Vol.63 , No.3(2015)225堀 伸一郎「15世紀東インドにおける仏教存続の証跡 ： Kalacakratantra古ベンガル文字写本の識語」

(228)

Jborrnal

_ofIhdian

andBuddhist SindiesVbl.63,No.

3,

March

2015

Evidence

ofBuddhism

in

15th-Century

Eastern

India:

Clues

from

the

Colophon

ofa

Kalacakratantra

Manuscript

in

Old

Bengali

Script

HoRi

Shin'ichir6

The

destruction

of the major Buddhist monasteries

in

Eastern

India,including

VikramaSila,

by

TurkicMuslims at the

beginning

of the 13thcentury delivereda major

blow

totheBuddhistinstitutions.But

this

did

not mark a complete demise ofthe Buddhist

faith

throughouttheIndiansubcontinent. How

long

and where

Buddhism

continued to

sur-vive remain some of the

least

known aspects initshistory.A corpus of

Buddhist

Sanskrit manuscripts

in

Old

Bengali

script,i)

dating

according totheircolophons tothe

15th

centu-ry,

offers

important

clues tothese _questions.

Inorder toascertain the

historical

background,

it

is

first

necessary toestablish theirexact

dates

on the

basis

of calendrical elements

fbund

in

thecotophons.

Kntacakratantra

Among these

15th-century

manuscripts

I

shall firstexamine the

colo-phon of the

KZilacakratantra

palrn

leafmanuscript

in

the

Cambridge

University

Library

catalogued Add. 1364.Based upon my

investigation

of

the

original inMarch

2014,

folio

2)

128r

including

thecolophon

is

transliteratedas

fbllows:

r2 _yedharmrnfihetuprabhav5hetumtes5m tathEgatohy!avadat*

1

tes5fi=cayo

O

niredha evaipv5di

mahzaSramai?ah

11

deyadharmmoyarppravaramahiy5n5nuy5yinam

11

l!

r3 Srimat'siEkyabhiksuSrijfianaSrikAnEtpyad=atrapupyarptad=bhavatv=Ec5ryopa

O

dhyayamEtfi-pitrp[irvaitgamarpkptvasakalasatvarager=anuttar5samyaksambodhijfianaphalala

r4 bh5yeti

11

li

_{paramabhattaraketyEdirajavaliprtrvavat'gri;}

O

madvikram5dityadevapad5namm= atitarajye sae 1503bhadrabadi13budhe likhyapi

r5 teyarp Srimat*SalcyabhiksuSrljfiiinaSrikaih

l

likhiteyarpmagadhadeSi

O

yakansatagratnasasanikaka-rarpakEyasthagrijayardniadatteneti

1I

kerakigrfimavasthi;

r6 tena

Pl

Subham=astu

iL

1[

anella saddhammarasalnptena sarvajfiadosodbhavaSitalena

1

kleSahalapra-jvalitantarasyalolcasyadul)kharppraSamostunityarpll

li

11

IL

This

manuscript is

_part

ofthe collection

gathered

by

Daniel

Wright

(surgeon

tothe

Brit-ish

Residency

at Kathmandu) inthe Kathmandu

Valley.

According

to the

University

Librarystamp on

folio

lr,

it

was acquired

by

the Library

in

October

l875.

CecilBendall

-EvidenceofBuddhism in15th-CenturyEasternIndia

(Sh.

HoRi)

(229)

(1883:

iv,xxxvii, 69-70)

described

_{thismanuscript,}

drawing

_{attention tothe}

fact

_that

it

was written

in

Eastern

India

in

the

15thcentury

(p.

iv)

. Bendall'sreading of the colophon

includes

some mistakes and

he

could not establish the exact

date

of themanuscript

al-though

he

mentions the

_year

as 1446

(pp.

iv,69) or 1447

(p.

xxxvii) CE.

This

manuscript was consulted

in

both

of the critical editions of the

1vaiacakratantra,

Raghu

Viraand Lokesh Chandra

(1966:

18)

and

Baneijee

(1985:

ii,

265).

Apart

from

its

philologicalvalue, themanuscript hasalso attracted special attention

from

art

historians

on

theaccount of the miniatures drawn on

both

sides of two wooden covers.

Since

Pratapa-ditya

Pal'sarticle

_giving

an iconographic

description

of theminiatures

in

1965,

many art

historians

have

dealt

with the_{manuscript3) and regarded}

it

_{unanimously as}

dated

_to

1446

CE simply by subtraction of

57

from the_year1S03 cited

in

the

Vikrarna

Era.

Date

Inthe case of thismanuscript,

it

is,

however,

_possibleto_pinpoint

its

exact

date

with more

_precision

because

its

colophon fbrtunatelyrecords the

lunar

month, _paksa

(lunar

fortnight)

, tithi

(lunar

day), and day ofthe week inaddition totheVikrama year1503.

r4 Srimadvikrambditya`ievopadanbmm=atitaropesa" 1503 bhadrabadi13budee

intheVikramayear1503,inthedarkfbrtnightofBhadra

[pada]

_, on the 13th

[tithi]

_, Qn Wednesday

When

converting Indiandatestothe

Common

Era,

one must also take

into

consideration whether the _yeariscited as expired or current

(atitalvartamana),

with which month the

year

begins

(i.e.,

the month of Caitraor K5rttika;eaitradilharttikadi) _, and whether the

month ends on the new or

fu11

moon

(amantaiptir4imanta).

The _computer

programpafi-ciniga developedby MichioYano and

Makoto

Fushimiand

based

upon theSti,yasiddhjnta

is

an

incredibly

helpfu1tool.4)

Using

this

_program,

the

fo11owing

_possible

equivalents of

the dateefthis manuscript can

be

calculated.

1. IftheVikramayear1503 istakenas a current

(vartama-na)

_yearbeginningwith themonth

tra

(caitrlldi)

and themonth _asending on thefu11moon

(parrpimanta)

_, thcdateshouSd beSunday, August 1,1445CE

2. vartamana, caitriidi, aminta: Tuesday,August 31,1445CE

3. atitrx,caitradi,ptir4imanta1

vartamana, karttikddi,_pfir"imdnta:Saturday,_{August 20,1446CE}

4. atjta,caitnEidi, amanta 1

vartama-na, ktirttikadi,amantzx: Monday, September19,1446CE 5. atita,harttikildi,ptir4imanta:Wednesday,August 9,l447CE

(230)

EvidenceofBuddhism in15th-CentiiryEasternIndia

(Sh.

HoRi)

Among these

6

altematives, only the 5thone _givesa satisfactory equivatent

for

the

day

of

theweek, namely,

Wednesday.

Inthisway, thedateofthe manuscript can

be

pinpointed

to

Wednesday, August

9,

1447

CE.

Now,

totellthetruth,Franz Kielhorn

(1890:

180-181)

established the same datethrough the same _procedure

in

an article

_published

as early as

1890,

Le.,

only seven _yearsafterthe_publicationofBendall's Catalogue.

Donor

The doner'snarne appears on

lines

r3 and r5

in

the_plural.

r3 Srimat*Sakyabhik.suSrijfianaSrikandm

r5 Srimat"Sadyabhiks.uSrijfikenasirikaih.

1

Here the _plural

fbrrn

_presumably includesonly one

personal

name,

i.e.,

"Jfi5naSri"

fo1-lowed

by

the suMx -ka- and conveys an

honorific

sense. It

is

also

_possible

to

interpret

the

compound as "peop)e

headed

by

_the

venerable

Buddhist

monk Jfi5naSri"on the

basis

of

the

Paninian

ruie

5.2.78

concerning a _personalname with the sufflx -ka-, "sa

esam

.5)

manih.

Scribe

Liner5 contains the scribe's name: Jayaramadatta.He

held

the title

Sbsanikaka-ra4akayastha and appears to

have

been

an administrativescribe.

r5 sdsanikakara"akllyasthasirijayardmadotteneti

Place

On

line

r5,

_place

names are mentioned:

r5 magadhadeglyakansaragrama

thevillage ofKansara inthe region ofMagadha

On

thebasisof theregional name magadhadeSlya, itwould be _possibletorestrictthe_place

of copying to southem Bihar.Pal

(1965:

103-104) read magaduadeSlyaka-nragrdma and

identifiedthe village as the

_present

city ofArrah. But this

identification

is

based

on his

misreading of the aksara nsa as an independentvowel di

(ct

an

independent

vowel a on

line

r6).

r5-6 kerakegramfivasthitena

Il

resident

in

thevillageofKeraki

This_phrase

_probably

modifies the_{precedingpersonal}name Jayaramadatta.

The

database

Ihdia

Place

Fincieravailable on theinternetand developed

by

the

historian

Tsukasa

Mizushima

is

very convenient

for

searching village names of rnodem

India.

The

village name "Kansar" hasmany candidates,

but

in

thecase of "Kerki," _there

are only twe

villages

by

thisname

in

thewhole of India.

One

is

the Kerki

Gi<6fiT

Village

(24e49'41Z'N,

84045'11"E)locatedinthe Guraru C.D.Block,

Gaya

District,Bihar

State.

The

other isthe

-EvidenceofBuddhism in15th-CenturyEastemIndia

(Sh.

HoRi)

(231)

Kerki

dwit

Village

(24eO'53"N,

84024'21"E)

in

thePanki

C.D.Block,

Palamu District,

Jhar-khand

State.

We cannot

be

sure that

the

village name hasremained almost the same fbrthe

past550 years

in

spite of all

_phonological

and social changes, butthe two sites can be

re-garded

astentativecandidates.

Concluding

Verse

AfterSubham=astu, thecolophon contains a verse

in

_upcu'a'timetre, which corresponds tothe

last

stanza ofthe

RatnfivadZinatattva

in

Kanga

rfakahata's

edition of theRatndvadlinamald.Underlined_partsshow variant readings.

6)

RatnbvadanatattvaColophonofAdd. 1364

([[lakahata

1954:480.28-29)

anena sadtViarmmarasa-mrtena anena saddharmarasamrtena

sarvojfiadosodbhavaSimlenal sarvojnnyabhtisvadvadnnodbhavena

ll

kleSanamptivL'!gtggl!!E!tl'tfft kleSanalaprahvariraturltsu

lokasyachthkharppraSamo stu nityam

11

_prql'aLsuduhkhampraSamo Stunityarp

11

Botthicaiydvata-ra

I

should

like

to establish the

date

of a manuscript of

Santideva's

Bodhicarya-vatara

at theAsiaticSociety,Kolkata,catalegued

G.

8067.

According

_toHara

PrasadShastri's

description

(1917:

21-22), themanuscript

is

written on _palm

leaf

in

Ben-gali

script.The dateisfbrtunately_givenin

Shastri's

transcriptionof the colophon as

fbl-lows:

viin"amadityadevasarp 1492_{phtzigunasudi}4kty'e

1

intheVikramayear1492,inthebrightfortnightofPhElguna, on thefourth

[tithi]

_, on Tuesday

In

thecase of themonth of

Phalguna,

there

is

no

difference

between _{caitradi and}

karttikadi

systems.

As

fbr

the

bright

fortnight,

thereisno differencebetween amanta andptimpimanta systems.

Therefbre

we

have

only totake

into

consideration whether _theyear

is

_{cited as}

ex-pired

orcurrent.

1.Ifthe Vikrama _year 1492 istaken as a current _year,the dateshould beWednesday,_February2,

1435CE.

2. Ifthe Vikrama _year1492 istaken as an expired _year,the dateshould be Tuesday,February_21,

1436 CE.

The

date

ofthe manuscript can

be

thusdeterminedas Tuesday, February_21,1436 CE.

Ka-ragedoi{ytiha

I

shall now

look

at a thirdcolophon.

It

is

found

in

a KZira44avyfiha

manuscript owned

by

a

_private

collector

in

Mumbai.

The

wooden covers and three

folios

ofthe manuscript also

include

some miniatures. Pal

(1966)

includes

_photos

ofthe three

(232)

EyidenceofBuddhism in15th-CenturyEasternIndia

(Sh,

HoRi)

the colophon

(fblio

78r;

fig.

405),

which

he

also transcribed.

His

reading, however,

con-tainsmany mistakes. The _photoisnot very clear and

_parts

of thecolophon are

damaged

or

illegible.

But

fbrtunately,

the dateislegibleas fbllows:

r4 saO 1512karttikabadi

O

13budhe

1

inthe_year1512,inthedarktbrtnightof Karttika,on the13th

[tithi],

on Wednesday

The _year1512 undoubtedly refers tothe

Vikrama

Era.

Taking

into

account the same

crite-ria as inthe firstcolophon examined above, i.e.,atita, karttikadi,

ptirrpimanta,

we can es-tablishthedateas Wednesday, October27,1456

CE.

Historical

Background

AccordingtoJosephE.

Schwartzberg

(1992:

39,

_pl.

V.3

(D),

theterritoriesof two Islamicdynastiesoverlapped

in

the

Bihar

area inthe firsthalfof the

15th

century: namely, the

Sharqi

dynasty,whose capital city was

Jaunpur,

and the

IlyEs

Sh5hi

dynasty

based

in

Bengal.

It

is

more iikelythattheSharqi

dynasty

had

effective

con-trolover southern Biharinthe15thcentury

because

coins

issued

by

the

Sharqi

kings

atthat

time

have

been

discovered

indifferent_partsof Bihar

including

Rajgir

(Diwakar

1959:

393-394).

The

colophens ofthe three datedmanuscripts clearly show that

Buddhists

still

survived around thebirthplaceofBuddhism untilthemiddle ofthe 15thcentury inspite of

theeffective rule of an Islamicdynasty.The

fact

thatvillage names ending in-grama- are

found

in

allthecolophons may suggest thatBuddhism was stillalive especially

in

some

rural areas

in

Bihar. The Buddhistswere stillcopying and transmittingsuch

Mahayana

and

Vajrayana

textsas

gantideva's

Bodhicar:yavatdra,the

Kararp4a){yijha,

and the

Ktilaca-kratantra.

Thisshows us that although thedestructionof

the

major monasteries by TurkicMuslims

before

and after theturnofthe 13thcentury

had

delivered

a

disastrous

blow tothe fateof

IndianBuddhism, thereligion

had

not been eliminated completely

in

Eastern

India,

includ-ing

Bihar.

As

late

as

250

_yearsafter this

blow,

Buddhism

was stillalive

in

thearea and

its

fo11owers

were stilltransmittingtheirsacred texts

in

Sanskrit.

1

)

Fortheterm `[Old

Bengaliscript," see Dimitrov

(2002:

29).

2

)

Aphoto of folio128rwas _publishedinPai

(1965:

_pL I).

3

₎

For contributions by art historians,see Weissenborn

(2012:

312).Kim

(2013:

250,268,

340n116,343n141,345n155) alsodealtwith thismanuseript.

4

)

Forthiscomputer _programand thetraditionalIndiancalendar, see Yttno

(2007)

.Alldatingsin

this_paperare based upon Pancanga, version 3.14.

EvidenceofBuddhism in15th-CenturyEastern!ndia

(Sh,

HoRi)

(233)

5

)

The Kli"ikaV?'ttigivesan example devadattakah;`Lgramapth

pradhanah, mukhyah ity arthah.

clevadattah _grama4ih esam devaclattakiih"

(Sharrna

et al. 1970:516).

6

)

AccordingtoBaneriee

(1985:

265n9), a manuscript ofthe KZilacakeatantrainthe Royal Asiatic SocietyofGreat Britainand Ireland,London

(Hodgson

Collection49)_, alsoreads thisverse

in

its

col-ephon.

SymbolsUsedintheIYansliteration o

*

4il;or

a divisionofan aksara intotwo _partsforconvenience's sake

a backslashwith a small circle on theright of sa toindicatethe abbreviation fbrsarpvat; see Einicke

_(2009:

_68-69,274). - -tvlramatlando ttdouble clanda --a space filler astringhole recto Works Cited r

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KZilacakratantra-Rby'a

(Coilated

with the

betanvansion). BibliothecaIndica:A Collectionof OrientalWorks 311.Calcutta:TheAsiatic ciety.

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_ofthe

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(This

work was supported byJSPSKAKENHI GrantNumber 23520070.)

<Key

words> KZilacakeratantra,EasternIndia,Bihar,Kerki,OldBengaliscript, 15thcentury

(Research

Associate,InternationalInstitutefbrBuddhistStudies, InternationalCollegefbrPostgraduateBudclhistStudies)