) 小学校における英語音声指導の試行. ᧲ାၴ. ᦸ ᦬ ᤘ ᒾ ઁ (✬ ⪺ ) (2001) ‫ ޡ‬ᣂ ቇ ⠌ ᜰ ዉ ⷐ 㗔 ߦ ߽ ߣ ߠ ߊ ⧷ ⺆ ⑼ ᢎ ⢒ ᴺ ‫ ᧲ޢ‬੩㧦ᄢ ୃ㙚ᦠᐫ. ጊ ↰ ᕡ ᄦ (1999) ‫ ޟ‬ᄖ ࿖ ⺆㖸 ჿ ቇ ⠌ ߣ ᐕ 㦂 ̆ ᐕ 㦂 ߥ ࠎ ߡ 㑐 ଥ ߥ ޿ 㧍㧫 ̆ ‫ޠ‬ ‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ 㖸㗀 ቇ ળ ⹹ ‫ ޢ‬55 Ꮞ 1 ภ 38-44.. 61.

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小学校における英語音声指導の試行 ―第二言語習得における子音の音韻発達を中心として―

小学校における英語音声指導の試行　　　―第二言語習得における子音の音韻発達を中心として―