[st
1]
UDC:614.S4:691
Journal
ofStructural
andConstruction
EngineeTing
H"ftee\fttsEXS"vaSM
{Transactiensof
AIJ)
No,361,
Marclt,
1986ag
361e・
waip
61ff
3A
CREEP
Part
BUCKLING
OF
STEEL
COLUMNS
AT
HIGH
TEMPERATURES
'
ll
Creep
btickling
tests
and
numerical
analysis
by
FUKUJIRO
FURUMURA',
TAKEO
AVE"
and
WHA-JUNG
KIM"",
Members
of
A.I.J.
1.
Introduction
The
buckling
strength of asteelcolumn
maybe
considerably reduceddue
to
exposureto
high
temperatures
during
a
fire,
because
ofthe
reductions of modulus of elasticity andthe
plastic
and
creep
strains of structural steel athigh
temperaturesi)L2}.
Especially,
attemperatures
exceeding5000C,
structural steels showahigh
creep
strain
rate
even
'
at
low
tensile
or compressivestresses3)-T).
During
afire,
the
columnis
usually subjegtedto
aconstant
load
during
the
whole
heating
period
implying
alarge
creepdeformation.
Accordingly,
it
is
consideredthat
the
column wouldbe
'
buckled
by
creepdeformation.
・
In
orderto
establishthe
basis
of a more reliabledesign
method,including
the
time
parameter,
for
determining
the
deformation
and collapseload
of a celumnin
afire,
an experimentalinvestigation
on ereepbuckling
ofH
cross section steel columns of46.9
and
25.1
slenderness ratios under constantaxial
loads
with various eccentricitiesat
high
temperatttres,
475,
500,
525,
5500C,
have
been
carried out.By
performing
a numberof
such
experiments
atdifferent
loadS,
eccentricities ofloading
points
andtemperatures,
the
creepbuckling
behavior
of steel columnshas
been
somewhat
clarified.Tensile
andcreep
tests
were already carried out at varioushigh
temperatures
for
the
structural stee13) whichhad
the
sameJIS
gtade
but
not
the
same
mechanical
properties
andchemical
compositions
asthose
usedin
this
experiment(see
Tables
1
to
6),
the
results
being
extrapolatedby
the
use ofthe
stress-strainrelationships
of
these
different
steel materialsat
room
temperature
to
be
usefulin
the
analysis of creepbuckling
test
results.Mechanical
and creep constants athigh
temperatures
weredetermined
andintroduced
into
a computerprogram
providing
the
cTeepbuckling
behavior
atgiven
loads,
eccentricities and
temperatures,
This
workis
a
continuation
ofRef.13.
2.
Specimens
The
column specimens withH
cross-section werecut
eut
from
SM
50
structural steelplates
of50
and100
mm
thickness
in
the
same
direction
asthat
ofhot
rolling andthe
surfacesof
a
steel
plate
wereparallel
withthose
of celumnflanges
(see
Fig.
26).
The
size of specimen,the
mechanicalpreperties
and chemical cornpositions of steel'
are shown
in
Figs.1
and
2,
Tables1
to
4.
The
slenderness ratios ofthe
test
specimens withend
plates
and attachedhinges
whichhave
changesin
cross-section are about
46.9
(H-44
×40
×4
×6:approximately
lflO
$ize of aprototype
column) and about25.1
(H-85
×75
×8
×12
:
appToximately115
size of aprototype
column), respectively,These
values aredetermined
by
taking
into
accountthe
situation wherethe
steel columns of realhigh-rise
buildings
wouldbuckled
underthe
conditionhaving
hinged
ends(
A!46.
9)
and underthe
condition
having
fixed
ends(X=:T25.
1)
in
fire.
That
is
to
say,these
conditions correspondto
the
casein
whichevery
columnin
afleor
wouldbe
subjectedto
the
samefire
and
the
case
in
whichpartial
columnsin
afloor
wouldbe
subjectedto
fire,
respectively.
i
Professor,
Dr.
Sci.
in
Eng.
#
Associate
Professor.
Dr.
Sci.
in
Eng.
*#Graduate
Student.
M.
Sci.
in
Eng.
(Manuscript
reeeivedSeptember
11.
1985)
-142-NII-Electronic Library Service
t-....
i,
/ls-e1RP5e
nJi'.[gL]1 75'k1s"ap"
pt
i・-s
l/
k
E
ELw-o" eie:
g
g
p
Fig.1
Table1
Steelratio
Lcolumn:46.9)
Chemical
plate
used.:r=
t`Q
Jspecimen
(Stendetness
(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
cemposition(%)
offor
creepbuckling50
mm steel
tests
Jl59radecS+MnPsCu
xleoxlOOOx100SM5015381502361
Table2Mechanical
properties
of usedfor
creepbuckling
50
mm steelprate
tests
JISgradeYieldStrengthCkglmml)TeneitestrengthCfptmmZ)Elongatbncth)
$M5035,78
54.0
33.0
Table3Chemical
composition(%)
ofplate
usedfor
creepbuckling100
mm steel testsJISgradeCsiM.psCuNi
x100xlOOOx100SM50194213919517s
Fig2
Table5
Table6
PllQ"nt-"pm
eaoo O-OQLi"LJ
Steel
column specirnen(Slenderness
ratio
:
25.
1)
(H-85
×75
×8
×12}
Chemical
composition(%)
of22
mm steelplate
usedfor
tensile creeptests
JISgradecsiMnPs
x100x1000
SM501742t35208
Mechusedanical
properties
for
tensile creepef22
mm steelplate
tests
JISgradeYieLdStrengthCkgtmm2)Tensii;.S,t:ie::ShElengation(-1-)
SM5036.16
54.32
32,41
H-44x40x4x6Table7Testconditions
Bleolsoi-sTO.3a2or502"a261SO,25O,237SO,225
17,5eo.
.L!g・o
/'o'ooe.eooe
Ll!!'
....
ooe
e/ H-e5x7Sx8x12Table4
Mechanical
properties
ef100
mm steelplate
used
for
creepbuckling
tests
O,L75tc
O,5coic e,scstO/Scoic
B=Pl{AF) e/ Eecentric
distance(mm)
P/Axia1 lead(ten) A/SectixiaL ar"a
(cm!)
F/F.valueC3.0tentcmi)
%.1=6e.G"en,H-85x75xex12
%.1=le2Ltom,H-44:aOx4"6
3.
Testing
procedure
Creep
buckling
tests
were carriedout
on a150
ton
universaltesting
machine
equipped with anelectric
furnace,
Each
specimens
weretested
athigh
temperatures
which coveredthe
475
to
5so"C
temperature
range
at25'C
lncrements,The
applied axialloads
at eachtemperature
were oneto
sixlevels
atO.
025
increments
(H-85
×75
×8
×12>
and
three
to
sixlevels
atO.
025
orO.
O125
increments
(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
ofB equalto
PIAF,
whereP
is
axialload
A
is
'
-143-JISgradeYietdStrengthCkglmm2)TenslLpStrength{ngtmm2)Etengatien(v.)
SM5032,78
53.0
34,O
eeO,4O.37SO,35O.S25O.3O,275 o.oeee Z5o
o 5,O e'oo
L.7,5.
o Q 10.0o e e 12,5oLisooo
-....
o-oeeeoe
osectional
area
and
F
(;3.0
tonlcmZ)
is
the
valuebased
onthe
steel structuredesign
code ofthe
Architectural
Institute
ofJapanii).
The
yalues offi
coverthe
O.
275
to
O,
4
range
(H-85
×75
×8
×12)
andO.
225
to
O.
35
range(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
whichinclude
the
casesof
real
high-rise
buildings
in
Japan.
These
values aredetermined
by
taking
into
accountthe
fact
that
the
appliedaxial・loacls
of columns ofhigh-rise
buildings
in
Japan,are
approximatelyequal
to
1,
O
'
tonlcm2
fer
the
H-column
and1.2
tonlcmZ
for
the
box-column.
The
eccentricdistances
ofapplied
loads
coverthe
O.
O
to
15.0
mm range<H-85X75X8
×12)
and
7,
5
to
IZ.
5
mm'
range
(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
at
2.5
rnmincrements.
These
valueshave
been
determined
maihly
for
experimental
reasons,
but
the
effects oflarge
lateral
displacements
of
columnheads
due
to
expansiQn ofthe
bealns
and slabs abovethe
fire
room and variousimperfections
have
been
alsotaken
inte
consideration,The
wholetest
conditionsof
column
specimens aregiven
in
Table
7.
In
additionto
these
test
conditions,the
tests
under
step-wise
varyingload
have
been
carried outby
using onlythree
column specimens(H-85
×75
×8
×12)
andtwo
column specimens(H-44
×40
×4
×6),
For
further
details
oftesting
procedure,
the
reader should referto
Ref.
13.
4.
Test
resultsFig.
3
showsthe
creepbuckled
column
specimens.
Figures
4
to
Z5
showthe
variationof
cblumn
lateral
deflection
and
contraction
versustime
underthe
varioustemperatures,
loads
and
eccentricities
fegarding
all columnspecimens.
Frorn
these
figures,
it'is
understood
how
the
creepbuckling
life
ofthe
columnis
greatly
affectedby
temperature,
load
andeccentricity.
After
the
lateral
deflections
atthe
niid-length
of
the
column specimenshave
reached about7,5mm
('H-44
×40
×4X6)
and10mm
(H-85
×75
×8
×12>,
the
deflection
and contraction rate of'
columns
begin
to
increase
rapidlybecause
ofthe
increased
momentdue
to
the
increase
oflateral
deflection.
Generally
speaking,the
columnlateral
deflection
and contractioninc:ease
rapidly
at
the
first
stage ofthe
creepbuckling
test
by
the
influence
of
primary
creep of steel material.After
the
first
stage,
the
deflection
and contraction ratebecome
temporarily
censtant.
However,
before
long
they
begin
to
increase
again accelerativelybecause
ofthe
'
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>6
llllll',if',val,・,:,//,is'・,i'/ll・ll'{,X,$・;.i,/,/.k"{z,ge,gi.///'t.lll'i,'i/1hm,l{:'kii.i.ll//',/"tl/,1/,il'k':・i/-//,.
gr,fii/,i・,}i,:;imai;nv#/i・/tmi,,ik,,I//ee,I,,//,/g/\'i//L',g・,},i'g/'g/'geii・f/・,/"g,・f/g・i'it./mp'//,,・i/',tk.;E/i'
Fig.3
Specimen
after creepbuckling
tests
lo
p-o,1
::
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deflection
and contraction versus time underconstant
loqd
(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
-144-e co 1ro e co 1to
TIHEma THMEtdetel)
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Fig.5
Lateral
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and contraction versustime
constant
load
(H-44
×40
×4X6)
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boote -=12,sfiu-toT
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and contractionload
(H-44
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time
underNII-Electronic Library Service
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Fig.9
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×6)
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525k t[12,5mm B.02s / P.Ol15/t
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su 1to O co TME[mhutes}Lateral
defleetion
and contraction constantload
{H-44
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×6)
550± e=10mrn P.O,1375p-a25 / ll II ll [: 1: lll:
e/ ii : :i/t/ l////
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underSO 1to TIHE(fiinules)
Lateral
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S(nvO
ssOk e=lornmp.a2ns P.O,2S
P.olas
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Fig.10
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6
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20 10 o6(mni
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47st le Pta4 e:15mm 10 o ro 10 Go lzo o eo lm "MEtmimus) TIMEdaninvteslFig.11
Lateral
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road
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×8
×12)
6
dn""wat PrO`6imni
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P=OA4
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Fig.12
Lateral
deflection
and contraction veTsustime
'
under constant
load
(H-85
×75
×8Xl2)
Sdnnd
soou t=dsmrn5cmri
soote e=TsmmP.04
B.04
`';'r:p=e,3Tsl:::retso.3s
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p.o.s EXPEFtiMENTza---
CALCUUTED 4 2 D P.O.3T5l
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t
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EXPERIMENTAL----・
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Fig.14
co 1ro e oo 110 TIMEiminesi TIHE[minulesiLateral
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and contraction versustirne
under e6nstantlead
{H-85
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×8
×12)
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Lateral
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and contraction versus timeunder constant
load
(H-85
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6[m""
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:::::f::
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nmTED 4 t e oo 1ro o co 1ro 111Etmhotes) TIMEpmnutesiFig.16
Lateral
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and contraction veisustime
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fi"T""
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p=e'ii5eo3Sv
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ro 10&tmm"
' eo 1ro o Ge 12e TIveCff-nutes) TINECrmutesiLateral
deflection
and contraction versustime
under constant
ioad
(H-85X75
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caLouWED 1 e oo 1ro e co 1ro TIMEin,inutesi rbMEtwvrteslFig.18
Lateral
deflection
and centraction versus timeunder constant
load
(H-85XZ5
×8
×12)
-146-ro lo e 3 2 1 o-1
51mm)
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Lateral
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and contraction versustime
under constant
load
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×12)
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soot e=omm e:aAth-o.s '>b
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×75
×8
×12)
'
6
enrr"52St e=15mtn 20 to leFJ''''
Slam}
55eic ! : ll
:
:
:
ll
i :r
' e ' '
t-
/t
a
----tttt1.1・
e=7.5mm P.O.325-O.35T
>6
EXPER""ENTAL CNCUum 4 2Strnm)
esot e=:smm e co 1ro o co 1to rlMECmhutes) TthAEOTtimutes)
Fig.25
Lateral
deflection
and contraction versus timeunder step-wise change
load
(H-85
×75
×8
×12)
STRESS[tpttnmi)
4o 30 20 10 SM 50 2te R-12mmpA
'Kevr ) crtr tr gts
'
:--"-9
''"vitE,-8-"ps-O co 1ro e co 1an O 1'1
3
TIMEevt"Jtee) 1beElabetes) STRAINCM)
Fig.24
Lateral
deflection
and centraction yersustime
Fig.26
Stress-strain
relationship oftensile
test
specirnensunder step-wise change
load
CH-85
×7sxsx12)
cut outfrom
22mrn,
50mm
andlOOmm
steelplate
increased
momentdue
to
the
increase
oflate;al
deflection
and
finally
the
column specimenis
buckled.
Further,
it
is
also understoodthat
the
steel columnshave
considerablylarge
load
bearing
capacity
athigh
temperatures
of morethan
5000C,
Therefore,
these
experimental resultsindicate
the
possibility
ofthe
fire
safetydesign
ofhigh
rise steel structuresunder
high
temperature
conditions of morethan
soo'C.
5.
Numerical
analysis
of creepbuckting
The
following
numerical analysishas
been
carried out with regardto
the
test
results.To
analysethe
strain and stressin
a
column,the
following
assumptions were made:
(1)
Plane
sections remainplane.
(
2
)
Fer
the
finite
element model,the
columnis
divided
into
anumber
of
linear
elernents.For
each element,the
strain, stress,temperature
and materialproperties
are assumed uniform.<
3
)
The
relationshipbetween
steel stress a,and
strain e,in
tension,
is
assumedas
the
polygonal
lin6
based
onthe
previously
obtainedtensile
test
data
and mQdifiedin
consideration ofthe
difference
of stress-strain relationshipbetween
column andtensile
test
specimens(see
Figs.26
to
28,
Tables1
to
6).
Where,
'
E,IE,,=-1.01
×10-6
×Tt+O.994・・・-・・・・・・-・-・・・・・・・-・・・・-・・・-・・-・-・・・-・・・-・・・-・・-・・・--・・・-・・・-・・--・・-・・・・・・・・・(1)
In
this
expression,ET
is
the
initial
tangent
modulus atTOC
andE,,
is
that
at
room
temperature,
Besides
these
data,
the
materialdescription
mustinclude
behavior
in
compression andduiing
ttnloading.This
is
arrangedby
makingthe
following
two
assumptions
:
(a)
Behavior
in
cQmpressionis
the
same asthat
in
tension,
and(
b
)
behavior
during
unloadingfrom
(or
reloadingto>
apreviously
obtainedvalue
of stressis
linear
dalds=Er,
the
initial
tangent
modulus,'
(4)
To
evaluatethe
creepdeformation,
it
is
assumedthat
the
creep strain under constanttemperature
fer
the
TableB
Material
constants(SM50A)
MATERtALCON5TANTS
TEMP.(・c)'
ab
ed
475-os4e7xloa32oexloO.2443xlO-1-O.7351xlO-1
500-O,5594xlOO,3397xlOO.1933xlO-1O.1526
525-O,5Sl2x100348S"1002624xlO-1o.14e4,
550-o.4e2gxloO,3126xlOO,35e3xlO-1O.1174
STRESS[kptmmD so ze 10pm
""""TAenssflAeeTdeSct"fvuervecE-nmm}
..-1""'Tan'iCO.02ci4tEi)
.""Tan'ICb090xET)
.
/
.,';l'Ten-Ca2eexET)li
t" d
l
1ttr
l
l
1/ lt l // 1I:
!
le 1 11 1 11 11
1 T4n'iE;,I
STRso 10 le ID AS oal a2 5TRESS[kglmrni)so
o,s STRAINC.t.)pm
20 10---
TensiteTestCurveCE-12mm)
Assurned
Curve
OE,
EI
Es aS 1,O 1,5STRNNC.k}
STRE5SCkptrnne)
---
TensiteTestCurveCe-22mm)
SEX
5pt!S
Assumed curve'
le ro..・'
, Ten"Ce,02exET)tl
t
,'Ten'iCO.12xET)
ttt
1,,':
l
Ei.O045C.ts> 10,'i
1
E,.O.135(%)'
ITan"(osekET)
Es=e,3S(th)/
/
/
t
/ / 1/ 1
/
t
/
1 / Tan'!ET l ll/ l
O
EI
EI STRESSptglmm2) so..J..t---f5Alfoo16sxET)
" Tan'ICae694xET} /t 1- 1
.
ITan"P.286xET)
t
l
,I・l,
i
ll
l
tl
1el
1 tl 1il
I
11Tpn'"EJl
/ o 20 10
O.1
O,2
sTREss{tptmmr) 05 1,OSTRALN(ot"IS E]sEsa:slss
3esw O.5 1,O 5TwtIN(Vn---
TensiteTestCurve{E-12mm)
Assumed Curve 10t
x・'1
Tart,(a0261xET] /','
・Tan'ttO,112xET}
t/
1t/
ttl
/
lt/'
t/
/
E,=o.o4scva
IT.itica",ei
,}:l:glg:7.e,ts)
//
1t
/
,t//
: T4rriETI
/ IS 10
---
TensileTestCurveCE-22mrn)
Assumed Curye...:....----tii-i'(eols6xET]
"'Ten'1,(O.0676xET):
:
:
):
i:
dO
EI
EI
STRESsCkgtmm') /.t..' Tan"CO,260xET) 30 20 ltI vtin:tl/tl,1
ll
ll
llTlin"E;
ll
10E3
sElsg:slra
O,S
1.0 STRAIN(th)
---
fensileTestCurve
(!-22mm)
AsyJrned
Curve
lstttt
..'
i'
Tarft(en236xEr) ttt
/
tt/
,,
TartICe,lel"ET)/.
tt lt/
t/
1 1//
/ 1tan'iCeA9xET)/
1
11
:/
'Tek'ET
/ :'
I: ! El.O,045C.t.) E,.e,135(-i.) E,.O,36(.t.} O O.1 0,2 OS 1.0 IS OE, EI E] a5 TO 1.5 STRNN(,t.)STRALN{.l"
Fig.27
Assumed
stress-strain relationship of columnFig.2s
Assumed
stress-strain relationship of columnspecimen
(H-44
×40X4
×6)
specimen(H-85
×75XSX12)
steel
material
usedin
this
workis
relatedto
time
t
and current stress a asthe
following
equation;This
equationis
based
onthe
previously
obtained
tensile
creepdata
and modifiedin
considerationof
the
difference
of
stress-strain
relationship
between
column
andtensi!e
test
specimells andthe
temperature
distributien
along column specimens,e.=loaxlo.gxalbxtCXJeSX"'a
(H-44
×40
×4
×6)
.."..,,.,...:...."...:.-.,-H...(2)
e.=loaxll.1xalbxtCXiLiXa+d
(H-ssx7sxsx12)
where E,(
%)
is
creep strain,t<min.)
is
elapsedtime,
a<kglrnm2)is
stress anda,
b,
c
andd
are constants(see
-148-NII-Electronic Library Service
Table
8).
The
modified strainhardening
creeplaw
(see
Ref.
5)
and
the
shift
rule ofthe
stress-strain relationship<see
Ref.
12)
are appliedfor
the
calculation ofthe
primary
cleepdeformation
andthe
creepbehavior
under compressive stressis
assumed asthat
oftensile
creep.(5)
It
is
asstimedthat
the
total
strain, e, canbe
,decomposed
into
instantaneous
andtime-dependent
componentsas
follows;
e=se+ep+ec.-,H,,-,,,.,.,.k・・・-・・・-・・・--・,"",,",,H,,,--・・-・・・・,・・",,,.-,.--,,.,.,.,J,・-・・・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・.-・,(3)
in
whichE.
and E. showthe
instantaneous
elastic andplastic
strain andthe
time
dependent
creep strainis
denoted
by
(6)
The
stress and strain states ofthe
element areuniaxial
and evaluated enly atthe
lower
end ofthe
element
sectlon.
(
7
)
It
is
assumed
that
the
applied moments are reduced as much as5
%
due
to
the
friction
ofhinges,
based
on
the
estimation
from
the
test
results using straingauges
at roomtemperature.
Based
on
these
assumptions,the
distribution
of stress and strainis
calculated
for
eachO.
05
orO.
1
minuteinterval
during
creepprocess.
6.
Results
ot
numerical
analysis
Figures
4
to
25
showthe
numerical results along withthe
experimentaldata
andhow
the
lateral
deflection
andcontraction of
the
columns varywith
time.
Considering
the
possible
experimental errors,the
calculatedcreep
buckling
behaviors
were compared well withthe
experimental results, validatingthe
numerical analysis andthe
assumedmaterial
behavior
used above.Also,
from
the
experimental andanalytical
results underpure
compression shownin
Figs.20
and21,
it
seemslikely
that
the
absolttte
quantity
oftensile
and compressive creep strainis
approximately
equal.7.
Conclusions
This
study represents aninit'ial
experimentalattempt
to
evaluatein
detail
the
creepbuckling
behavior
of steel columns athigh
temperatures.
The
creep
deformation
of steel columns athigh
temperatures
orin
afire
is
of considerableinterest
to
engineers workingin
the
field
offire
protection.
Several
analytical research results are availablefor
creepcleforrnation
of steelbeams,
columns
andflames,
butexperimental
results are verylittle
knowfiS}L
iO).
The
experiments
presented
in
this
paper
have
been
carried out some extent oftest
conditions
andit
is
not consideredthat
the
whole aspect ofthe
creepbuckling
of
steel columnshas
been
clarified.However,
some
aspectsbeing
important
to
understandthe
creepbuckling
of steel columnsin
fire
have
been
found
out andthe
information
obtained
from
sueh experimentis
very usefulin
the
future
development
of a simpleand
rational
procedure
for
fire
'
safety
design
ofhigh
rise steel structures,'
Although
the
numerical analysis of creepbuckling
behavior
presented
in
this
paper
have
been
based
on anextrapolated
model of materialbehavior,
numerical
results show relativelygood
agreement withthe
experirnental results.However,
it
goes
without sayingthat
the
more
detailed
experiment and numerical analysisof
ereep
buckling
behavior
should
be
carried outto
complementthis
work,8.
Acknowledgment
This
work on creepbuckling
of steel columns athigh
temperatures
was carried outW.
G,
Creep
ofStructural
Steel
(Chairman,
Prof.
Fukujiro
FURUMURA)
ofMetals
Subcommittee
(Chairman,
Prof.
Morihisa
FUJIMOTO)
ofResearch
Committee
on
Safety
of
Structural
Materials
(Chairman,
Prof.
Takeo
NAKA)
which wasestablished
in
Japan
Testing
Center
for
Construction
Materials,
entrustedby
Agency
ofIndustrial
Scien6e
andTechnology,
The
authorsexpress
their
thanks
to
Research
Cornmittee
on
Safety
ofStructural
Materials
for
providing
the
necessaryfunds
for
the
project,
Heference$
1)-11)
(see
Ref.13)
・
12)
F.
Fuiumura,
T.
Ave,
W.J.
Kim
andT.
Okabe:Nonlinear
Elasto-plastic
Creep
Behavior
ofStructural
Steel
underContinuously
Varying
Stress
andTemperatuTe,
Trans.
ofA.I.J.,
No,353,
July
1985,
pp,92-102
13}
F.
FurumuTa
andT.
Ave
:
Creep
Buckling
ofSteelColumn
atHigh
Temperattires
(Part
I
),
Trans.
ofA.
I.J,
,
No,
344,
October
19S4,
pp,164-173
【
論文
1
UDC :