Preliminary Analysis of an Academic Course in English
journal or
publication title
Journal of Nursing Studies, NCNJ
volume 2
number 1
page range 59‑68
year 2003‑03‑25
URL http://doi.org/10.34514/00000033
Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja
Engl i s h as a wor l d l anguage has become ubi qui t ous . Accor di ngl y,Engl i s h has s t ar t ed t o f unct i on as t he medi um of i ns t r uct i on at uni ver s i t y l evel i n count r i es wher e t he f i r s t l anguage i s not Engl i s h ( Fl ower dew &
Mi l l er , 1996) .I n t he Japanes e cont ext ,Akas hi (2002) pos t ul at es t he i mpor t ance of t eachi ng Engl i s h f or s pe- ci f i c pur pos es ( ESP ) i n or der f or Japan t o s ur vi ve i n t hi s s hr i nki ng gl obe.Akas hi advi s es us t hat Japanes e col l ege s t udent s s houl d acqui r e Engl i s h not onl y f or communi ca- t i on but al s o f or academi c pur pos es and gai ni ng var i ous per s pect i ves .Thi s paper i nves t i gat es an Engl i s h l ect ur e s i t uat i on i n whi ch Japanes e col l ege s t udent s ar e t aught i n Engl i s h.Fi r s t we wi l l pr es ent t he br i ef needs anal ys i s f or t he pur pos e of r at i onal i zi ng t he neces s i t y of l ear ni ng ESP,and t hen anal yze t he act ual r es ul t s of a s t udent ques t i onnai r e on t hei r exper i ences i n an academi c cour s e del i ver ed i n Engl i s h.The ques t i onnai r e was devel oped by t he s econd aut hor and t hen exami ned and modi f i ed by s eni or f acul t y member s .Then we wi l l i nt er - pr et t he f i ndi ngs ,f ocus i ng on t he r el evance of aut hent i c-
i t y i n t he t ext book,academi c l i s t eni ng or t he l evel of under s t andi ng t he cl as s by s t udent s i ncl udi ng cul t ur al expect at i ons .Las t l y we wi l l s hed l i ght onʻ Engl i s h l i n-
gui s t i c i mper i al i s mʼ .The f i ndi ngs ar e bas ed on ques t i on- nai r es admi ni s t er ed t o 82 s t udent s ,s uppl ement ed obs er - vat i on and f ol l ow ‑ up i nt er vi ews wi t h s ever al s t udent s . The pedagogi cal i mpl i cat i ons and t he f ol l owi ng r es ear ch ques t i ons f or i n ‑ dept h s t udy i n t he f ut ur e ar e br i ef l y pr es ent ed.
Ⅰ.Needs analysis
Hut chi ns on
et.al(1987) quot es t he phr as e f r om Kar l Mar x ;“Fr om each accor di ng t o hi s abi l i t i es ,t o each accor di ng t o hi s needs ” ( p. 57) .On t he ot her hand,Jor -
dan (1997) quot es t he phr as e f r om Ri char ds et al . (1992) f or des cr i pt i on of needs anal ys i s as f ol l ows .
The process of determining the needs for which a learner or group of learners require a language and arranging the needs according to priorities …[it]makes use of both sub-
報 告
Prel i mi nary Anal ysi s of an Academi c Course i n Engl i sh
Davi d R.Evans Ri eko Mat s uoka
National College of Nursing,Japan;1‑2‑1Umezono,Kiyose‑shi,Tokyo,〒 204‑8575,Japan matsuokar@adm.ncn.ac.jp
【Abstract】 As our world has become smaller,we need a language to use in common with people from different nations.The language of English seems to occupy the status of a world language.School s aiming at making an international contribution therefore require students to acquire English proficiency to car ry out this mission.This study delineates some features of one academic course in English,based on the data from questionnai res(N=82),supplemented by some observation and interviews. Firstly,a needs analysis is introduced as a rationale for an academic course in English.Then we interpret the course heuristically.
The first issue is that of authenticity,valued in the area of English for Specific Purposes(ESP).Regarding the relevance of using authentic texts,the results from the questionnaire suggest that preparation for the course,by reading this authentic English textbook,should have a positive effect on understanding the lect ure or academic listening.Accordingly,the second issue is about academic listening.The art of listening is essential for students taki ng an academic course in English.The statistical analysis based on the results of questionnaire(N=82)reveals that their attitudes towards English have little effect on their listening comprehension of the academic subject.Comprehension levels are also influenced by the contents such as lectures,jokes and video.The third issue is about different learning contexts:the lecture‑style or group wor k.Different classroom cultures between a Japanese context and an English‑speaking context are also considered.The strengths are found in group‑work compared with the lecture.In addition, English linguistic imperialism relating to world English is discussed and finally the implications for teaching are discussed.
【Keywords】 ESP(English for specific purposes),need analysis,authenticity of textbook,academic listening,
English linguistic imperialism
jective and objective information(p.20)
Jor dan (1997) pl aces needs anal ys i s as a s t ar t i ng poi nt f or devi s i ng cour s es and pr opos es , 1 .t ar get ‑ s i t uat i on anal ys i s , 2 .pr es ent ‑ s i t uat i on anal ys i s , 3 .s t r at egy anal y- s i s ,and4 .means anal ys i s as t he di mens i ons i nvol ved i n anal yzi ng needs .Though we bel i eve t hat t hes e f our di mens i ons ar e i nt er act i ng and s omewhat over l appi ng, we wi l l l i s t t he needs f or t he col l ege bas ed on t hes e cat egor i es .
Target‑situation
The col
l ege has s et a goal of educat i ng t he s t udent s s o t hat t hey can cont r i but e t o i nt er nat i onal heal t h car e cooper at i on.Ther ef or e,t he s t udent s ar e r equi r ed t o acqui r e Engl i s h s ki l l s pr of i ci ent enough t o per f or m t hi s mi s s i on.I n at t empt i ng t o achi eve t hi s goal ,one cour s e of nur s i ng i n each s chool year i s t aught i n Engl i s h.
Present‑situation,means& strategy
Las t year ,one academi
c cour s e was del i ver ed i n Engl i s h t o t he f i r s t year s t udent s .A non ‑ Japanes e pr o-
f es s or ,wi t h a doct or at e f r om an Amer i can Uni ver s i t y, t aught t he cour s e i n Engl i s h.Ther e wer e s ome com- pl ai nt s f r om t he s t udent s t hat i t was t oo har d f or t hem, i ndi cat i ng t hat t her e was a gap bet ween t he pr of es s or ʼ s expect at i ons and t he s t udent s ʼpr of i ci ency i n Engl i s h.
However ,al l i n al l ,i t was deemed t o be s ucces s f ul , j udgi ng by t he s t andar d of t he paper s wr i t t en by t he s t udent s .The s ame cour s e has been t aught agai n t o t he f i r s t year s t udent s by t he s ame pr of es s or ,but t hi s year s ome Japanes e i ns t r uct or s ar e i n t he cl as s t o hel p t he s t udent s under s t and t he cl as s bet t er .I n addi t i on,a s um- mar y of t he cl as s has been gi ven i n Japanes e at t he end of each cl as s .
For t he s econd year s t udent s t hi s year ,a l ect ur er was i nvi t ed f r om t he St at es and as s i gned t o t each anot her academi c cour s e,as t he admi ni s t r at or s bel i eve t hat t hi s s ubj ect ar ea has been mor e f ul l y devel oped i n t he U.S.
and woul d t her ef or e be mor e benef i ci al f or t he s t udent s . A pr of es s or wi t h an MA f r om an Amer i can uni ver s i t y and t he pr es ent aut hor s wer e as s i gned t o hel p t he Japanes e f acul t y member s wi t h Engl i s h when neces s ar y.
We wer e as ked not t o t r ans l at e Engl i s h f or t he s t udent s . However ,t he s t udent s wer e encour aged t o vi s i t us when t hey needed any hel p wi t h t he Engl i s h i n t he cour s e.I n t hi s way,we wer e abl e t o have acces s t o cl as s es on t hi s academi c cour s e and t o obs er ve t hem di r ect l y and have
s ome chances t o i nt er vi ew wi t h s ome s t udent s . As anot her s t ep i n meet i ng t he t ar get des i gnat ed by t he gover nment ,t he s t udent s ar e goi ng t o s pend t wo weeks t r ai ni ng i n a hos pi t al i n an As i an count r y wher e Japanes e i s not us ed.They wi l l have t o communi cat e t her e i n Engl i s h,s o t hey have a r eal need t o us e Engl i s h.
Bot h t he i ns t r uct or s i n t hes e academi c cour s es ar e non ‑ nat i ve s peaker s of Engl i s h,whi ch gi ves t he s t udent s t he oppor t uni t y t o f ami l i ar i ze t hems el ves wi t h non ‑ s t an- dar d Engl i s h or one of t he Wor l d Engl i s hes .
Present situation of students
Regar di ng t
he s t udent s ʼneeds ,t he eager nes s t o i mpr ove Engl i s h i s gr eat ,j udgi ng f r om t he s el f ‑ r epor t ques t i onnai r e whi ch s hows t hat t he aver aged s cor e of i t em 6.3 . ( s ee
Appendix) i s 2.4 i n 3‑ l evel s cal i ng s ys t em, whi ch s hows t hat t he maj or i t y of t he s t udent s woul d l i ke t o i mpr ove t hei r Engl i s h pr of i ci ency.Fr om t he i nt er vi ew dat a,s ome s t udent s r eveal ed a s t r ong des i r e t o wor k f or an i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i on and know t hey have t o acqui r e s uf f i ci ent pr of i ci ency i n Engl i s h t o do t hi s .
Ⅱ.Method
Participants
Ther
e wer e one hundr ed s econd year s t udent s i n t hi s s t udy.Ni net y ‑ s even s t udent s ar e f emal e and onl y t hr ee ar e mal e.I n gener al t hey s eem t o have a cons ci ent i ous at t i t ude t owar ds bot h academi c wor k and i n acqui r i ng t he neces s ar y s t udy s ki l l s i n any s ubj ect .The r es ul t s of t he s ect i ons t o exami ne t he at t i t ude i t ems 1 t o5 i n t he ques t i onnai r e ( s ee Appendi x ) pr oved t hei r s er i ous nes s ,as t he f ol l owi ng number s s how.
1.Text book ―72/82(88.3%) s t udent s bought an Eng- l i s h and / or a Japanes e t ext book ( s ) .
2.a)No abs ent eei s m :59/82(71.9%)b)No t ar di - nes s :56/82(68.3%)
a)+b):41/82(50%)
3.P r e p a r a t i o n ―n e v e r 11;s e l d o m 31;s o m e t i m e s 27;of t en8;al ways 3
Revi ew ―never 4;s el dom 20;s omet i mes 41;
of t en15;al ways 1
Regar di ng Engl i s h pr of i ci ency,many of t he s t udent s have t he 2 gr ade i n STEP ( Soci et y of t es t of Engl i s h pr of i ci ency ) or equi val ent qual i f i cat i ons and none of t hem have any s er i ous pr obl ems i n f undament al Engl i s h i n s pi t e of t he l ow s el f ‑ eval uat i on i n Engl i s h i n t he
国立看護大学校研究紀要 第 2巻 第 1号 2003年 ⎜ 60⎜
ques t i onnai r e (6.1.) .However j udgi ng f r om our obs er - vat i ons on t hei r per f or mance i n t he Engl i s h conver s a- t i on cl as s s i nce l as t year ,s ome of t hem ar e not ver y good at l i s t eni ng t o and s peaki ng Engl i s h.
The i ns t r uct or ,a Thai nat i onal who has wor ked i n t he US f or mor e t han t hi r t y year s ,nat ur al l y s peaks Engl i s h wi t h an As i an accent .She has an MA f r om an Amer i can Uni ver s i t y.I n t eachi ng s he l i kes t o j oke a l ot and t he s t udent s we i nt er vi ewed t ol d us t hat t hey l i ked her way of t eachi ng.
Data collection
Thi s i
s an i nt ens i ve cour s e t hat cor r es ponds t o a one ‑ year2‑ cr edi t cour s e.St udent s t ake a doubl e ‑ per i od cl as s ,t wi ce a week,whi ch i s a t ot al of t went y ‑ ei ght 90‑
mi nut es cl as s es .We wer e pr es ent at t he cl as s whenever pos s i bl e.The ques t i onnai r e was admi ni s t er ed t o al l t he s t udent s pr es ent at t he l as t cl as s and or al per mi s s i on t o us e t hei r r es ul t s of t hi s s t udy f or r es ear ch was gai ned f r om t he s t udent s .The ques t i onnai r e i ncl udes t he col - umn f or t hei r names i n or der t o avoi d i r r es pons i bl e ans wer s .
Ⅲ.Findings and discussion
Authenticity in textbook
The t ext book f
or t hi s cour s e i s f ul l of t er mi nol ogy.
Accor di ng t o Kennedy et .al ,us i ng s i mpl i f i ed t ext books may caus e of f ens e t o t he l ear ner s i n t he cas e t hat t he concept ual knowl edge of t he l ear ner i s hi gher t han hi s / her l i ngui s t i c l evel (1984) .The s t udent s i n t hi s s t udy have qui t e hi gh concept ual knowl edge and us i ng an aut hent i c t ext book can be cons i der ed l egi t i mat e.The aut hent i ci t y i n Engl i s h i s al s o hi ghl y val ued as s ome ESP s peci al i s t s s ugges t ( Dougl as ,2000;and Dudl ey ‑
Evans& St .John, 1998) .However ,t her e i s al s o t he i s s ue of t he negat i ve i mpact on s t udent mot i vat i on,whi ch may r es ul t i f t he s t udent s f eel unabl e t o cope.Act ual l y, t hey wer e r eques t ed t o r ead an as s i gned chapt er pr i or t o each cl as s .Mos t f el t i t was t oo di f f i cul t t o r ead i t wi t hout any hel p,addi ng t hat t he bi l i ngual handout s pr epar ed by t he Japanes e pr of es s or i n char ge of t hi s cour s e wer e much mor e acces s i bl e.Regar di ng t he di f f i - cul t y of t he t ext book,r el at ednes s of pr epar at i on and r evi ew t o under s t andi ng t he cl as s was i nves t i gat ed us i ng SPSS.Tabl e 1i l l us t r at es whet her pr epar at i on and / or r evi ew make a di f f er ence i n under s t andi ng cl as s ‑ t hat i s ,
l ect ur es ,j okes and vi deos .
Table1
i ndi cat es t hat onl y pr epar at i on makes a s i gni f - i cant di f f er ence i n under s t andi ng l ect ur es ( wi t h aʻ pʼ val ue of0.05 or l es s ) whi l s t r evi ew,al t hough t her e s houl d be a l i t t l e hel p at l eas t ,does not make any s i gni f i cant s t at i s t i cal di f f er ence i n under s t andi ng t hes e t hr ee ar eas .I n ot her wor ds ,pr epar at i on of t he cl as s
―s uch as r eadi ng a t ext book may enabl e s t udent s t o enhance t hei r compr ehens i on i n cl as s ,as t hey have i mpr oved s chemat a,whi chʻ expl ai ns t he way t hat our backgr ound knowl edge gui des compr ehens i on pr oces s es ʼ ( Nunan, 1998 ,p. 67) .When t hey know t he cont ent s i n t he l ect ur e,t hey can under s t and t he l ect ur e bet t er ,
whi ch means pr epar at i on can i mpr ove academi c l i s t en- i ng s ki l l s ,whi ch i s di s cus s ed l at er .Revi ew i s cons i der ed l es s pai ns t aki ng but not ver y ef f ect i ve i n under s t andi ng t he cl as s .Pr epar at i on i s mor e ef f ect i ve.Thi s r es ul t may s ugges t t hat r eadi ng t he t ext book i n Engl i s h r eadi ng cl as s ,f or i ns t ance,can enhance t he s t udent s ʼunder s t and-
i ng.The pos s i bl e benef i t s of s o doi ng,need t o be wei gh- ed agai ns t bot h t he pos s i bl e negat i ve i mpact t hat t hi s coul d have on s t udent mot i vat i on,and al s o on t he way of t eachi ng.I f t i me i s s pent onl y on compr ehens i on of
Table1 MANOVA
( n =82)
D.V. TypeⅢsquare Df Averaged sq. F‑value Sig.(α) Preparation Lectures 8.445 4 2.111 4.494 .003
Jokes 9.499 4 2.375 2.014 .103 Videos 5.332 4 1.333 1.404 .242 Review Lectures .340 4 8.492E‑02 .181 .948 Jokes 4.533 4 1.133 .961 .435 Videos 1.191 4 .298 .314 .868 Prep. Review Lectures 7.689 8 .961 2.046 .054 Jokes 13.275 8 1.659 1.408 .210 Videos 6.438 8 .805 .848 .565
i ndi vi dual t ext s ,r at her t han on devel opi ng r eadi ng s ki l l s i n gener al ,t hi s mi ght not be i n t he l ong ‑ t er m i nt er es t s of t he s t udent s .As t he ol d maxi m s ays ,ʻ gi ve a man a f i s h and he eat s f or a day,t each hi m t o f i s h and he eat s f or ever ʼ .A compr omi s e,i n whi ch par t of t he cl as s t i me f or Engl i s h r eadi ng i s devot ed t o quer i es r el at ed t o s peci f i c academi c cour s es ,mi ght be mor e benef i ci al .
Becaus e t he t ext book f or t hi s cour s e has a Japanes e ver s i on t hat has t wo vol umes ,s ome of t he s t udent s bought onl y t he Japanes e ‑ t r ans l at ed t ext .Some s t u- dent s as ked us whi ch t ext book t hey s houl d buy and wer e advi s ed t o buy t he Engl i s h t ext book on t he as s umpt i on t hat t he Japanes e ‑ ver s i oned t ext book f unct i ons onl y as a means of cr os s checki ng t hei r compr ehens i on.Accor d- i ng t o t he ques t i onnai r e,f i f t y s t udent s out of ei ght y ‑ t wo bought t he Engl i s h t ext book.I n or der t o f i nd out whet her buyi ng an Engl i s h t ext book may make a di f f er - ence i n under s t andi ng l ect ur es ,j okes and / or vi deos ,a MANOVA ( us i ng SPSS ) was us ed t o anal yze t he r es ul t s . The r es ul t s i ndi cat e t hat buyi ng an Engl i s h t ext book makes no s i gni f i cant di f f er ence i n under s t andi ng l ec- t ur es ,j okes and / or vi deos .
Class format
Each r
egul ar cl as s cons i s t ed of vi deo vi ewi ng i n Engl i s h,i ns t r uct i on i n Engl i s h by t he l ect ur er ,and a f ol l ow ‑ up expl anat i on i n Japanes e by a Japanes e pr of es - s or .Thi s means t hat t he cont ent of t he Engl i s h vi deo was r ei nf or ced by t he l ect ur er ,and t he cont ent of t he l ect ur e i n Engl i s h was r ei nf or ced by t he f ol l owi ng l ec- t ur e by t he Japanes e pr of es s or .Thi s s uppl ement ar y expl anat i on i n Japanes e hel ped t he s t udent s under s t and t he cl as s ,as can be s een i n t he r es ul t s of t he ques t i on-
nai r e (6.6)( s ee Appendi x ) t hat s hows t hat 65%(51/82) s t udent s t hi nk i t hel ped a l ot ,whi l e onl y one s t udent s ai d i t was not neces s ar y.The s t udent s need a br i dge f r om t hei r pr es ent l evel of compr ehens i on t o t he l evel r equi r ed t o gai n maxi mum benef i t f r om t hi s cour s e,
whi ch i s pr ovi ded by t he Japanes e.I t i s s ugges t ed, however ,t hat l es s expl anat i on i n Japanes e may encour - age t he s t udent s t o under s t and t he l ect ur es i n Engl i s h.
However ,t hi s cour s e i s not an Engl i s h cl as s as s uch ; t her e needs t o be an accept abl e bal ance bet ween s t u- dent s bei ng abl e t o gai n t he neces s ar y knowl edge t o per f or m t hei r r ol e as a s peci al i s t ef f ect i vel y i n t hei r mot her ‑ t ongue and bet ween pus hi ng s t u d e n t s t o i mpr ove t hei r Engl i s h abi l i t y.I f t he goal i s t hat t he
s t udent s s houl d acqui r e s uf f i ci ent Engl i s h s ki l l s t o s ur - vi ve as a s peci al i s t i n t he i nt er nat i onal communi t y,t hen per haps a r educt i on i n Japanes e as s i s t ance woul d be benef i ci al .
Academic listening
I n or der t
o under s t and t he l ect ur e i n Engl i s h,t he s t udent s need t o i mpr ove t hei r academi c l i s t eni ng s ki l l s . The Engl i s h l anguage f acul t y wi l l have t o expl or e appr opr i at e ways t o i mpr ove s t udent s ʼacademi c l i s t en- i ng s ki l l s i n addi t i on t o academi c r eadi ng and wr i t i ng.I n Fl ower dew (1994) and Fl ower dew et .al . (1996) ,i t i s poi nt ed out t hat t her e has been l i t t l e r es ear ch i n aca- demi c l i s t eni ng,compar ed wi t h ot her ar eas s uch as academi c wr i t i ng.I n t he cour s ewor k car r i ed out i n Engl i s h,i n par t i cul ar ,academi c l i s t eni ng s houl d be r egar ded as t he mos t i mpor t ant ar ea f or t he s t udent s becaus e t hey have t o under s t and what t he l ect ur er s ays .
Ri char ds (1993) expl ai ns t he r eas ons f or Japanes e s t u- dent s di f f i cul t i es i n Engl i s h s ayi ng,ʻ One maj or r eas on i s s i mpl y t hat mos t have not been t aught l i s t eni ngʼ ( p. 50) . He cont i nues t o account f or t hi s by s ayi ng t hat even when s t udent s have“t he ki nd of t eachi ng t hey r ecei ved does not adequat el y pr epar e t hem f or r eal ‑ wor l d l i s t en- i ng,es peci al l y f ace ‑ t o ‑ f ace encount er s wi t h nat i ve s peaker s ”.
Thi s i s a maj or pr obl em f or t he educat i onal s ys t em as a whol e and has r ecent l y been r ecogni zed.An over haul of t he way t hat Engl i s h i s t aught at hi gh s chool i s t aki ng pl ace,and s houl d,i n t he f ut ur e,hel p i mpr ove s t udent s ʼ l i s t eni ng abi l i t y.However ,t hes e changes wi l l t ake s ome t i me,and as Ri char ds poi nt s out ,many t eacher s of Engl i s h have l i t t l e conf i dence i n t hei r own Engl i s h and s o avoi d us i ng i t i n t he cl as s r oom.Ret r ai ni ng of Engl i s h t eacher s ,s o t hat t he f ocus of Engl i s h i s on us i ng and under s t andi ng Engl i s h,r at her t han s ol el y on gr ammat i -
cal accur acy,wi l l hel p i n t hi s r es pect .Li s t eni ng compr e- hens i on t es t s f or uni ver s i t y ent r ance exams ar e r umor ed t o be s t ar t i ng i n2006 ,and us i ng t he ent r ance exams t o f or ce change i n t he way Engl i s h i s t aught i s pr obabl y an ef f ect i ve way of achi evi ng t hi s goal .
I f l i s t eni ng i s i nt r oduced t o t he s t udent s ʼcur r i cul um at a young age,f ami l i ar i t y,and hence eas e of l i s t eni ng t o Engl i s h,s houl d i ncr eas e.The i s s ue of aut hent i ci t y of t he l i s t eni ng i s al s o i mpor t ant her e.Mos t academi cs ar e convi nced t hat l i s t eni ng t oʻ aut hent i cʼt ext s i s t he onl y way f or war d,and Ri char ds (1993) cr i t i ci zes t he t apes
⎜ 62⎜ 国立看護大学校研究紀要 第 2巻 第 1号 2003年
t hat accompany mos t t ext books ,s ayi ngʻ s t udent s wer e never expos ed t o cas ual s peech wi t h i t s r api d pace and col l oqui al conver s at i on s t yl eʼ ( p. 50) .A wor d of caut i on needs t o be s ounded her e.For ol der s t udent s l i s t eni ng t o aut hent i c mat er i al can be ext r emel y de ‑ mot i vat i ng,as t hey wi l l f eel t hat t hey wi l l never under s t and nat i ve s peaker s s peaki ng at nat ur al s peed.The t r ut h i s how- ever ,t hat t hey ar e unl i kel y ever t o need t o do s o,as nat i ve s peaker s do make al l owances f or non ‑ nat i ve s peaker s ,and s peak mor e s l owl y as a cons equence.Al s o t he s ki l l s r equi r ed f or academi c l i s t eni ng ar e not as exact i ng as t hos e r equi r ed i n conver s at i on.I n a l ect ur e envi r onment s t udent s ar e not r equi r ed t o r es pond s o can devot e al l t hei r pr oces s i ng s ki l l s t o l i s t eni ng,and mos t l ect ur er s wi l l r ei nf or ce t he key poi nt s ,bot h ver bal l y and wi t h vi s ual ai ds ,as wel l as s peaki ng at a s l ower r at e.
Thi s i s not t o deny t he i mpor t ance of l i s t eni ng t o bei ng a good s peaker of t he l anguage,but i t i s i mpor t ant t o make t he poi nt t hat a s udden s wi t ch t o aut hent i c l i s t en- i ng coul d be count er ‑ pr oduct i ve.I f t he s ki l l of l i s t eni ng i s i nt r oduced at a younger age,and t he l i s t eni ng i s nat ur al ,but not neces s ar i l y at nat i ve s peed,t hen,as s t udent s pr ogr es s t hr ough t he hi gh s chool s ys t em,t hey s houl d be abl e t o cope wi t h mor e advanced l i s t eni ng.
A f ur t her advant age of l i s t eni ng,as poi nt ed out by Gr egor y Cl ar k (2000) ,an advi s or t o t he Educat i on Mi ni s t r y i n an i nt er vi ew i n t he Dai l y Yomi ur i ,can be done i n oneʼ s own t i me,and i f s t udent s ar e not coer ced i nt o doi ng t hi s but choos e t o do i t ,t hei r l i s t eni ng and s peaki ng abi l i t y s houl d gr eat l y i mpr ove.
I n t he l onger t er m,pr os pect i ve s t udent s of col l eges i n whi ch academi c cl as s es ar e t aught i n Engl i s h,s houl d be encour aged t o s t udy l i s t eni ng on t hei r own,pr i or t o ent er i ng s uch a col l ege.For s t udent s who ar e al r eady i n s uch a col l ege,i t woul d be unr eas onabl e t o expect t hem t o make t he l eap f r om hi gh s chool ,i n whi ch many have not s t udi ed l i s t eni ng,t o bei ng r equi r ed t o under s t and
academi c l ect ur es at uni ver s i t y / col l ege wi t hout any as s i s t ance i n t hei r mot her t ongue.
Ther e i s s ome encour agement t o be f ound t hat i n a di f f er ent ques t i onnai r e admi ni s t er ed t o f i r s t and s econd year s t udent s i n t hi s s ur vey,s econd year s r egar ded l i s t eni ng as l es s pr obl emat i c t han f i r s t year s t udent s ,s o i t woul d s eem t hat s t udent s ʼEngl i s h l i s t eni ng abi l i t y i s i mpr ovi ng and t hat t he s t udent s t hems el ves ar e becom-
i ng mor e conf i dent .
Figure1
i l l us t r at es t hei r l evel s of academi c l i s t eni ng i n a r eal s et t i ng ‑ how much t hey under s t ood t he l ect ur es and j okes t hat t he Engl i s h ‑ s peaki ng i ns t r uct or gave t o t hem and t he vi deo.
Al t hough t he f i gur e s hows j okes ar e mos t di f f i cul t f or t hem t o under s t and,we obs er ved t hat t he j okes encour - aged t he s t udent s t o be i nvol ved i n t he cl as s and hel ped t hem f eel mor e comf or t abl e about l ect ur es del i ver ed i n Engl i s h.Thes eʻ af f ect i veʼcons i der at i ons ar e ver y i mpor - t ant i n bui l di ng a r appor t bet ween t he s t udent s and t he l ect ur er ,and al t hough i t i s di f f i cul t t o meas ur e t he i mpact t hat j okes have on a s t udent s ʼmot i vat i on t o l i s t en,anecdot al evi dence woul d s ugges t t hat i t cer t ai nl y has s ome i nf l uence.One s t udent r emar ked t hat he had under s t ood t he j oke,butʻ af t er one mi nut eʼ ,s howi ng t hat he had cons i der ed i t wor t h i nves t i ng t he t i me t o under -
s t and.Whet her t he s t udent s under s t and t he j okes or not , i s not r eal l y t he r el evant i s s ue ;what i s i mpor t ant i s t hat t he t eacher want s t he s t udent s t o enj oy t he cl as s es and s hows cons i der at i on of t hei r f eel i ngs i n t he cl as s ( f or a f ul l er di s cus s i on of t he af f ect i ve domai n r ef er t o Dougl as Br own, 1994) .St udent s ar e mor e l i kel y t o have a pos i t i ve at t i t ude t owar ds a cl as s i n whi ch t hey have a good r appor t wi t h t he t eacher ,t han i n one i n whi ch t hey do not .I t s eemed t hat t he s t udent s wer e abl e t o under -
s t and t he j okes bet t er as t he cour s e pr ogr es s ed.
Fl ower dew
et.al(1996) ,des i gnat eʻ humor ʼas one of s i x s oci o ‑ cul t ur al f eat ur es of l ect ur es i n whi ch t hey s ee a gap i n s t udent and l ect ur er per cept i on i n t hei r Hong Kong s t udy.I t was obs er ved t hat t he s t udent s wer e get t i ng us ed t o t he j okes and t hey appr eci at ed t he humor t he l ect ur er pr es ent ed.The f i gur e al s o s hows t hat t he s t udent s under s t ood t he l ect ur es bet t er t han t he vi deo.
I n t heor y t he vi deo s houl d be eas i er t o under s t and as i t pr ovi des a vi s ual cont ext i n addi t i on t o t he s poken wor d,
but i n pr act i ce i t was mor e di f f i cul t .Vi deo i s one ‑ way ; l ect ur es can be i nt er act i ve.The l ect ur er s omet i mes checked i f t he s t udent s under s t ood her l ect ur e wel l
Figure1 Levels of understanding
enough.She gave many exampl es t o ai d s t udent compr e- hens i on when neces s ar y.I n addi t i on,s he us ed s i mpl i f i ed Engl i s h.I t i s not cer t ai n i f s he di d s o pur pos el y,but her s i mpl e Engl i s h hel ped t he s t udent s under s t and her l ec- t ur es mor e f ul l y.Gr adi ng l anguage i n t hi s way,wi t hout r es or t i ng t o unnat ur al Engl i s h gi ves s t udent s a chance t o under s t and what i s bei ng s ai d.I f t he l ect ur e was del i ver - ed wi t hout cons i der at i on f or t he f act t hat t he s t udent s ar e non ‑ nat i ve s peaker s ,i t i s hi ghl y unl i kel y t hat s t u- dent s woul d even at t empt t o under s t and t he l ect ur e and woul d i ns t ead onl y l i s t en f or t he Japanes e expl anat i on.
The debat e about aut hent i ci t y of l anguage i s an i nt er es t - i ng one.I n Engl i s h l anguage cl as s es ,i t makes s ens e t o us e aut hent i c l i s t eni ng as t he ai m i s f or s t udent s t o be abl e t o compr ehend Engl i s h s poken at nat ur al s peed.
However ,t he cont ent of s uch aut hent i c mat er i al i n l anguage cl as s es ,i s not of gr eat concer n,i t i s pr act i ci ng and l ear ni ng l i s t eni ng s t r at egi es t hat ar e of i mpor t ance.
Thi s i s not t he cas e i n a l ect ur e s i t uat i on,wher e t he cont ent i s of mos t i mpor t ance,and as a cons equence i t i s neces s ar y f or t he l ect ur er t o ens ur e t hat s t udent s under s t and t he mes s age.To achi eve t hi s ,gr adi ng l an-
guage i s an i mpor t ant s t r at egy,as i s r ephr as i ng,exem- pl i f i cat i on,and r epet i t i on.
The vi deo us ed i n t hi s cour s e,by cont r as t ,i s f or nat i ve s peaker s ,and no conces s i ons ar e made t o non ‑ nat i ves . Cons equent l y t he del i ver y i s ver y f as t ‑ t oo qui ck even f or nat i ve s peaker s t o make not es .I t i s al s o f ul l of new vocabul ar y f or t he s t udent s ,s o i t i s not s ur pr i s i ng t hat many s t udent s may f i nd i t t oo di f f i cul t t o under s t and when s hown onl y once.
We pr oduced a MANOVA t o s ee i f t her e was a r el at i ons hi p bet ween under s t andi ng l ect ur es ,j okes and vi deos ( dependent var i abl es ) and t he s t udent s opi ni ons about t hei r Engl i s h abi l i t y,f eel i ngs t owar ds Engl i s h and t hei r eager nes s t o i mpr ove t hei r Engl i s h ( i ndependent var i abl es );however ,none of t he F ‑ val ues r eveal ed a s i gni f i cant di f f er ence.I n ot her wor ds ,none of t hes e i ndependent var i abl es f unct i on as a s i gni f i cant f act or i n under s t at i ng l ect ur es ,j okes and vi deos .
Lecture vs.group work and cultural considera- tion
The
r es t of t he cl as s was s pent i n act ual pr act i ce.The s t udent s wer e di vi ded i nt o t wel ve gr oups wi t h one f ac- ul t y member who i ns t r uct ed t he gr oups ,mai nl y i n Japanes e.The l ect ur er and t he chi ef pr of es s or s uper -
vi s ed al l t he gr oups .When t he s t udent s had any pr ob- l ems ,comment s or ques t i ons ,t hey had acces s t o t he l ect ur er and t r i ed t o s peak t o her i n Engl i s h.When t hey had a communi cat i on pr obl em,t hey cal l ed us .I n our obs er vat i on mor e s t udent s i n t he gr oup wor k as ked t he l ect ur er a ques t i on t han i n t he l ect ur e as t he r es ul t of ques t i onnai r e (7.5) i ndi cat es .That i s ,near l y60% di d s o i n t he gr oups ,whi ch s ugges t s t hat i t i s t he embar r as s - ment of as ki ng i n f r ont of many peopl e.I n f act ,near l y hal f of t he s t udent s admi t t ed t hat t hey want ed t o s peak or as k ques t i ons i n cl as s but hes i t at ed t o do s o.Onl y f i ve s t udent s as ked ques t i ons i n open cl as s ,accor di ng t o t he dat a,t hough we obs er ved t hat t hey s t ar t ed t o l ook mor e comf or t abl e i n s peaki ng out ,even i n f r ont of a l ar ge number of peopl e as t he cour s e went on.Cul t ur al expec- t at i ons coul d account f or t he appar ent r el uct ance of s t udent s t o s peak i n cl as s and Hof s t ede (1986) has wr i t - t en i n dept h about how val ues wi t hi n cul t ur es det er mi ne t he behavi or deemed appr opr i at e bet ween t eacher and s t udent .Nozaki (1996) s ays
ʻJapanese collegiansʼattitudes towards learning are differ- ent from those of students in western countries.They are trained to learn by silently wat ching and observing their teachers;thus, their class room behavior may seem extremely passive to many foreign teachers,who believe in active participationʼ(p.29)
Whi l s t cul t ur al f act or s wi l l undeni abl y i nf l uence s t u- dent s behavi or ,not wi s hi ng t o s peak i n f r ont of a cl as s of 100 s t udent s ,wi t h up t o 10 ot her t eacher s pr es ent ,i n a f or ei gn l anguage,i s not s omet hi ng t hat many wes t er n s t udent s woul d f eel comf or t abl e i n doi ng.What t hi s s hows i s how benef i ci al s mal l gr oup wor k i s f or s t u- dent s .Not onl y does i t pr ovi de a change of f ocus f or t he s t udent s i n s hi f t i ng f r om a l ar ge ‑ s cal e l ect ur e t o a s mal l gr oup,but i t al s o pr ovi des s t udent s an oppor t uni t y t o check t hei r compr ehens i on of t he cl as s wi t h f el l ow s t udent s i n t hei r nat i ve t ongue,and i t enabl es t hem t o t al k t o t he pr of es s or i n a mor e i nt i mat e envi r onment . The addi t i onal benef i t s i ncl ude gi vi ng t he pr of es s or a chance t o gai n f eedback on how wel l t he cl as s has been under s t ood and t o r eal i ze t hat s t udent s ʼr el uct ance t o s peak i n cl as s i s not apat hy or bor edom,but due t o t he s i ze of t he cl as s .Teacher s ,as wel l as s t udent s ,need t o gai n f eedback on t hei r per f or mance and t hi s can t ake pl ace i n s mal l gr oup wor k.Gr oup ‑ wor k al s o pr ovi des t he oppor t uni t y f or a r appor t t o devel op bet ween t he t eacher and t he s t udent ‑ a f eat ur e whi ch i s unl i kel y t o
⎜ 64⎜ 国立看護大学校研究紀要 第 2巻 第 1号 2003年
occur i n a l ect ur e s t yl e wi t h a l ar ge cl as s .
Exams in English andʻEnglish linguistic imperi- alismʼ
A mi d ‑ t er m exami nat i on was admi ni s t er ed i n Engl i s h.
No Japanes e s uppl ement ar y expl anat i on was gi ven but t he s t udent s wer e al l owed t o us e a r egul ar di ct i onar y,
however no s peci al t y di ct i onar i es wer e al l owed.Accor d- i ng t o t he l ect ur er ,t he s t udent s di d ver y wel l on t he exam.The f i nal exami nat i on was gi ven i n a s i mi l ar way wi t h a s i mi l ar r es ul t .Accor di ng t o t he dat a, 63% s ai d t he f i r s t exam wasʻ eas yʼorʻ t oo eas yʼand onl y 2% s ai d i t was di f f i cul t .For t he s econd exam, 27% s ai d i t was eas y, 52% s ai d i t was appr opr i at e and15% s ai d i t was di f f i cul t .Thes e number s s ugges t s t he s econd exam was a l i t t l e mor e di f f i cul t t han t he f i r s t exam but even t he s econd exam coul d be made a l i t t l e har der .
Havi ng t he exam i n Engl i s h has an i mpor t ant ef f ect on how s t udent s s t udy.The concept ofʻ backwas hʼor ʻ was h backʼ ,meani ng t hat t eacher s t each f or exams and s t udent s s t udy f or exams ,i s now r egar ded as an ext r emel y i mpor t ant f act or i n educat i on as a whol e ( Shohamy2001 ,Hughes1989) .I t i s l i kel y t hat i f t he s t udent s wer e t es t ed i n Japanes e,t her e woul d be l i t t l e i ncent i ve f or s t udent s t o l i s t en t o t he l ect ur es or t o pr epar e or r evi ew i n Engl i s h.They coul d,i f t he t es t wer e not i n Engl i s h,concer n t hems el ves onl y wi t h t he Japanes e.I n t hi s r es pect t he exam i s benef i ci al i n maki ng t he s t udent s r each t he goal s s et by t he col l ege r egar di ng Engl i s h pr of i ci ency. However , t her e i s anot her i s s ue of i mpor t ance,whi ch i s t hat any t es t i n Engl i s h i s f i r s t and f or emos t a t es t of Engl i s h r at her t han of t he cont ent mat t er .Any exper t i n any f i el d coul d f ai l a t es t i n an ar ea of exper t i s e i n a f or ei gn l anguage, i f t he t es t wer e wr i t t en at a l evel beyond t he i ndi vi dual ʼ s l anguage l evel .Wi l l i ams and Bur den (1997) bel i eve t hat anyone can l ear n a s econd l anguage,but t her e woul d s eem t o be l i t t l e concr et e evi dence t o back t hi s up,and t aki ng a t es t i n Engl i s h wi l l s t r ai n t he Engl i s h r eadi ng s ki l l s of s ome s t udent s .Whi l s t al l s t udent s wer e s ucces s - f ul i n pas s i ng t hes e exami nat i ons ,i t i s ent i r el y pos s i bl e t hat a s t udent coul d f ai l s uch an exami nat i on due t o poor l anguage s ki l l s r at her t han l ack of knowl edge about t he cont ent .To avoi d s uch a s cenar i o,i f any s t udent f ai l i ng t he t es t i n Engl i s h wer e al l owed t o s i t a s i mi l ar l evel exami nat i on i n Japanes e,i t woul d be pos - s i bl e t o di s cer n i f t he pr obl em was r el at ed t o poor
Engl i s h abi l i t y or l ack of knowl edge of t he cour s e cont ent .
Thi s i s s ue t ouches on t he compl ex and cont ent i ous i s s ue of t he r ol e of t he Engl i s h l anguage i n ot her coun-
t r i es .Phi l l i ps on (1992) s ees t he s pr ead of Engl i s h asʻ l i n- gui s t i c i mper i al i s mʼ ,wher eas Cr ys t al (1997) bel i eves En- gl i s h i s a democr at i zi ng i nf l uence,whi ch he pr es umes t o be a pos i t i ve as pect .I t i s ver y di f f i cul t not t o t each or at l eas t i mpl y a di f f er ent way of s eei ng t hi ngs when t each- i ng or l ect ur i ng i n t he Engl i s h l anguage.Thi s i s not t o s ay t hat i t needs t o be adher ed t o,but t hat t he s t udent s have expos ur e t o anot her cul t ur e,and t he abi l i t y t o under s t and t he per s pect i ves of peopl e f r om ot her cul -
t ur es .I f Engl i s h i s r egar ded as a t ool f or communi ca- t i on, ―nei t her s uper i or or i nf er i or t o any ot her l anguage
―t hen i t s houl d be an as s et f or s t udent s .I n t he cour s e des cr i bed her e,t he l ect ur er s of Engl i s h ar e non ‑ nat i ve s peaker s of Engl i s h,whi ch demons t r at es t hat Engl i s h i s bei ng us ed as a t ool f or i mpar t i ng knowl edge.I f val ues , as s umi ng t hey can be di s t i l l ed,of t he nat i ve Engl i s h s peaki ng wor l d wer e r epl aci ng Japanes e val ues ,t hen t her e woul d be caus e f or concer n.The s t at ed ai m of t he col l ege i s t oʻ pr oduce l eader s ʼand as t he i nt er nat i onal l anguage at pr es ent i s Engl i s h,t hen i t coul d be ar gued t hat by not havi ng t he neces s ar y Engl i s h s ki l l s t o con- t r i but e t o any gl obal debat e on s peci al t y,Japanes e val ues woul d be mor e adver s el y af f ect ed.The r ol e of Engl i s h as an i nt er nat i onal l anguage i s an i s s ue t hat r i ght l y concer ns many.I t i s i mpor t ant t hat i t i s us ed onl y as a t ool f or communi cat i on.
Ⅳ.Concluding remarks and implications
Si nce Engl i s h has been us ed as a medi um f or i nt er na- t i onal s oci et y,i ns t r uct i on of academi c s ubj ect s i n Eng- l i s h i s val ued at t hi s col l ege,wi t h t he pur pos e of educat - i ng and devel opi ng t he s t udent s t o be capabl e of cont r i but i ng t o i nt er nat i onal communi t y.Mor e s peci f i -
cal l y,l ear ni ng an academi c cour s e i n Engl i s h can pr o-
vi de t he s t udent s wi t h many benef i t s s uch as ,l ear ni ng
up ‑ t o ‑ dat e knowl edge and s ki l l s f r om ot her count r i es ;
i mpr ovi ng s t udent s Engl i s h pr of i ci ency es peci al l y i n
academi c l i s t eni ng by gi vi ng t hem a r eal need t o under -
s t and Engl i s h ;l ear ni ng about di f f er ent cl as s r oom cul -
t ur es .
Teaching related matters from this study
Ut i l i zi ng gr oup wor
k woul d s eem t o be a val uabl e as s t udent s ar e mor e l i kel y t o t ake t he oppor t uni t y t o cl ar i f y under s t andi ng and t o i nt er act wi t h t he t eacher . St udent s ar e under s t andabl y r el uct ant t o as k ques t i ons i n open cl as s ,s o t hi s s t yl e of t eachi ng woul d s eem t o be benef i ci al t o s t udent s .
Lack of pr act i ce i n l i s t eni ng woul d s eem t o be caus i ng s t udent s s ome pr obl ems i n mor e f ul l y under s t andi ng t hei r cl as s es .Encour agi ng f ut ur e s t udent s t o l i s t en t o t he r adi o or t o t el evi s i on pr ogr ams bef or e j oi ni ng t he col l ege woul d hel p t hem i n under s t andi ng t hes e cl as s es mor e f ul l y.For cur r ent s t udent s ,mor e t i me s pent on l i s t eni ng t o mor e nat ur al mat er i al i n Engl i s h cl as s mi ght be benef i ci al .Havi ng t he oppor t uni t y t o as k a cour s e s peci al i s t ques t i ons about t he cl as s on an i ndi vi dual bas i s mi ght al s o be benef i ci al f or s t udent s .I ncr eas i ng t he l evel of di f f i cul t y of t he exami nat i ons ,bear i ng i n mi nd t he need t o keep t he Engl i s h wi t hi n t he compr ehen- s i on of t he s t udent s ,woul d al s o s eem t o be des i r abl e.
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英語による専門科目講義に関する予備的研究 Evans,David R. 松岡里枝子
国立看護大学校;〒 204‑8575東京都清瀬市梅岡 1‑2‑1
【要旨】 グローバル化する現在,母語の異なった人々が共通して用いる言語が必要であるが,今のところ英語がその役割を 担っているようだ。したがって,国際貢献を目指す大学では学生に英語力を十分に身につけることが要求される。本研究で は,英語による専門科目の特徴を質問紙(回答数:82)の結果に基づき考察する。観察所見やインタビューからの知見は適宜 補完する。まず,英語で専門科目を指導する根拠としてニーズ分析に触れる。その上で,発見的手法で対象講義を解釈す る。第一の論点として挙げるのは,真正性についてであるが,この点は専門英語(ESP)の分野では重要視されている。真正 性をもつ教科書つまり原書の妥当性を裏付けるものとして,原書を読んで予習することが講義の理解いわゆるアカデミック リスニングによい効果をもたらすことが質問紙の結果から示唆された。第二の論点として講義理解(アカデミックリスニン グ)に焦点を当てる。リスニングは専門科目を英語で受ける学生にとって必須である。質問紙の結果を統計処理した結果,
学生の英語に対する気持ちは講義理解に決め手となるような影響を与えていないことが示唆された。講義理解のレベルはま た内容に左右される。第三の論点は,学習環境についてあり,講義形式とグループワークの比較を試みる。その中で日本的 な授業と英語による授業の文化比較をする。結果としてグループワークのほうが講義形式より利点が多いと考えられる。ま た,世界言語としての英語という観点から英語言語帝国主義について考察し,最後に研究の結果を踏まえた教育的含意を提 示する。
⎜ 66⎜ 国立看護大学校研究紀要 第 2巻 第 1号 2003年
Appendix
Questionnaire about English in Physical Assessment Class
Date7/10/2002 ID# Name
該当するものに印をつけてください。(Mark yourchoice.)評価対象外(not for evaluation) 1.教科書について(About textbooks)
1.1.原著(英語)の教科書を買いましたか。Did you buy the textbook in English? 1)Yes 2)No 1.2.日本語版の教科書(Japanese version of textbooks)
1.2.1.日本語版の教科書,上下巻両方買いましたか。Did you buy both volumes? 1)Yes 2)No 1.2.2.上巻だけ買いましたか。Did you buy only the first volume? 1)Yes 2)No 1.2.3.下巻だけ買いましたか。Did you buy only the first volume? 1)Yes 2)No 2.辞書について(About your dictionaries)
2.1.どのような辞書をもっていますか。What kind of dictionary do you have?
1)リーダース 2)ジーニアス 3)医学辞書 4)その他( )
2.2.教室に辞書を持ってきましたか。Did you bring your dictionary to the classroom? 1)Yes 2)No 1)Yesの場合。(In the case of1)Yes.)
1)英和辞書のみ(only English‑Japanese) 2)和英辞書のみ(only Japanese‑English) 3)両方(both) 3.出欠について(About attendance)
3.1.何日欠席をしましたか。How many sessions did you miss? 1)none 2)1session 3)2sessions4)more than3sessions 3.2.何回遅刻をしましたか。How many times were you late?
1)none 2)once 3)twice 4)3times5)4times6)more than5times 4.予習について(About preparation)
4.1.授業の予習をしましたか。Did you prepare for the class? 1)never2)seldom 3)sometimes 4)often 5)always
4.2.予習の内容について。(複数回答可)What did you do for preparation?
1)Read an English textbook.2)Read a Japanese textbook 3)Read both.
4)Check the terminology.5)Read the handout.6)Other.(Specify: ) 5.復習について(About review)
5.1.授業の復習をしましたか。Did you review the class? 1)never 2)seldom 3)sometimes 4)often 5)always 5.2.復習の内容について。What did you do for review?
1)Read the English textbook.2)Read the Japanese textbook 3)Read both.
4)Memorized the terminology.5)Read the handout.6)Other.(Specify: ) 6.英語について(About your English)
6.1.英語力について。What do you think of your English proficiency?
1)excellent2)good 3)so‑so 4)poor 5)terrible 6.2.英語に対する気持ち。How do you feel about English?
1)Love it.2)Like it.3)No feelings.4)Donʼt like it5)Hate it. 6.3.英語力向上について。Would you like to improve your English?
1)Yes,very much.2)Yes,but not very ambitious.3)Not interested at all. 6.4.授業で必要な専門用語について。About the terminology for this course.
1)No problem.2)OK.3)Hard but managed.4)Gave up. 7.授業について(About the class)
7.1. 先生の講義は理解できましたか。Did you understand Prof. ʼslectures?
1)Did not understand them at all2)Understood just a little.3)Understood some parts of them.
4)Understood almost all of them.5)Understood them perfectly.
7.2. 先生のジョークは理解できましたか。Did you understand her jokes?
1)Did not understand them at all2)Understood just a few of them.3)Understood some of them.
4)Understood almost all of them 5)Understood them perfectly.
7.3.理解できない時は,どうしましたか。(複数回答または無回答可)What did you do when you didnʼt? 1)Just ignored it.2)Smiled and/or nodded.3)Went to sleep.4)Asked your friend.
5)Wanted to ask her to repeat it but did not.6)Other.(Specify. ) 7.4.英語でのビデオの説明は,理解できましたか。Did you understand the video?
1)Did not understand it at all2)Understood just a little of it.3)Understood some part of it. 4)Understood almost all of it5)Understood it perfectly.
7.5.発言について。(複数回答可)
Did you ask a question or comment to Prof. in the lecture?
1)Asked her a question in public.2)Asked her a question in private.3)Made a comment to her in public.
4)Made a comment to her in private.5)Wanted to do so but did not.6)Neither wanted to nor did so.
Did you ask a question or comment to Prof. in the group work?
1)Asked her a question.2)Made her a comment to her. 3)Wanted to do so but did not.4)Neither wanted to nor did so.
7.6.日本語での補足説明について。What do you think of supplementary explanations in Japanese?
1)Helped a lot.2)Helped somewhat.3)Helped a little.4)Did not help at all.5)Not needed. 7.7.どのような時にほほえんだりうなずいたりしたと思いますか。(複数回答可)
When do you think you smiled and/or nodded?
1)No idea.2)When I agreed.3)When I understood fully.4)When I understood a little.
5)When I listened attentively.6)When I did not understand.7)Other.(Specify: ) 7.8.講義中,居眠りをしてしまいましたか。Did you take a nap in class?
1)Every time.2)Often.3)Sometimes.4)Seldom.5)Never.Not needed. 8.テストについて。(About exams.)
8.1.第一回筆記試験(First written exam.)
1)Too easy.2)Easy.3)Appropriate.4)Difficult.5)Too difficult.
Your score was( ).You need not write it if you donʼt want to.
8.2.第二回筆記試験(Second written exam.)
1)Too easy.2)Easy.3)Appropriate.4)Difficult.5)Too difficult.
Your score was( ).You need not write it if you donʼt want to.If I can interview you,please fill in your contact number.( )
⎜ 68⎜ 国立看護大学校研究紀要 第 2巻 第 1号 2003年