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(1)説ノ. く論. Transiti n@of@Shipowners ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes P. of. &. ・. I. ・. Clubs. the. in. Takatada@. U. Imai. ・. III-l). K ， (Part. umi. I. Preface my. In. pre. Ⅴ. Crcumstances@ C. treaties (Part. ous. under@. w@ch@. Png@Acts). ， du. Snce@ uⅠ. re m3. Ⅰ. woFd@. fication@of@maFtime@. woLd@. Ⅰ. ws@and@practi. ti g@to@preventi n@of@ol@po n@. internation3@. (1)@ Internati referred. maritime@. to. as. the. bs@ devCoped@. ned subject,. i to@ the@ Protecti. n@of@shi. war,@. es. internati. many@. have. been. ， li Ulity@ ws@(m3n. owners. Ⅰ. maritime@. n3@. adopted for. conventi. purpose. the. Ⅱ ty Ⅰ. the te. Ⅰ. ns@ of. and@ some. i ternati n3. ilagreements‖re》hose. Most@of@these@conventions@and@ci. ・. n@for@0l@p0. ti n@damage. Ⅰ. be@ de3t@ with@ @@ th@@ treatise@ are@ as@ enumerated@. to@. n@for@the@Preventi n@of@Po Conventi. "1954. and@ Indem. n@. dle@of@the@ 19th@century@to@immedi. ti n@or@to@li Ulity@or@compensati. Ⅰ. have de3t『ith the. I. ・. conventions@. Conventi. n2@. war. civ@@ agreements. me@. Ⅰ. ， 3ong@with@the@tranSti. the@ end@ of@ the@ second@ Ⅰ. n@ C. the…apti. on. ng@the@peTod@from@the@mi. Ⅱ. after@ the@ end@ of@ the@ second@. internaLonal@ mari. 11-2). the@ Protecti. bs@and@extended@thCr@cover. Ⅰ. Merchant@Shi. to￣art. I. for. n. the. Ⅰ. ， The bCow. ，. ti n@of@the@Sea@by@oil,@1954@(herCnafter. Preventi. n. of. Oil. P. Ⅰ. ti n"). (2)@ Internati n@@ Convention@re ti g@to@the@Limitati n@of@the@Li Ulity@of@owners@of@Sea-gong Ships ， 1957@ (hereinafter@referred@ to@ as@ the@ "1957@ Convention@ on@ Shipowners ， Liability") (3)@ Internati n@@ Conventi n@for@the@Preventi n@of@Po ti n@of@the@Sea@by@oil,@1954@as@amended by@the@Fin3@Act@of@the@Internati n3@ Conference@on@the@Preventi n@of@Po ti n@of@the@Sea@by 1954，onventi n’or》he Oil ， 1962・ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Prevention@ of@ Oil@ Pollution") (4)@ Amendments@ adopted@ by@ the@ IMCO@ Res0uti n@ A175@ (VI)@ of@october@ 21 ， 1969@ to@ the Internati n@@ Conventi n@for@the@Preventi n@of@Po ti n@of@the@Sea@by@oil ， 1954@(herCnafter Ⅰ. referred@ to@ as@ the@ "1969@ Amendments@. to@. the@ 1954@ Conventi. n@. for@ the@ Preventi. n@. of@ Oil. PO ti n") (5)@ Internati n@@ Conventi n@relating@to@Interventi n@on@the@high@Seas@in@Cases@of@oil@Polution Casu3ti s ， 1969 (herCnafter referred to as the "1969 PuU@ Law Conventi n") (6)@ Internati n@@ Conventi n@ of@ Civil@ Li 5lity@ for@ Oil@ Pol tion@ Damage ， 1969@ (hereinafter referred@ to@ as@ the@ "1969@ Liability@ Convention") Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (7)@ Internati. n@@. Conventi. for@oil@ PO ti n@ Damage Li Ⅰ lity for Oil P0luti Convention") Ⅰ. n@on@the@Esta6i ， 1971@ (Supp n. Damage. hment@of@an@Internati Ⅰ. mentary@to@the@. ， 1969). n3@. Fund@for@Compensati. Internati. n@@. (herCnafter referred. to. Conventi as. the. n. n@on@Ci il "1971 Fund.

(2) 36 (250) (8). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， VO ， XI ， No ，. Internati. Conventi. n3. referred@. to@ as@. n. the@ "1973@. for. the. Prevention. Conventi. PO. of. Ⅰ. ti. for@ the@ Preventi. n@. (9)@ Convention@on@Limitation@of@Liability@for@Maritime@Claims the@ "1976@ Convention@ on@ Maritime@ C ims"). 4・ Ships ， 1973. n. from. n@. of@ PO. (herCnafter. ti n"). Ⅰ. ， 1976@(hereinafter@referred@to@as. Ⅰ. (10)@Protocol@to@the@International@Conventrion@on@Civil@Liability@for@oil@Pollution@Damage. London. ，. November. (herCnafter. 19 ， 1976. referred. ， 1969. to. the. as. "1976. Protocol. to. 1969. the. LiaUlity@Convention") Convention｛n》he・staUishment｛f‖n！nternati nal：und’or. (11)￣rotoco to》he！nternation3. Compensation@for@oil@Pollution@Damage. referred@ to@. ， 1971:@ London. ， November@. 19 ， 1976@(hereinafter. the@ "1976@ Protoc0@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi n") (12)￣rotoc0 of 1978 relati g》o》he Internation@ Convention’or》he Preventi n｛f￣0 from@Ships ， 1973@(hereinafter@referred@to@as@the@"1978@protocol@to@the@1973@Convention@for the Prevention of P0 ti n") as@. tion. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (13)@Protocol@amending@the@International@Convention@relating@to@the@limitation@of@the@Liability@o Owners@of@Sea-gong@Ships@ referred@. to@ as@. (Brussels ， October@. the@ "1979@. Protoco@. of@1984@to@amend@the@Internation3@. (14)@Protoc0@. Damage ， 1969 Conventi n") (15)￣rotoco. of. Conventi. (herCnafter referred. 1984. to. amend. the. 10 ， 1957) ， December@21. the@ 1957@ Conventi. to@. the. as. to. Internati. n@on@Ci. "1984. Ⅴ. In@additi. n@to@the@above@internati. (a). nal@conventi. ment@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. PO. Ⅰ. tj. n. ， 1969. (TOVALOP. (d)@ Contact@ Regardi CRISTAL ， 1987) As@ seen@. g@ a@. Supp. from@ the@ numbers@. Ⅰ. Supp. to@. of. an. ci il@agreements@as. n3@. Liability for. Tanker@. P0. Oil. ti n ，. Ⅰ. Lia5lity@ for@ Oil@ POluti. n. 1969 ， 1971. 5liy@for@oil. ， 1987). ment@ to@ Tanker@. of@ the@ above@. ternati. ntary@Agreement@concerning@Li. Ⅰ. ment. Ⅰ. hment. succeeding@ treatise@ (Part@ III-2). Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning. (TOVALOP ， 1969) (b)@ Contract@ Regardi g@ an@ Interim@ Supp (CRISTAL ， 1971) (c)@ Supp ment@of@1987@to@Tanker@owners@Vo. Liability. ， 1971@(hereinafter@referred. ns,@there@are@the@i. below ， which@ will@be@ dealt@ with@ in@ my@. EstaUi. tion. Ⅰ. the 1969. to. the. on. n. International@Fund@for@Compensation@for@oil@Pollution@Damage to@ as@ the@ "1984@ Protoco@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi n") mentioned@. ， Li 5liy"). l@Lia5lity@for@oil@P0. Protocol. Conventi. n3. ， 1979@ (herCnafter. n@ on@ S Ⅱ powners. Li bility@for@ Oil@ P0. i ternati. n3@. conventi. ti. Ⅰ. n. ， 1987@ (Amended. and@ ci il@ agreements,. ns@. shipowners ， gal@li 5lity@whi h@has@undergone@the@most@remarkab changes@in@the@ tter@h3f@of this@century@is@that@for@oil@pollution@damage Therefore ， the@transition@of@the@British@laws@regarding the@prevention@of@oil@pollution@and@shipowners ， liability@for@oil@pollution@damage@will@be@dealt@with@in Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. this@treatise@(Part@III-l). ， and@the@changes@of@the@cover@provided@by@P. the@ U ， K ， in@ the@ succeeding@. ， &@I. ・. C. Ⅰ. bs@for@such@liaUlity@in. treatise@ (Part@ III-2). II Transition@of@the@British@Laws@regarding@the@Prevention@of@oil@Pollution@and@Shipowners' Liability@ for@ Oil@ Pollution@ Damage ・. Snce. shpowners. 1950‖. Ⅰ. rge. number｛f》he Britih. Ⅰ. ws. ， li bility@for@0l@po tion@damage@were@passed Ⅰ. regarding》he preventi. n｛f・. ， and@many@of@them@were@those@i. n‖nd to@whi. h.

(3) ・. ・. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@ (251)@ 37. ・. Transition@of@Shipowners 、 Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P &@I ， Clubs@in@the@UK. the@ i ternati n@@ conventi ns@ were@ incorporated ， It@ may,@ therefore,@ be@ s3d@ that@ the@ United Kingdom@@@ a@country@which@not@on has@made an（mportant…ontributi n》o》he｝reparat@ n of》he Ⅰ. i ternati. n. Ⅰ. conventi. th@@ treatie ， the@. regardi. ns@but@has@immedi. ws@regardi. Ⅰ. g@sHpowners. enactment@. bC. as@. Na. Oil . tCy@gi. g@the@ preventi. ， li 5lity@for@0l@po. en@effect@to@such@conventi. n@of@ol@ po. Ⅰ. ti n@damage@will@be@exp. Ⅰ. ns. ・. For@the@purpose@of. ti n@ and@ the@ Merchant@SHppi. g@Acts. i ed@@@ the@order@of@the@year@of. Ⅰ. ow:. gab. Ⅴ. Waters、ct，. Ⅰ. 1955・. i g‘ffect》o》he. 1954，onventi n’or》he￣reventi n. of@ Oil@ Pollution) 2.@ Merchant@Shi. Conventi. Png@(Lia5lity@of@SRpowners@and@others)@Act. Shipowners'@. n@ on@. 3.@ Oil@ in@ Na. gable@ Waters@. Ⅴ. Conventi. Ⅴ. ng@effect@to@the@1957. Li 5lity). Act ， 1963@ (giving@ effect@ to@ the@ 1962@ Amendments@. for@ the@ Preventi. n@. ， 1958@(gi. n@. of@ Oil@ PO. Ⅰ. to@. the@ 1954. ti n). 4.@ Oil@ in@ Na Ⅴ gab Waters@ Act ， 1971@ (gi i g@ effect@ to@ the@ 1969@ Amendments@ to@ the@ 1954 Convention@ for@ the@ Prevention@ of@ Oil@ Pollution@ and@ the@ 1969@ Public@ Law@ Convention) ti n)@Act ， 1971@(gi ing@effect@to@the@1969@Li 5liy@Conventi n) 5.@ Merchant@ShipPng@(oil@P0 6.@ Prevention@ of@ Oil@ Pollution@ Act ， 1971 7.@ Merchant@ Shi Png@ Act ， 1974@ (gi i g@ effect@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi n) 8.@ Merchant@Shipping@Act ， 1979@ (giving@effect@to@the@ 1976@Convention@on@ Maritime@ Claims ， Ⅰ. Ⅰ. etc ， ). Merchantヾhipping、ct ， 1981・. 9.. Shipowners. ， Liability). 10.@ Merchant@Shi. Png@Act. Measurement@. ， 1984@ (gi i g@effect@ to@ the@ Internati. n3@. Conventi. n@on@. Tonnage. of@ Ships ， 1969). The@ outli es@ of@ the@ above@ Acts@ are@ as@ menti 1.@ Oil@in@Navigable@Waters@Act,@1955@(gi. Ⅴ. ned@ be. Ⅰ. w. ng@effect@to@the@ 1954@Convention@for@the@Prevention@of. Oil@ Pollution) Though@there@was@a. Ⅰ. eady@the@oil@@@ Na. to@be@the@first@Act@for@the@preventi above@. Ⅴ. gab. n@of@ol@p0. 1955@ Act@ are@ as@ stated@ bCow. Waters@Act,@ 1922.@the@above@1955@Act@may@be@s3d. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ti n@@@ its@substance. ・. The@m3n@pro. Ⅴ. Sons@of@the. ，. (1)@ If@any@perSstent@ol,@such@as@crude@ol,@fuC@. 0l,@. Ol,@etc， or@o mixture（s‥ischargedfrom British ship〉egistered in the United Kingdom (hereinafter ， referred@to@as@"British@Ship")@into@the@prohibited@sea@area@shown@in@the@Schedule@to@the@Act Ⅰ. bricati g@0l,@ heavy@di. sC@. Ⅰ. a. the@ owner@. or@ Ⅲ 8ster@. of@the@ sHp@ shall@ be@ guilty@ of@an@ offence@ (secti ns@ 1@ and@ 2@ and@ the. Schedule)@and@shall@be@liable@to@a@fine@not@exceeding@｣1,000@(section@6) ， provided@that@it@shall be@ a@ defence@ to@ prove@ that@ such@ discharge@ was@ due@ to@ securing@ the@ safety@ of@ the@ ship ， preventi n｛f ss｛f｛r‥amage》o》he《hip｛r…argo》hereon｛r《a age｛f”uman〕ie・ n Ⅰ. 4). Ⅰ. ・. (2)@ The@Mi iter@of@Transport@(herCnafter@referred@to@as@the@"Mi iter")@may@make@regu ti ns requi i g@B Ⅰ tih@sHps@to@be@fitted@with@the@equi ment@to@prevent@ol@po ti n@(secti n@5)@and Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (3). regu. Ⅰ. O. mi. Ⅰ. ti ns〉equi i g［asters｛f。 ti h《hips》o〔eep〉ecords｛f‥icharge｛r‘scape｛f・. The｀i. Ⅱ. ture@. i. (secti n@ 7). ter［ay‥i ect”arbour‖utho Ⅰ ties》o｝ro Ⅴ. de｛l〉eception’aCliti s・. s’or.

(4) 38@ (252). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， VO ， XI ， No. enabling ships. using. the harbour. discharge. to. 4・. 8) ，， in@principle ， prohibited@(section. deposit. or. ・. (4)@ Transfer@of@oil@to@or@from@a@ship@in@any@harbour@at@night@is. oil. residues) (secti. n. ） 9 (5)@ In@case@of@dicharge@or@escape@of@oil@or@oily@mixture@from@a@ship@into@the@waters@of@a@harbou the@owner@or@ Ⅲ aster@of@the@sHp@shal@forthwith@report@the@occurrence@to@the@harbour@ Ⅲ 8ster 10) ，. (section. The@above@1955@Act@whi h@d@@ not@app to@British@government@ships@was@amended@by@the@oil@in Navigable@ Waters@ Act ， 1963@ to@ be@ menti ned@ in@ 3.@below ， Ⅰ. By@the@way. ， the@C. Ⅰ. an@A@@. smoke@ was@dicharged@. Act ， 1956@was@passed@and@a@part@of@this@Act@applied@to@ships. from@a@ ship@ i to@a@@ beyond@ the@3lowed@. territori2@ waters@of@the@U. Ⅱ. ted@Ki. gdom,@the@owner,@master,@etc. offence@ (sections@ 1@ and@ 20)@ and@ be@ liable@ to@. a@. ・. If@dark. period@ in@a@calm@water@area@or ・. of@the@sh@@. shou. be@g. Ⅰ. fine@ not@ exceeding@ ｣100@ (secti. n@. 27). Ⅱ. lty@of@an. ・. 2.@Merchant@Shipping@(Liability@of@Shipowners@and@others)@Act,@1958@(giVng@effect@to@the@19 Conventi. S Ⅱ powners. on. n. ， Li 5lity). Most@parts@of@the@above@ 1958@Act@became@effective@on@August@ was@to@amend ， in@line@with@the@1957@Convention@on@Shipowners the@ fo wi g@ Acts (a)@ section@ 503@ of@ the@ Merchant@. 1 ， 1958.@The@purpose@of@t. Ⅱ s@Act. ， Liability， the@relevant@sections@of. Ⅰ. S Ⅱ pPng@. Act ， 1894. (b) section of the Merchant SHpPng (LiaUlity of Shi owners) Act ， 1898 (c)@ secti n@ 2@ of@ the@ Merchant@ S Ⅱ pPng@ (Lia5lity@ of@ Shipowners@ and@ Others)@ Act ， 1900 (d) secti ns 69 to 71 of》he Merchant Shi pi g Act ， 1906. 1. Here ， the@ changes@. of@ the@ system@. of@ limitation@ of@ shipowners. ， liability@ under@. the@ Merchant. SHpping@ Act ， 1894@ and@ subsequent@ Acts@ will@be@ traced@ as@ below (1)@ Merchant@ Shipping@ Act ， 1894 Under@section@502@of@the@above@. 1894@Act. ， no@owner@of@a@British@sea-going@s. Ⅱ p@sh3l@be. liable’or〕oss｛r‥amage”appening『ithout？s‖ctu3 fa Ⅰ t｛r｝rivity（n》he’ol wi g…ases: Ⅰ. (a)@ where@any@goods,@merchandise,@etc fire. board. on. (b)@ where@any@gold. the. ・. on@board@his@ship@are@. Ⅰ. st@or@damaged@by@reason@of. ship ， or. ， silver ， jewels ， etc. ・. loaded@on@board@his@ship@without@prior@declaration@of. the@ true@ nature@ and@ value@ thereof@ are@ lost@ or@ damaged@ by@ reason@ of@ robbery, embezzlement, etc.@ and@under@section@503@of@the@above@Act,@no@owner@of@a@s Ⅱ p,@British@or@forCgn,@sh3l,@in@case of any of the following events occurring without his actual fault or pri Ⅴ tY (a)@ where@ ss@ of@ lie@ or@ person@@ injury@ is@caused@ to@ any@ person@ on@ board@ the@ ship, Ⅰ. (b). where. Ⅰ. ss. or. damage. is. caused. to. any goods ， merchandse. ， etc ，. on. board. the ship ，. (c)@ where@loss@of@lie@or@person3@ injury@is@caused@to@any@person@on@board@any@other@ship@by reason@ of@the@ improper@. (d)@ where@ thereon@. Ⅰ. ss@ or@. damage@. by@ reason@. navigation@ of@ his@ ship ， is@caused@ to@ any@ other@ ship@ or@. of@the@ improper@. naVgati. n@. any@. goods,@ merchandise,@. etc. of@ Ⅱ s@ s Ⅱ p ，. be〕i ble》o‥amages｜eyond▲15’or‘ach》on｛f》he《hip ， s》onnage（n〉espect｛f ss｛f〕ie｛r Ⅰ. personal@injury@and@beyond@｣8@for@each@ton@of@the@ship. damage》o」essels ， goods. ， merchandise. ， etc ，. ， s@tonnage@in@respect@of@loss@of@or. The》onnage｛f‖《teamship《hall｜e”er“ross.

(5) ・. ・. t 什 t し (2)3 ︵. dl 1. (4). 5 ︵. (6). er 1e gyype spoSrn eSr8aeet. p h㏄㎡面㎏㎞呂 hc . elhe s h i eS f。 g n 0 e f pst sa ⅠⅠ 5s g n n t a( だ y h t h e t 正 Ⅰt d t n ㎞ f lⅠen d O 丁 ? a Ⅰ O t Ⅰ 什 en f t UⅠ .， )@ (253)@ 39. Ⅲ. (Takatada@Imaizu. ・. Transition@of@Shipowners ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P ， &@I Clubs@in@the@UK.

(6) 40@ (254). (7)@ Crown@. YOKOHAMA@. Proceedings@. By@secti. BUSINESS@. REVIEW. ， Vol. ・. XI ， No ， 4@ (1991). Act ， 1947. n@5@of@the@above@1947@Act. ， the@pro. Ⅴ. si ns@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@Acts. ， 1894@to. 1940’or》he〕imitation｛f《hipowners ， li bility『ere‘xtendedto‖pply’or》he purpose｛f limiti g@ the@ liaⅠ lity@of@ H@@ Majesty@ @@ respect@ of@ His@ Majesty ， s@ shi s Most@of@the@Acts@enumerated@@@ (1)@to@(7)@above@were@amended@by@the@Merchant@Shi 1958.@ The@ m3n@ amendments@ by@ this@Act@ were@ as@ stated@ bCow. ping@Act ，. ・. (a)@ (i)@The@limit@of@shipowners. ， liability@for@loss@of@life@or@personal@injury@and@. li bility｛f｛wners｛f《hips,‥ocks｛r…an2s,”arbour‖utho Ⅰ ties,‘tc， for. (ii)@the@liⅢ t@of Ⅰ. ss｛f｛r‥amage》o. any@property@or@property@right,@whih@had@been@(i)@｣15@for@each@ton@of@the@sHp's@tonnag under《ection・. ， s》onnage「nder《ection. 503@of@the@1894@Act@and@secti n@2@of@the@1900@Act ， were@amended@to@(i)@3,100@gold@francs@and (ii)@1,000@gold@francs@for@each@ton@of@the@ship ， s@tonnage ， and@in@case@of@loss@of@life@or@personal injury, any ship｛f〕ess than 300 tons were‥eemed to be ship｛f・ tons (secti n 1)， (b)@ "Loss@of@lie@or@personal@injury@caused@to@any@person@carried@in@any@other@vessC"@in@subsecti n 1@ (c)@of@secti n@ 503@ of@the@ Merchant@ Shippi g@Act ， 1894@ was@ extended@ to@ "loss@ of@life@ or a. personal@i. jury@caused@to@any@person@not@carri. had@ been@ limited@ to@. ㏄. d@@@ the@ship" ， and@the@cause@of@accident@w. navigati. mproper@. n@. of@ the@ sHp"@. or@. "improper@. na. Ⅴ. ch. Ⅱ. gati n@ or. management｛f》he《hip"「nder《ubsecti n・ n・ was@extended@to@"the@act@or@omission@of@any@person@(whether@on@board@the@ship@or@not)@ naVgati n｛r［anagement｛f》he《hip｛r（n》he ading,…arFage｛r‥icharge｛f（ts…argo｛r in@its@embarkation,@carriage@or@di embarkation@of@its@passengers,@or@any@other@act@or@omission of@any@ person@ on@ board@ the@ sHp"@ (subsection@ 1@ of@secti n@ 2) (c)@ It@was@made@Cear@that@where@any@obligati n@or@li 5liy@arises@(i)@in@connection@with@removal@of Ⅰ. wreck ， etc or@ (ii)@in@respect@ of@any@ damage@. (however@caused)@. ・. occurrence gi i. g. occurrences@menti. rise. obligati n. the. to. ned@ @@ subsecti. n@. liabiliy. or. shou. 1@ (b)@and@ (d)@of@secti. to@. harbour@works treated. be. Ⅰ. 2@ (subsecti. n@. (d)@ It@was@provided@that@the@Minister@of@Transport@might@by@order@make@pro. Ⅴ. n@. as. ， etc ， the. one. the. of. 2@ of@sect@ n@ 2). si n@for@setting@up. a@fund@to@be@used@for@making@to@harbour@or@conservancy@authorities@of@payment@needed@t compensate@them@for@the@reduction@of@amounts@recoverab by@them@due@to@the@limitation@of shi owners'〕i 5ility（n…onnection『ith〉emov3 of『reck,‘tcas［entioned (c)・ Ⅰ. ・. (subsecti ns@6@and@ 7@of@sect* n@2),@ though,@as@a@matter@of@fact,@such@order@was@not@made (e)@ Not@ only@ shipowners@ and@ demise-charterers@ as@ provided@ @@ the@ Merchant@ ShipPng@ Acts ， 1894@and@ 1906@but@charterers ， persons@interested@in@or@in@possession@of@ships@(in@particular. managers@or@operators@of@shps),@masters@and@crew@also@became@to@enjoy@the@benefit@of@t limiati. n@. of@their@ li Ulity@ in@ connecti. n@. of@s Ⅱ ps@ (secti n@ 3). (f)@ It@was@provided@that@where@a@ship@or@other@property@was@arrested@in@connection@with@a@claim for‖〕imited〕iability｛r‖《ecurity（s ven》o｝revent｛r｛bt3n〉e ase’rom《uch‖n‖rrest, Ⅰ. the@court@may,@and@in@the@case@of@the@guarantee@having@been@gi country,. sh3l order. the re. Ⅰ. ase. of》he. ship,. property. or. en@in@a@port@of@a@Convention secu. Ⅱ ty. (section. 5). and. satisfactory@security@for@a@limited@li 5lity@had@been@given,@no@judgment@or@decree@for@a@c for the li 5lity shou be enforced (secti n 6) Ⅰ. (g)@ It@was@3so@pro secti n・. Ⅴ. ded@that@@@. that Ⅰ. i. im. ・. ma. Ⅱ. ng@any@4stribution@of@a@limitati ， 1894 ，. n@fund@@@ accordance@with. the…ourt［ight｝ostpone》he‥istributi n｛f.

(7) TranSti. n@of@SRpowners. ， Li Ulity@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. ・. &@I. ・. Cl bs@@@ the@U K ・. ・. (Takatada@Im3zumi)@. (255)@ 41. such｝art｛f》he‖mount》o｜e‥itributed‖s（t‥eems‖pproprite”a Ⅴ ng〉egard》o‖ny…. ims. Ⅰ. wh@ h@might@ ter@be@estaUihed@before@a@court@of@any@country@outSde@the@UDted@Ki gdom and@ that@ no@ li n@ or@ other@ right@ @@ respect@ of@ any@ sh@@ or@ property@ shou affect@ the proportions@ of@distribution@of@a@ limitation@ fund@ (section@ 7) In@short ， one@of@the@main@objects@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@(Li 5lity@of@SHpowners@and@others) Act ， 1958@ was@ to@increase@the@ limits@ of@sHpowners ， li bility@whi h@ had@ rem3ned@ unchanged@ for Act ， 1862@ to@ those about@ a@ century@ since@ the@ passing@ of@ the@ Merchant@ SHpping@ Amendment@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. provided@in@the@1957@Convention@on@Shipowners. ， Liability， In@view ， however. 0l@pol. ， the@sHpowners. ti n@damage@of@any@. Ⅰ. 1958@Act time. rge@sc3e@occurred. Ⅰ. ， of@the@fact@that@even@if. ， li 5lity@was@limited@by@the@above. ， it@seems@that@the@people@did@not@recognize@the@dreadfulness@of@oil@pollution@damage@at@that. ・. 3.@ Oil@in@Navigable@Waters@Act,@1963@(giving@effect@to@1962@Amendments@to@the@1954@Conventi for. Preventi. the. n. At@a@conference@@@ whi. P0. Oil. of. 1962@of@the@Inter-Government. h@started@on@March@17. n. ti n). Ⅰ. MaFtime@Consutati. Ⅰ. ， 1958@and@was@renamed@the@Internati. n3@. Ma. Ⅱ. e@organi. ati n@(IMCo). time@organi. ati n@(IMo). @@ May@1982 ， the@amendments@to@1954@Conventi n@for@the@Preventi n@of@oil@Po ti n@was@proposed n@for@the@Prevention@of@oil@Polution@was@adopted and@the@1962@Amendments@to@the@ 1954@Conventi In@accordance@with@the@above@1962 at@a@conference@of@the@contracting@states@of@the@1954@Convention Ⅰ. ・. Amendments. The@ m3n@. ， the@oil@@@ Na. Ⅴ. amendments@. by@ the@ 1963@ Act@. gab. Ⅰ. Waters@Act. ， 1955@referred@to@@@ were@. as@. 1@above@was@amended@@@. 1963. stated@ be w Ⅰ. theヾchedu to》he 1955、ct ， the《ea‖reas『here。ritih《his『ere｝roh@ ited from@discharging@oil@or@oily@mixture@were@provided@separately@in@respect@of@tankers@and@othe. (1). WH. ，. Ⅰ. @. Ⅰ. shps,@under@the@1963@Act@the@prohi ied@sea@areas@@@ respect@of@tankers@became@to@appto@al Ⅰ. (subsection@. s Ⅱ ps@. 1@ of@ secti. n@. 1). (2)@ It@was@proⅤ ded@that,@*@ any@0l@or@0. m* ture@was@dicharged@anywhere@at@sea@from@a@BFt*h. Ⅰ. new《Rp｛f・. offence,@ un impracti. ab. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ss@ it@was@. be“uilty｛f‖n. proved@ that@ by@ reason@ of@ speci l@cicumstances@ it@had@ been. or@unreasonable@to@ret3n@the@ol@or@o. mi. Ⅰ. ture@in@the@sh@@. (subsecti. n@. 1@of. secti n@ 2) The@above@1963@Act@was@amended@by@the@oil@in@Na bC. ow. Ⅴ. gab. Ⅰ. Waters@Act. ， 1971@to@be@menti. ned@@@ 4. ．. Inci ent3. Ⅰ. ， by@the@order@@@. CounCl@made@under@secti. n@. 1@ (I)@(i)@of@the@Hovercraft@Act. ， 1968 ，. Part@VIII@of@the@Merchant@Shi pi g@Act ， 1894@as@amended@by@the@Merchant@Shi Png@(Li Ulity@of Shipowners@ and@ Others)@ Act,@ 1958@ appli d@ to@ carri ge@ of@property@by@ hovercraft@ @@ so@ far@as hovercraft@. were@. in@ navigab. Ⅰ. waters@. or@. other@ sea@ areas ，. 4.@ Oil@ in@ Navigable@ waters@ Act,@ 1971@ (gi i Conventi n@ for@ the@ Prevention@ of@ Oil@ POluti The@"Torrey@Canyon"@case@whi po. Ⅰ. case,@. ti n@of@. Ⅰ. effect@ to@ the@ 1969@ Amendments@ to@ the@ 1954 n@ and@ the@ 1969@ Pu5ic@ Law@ Conventi n). g@. h@occurred@on@March@18. ， 1967@taught@peop. rge@sea@area@by@escape@of@large@quantity@of@ol@from@a@tanker. the@ f0lowi. g@. three@ conventi. ns@ were@. adopted@. @@ 1969. Ⅰ. the@dreadfu. Ⅰ. ess@of. ， and@@@ vi w@of@the@above.

(8) 42 (256). YOKOHAMA@BUSINESS@. (1)@ the@ 1969@Amendments@to@the@. REVIEW. 1954@Conventi. ， Vol ， XI ， No. ， 4@ (1991). n@for@the@ Preventi. n@of@oil@ PO. Ⅰ. ti. n@. for@the. purpose@of@further@strengthening@the@regulations@ made@by@ the@ 1962@ Amendments@to@ the above@ 1954@Convention@by@way@of@complete@prohibition@of@discharge@of@oil@or@oily@mixture from@ a@ ship@ into@ the@ sea ，. (2)@ the@1969@Pu5@@ Law@Convention@for@the@purpose@of@giving@publ@@ authoriti s@of@an@adjacent country@the@power@to@take@necessary@acti ns@@@ order@to@prevent@or@reduce@oil@p0lution@@@ case. where@an@acCdent@has@occurred@to@or@in@a@foreign@vessC,@whether@in@or@outSde@the@terFtori3 waters｛f》he…ountry‖nd｛il’rom》he《hip『ill｛r［ay…ause｝ollution｛n‖〕arge《cale》o》he coast@ of@the@ country,@ and (3)@ the@ 1969@Lia5lity@Convention@on@ci For@the@purpose@of@amending@the@oil@@@ and@3@above@in@li was@. passed. il@liability@for@oil@p0lution@damage@caused@by@a@tanker NaVgable@Waters@Acts ， 1955@and@ 1963@mentioned@in@. e@with@the@Conventions@(1)@and@(2)@above. ， the@oil@in@Na. Ⅴ. gable@Waters@Act. 1. ， 1971. ・. Under@ the@ above@ 1971@ Act ， (a)@ @@ any@ship@reSstered@in@the@U Ⅰ ted@Kingdom@has@dicharged@0l@or@0ly@mi ture@i to@any@part of@the@sea@in@or@outside@the@territorial@waters@of@the@United@Kingdom ， the@owner@or@master@of the@shp@shall@be@guilty@of@an@offence@(secti ns@1@and@2)@and@be@li b for@a@fine@not@exceeding ｣50.000 (section 7)， and Ⅰ. (b)@ @@ an@accident@has@occurred@to@or@in@a@shi and｛l’rom》he《h@ the@UHted@Ki. ， whether@re8stered@in@the@United@Kingdom@or@not. ，. will｛r［ay…ause｝0lution｛n‖〕arge《cale（n》he》erritori l『aters｛f. gdom,@the@Secretary@of@State@may@take@necessary@acti. ns@i Cudi. g@Sn. Ⅹ. ng@or. destruction@of@the@ship@for@the@purpose@of@preventing@or@reducing@oil@pollution@(section@8). Further ， under@ the@ above@ 1971@ Act ， Her@ Majesty@ may@by@ Order@in@ Council@ provide@ that@ the pro Ⅴ. sion@(b)@above@shall@apply@to@a@ship@whi. waters@of@the@U. for@the@time@bCng@outside@the@terFtori3@. and@by@the@order@@@ a@. h@is@not@a@sh@@ re8stered@@@. CounCl@enacted@subsequent. ship@ as@ from@ November@. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. ted@Ki. ， the@pro. Ⅴ. the@u Ⅱ ted@Kingdom@and@is. gdom@(subsecti. n@10@of@section@8) ，. si n@(b)@above@became@to@apply@to@such. 22 ， 1971.. The@oil@in@Na Ⅴ gab Waters@Act,@1971@was@cons0i ated@i to@the@Prevention@of@oil@Po ti n@Act, 1971@ to@be@mentioned@in@ 7@below@which@was@passed@immediately@after@the@passing@of@the@oil@in Ⅰ. Navigable@. Waters@. Ⅰ. Act ， 1971. 5.@Merchant@Shipping@(oil@Pollution)@Act,@ 1971@ (8Vng@effect@to@the@1969@Li bility@Convention) (1)@ The@above@Act@imposes@stFct@li. Ⅰ lity@on@the@owner@of@a@ship@carrYng@persitent@oil@in@bulk@as. cargo’or｝olutin‥amage…aused｜y‘scape｛r‥ischarge｛f《uch｛l’rom》he《hp（ to》he. terFtorial@waters@of@the@United@kingdom,@i further. loss. or. damage. caused. (2)@ TFe@owner@of@such@a@ship@is. by. such. ， however. Cuding@the@cost@of@preventi measures (section 1). e@measures@and. ・. ， exempted@. fr0 Ⅲ such@liability@@@ he@proves@that@the. pollution@damage (a). resulted’rom‖n‖ct｛f『ar,”ostiliti s,， an@. (b). excepti. nal,@ i evitab. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. and@ i resistib Ⅰ. l『ar,（nsurrect* n｛r］atur3 nature,@. phenomenon｛f. or. was『holy…aused｜y‖n‖ct｛r｛missin‥one『ith（ tent》o‥o‥amage｜y‖》hi d｝arty, or. (c). was『h0ly…aused｜y》he］egli ence｛r『rongful‖ct｛f‖“overnment｛r｛ther‖uthority.

(9) responsi functi. ，. Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P &@I Clubs@in@the@UK ・. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@. ・. for［aintenance｛f〕ihts｛r｛ther］aⅤ gation3. @. (secti. n@. ・. ・. Transition@of@Shipowners. n@. 43. (257)@. the‘xerCse｛f》hat. aids . 2). (3)@No@claim@for@pollution@damage@shall@be@made@against@the@owner@of@such@a@ship@otherwis under@secti. 1@of@the@Act@(limitation@of@the@extent@of@damages),@and@no@cl. n@. im@for@po. ti. Ⅰ. n. damage@under@section@1@of@the@Act@sh3l@be@made@ag3nst@the@servants@or@agents@of@the@o of《uch ship or person who engaged in s3vage operati ns of》he ship under the a. a. @. (channelling@of@liability@ to@ the@ owner@ of@the@ ship)@ (section@ 3) agreement@with@ the@ owner@ (4)@ The@owner@of@such@a@sHp@sh3l@be@entit d@to@limit@Hs@liLlity@for@po ti n@damage@to@the n,@that@is,@@@respect@of@any@one@incident,@to amounts@provided@in@the@1969@LiaUlity@Conventi ， s@tonnage@as@provided@in an@aggregate@amount@of@2,000@gold@francs@for@each@ton@of@the@ship Ⅰ. subsection・ Shipping@ (5). Ⅰ. n・. Png、ct，. Act ， 1906 ， but@ not@ exceeding@. Sect@ n・. Ⅴ. court@@@ order@to@av3l@ fund@ among@. Ⅱ. des’or》he…onstituti mse. 1894‖s‖mended｜y》he｀erchant. 210@ milli n@ god@. francs@ (secti n@ 4). of@the@limitation@of@his@liaUlity@and@for@the@distri. Ⅰ. uti n@of@the. the@ C3mants. (6)@ Where@the@owner@of@such@a@sh@@ has@constituted@the@above@fund@with@a@court order@the@ re ase@ of@any@ ship@ or@other@ property@bCon8ng@to@ the@ owner@. ， the@court@sh3l whi h@ has@ been. Ⅰ. arrested. wih‖. n｛f‖’und｜y》he｛wner｛f《uch‖《h@. respect of‖. @. (7)@ The@owner@of@a@s. Ⅱ. c. Ⅰ. im. for. po. ti. Ⅰ. n. damage. p@(other@than@government@shi. (secti. 6) ，. n. s)@re8stered@@@ the@United@Rngdom@and. carrying@more@than@2,000@tons@of@persistent@oil@in@bulk@as@cargo@shall@be@required@to@maint i surance@or@other@financi financi l《ecurity)・. (8)@ Any@C3m@for@poluti Ⅴ. Ⅱ. (enforcementof. h@@ liabiliy@ for@ polluLon. cover@. pro. l@secu ty@@@ the@sums@fixed@by@app. 4ng. 10‖nd financi3. maintani. 11) Such《ecuFty（s, (secti. security. n. 12). Ⅰ. g. insurance. fact,｝roⅤ ded｜y￣. ・. n@damage@may@be@brought@direct. the above. i g@the@limits@of@li 5lity@to. Ⅰ. ・. other. or. &！. ・. C. Ⅰ. bs. ・. ag3nst@the@isurer@or@other@person. ・. As@seen@@@ the@above,@ th@@ Act@apPi d@on to@the@li 5lity@of@owners@of@tankers@ for@pol ti damage ， and@thCr@li 5liy@for@person3@ or@property@damage@other@than@ol@p0 ti n@damage@and ted@by@the@Merchant@Shippi the@liabiliy@of@owners@of@sHps@other@than@tankers@were@still@regu Ⅰ. n. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (Li 5liy@ of@Shipowners@. and@ others)@ Act ， 1958@. as@. menti. g. ned@ in@ 2@ above. 6.@Prevention@ of@ Oil@ Pollution@ Act,@ 1971 The@oil@@@. Na. Ⅴ. gab. Ⅰ. Waters@Acts. ， 1955 ， 1963 ， and@ 1971@as@menti. secti n@5@of@the@Continent3@ Shelf@Act ， 1964@(pro 0l@from@oil@pi. 7.@ Merchant@. W. elines ， etc ， i to@sea)@were@consoli. Shipping@ Act,@ 1974@ (giⅤ. ng@. Ⅴ. ding@for@the@regu. ned@@@ 1 ， 3@and@4@above@and Ⅰ. ti n@of@escape@or@dicharge@of. ated@into@the@Prevention@of@oil@Pol. effect@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi. Ⅰ. tion@Act ， 1971. n). ⅡⅠ the@ 1969@Li. Ulity@Conventi n@imposed@severe@li Ulity@on@ the@owners@of@tankers,@at@the ， not@only@the@dissatisfaction@that@the@relief conference@at@which@the@above@Convention@was@adopted of@victims@of@ol@po tion@was@still@not@sufficient@under@the@above@Conventi n@by@reason@of@exclusions Ⅰ. of@shipowners'@li. 5lity@in@cert3n@Crcumstances@or@limitati. n@of@the@@ li Ulity. but》he. opinion@that@the@economic@consequences@of@oil@pollution@damage@should@not@exclusively@be@b the@ shi Png@ industry@ but@ sho Ⅱ d@ @@ part@ be@ borne@ by@ the@ oil@cargo@ As@a@result ， at@the@above@conference. i terest@ was@ mant3ned. ， the@resolution@for@establishment@of@an@international@fund@for. ，.

(10) 44 (258). YOKOHAMA@. BUSINESS@. REVIEW. ， Vol. XI ， No ， 4@ (1991). ・. compensation@for@ol@polluton@damage@was@passed,@and@the@IMCO@was@requested@to@prepare@the draft@Conventi n@@@ respect@of@the@above@resolution ， Thus ， the@draft@Fund@conventi ternation3@ conference@hCd@in@BrussCs@on@December@ the@IMCo@was@adopted@at@the@i. n@prepared@by 18 ， 1971.. As@the@1971@Fund@Convent* n@@@ supp mentary@to@the@1969@li Ⅰ lity@Conventi n,@the@Merchant shipping@Act ， 1974@giving@effect@to@the@ 1971@ Fund@Convention@is@supplementary@to@the@Merchant ti n)@Act ， 1971@gi ing@effect@to@the@1969@Liability@Conventi n@as@menti ned@in@5 ShipPng@(oil@Po above ， The@ outlines@ of@ the@ 1974@ Act@ are@ as@ menti ned@ below (1)@ The@ Fund@ establihed@ under@ the@ 1974@ Act@ shal@ give@ compensati n@ to@ any@ Ⅴ ctim@ of@ol pol ti n@damage,@@@ the@Ⅴ ctim@has@been@unab to@obt3n@full@compensati n@for@the@damage under@ the@ 1971@ Act,@ because Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (a)@the@shipowner@is@not@liable@for@the@damage@under@section@2@of@the@ 1971@Act@(except@the damage@ caused@ by@ an@ act@ of@war,@ Cvil@ war,@ etc ， ),@or (b) the《hipowner｛r“uarantor〕iable’or》he‥amage「nder》he 1971、ct…annot［eet”is obligations@ in@ full ， or. (c)@ the@ damage@ exceeds@ the@ limit@ of@li Ulity@ under@ the@ 1971@ Act@ (secti n@ 4) (2)@ The@ contributors@ to@ the@ Fund@ shall@ be@ the@ persons@ who@ receive@ in@ the@ ports@ of@any@ Fund. Conventi n@country@the@contributi g@ol@carri d@by@sea@to@such@ports,@that@i,@the@ol@cargo owners (secti 2) n. ・. (3)@ The@limit@of@aggregate@amount@of@compensati n@payab by@the@Fund@per@any@one@i Cdent ， that@is， 450@million@gold shall@be@that@provided@in@Article@4@of@the@ 1971@ Fund@Convention francs@for@the@time@bCng ， i c ding@the@amount@of@damages@actu ㈱ pad@by@the@sHpowner under@the@ 1969@Liability@Convention ， and@the@above@limit@may@be@increased@to@900@million go francs by three-fourths vote at the Assembly of the Fund in future (secti n 4) ， (Subsequently ， the@above@limit@was@successively@increased@to@675@million@gold@ francs@(or@45 Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. millionヾpecial．rawingヽights・. ， to・. gold@francs@([email protected]@million@SDR)@in@December@1986@and@to@900@million@gold@francs@(or@ million SDR). in. December 1987.). (4)@ Unless@ the@ pollution@damage@resulted@ from@ the@wilful@ misconduct@of@the@shipowners ， the Fund@ sh3l@ indemnify@ the@ shipowner@and@ amount｛f〕i. his@guarantor@. 5lity「nder》he｀erchantヾHpPng・. for@ that@ portion@ of@the@ aggregate Ⅰ. ti n)、ct， 1971‖s［enti ned . 5. above@which@is@in@excess@of@1,500@gold@francs@for@each@ton@of@the@ship ， s@tonnage@or@125@million god@francs,@whi hever@@@ the@ ss@and@whi h@@@ not@@@ excess@of@the@limit@of@sHpowner's@li Ulity Ⅰ. under@the@above@1971@Act milli n@god@francs. ， whi. ， that@is， 2,000@gold@francs@for@each@ton@of@the@said@tonnage@or@210. hever@@@ the@. Ⅰ. ss@(secti n@5) Th@@ system@@@ cal ・. Ⅰ. d@R0l@Back@system. demniicati. and‖s》he［atter｛f’act,》he｝ersons『ho‖re‘ntit d》o〉ecei. e（. Fund@. ， guarantors. Ⅰ. under@. this@ system@. P ， &@ I. are@. ・. Clubs@ as@ the@ shipowners. ，. n’rom》he. Further,@*@ order@to@g* e@effect@to@the@1971@Res0ut* n@of@the@IMCo@to@limit@tank@sie@of@a@tanker for@ the@ purpose@ of@ preventing@ Ol@ pollution@ of@ large@ scale@ (Amendments@ to@ the@ Internation3 Convention@for@the@Preventi n@of@Po ti n@of@the@Sea@by@oil,@1954.@concer Ⅱ ng@Tank@Arrangements 246@(VII)@adopted@on@october@15 ， 1971) ， the@1974@Act and@Limitation@of@Tank@Size@(Resolution@A ti ns@concerni g@b ⅠⅠ i g@of@tankers@and@to gi es@the@Secretary@of@State@the@power@to@make@regu prohi it@tankers@which@do@not@comp with@the@regu ti ns@from@entering@i to@or@ aving@ports@@@ the Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. U Ⅱ ted@ Kingdom@. or@ to@. punish@. the@ owners@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. of@ such@ tankers@ with@ a@ fine@ (Part@ II).

(11) Transition@of@Shipowners Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P ・. 8.@Merchant@Shipping@Act,@ The@ above@ Conventions. (Takatada@Imaizum)@ (259)@ 45. ．K ．. g@effect@to@the@ 1976@Convention@on@Ma. 1979@(8vi. 1979@ Act@ was@. &@I ． Clubs@in@the@U. ・. passed@ to@ gi e@ effect@ to@ the@ fo. Ⅰ. w. g@. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. time@C. Conventi. ns ，. Ⅰ. ims ， etc ， ). Protocos@. to. ， etc ． :. (a)@ the@ 1973@ Convention@. for@ the@ Preventi. of@ PO tion (b) the￣rotoco rel ting》o！nterventi n｛n》he Hi hヾeas n@. Ⅰ. cases｛f￣oluti n｜yヾubstances. other@ than@ Oil ， 1973 (c)@ the@ Protoco@ Luggage@. to@. the@ Athens@. Conventi. by@ Sea ， 1974 ， London. n@ re. ti g@ to@ the@ Carri ge@ of@Passengers@. Ⅰ. ， November@. 19 ， 1976. (d)@ the@ 1976@ Convention@ on@ Maritime@ Claims (e)@ the@ 1976@ Protoc0@ to@ the@ 1969@ Li 5lity@ Conventi (f)@ the@ 1976@ Protoco@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Convention (g) the 1978 protoco to the Conventi n (a) above ， The@ provisi. ns@. (1)@ Incorporati p. Ⅰ. of@ the@ above@ n@. The@1976@Conventi n@on@Maritime@C ce@ of@ Part@ VIII@ of@ the@ Merchant@ pi g、ct， 1958 ，. are@. entitl d@ to@limit@thCr@li bility@to@. Schedu The. s. 1. and. of. 2. limits. C. me@. ims. Ⅰ. ims@was@i corporated@@@ the@1979@Act@(secti n@17)@i Shipping@ Act ， 1894@ as@ amended@ by@ the@ Merchant. Ⅰ. a@. ，. managers｛r｛perators｛f《hips‖nd《aors Ⅰ. broad@ extent@i Cudi. Schedu. 4 ， Part. Ⅰ. from@ the@ appli ati n@ of@limiati Ⅰ. Ⅰ. I，. g@the@ lia5lity@for@remov3@. Chapter I). of. ・. ， the@li 5liy@for@poluti n@damage@under@the@ 1969@Li 5lity@Convention@(or@the Shipping@ (Oil@ Pollution)@ Act ， 1971@ giving@ effect@ to@ the@ above@ Convention)@ is. However. Merchant@ exCuded@. MaL. n@ on@. and》he｛wners ， charterers. Shi. Ⅰ. n. 1979@ Act@ are@ outli ed@ as@ below. of@the@ 1976@ Conventi. wreck ， etc ， (Arti. and@ thei. 4 ， Part@ I ， Chapter@ of. li 5lity. the@. n@. of@liability@ under@. I@ and@ secti n@ 4@ of@ Schedu. under. the. 1979. Act. are. Ⅰ. the@ 1979@ Act@ (Arti le@ 3@ of. 4 ， Part@ II). stated bCow. as. ・. (A)@ The@general@limits@of@their@liability@per@any@one@incident@(Article@6@of@Schedule@4 Chapter II). ， Part@I ，. ・. (a)@ in@ respect@ of@C3ms@ for@ ss@ of@ lie@ or@ person@@ i jury (i)@ 333,000@ SDR@ for@ a@ sHp@ wih@ a@ tonnage@ not@ exceeding@ 500@ tons (ii) for‖《hp『ith‖》onnage excess》hereof,》he’o w@ g‖mount additi n》o Ⅰ. Ⅰ. that@ menti for. each. ned@ in@ (i)@above ton. from. 501. to. 3,000. tons ， 500. SDR. for@ each@ ton@ from@ 3,001@ to@ 30,000@ tons ， 333@ SDR for@ each@ ton@ from@ 30,001@. to@. 70,000@ tons ， 250@ SDR. for@ each@ ton@ in@ excess@ of@ 70,000@ tons ， 167@ SDR (b)@ in@ respect@ of@ any@ other@ C3ms (i)@ 167,000@ SDR@ for@ a@ sRp@ with@ a@ tonnage@ not@ excedi g@ 500@ tons (ii)@for@a@ship@with@a@tonnage@@@excess@thereof,@the@fo wi g@amount@@@ addii Ⅰ. that. menti. for@ each@ for@ each@ for each Notwithstandi. ned. @. (i). n@to. abovC. from@ 501@ to@ 30,000@ tons ， 167@ SDR from@ 30,001@ to@ 70,000@ tons ， 125@ SDR ton in excess of 70,000 tons ， 83 SDR. ton@ ton@. g@. the@ above@. provisi. ns ，. Artic. Ⅰ. 15@ of@ the@ 1976@ Convention@. on.

(12) 46@ (260). YOKOHAMA@BUSINESS@REVIEW. Maritime nati tons. n3@. C Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ims. Ⅴ. des. that. State. a. w@the@system@of@limitati. and《ection. ，. pro. ， Vol. liability@of@the@ owner@. may. Party. XI ， No ， 4@(1991). regu. Ⅰ. specific provisi. by. te. n@of@li Ⅰ lity@to@be@apPid@to@sHps@of@. ofヾchedule・， Part. 5. ・. to》he. II. ss@than@300. 1979、ct｝rovides》hat》he〕imits｛f. of@a@ ship@ of@less@ than@ 300@ tons@ shall@ be@. (a)@ @@ respect@of@loss@of@lie@or@personal@injury. Ⅰ. of. ns. as@. follows. ， 166,667@SDR@for@each@ton@of@the@s. Ⅱ p ，s. tonnage (b)@ in@ respect@of@any@other@cl3ms. ， 83,333@. SDR@for@each@. ton@of@the@ship. ， s@ tonnage. For》he｝urpose｛f…3cu ti g》he〕imit｛f〕iaUlity’or‘ach》on｛f》he《hp ， s》onnage， Ⅰ. the@ship ， s@tonnage@shall@be@its@gross@tonnage@calculated@in@the@manners@prescribed@by an@order@made@by@the@Secretary@of@State ， and@such@order@shall@give@effect@to@the. regulation（n、nnex！｛f》he！nternational，onvention｛nゝonnage｀easureme of@Ships ， 1969@ (section@ 5@ of@Schedu. Ⅰ. 4 ， Part@ II). (B)@ The@ lim@@ for@ passenger@ C3m In@respect@of@claims@arising@from@any@one@incident@for@loss@of@life@of@or@personal@injur to@passengers@of@a@ship ， the@limit@of@shipowner ， s@li 5lity@sh2l@be@the@amount@of@46,666 SDR m Ⅰ ti li d by the number of｝assengers whi h the sh@ authorized to carry according@ to@ the@ ship's@ certificate,@ but@ not@ exceeding@ 25@ million@ SDR@ (Art ⅠⅠ 7@ of is. Schedu. 4 ， Part. Ⅰ. The@limit@of@shipowner. I，. Chapter II) ，， s@lia5lity@as@mentioned@above@shal@be@converted@from@SDR@i. to. Sterling‖t》he…onversion〉ate’ixed｜y》he！MF｛n》he‥ate｛n『hich》he〕imitation’und（ constituted. ， payment@is@made@or@secu. Ⅰ. ty@is@Sven@(Arti. Ⅰ. 8@of@Schedu. Ⅰ. 4 ， Part@I ， Chapter@II. and@ section@ 7@ of@ Schedule@ 4 ， Part@ II) (2) Incorporation｛f》he・. thereto. The@above@1973@Convention@was@adopted@in@order@to@include@in@the@substances@subject@t regulati n@not@only@the@persistent@oil@as@provided@@@ the@1954@Convention@for@the@Preventi of@oil@Po ti n@as@amended@in@1962@and@1969@but@every@kind@of@substance@which@may@cause. n. Ⅰ. pollution｛f》he《ea， such‖s…hemicas， sewage. that@Her@Maiesty@may@by@order@@@. ， etc ，. The《ection・. CounCl@make@such@pro. Ⅴ. Ⅴ. sion@as@She@considers@appropri. des te. for》he｝urpose｛f“iving‘ffect》o》he‖bove 1973，onvention ， 1978￣rotocol》hereto ， etc ，，. and@the@order@in@Council@made@under@the@above@provision@was@put@in@force@simultaneously with@ the@ effectuation@ October@. of@the@ above@. 1973@ Convention@. and@ 1978@ Protocol@ thereto ， i， e ，， on. 2 ， 1983.. (3)@ Incorporati. n@. of@the@ 1976@ Protoco@. By《ubsect* n・. to@. the@ 1969@ Liability@ Conventi. n・. n. ， the〕imits｛f《hi owner:s〕i. secti n@4@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@(oil@Pol. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. lity｝roⅤ ded（. tion)@Act ， 1971 ， that@is， 2000@go. each》on｛f》he《Hp ， s》onnage， but］ot‘xceeding・. Ⅰ. francs@for. n“old’rancs ， were《ubstituted｜y. 133@ SDR@ for@ each@ ton@ of@the@ ship ， s@ tonnage ， but@ not@ exceeding@ 14@ million@ SDR (4)@ Incorporation@ of@the@ 1976@ protoco@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Convention By《ubsection・ 1979、ct ， 1,500 ， 2,000 ， 125［illi n‖nd・ gold@ francs@ provided@ in@section@ 5@ of@the@Merchant@Shipping@Act ， 1974@ in@respect@of@the. amount’or『hi h》he《hipowner‖nd. Ⅱ. s“uarantor《hal｜e（ndemniied｜y》he：und『ere. substituted@by@ 100 ， 133 ， 8,333,000@ and@ 14@ million@ SDR@respectively.

(13) Transition@of@Shipowners ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P &@I Clubs@in@the@UK ・. E Ⅹ 炉とⅠⅠ ねク 077 冗. とん. e. M. ピア. ・. ・. c しに田れⅠどんⅠ戸クれ窩ノ. う. Aft,. Ⅰ. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@ (261)@ 47. ・. タアヱヲ. 17.@Limitation@of@liability ， (1)@The@provisions@of@the@Convention@on@Limitation@of@Liability@for@Maritime@Claims 1976@ as@ set@ out@ @@ Part@ I@ of@Schedu referred@. (2)@The@pro. Ⅴ. 4@ to@ th@@ Act@ (hereafter@ Ⅰ. @@ th@@ secti w@ in@ the@. sions@of@Part@II@of@that@Schedule@sh3l@have@effect@@@. g@ subsecti. precedi. Ⅰ. n ， )@ sh3l@ have@ the@ force@ of@. to@ as@ 。 the@ Conventi. n@ sh3l@ have@ effect@ subject@. Schedu. Ⅰ. Kingdom. connecti. to@ the@ pro Ⅴ si ns@ of@ that@. 20.@ Prevention@ of@pollution@ from@ ships@ etc (1)@Her@Majesty@may@by@order@@@ CounCl@make@such@provisi of@gi i g@effect@to@any@provisi n@ of@any@of@the@fo wing@whi. n@ and@ @@ Part@ II@ of@that@. UHted@. n@with@the@Conventi. n ，. and@the. Part. ・. Ⅰ. n@as@She@consi ers@appropri te@for@the@purpose h@ have@been@ ratified@ by@the@ U Ⅰ ted@ Ki gdom ，. namely(a)@ the@ International@Convention@ for@ the@ Prevention@ of@ Pollution@ from@ Ships@ (including@ its@protocols， annexes and appendies) wh@ constitutes attachment to the fin3 act of the Internati n3 Conference@ on@ Marine@ Pollution@ signed@ in@ London@ on@ 2nd@ November@ 1973; (b)@ the@Protoco@re ti g@to@Interventin@on@the@Hi h@Seas@@@ Cases@of@Mari e@Po ti n@by@Substances@other than Oil whi constitutes attachment to the fin3 act aforesaid; (c)@ the@ Protocol@ relating@to@the@ said@ Convention@ which@ constitutes@ attachment@ 2@ to@ the@ final@act@of@the Internati n3 Conference on Tanker Safety and PO ti Preventi si ned London on l7th h. 1. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. h. 2. Ⅰ. n. n. @. February@ 1978; (d)@ any@ internati n3@. agreement@. n ， reducti. preventi. not@. n@ or@ contro@. menti ned@ @@ the@ precedi of@ po. Ⅰ. g@. paragraphs@ whi h@ re tes@ to@ the Ⅰ. ti n@ of@ the@ sea@ or@ other@. waters@. by@ matter@. from@. s Ⅱ ps;. and@@@ paragraph@(d)@of@th@@subsecti n@the@reference@to@an@agreement@i Cudes@an@agreement@whi h@pro Ⅴ des@for the@modiicati n@of@another@agreement ， includi g@the@modiication@of@an@agreement@menti ned@@@ paragraphs (a)@to@ (c)@of@ this@subsection (2)@The@powers@conferred@by@the@preceding@subsect*. n@to@make@pro. Ⅴ. sion@for@the@purpose@of@giving@effect@to@an. agreement@include@power@to@provide@for@the@provision@to@come@into@force@although@the@agreement@has@not@come Into. fo. Ⅰ. ce. (3)@Without@prejud@ parti u. Ⅰ. r@ i Cude@. e@to@the@generality@of@subsecti n@(1)@of@tHs@secti n ， an@order@under@that@subsecti. n@may@*. pro Ⅴ si n-. (a)@ for@applying@for@the@purpose@menti ned@in@that@subsection@any@enactment@or@i strument@relati g@to@the p0luti of the sea or other waters and any of》he fo wi enactments ， name secti ns@ 446@ to@ 450@ of@ the@ Merchant@ SHppi g@ Act@ 1894@ (whi h@ rCate@ to@ dangerous@ goods) ， secti ns@ 55@ to@ 58@ of@the@ Merchant@ Shipping@Act@ 1970@ (whi h@ re te@ to@ investi ations@of@shippi g n. Ⅰ. g. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. casu3ti. s) ，. secti ns@ 10@to@ 13@of@and@Schedules@2@and@3@to@the@Merchant@ShipPng@Act@. 1974@(whi h@rCate@to@oil. tankers); (b)@ with@ respect@ durati survey. to@. n@and@recog ，. the@ carrYng@ out@ of@surveys@ and@ i specti ns@ for@ the@ purpose@ Ⅱ. ti n@of@certificates@for@that@purpose@and@the@payment@@@. aforesaid， the@ issue ， connection@with@such@a. inspection｛r…ertiicate｛f’ees｛f‖mounts‥etermined『ith》he‖pproval｛f》heゝreasury ・. (c)@ for@repe3i. g@the@pro Ⅴ si ns@of@any@enactment@or@i strument@so@far@as@it@appears@to@Her@Majesty@that those｝roⅤ si ns‖re］ot〉equred”aⅤ ng〉egard》o‖ny｝ro Ⅴ si n［ade｛r｝roposed》o｜e［ade｜y virtue@ of@ this@section; (d)@ with@respect@to@the@apPiati n@of@the@order@to@the@Crown@and@the@extra-ter tori l@operati n@of@any pro Ⅴ si made by or under the Orde (e)@ for@the@extension@of@any@provisi ns@of@the@order ， with@or@without@modifications ， to@any@of@the@ChannC Ⅰ. n. Ⅰ.

(14) 48 (262). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， Vol XI ， No. ，. ・. 4・. Islands ， the！sle｛f｀an， any…olony‖nd‖ny…ountry｛r｝lace｛utsi e？er｀ajesty ， s‥ominions（n『hich Her@ Majesty@ has@ju sdi tion@ in@ ri ht@ of@the@ government@ of@the@ U Ⅰ ted@ Kingdom; s@@@ respect@of@any@contravention@of@a@provisi n@made@by@or@under@the@order ， not (f)@ for@imposing@penati exceeding, in respect of any one contraventi n, fine of ｣1,000 on summary convi ti and imprisonment@ for@ two@ years@ and@ a@ fine@ on@ convi ti n@ on@ indictment;@ and Ⅰ. a. for‥et3ning‖ny《h@. (g). n. respect｛f『hich《uch‖…ontravention suspected》o”ave｛ccurred‖nd ， i. @. relati n@to@such@a@ship， for@applying@secti n@692@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@Act@ the@ detenti. n@ of@a@. ship)@ with@ such@ modiicati. ns ， if@any. 1894@(whi h@relates@to. ， as@ are@ prescribed@. by@ the@ Orde. Ⅰ. and@not Ⅱ ng@@@ any@of@the@preced* g@provisi ns@of@this@subsection@shal@be@construed@as@prejudi i g@the@gener3ity of@any@ other@ of@ those@ provisions@ and@ in@ particular@ paragraph@ (f)@shall@ not@ prejudice@ paragraph@ (a) An. (4). Order. under. subsection. of》his. (1). section. may-. (a)@ make@ different@ provision@ for@different@ circumstances; (b)@ provide@ for@ exemptions@ from@ any@ pro Ⅴ sions@ of@ the@ Order; (c) provide for the de gation of’uncti ns exercisab by Ⅴ rtue of》he (d)@ i clude@ such@ inci ent2 ， supp ment3@ and@ tranSti n3@ provisions@ as@ expedient for the purposes of》he OrdeF Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. OrdeT to@. appear@. Her@ Majesty@ to@ be. (e)@ authorise@the@making@of@regulations@and@other@instruments@for@any@of@the@ purposes@of@this@section (except@the@purposes@of@paragraphs@(a)@and@(c)@of@the@preceding@subsecti Instruments Act 1946 to i struments made under the OrdeF and. n)@and@app. the@Statutory. Ⅰ. (f)@ provide@that@any@enactment@or@instrument@applied@by@the@order@shall@have@effect@as@so@applied@subjec to@. such@ modifications@as@. An｛rder . (5). areas@. may@. be@ specified@ in@ the@ Order. Council（n｝ursuance｛f｝aragraph・. of@land@. or@ sea@ or@. other@ waters@ within@ the@ seaward@ limits@ of@the@ territorial@waters@ of@the@ United. Ki gdom notwithstandi that the agreement question does not rCate to those areas ， (6)@ A@draft@of@an@order@in@Council@proposed@to@be@made@by@virtue@of@subsecti n@(1)@of@this@sectin@shall@not@be submitted@to@Her@Majesty@@@ CounCl@un ss@the@draft@has@been@approved@by@a@res0uti n@of@each@House@of Parli ment｛r》he｛rder to…ontan‖《tatement》hat（t made｛n for‖ny｛f》he’ol wi g｝urposes， namely ， the@ purpose@ of@giving@ effect@ to@ an@ agreement@ mentioned@ in@ paragraphs@ (a)@to@ (c)@of@that subsection ， the｝urpose｛f｝rovidi g‖s‖uthorised｜y《ubsection・ re t n》o《uch‖n agreement@ and@ the@ purposes@ of@the@ preceding@ subsection， or@ the@ Order@ extends@ only@ to@ a@ territory g. @. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. n. mentioned@in@subsection@(3)@. (e)@of@t@s@secti. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. and@a@statutory@instrument@cont8ni. Ⅰ. g@an@order@which. contains《uch‖《tatement《hall｜e《ubject》o‖nnulment（n｝ursuance｛f‖〉es0utin｛f‘ither？ouse｛f Parliament. ，. 38.@Replacement@of@gold@francs@by@special@drawing@rights@for@certain@purposes@of@Merchant@Shipping@ Pollution)@Act@ 1971@ and@Merchant@Shipping@Act@ 1974 (1)@ In@secti. n@4@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@(oil@Pollution)@Act@1971@(which@among@other@th@. gs@enab. Ⅰ. s@a@ship ， s. owner》o〕imit（n…ertain…ircumstances”is〕iability「nder《ection 1｛f》hat、ct《o》hat（t‥oes］ot‘xceed 2,000@ gold@ francs@for@each@ton@ of@the@ ship ， s@ tonnage@ or@210@ million@ gold@ francs ， whichever@is@ less)for》he『ords・. (a). (b). g0d francs"‖nd "210［illi. n. god francs" in《ubsection. (1). (b)》here《hall｜e. substituted@respectiCy@the@words@"133@speci and. l@drawi g@ri hts"@and@"14@millin@speci l@drawi g@ri hts";. subsections. value. (3). to. (5). (which relate. to. the. of. gold. francs). shall. cease. to. have. effect，. (2)@In@section@5@of@that@Act@(which@among@other@things@relates@to@payment@into@court@of@the@amount@of@a@li determined pursuance of》hat section)， after subsection (2) there shall be inserted the following in. subsection(2A). A｝ayment（ to…ourt｛f》he‖mount｛f‖〕imit‥etermi ed（n｝ursuance｛f》Ⅱ s《ection《hal｜e［ade.

(15)

(16) YOKOHAMA. 50@ (264) shall. conCusive. be. evidence. BUSINESS. of. REVIEW. matters. those. ， Vol. for. the. (c)@ a@document@purporting@to@be@such@a@certiicate@sh3l and ， un ss@ the@ contrary@ is@proved ， be@ deemed@ Ⅰ. (d). ・. XI ， No. ・. 4. (1991). purposes of tⅡ Act; ， in@any@proceedi gs ， be@received@in@eVdence to@ be@ such@ a@ certiicate; s. in《ection・. Ⅰ. lity’or『hih》he. said@ Fund@ is@to@ give@ indemnity)@ for@ the@ words@ "1,500@ francs"@ and@ "2,000@ francs"@ there@ shall@ be substituted〉especti ely》he『ords・. g〉ights"‖nd’or》he『ords・. and@"210@million@francs"@there@shal@be@substituted@respectively@the@words@"8,333,000@speci3@ drawing rights"@ and@ "14@ milli (e). at. the. end. of《ection. n@ 5. special@ drawing@ rights@ there. sh3l. be. fol wi. i serted the. Ⅰ. subsection-. g. g@the@amount@@@ speci3@ drawi g@rights@adjudged@to@be (8)@ For@the@purpose@of@converting@into@sterli payab by@the@Fund@by@way@of@indemnity@in@such@proceedings@as@are@mentioned@in@subsection@(4)@of this@section， paragraphs@(a)@ to@(c)@of@subsection@ (13)@of@section@4@of@this@Act@shall@have@effect(a)@ if@the@li bility@in@questi n@has@been@limited@in@pursuance@of@section@5@of@the@Merchant@Shipping (Oil P0lution) Act 1971 ， as if(i)@ for@ the@ reference@ in@ the@ sad@ paragraph@ (a)@to@ the@ amount@ there@ mentioned@ there@ were Ⅰ. substituted@ (ii). a@ reference@. to@ the@ amount@. adjudged@. as@ afores3d. ， and. for‖ny〉eference》o》he‥ay｛n『hich》he）udgment（s｛r『as“iven》here『ere《ubstituted‖. reference@to@the@day@on@which@the@determination@of@the@limit@was@made@in@pursuance@of said secti 5; and (b)@ if@the@liaLlity@in@question@has@not@been@so@limited ， with@the@modiication@made@by@paragraph@(a)@(i) n. of@this@subsection@and@as@if@for@any@reference@to@the@day@on@which@the@judgment@is@or@was@given there were substituted reference to the day on whi the said amount was so adjudge4 a. h. (f)@ in@section@6@(5)@(a)@(which@refers@to@provisions@of@the@said@article@4@as@set@out@in@Schedule@I@to@that@Act) after the words "as set out" there sh3l be inserted the words "as amended"; (g)@ in@Schedule@ I@for@the@words@"450@million@francs"@wherever@they@occur@there@shall@be@substituted@ the words@ "30@ milli n@ speci l@drawing@ Fghts"@ and@ for@ the@ words@ "900@ million@ francs"@ there@ sh3l@ be substituted@the@ words@ "60@ million@ speci2@ drawing@ rights" ・. (5)@It@is@hereby@declared@that@the@powers@to@make@orders@in@CounCl@conferred@by@section@18@of@the@sad@Act@ 1971@and@section@20@of@the@said@Act@of@1974@(whi h@provide@for@the@extension@of@those@Acts@to@any@of@the countries mentioned those secti ns and for those Acts to have effect as references them to the @. @. @. United@Kingdom@included@references@to@any@of@those@countries)@include@power@to@make@orders@in@Council in@ respect@ of@those@ Acts@ as@ amended@ by@ ths@ secti n ， (6)@ An@order@made@by@ Ⅴ rtue@of@section@52(2)@of@this@Act@whi h@apponts@a@day@for@the@coming@i of@the@ preceding@pro. State. conSders. Ⅴ. sions@of@this@secti. appropriate. in. n@may@cont3n@. connection with. the. SCHEDULE@. CONVENTION ON LIMITATION TEXT@. CHAPTER. I. ・. force. of》he. ns@as@the@. proVsi. n. Secretary@of in. question. 4 Section@. OF. 17 ， 18.@ 19 ， 49 ， 51(2). LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS. 1976. PART@ I OF@ CONVENTION. THE RIGHT ARTICLE@. Persons entitled 1.. such@ transitional@provisi. coming into. to@force@of@any. to. OF. LIMITATION. 1 limit. liability. Shipowners‖nd《alvors ， as”ereinafter‥efined ， may〕imit》heir〕iability（n‖ccordance『ith》he〉ules｛f》his.

(17) Transition@of@Shipowners. Convention@. 、 Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. for@ claims@. 2.@ The@. operations@. shall@ mean@. shall@ also@ include@. pro Ⅴ ded@. ・. K. set@out@. operati. the@ owner. ns@ referred@. Art ⅠⅠ. Ⅰ. or@is@ responsib. Ⅰ. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@. ・. ， charterer. ， manager@. (465)@. such@ person@. Ⅰ. to@ in@ Arti. 2@ are@ made@ aganst@. ㌔. h@salvage@opera. le@ 2 ， paragraph@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ons. 1@ (d) ， (e)@ and@ (f). for@whose@ act ，. 5]. ship. ， Salvage. ・. ct@ or@. defaMt@ the. d@ to@avail@ Ⅱ mself@of@the@limitation@of@li. Ulity. any@ person@. shall@be@entit. of@a@ seagoing@. or@ operator@. mean@any@person@rendering@services@in@direct@connexion@w. Ⅰ. 4.@ If@any@C3ms@ shipowner@or@sa. Clubs@in@the@U. ・. out@ in@ Article@ 2. set@. term@ "shipowner"@. 3.@ Salvor@sha. &@I. ・. neg. Ⅰ. for@ in@ th@@ Convention. 5.@ In@this@Convention@the@liability@of@a@shipowner@shall@include@liability@in@an@action@brought@against@the@vessel herself. ・. 6.@ An@i surer@of@li bility@for@clims@subject@to@limitati n@@@ accordance@with@the@ru be@ entit. Ⅰ. d@ to@ the@ benefits@ of@ this@ Conventi. n@ to@ the@. same@. as@ the@. extent@. Ⅰ. assured@. s@of@this@Convention@sh3l Ⅱ mself. ，. 7.@ The@ act@ of@invoking@ limitati n@ of@liability@ sh2l@ not@ constitute@ an@ admission@ of@liability ARTICLE@ C@aims. su 呵 ect. 2 lim Ⅰ a Ⅱ on. to. 1.@ Subject@to@Articles@3@and@4@the@following@claims ， whatever@the@basis@of@liability@may@be ， shall@be@subject@to limitation@ of@liability (a). c. ims（n〉espect｛f. Ⅰ. harbour@works. Ⅰ. ss｛f〕ie｛r｝ersonal（ jury｛r. Ⅰ. ss｛f｛r‥amage》o｝roperty・ cluding‥amage》o. ， basins@and@waterways@and@3ds@to@navigati. n) ， occur. with@the@operation@of@the@ship@or@with@salvage@operations (b). c. ng@on@board@or@@@. direct@connexion. ims（n〉espect｛f〕oss〉esⅡ ti g’rom‥elay（n》he…arriage｜y《ea｛f…argo， passengers｛r》hCr. Ⅰ. (c)@ Caims@ @@ respect@ of@other@ occurri direct connexi (d)@ c ims@@@ respect@of@the@r3si g. wrecked. n. @. ， stranded@. Ⅰ. or@ abandoned. ， including@. of@ the@ remov3. anyt. ， destructi. Ⅱ. ng@ that@. c. Ⅰ. ims@ @@ respect@. (f)@. c. Ⅰ. ims@of@a@person@other@than@the@person@liable@in@respect@of@measures@taken@@@. Ⅰ. is@ or@ has@ been@ on@ board@. the@ rendering@. n@ or@. ss’or『hch》he｝erson〕ible［ay〕imit”is〕i 5lity . Ⅰ. ggage;. Ⅰ. (e)@. caused@. Ⅰ. resulting@ from@ i fringement@ of@ rights@ other@ than@ contractu3@ rights， with the operation of the sh@ or sa age operat@ ns; g ， remov3 ， destructi n@or@the@renderi g@harm ss@of@a@ship@whch@is@sunk ， ss@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 2.@ C. Ⅱ. ， and@consequential@loss@resulting@therefrom. harmless@. such@ shi. of@ the@ cargo@. ;. of@ the@ shiP. order@to@avert@or@miUmi. accordance『ith》Hs，onvention ， and’urther. e Ⅰ. ss. by@ such@ measures. ims@set@out@@@ paragraph@1@sh3l@be@subject@to@limitati n@of@li Ulity@even@@@ brought@by@way@of@recourse@or. for@i demnity@under@a@contract@or@otherwise. ， However. ， c. Ⅰ. ims@set@out@under@paragraph@1@(d). ， (e)@and@(f)@sh3l@not. be@subject@to@limitation@of@liability@to@the@extent@that@they@relate@to@remuneration@under@a@contract@with@the@person liable. ARTICLE@ C The@. ru. Ⅰ. s@ of@ this@ Conventi. (a)@ C3ms@ (b). c. Ⅰ. for@ s3vage@. ims’or｛l｝ol. Ⅰ. n@. Ⅰ. ims@ excepted@ from@ limitati. shall@ not@ apply@. or@ cont. Ⅰ. bution@. 3 n. to. in@ general@. averagC. tion‥amage『ithin》he［eani g｛f》he！nternational，onventi n｛n，i il´ia5lity’or. Oil@Poluti n@Damage@dated@29th@November@. 1969@or@of@any@amendment@or@Protoco@. therto@whi h@@@ i. forcC. (c)@ c ims@subject@to@any@internatin@@ conventi Ⅰ. of@liability@ for@ nuclear@ (d). c. Ⅰ. ims. aganst. the. n@or@nati nal@ gis tion@governi g@or@prohi iting@limitati n Ⅰ. Ⅰ. damage. sRpowner. of‖. nuc. (e)@ cl ims@by@servants@of@the@shipowner@or@sa. Ⅰ. ar Ⅰ. ship. for. nuc. or@whose@duti. Ⅰ. ar. damagC. s@are@connected@with@the@sh@@ or@the@s3vage.

(18) 52 (266). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， Vol. ・. 4・. XI ， No ，. operations ， including…laims｛f》heir”eirs， dependants｛r｛ther｝ersons‘ntitled》o［ake《uch…laims ， if. under@the@law@governing@the@contract@of@service@between@the@shipowner@or@salvor@and@such@servants@th shipowner｛r《alvor（s］ot‘ntitled》o〕imit”is〕iability（n〉espect》o《uch…laims， or（f”e（s｜y《uch〕aw｛nly. permitted@ to@ limit@ his@ liability@to@ an@ amount@. CHAPTER. LIMITS. II ．. than@ that@ provided@ for@ in@ Article@ 6. greater@. LIABILITY. OF. ARTICLE@. 6. The@ general@ limits 1.@ The@limits@of@lia6lity@for@c shall@ be@ calculated@ (a). respect. in. ims@other@than@those@mentioned@in@Article@7. Ⅰ. ， aFsing@on@any@distinct@occasion. ，. as@ follows. of…laims. for. loss. of. injury ，. personal. or. life. (i)@ 333,000@ Units@ of@ Account@ for@ a@ sh@@ with@ a@ tonnage@ not@ exceeding@ 500@ tons ， (ii) for‖《hp『ith‖》onnage（n‘xcess》hereof ， the’ol wi g‖mount（n‖ddition》o》hat［enti ned Ⅰ. for@ each@ ton@ from@. 501@. to@ 3,000@. ， 500@ Units@. tons. (i). of@ Account. for@ each@ ton@ from@ 3,001@ to@ 30,000@ tons ， 333@ Units@ of@ Account; ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons ， 250 Units of Account ， and. for each. for@ each@ ton@ in@ excess@ (b). respect of‖ny. @. (i)@ 167,000@. of@ 70,000@. of@ Account@. for@ a@ ship@ with@ a@ tonnage@. (ii)@ for@a@ship@with@a@tonnage@in@excess@thereof@the@fol for. each. ton. from. for@ each@ ton@ from@. of@ Account. ，. C3ms,. other. Units@. tons ， 167@ Units@. 501. to. 30,001@. Ⅰ. 30,000 tons to@ 70,000@. ，. 167. not@ exceeding@. wi. Unis. 500@ tons ，. g@amount@in@additi of. tons ， 125@ Units@. n@to@that@mentioned@@@. (i). Account of@ AccounL@. and. for@ each@ ton@ @@ excess@ of@ 70,000@ tons ， 83@ U Ⅰ ts@ of@ Account 2.@Where@the@amount@c3culated@in@accordance@with@paragraph@1(a)@is@i suffici nt@to@pay@the@cl2ms@mentioned therein@in@full ， the@amount@c3culated@in@accordance@with@paragraph@ 1@(b)@shall@be@availabfor@payment@of@the unpaid@ balance@ of@claims@ under@ paragraph@ 1@(a)@and@ such@ unpaid@ balance@ shall@rank@ rateably@ with@ claims mentioned@ under@ paragraph@ 1@ (b) Ⅰ. 4.@The@limits@of@liability@for@any@salvor@not@operating@from@any@ship@or@for@any@salvor@operating@solely@ ship@to. ， or@in@respect@of@whi. Ⅰ， 500. tons. h@he@@@. rende. ng@salvage@servies ， sh3l@be@caculated@accordi. Ⅱ. ARTICLE@. g@to@a@tonnage@of. 7. The limit for passenger claims 1.@In@respect@of@claims@arising@on@any@distinct@occasion@for@loss@of@life@or@personal@injury@to@passengers@of@a@sh ，. the@limit@of@liability@of@the@shipowner@thereof@shall@be@an@amount@of@46,666@Units@of@Account@multiplied@by number@of@passengers@which@the@ship@is@authorised@to@carry@according@to@the@ship 25@ million@. Units@. of@ Account. 2.@For@the@purpose@of@tRs@Art any@. such@ claims@. ， s@certificate ， but@not@exceeding. brought@. Ⅰ. le@"cl8ms@for@lss@of@lie@or@person3@ i jury@to@passengers@of@a@s Ⅱ p"@shal@mean. by@ or@ on@ behalf@of@. any@. carried@. person@. in@ that@ ship. (a)@ under@ a@ contract@ (b). who. ，. of@passenger@carriage,@ or with》he…onsent｛f》he…arri r ， accompanYng‖」ehicle｛r〕ie‖. contract@. @. for@ the@ carriage@. PART@. PROVISIONS@. Ⅱ. m3s『hih‖re…overed｜y‖. of@ goods. HAVING@. EFFECT@. II. IN@ CONNECTION@. Interpretation. WITH@. CONVENTION.

(19) 1.@ In@ this@ Part@ of@this@ Schedule@ Convention@. wh@. any@ reference@. ・. ・. ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P &@I Cl bs@in@the@U K ・. TranStion@of@Shiowners. to@ a@ numbered@. arti. Ⅰ. (Takatada@Imaiumi)@. ・. is@ a@ reference@. 53. (267)@. to@ the@ article@ of@the. h@ is@ so@ numbered. lia5lity 2.@The@ri ht@to@limit@liability@under@the@Conventi n@shal@app @@ re tion@to@any@sHp@whether@seag0ng@or@not and@ the@ defiHti n@ of@ "sⅡ powner"@ @@ paragraph@ 2@ of@Arti 1@ sh3l@ be@ construed@ accordi gy Right. limit. to. Ⅰ. ，. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 3.@@(1)@ Paragraph@. I@ (d)@of@Arti. Ⅰ. Claims@ subject@ to@ limitation 2@ sh Ⅰ l@not@ app@@ un ss@ proviion@ has@ been@ made@ by@ an@ order@ of@the Ⅰ. Secretary@of@State@ for@the@setting@up@ and@ management@of@a@fund@to@ conservancy@authoFti paragraph@ by@cont. s@of@payments@needed@to@compensate@them@for@the@reducti. 1@ (d) ， of@amounts@recoverab@@ bu. Ⅱ. sums@. Ⅰ. n，. by@them@in@Caims@of@the@Lnd@there@menti. ons@from@such@authoFti. raised@. so@. be@ used@ for@the@ maKng@to@harbour@or. s@raied@and@col. @@ consequence@of@the@s. cted@by@them@in@respect@of@vessCs@in@li. Ⅰ. ㍉. ned ， and@to@be@m@nt. Ⅰ. d. ned. e@manner@as@other. bv@ them. (2)@Any@order@under@sub-paragraph@(1)@above@may@cont3n@such@i. Cdent@@. and@supp. Ⅰ. ment@@. pro. Ⅴ. si ns@as. the@ Secretary@ of@State@ to@ be@ necessary@ or@ expedi nt (3)@If@immedi tCy@before@the@comi g@i to@force@of@secti n@17@of@th@@ Act@an@order@@@ @@ force@under@secti n@2@(6) and@ Others)@ Act@ 1958@ (whi h@ cont@ns@ pro Sons of@ the@ Merchant@ ShipPng@ (L@ 5lity@ of@ S Ⅱ powners@ correspondi g@ to@ those@ of@th@@ paragraph)@ that@ order@ shal@ have@ Cfect@ as@ @@ made@ under@ tHs@ paragraph appear@. to@. Ⅴ. Cl3. exCuded. ms. from. n. limitati. 4.@@(1)@The@c ims@exCuded@from@the@Conventi n@by@paragraph@ (b)@of@Arti 3@are@c ims@@@ respect@of@any li Ulity@ i curred@ under@ secti n@ 1@ of@ the@ Merchant@ ShipPng@ (Oil@ Polluti n)@ Act@ 1971. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (2)@The@claims@excluded@from@the@Conven sec. Ⅰ. 7@ to@. ons@. 11@. of@. the@. Nuclear@. Ⅰ. Installa. on@by@paragraph@(c)@of@Ar Act@. Ⅰ. ons@. ひ. 5hip. The@. 5.一 (1)In[heapp lf 一 ( ) Par ひ graph (b)@ paragraph@. caUonof"Arhcle6[0. Ⅱ. as@ may@. (3)@Any@order@under@th@@. effect@to@the@regu. Ⅰ. limis. gener3@. Ⅱれ h. Ⅱ. tonnagele5s[h. (i) referred I0 16 む， 667 L,n Ⅰ s 0 Ⅰ， ACCoun (b)@ (@@ referred@ to@ 83,333@ Unis@ of@ Account. (2)@For@the@purposes@of@ArtiCe@6@and@th@@. paragraph@a@ship. be@ prescFbed@. cle@3@are@claims@made@by@virtue@of@any@of. 1965. (a). Ⅱ. such@ manner@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. は. じ. n3()0[onsthalarhClesh. はⅡ. hat.eef"fモ Ct ひ s. and. ， s@tonnage@shal@be@its@gross@tonnage@c@cu. ted@i. Ⅰ. by@ an@ order@ made@ by@ the@ Secretary@ of@ State. paragraph@sh3l. ， so@far@as@appears@to@the@Secretary@of@State@to@be@practi. ti ns@in@Annex@I@of@the@Internation@@. ab. Conventon@of@Tonnage@Measurement@of@Ships@. Ⅰ. ， gi e. 1969. Limit for passenger c ims 6.-@(1)@In@the@case@of@a@passenger@steamer@wihin@the@meaning@of@Pan@III@of@the@Merchant@Shipp@ g@Act@1894 Ⅰ. the@ship under@. ， s@certi@. secti. ate@mentoned@in@. paragraph@. I@ of@Arti. 7@sh@l@be@the@passenger@steamer. Ⅰ. ， s@cer. Ⅰ. ficate@issued. n@ 274@ of@ that@ Act. (2)@In@paragraph@2@of@Arti 7@the@reference@to@C3ms@brought@on@beha of@a@person@inCudes@a@reference@to any@cl3m@@@ respect@of@the@death@of@a@person@under@the@Fat3@ AcCdents@Act@1976 ， the@Fatal@AcCdents@(Northern IrCand)@ Order@ 1977@ or@ the@ Damages@ (Scot nd)@ Act@ 1976 Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Un@. s. Account. of. 7. 一 (I)F[)rthepurposeofconVerdng[heam()uIl[sn]en. i to@ste. 且1-Ⅱ clcS6. は [1d7f. Ⅰ ()m. speCi. は ldr ね Ⅱ㎞じ Ⅱぎ h[s. ing@one@speC3@ drawi g@right@shal@be@treated@as@equ Ⅰ to@such@a@sum@@@ steFi g@as@the@Internati n@ Fund@ have@ fixed@ as@ bCng@ the@ equi al nt@ of@one@ speci l@drawi g@ ght@ for-. Ⅱ. Monetary@. Ⅱ. (a)@ the@ re (b). Ⅱ Onedin,. @. Ⅰ. vant@ date@ under@. paragraph@. I@ of@Arti. no《um”as｜een《o’ixed’or》hat‥ate， the. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 8@ or. st｝receding‥ate’or『hi h‖《um”as｜een《o’ixed.

(20) 54 (268) (2). YOKOHAMA@BUSINESS@. certificate given. A. (a)@ that@a@particu parti u. Ⅰ. r@. Ⅰ. datC@. ， Vol ， XI ， No. by or on beha of》he Treasury statingr@sum@@@ sterling@has@been@fixed@as@mentioned@@@. 4@(1991). ・. Ⅰ. the@precedi g@sub-paragraph@. for@a. or. that］o《um”as｜een《o’ixed’or》hat‥ate‖nd》hat‖｝artiur《um（n《teTing”as｜een《o’ixed’or‖. (b). Ⅰ. date@ which@ shall@be@conclusi. is@ the@ last@ preceding@. to@ be@. has@ been@ so@ fixed. a@ sum@. ， in@any@proceedings. Ⅰ. ， be@received@in@evidence@and. s;@and@a@document@purporting@to. ， unless@the@contrary@is@proved. ， be. such@ a@ certificate. 1981@ (giving@effect@to@the@1979@Protocol@to@the@ 1957@Convention@on. 9.@Merchant@Shipping@Act,@ owners. date@ for@ which@. e@e Ⅴ dence@of@those@matters@for@the@purposes@of@those@Arti. be@such@a@certificate@shall deemed@. Shi. REVIEW. ， Li 5lity). By@ section@ 1@of@the@above@ 1981@ Act ， the@gold@ francs@being@the@ unit@of@account@of@the@limits@ of lia5lity@of@shipowners@and@others@pro Ⅴ ded@@@ the@Merchant@Shipping@(Li bility@of@Shipowners@and Others)@. Act ， 1958@ as@ menti. ned@ @@ 2@ above@ was@. substituted@. by@ the@ SDR@. as@. bCow. (1)@ liability@ of@ shipowners 3,100“od francs’or｝erson@ damage‖nd 1,000 gold francs for｝roperty‥amage’or each@ton@of@the@ship. ， s@tonnage@provided@in@section@503@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@Act. ， 1894@as. amended｜y》he・ SDR@for@property@damage@for@each@ton@of@the@ship. ， s@tonnage@respectively@(subsection@2@. of. section@ 1) (2)@ liability@ of@owners@. of@docks. ， harbour@. authorities ， etc. 1,000@ gold@francs@for@property@damage@for@each@ ton@of@the@tonnage@of@the@largest@ship whi h‘ntered》he‥ock ， harbour ， etc ， duTng》he｝ast’ive【ears‖s｝rovided section・ the@Merchant@Shipping@(Li. 5lity@of@S Ⅱ powners@and@others)@Act. ， 1900@as@amended@by@the. 1958、ct『as‖so《ubstituted｜y・. (subsecti and@it@was@pro. Ⅴ. n@. Ⅱ. p. 4@ of@ section@ 1). ded@in@subsection@3@of@section@1@of@the@1981@Act@that@the@conversion@of@the@SDR@into Ⅲ 3de@ at@ the@ conversion@ rate@ prevailing. sterling@ should@ be@. (a)@ if@a@limitation@action@is@brought (b). @. any other. case,. The@ 1976@ Convention@. on. on@. the. ， on@the@date@on@which@the@limitation@fund@is@constituted date. the）udgment. of. Maritime@ C. December@1986.@Under@the@circumstances. Ⅰ. ims@. menti. as@. ， the@pro. Ⅴ. questi. @. n. ， and. ，. ned@ in@ 8@ above@. was@. not@ effecti e@ until. si ns@in@the@above@1981@Act@amen4ng@the@1894. and@1900@Acts@were@made@as@the@interim@legislation@pending@the@effectuation@of@the@provisions@in@t Merchant@. Shipping@ Act ， 1979@ corresponding@ E. 1.. (1). Ⅹ 比携c ぬアナ 0 用. Ⅰ. んピ. M. to@ the@ above@ 1976@ Convention ピア c ん打打. f S んぅカク. Ⅰ. れg. Aci, Jg8J. Substitutionof special drawing rights in limitation provisions of Merchant Shipping Acts Section 503 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1984 ， as amended by the Merchant ShpPng (Li bility of. Shipowners@and@others)@Act@ 1958 ， shall@have@effect@subject@to@the@proviSons@of@subsect@ n@(2)@and@(3)@bCow ， bCng@ provisi ns@ consequenti l@on@ a@ Protoc0@ signed@ on@ 21st@ December@ 1979@ amending@ the@ Internati n3 Conventi n@ of@ 1957@ rCati g@ to@ the@ limitati n@ of@ the@ liability@of@owners@ of@sea-gong@ shi s ・. (2)@The@amounts@per@ton@to@be@taken@into@account@under@subsection@(1)@(i)@and@(ii)@of@the@said@secti. n@503@shall. i stead@ of@bCng@ amounts@ respecti ely@ equivalent@ to@ 3,100@ and@ 1,000@ g0d@ francs ， be@ amounts@ equi a nt@ to@ 206.67@ and@ 66.67@ speC@@ drawing@ rights. respectively. Ⅰ. ，.

(21) n@of@SRpowners. TranSti. drawi. (3)@The@speC2@. ， Li. lity@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. Ⅰ. &@I. ・. Cl bs@@@ the@U K. ・. g@rights@referred@to@above@are@the@speci. ・. l@drawing@. Ⅰ. (Takatada@ImGzumi)@. ・. (269)@ 55. ghts@as@defined@by@the@Internati. n3. Monetary@ Fund ， and@ their@ equivalent@ shall@ be@ determined@ on@ the@ basis@ of@the@ value@ of@ sterling(a)@ @@ a@ limitati n@ act n@ is@brought ， on@ the@ date@ on@ whi h@ the@ limitat n@ fund@ @@ constituteⅠ and Ⅰ. (b)@ @@ any@. other@. (4)@The@ amount@ Shipowners@ equi. Ⅰ. case ， on@ the@. per@ ton@ to@. date@ of@ the@judgment@. be@ taken@ i. to@ account@. and@ Others)@. Act ， 1900 ， as@ amended@. 1,000@god@. francs ， be@an@amount@equi. alent@to@. in@ question. under@ secti. by@ the@ a. Ⅰ. n@. d@ Act@of@. sⅠ. nt@[email protected]@. ・. 2@ of@the@ Merchant@ SHppi. g@. (Li blity@ of. 1958 ， sh3l ， i stead@ of@bCng@an@ speci l@drawi. g@. Ⅱ. ghts@and@. amount. subsecti. n@ (3). above@ sh3l@ app aso@ for@ the@ purposes@ of@ tHs@ subsecti n (5)@In@ secti n@ 1@ (1)@of@the@ said@ Act@ of@ 1958@ (whi h@ @@ in@ part@ superseded@ by@ the@ foregong@ provisi ns)(a)@ the@ words@ from@ "or@ secti n@ two"@ to@ the@ end@ of@ paragraph@ (b)@shall@ be@ omitted;@ and (b)@ for@the@words@"and@the@number@by@whi h@the@amount@substituted@by@paragraph@(a)@of@th@@ subsecti n@is Ⅰ. to@be@multiplied"@there@shall@be@substituted@the@words@"the@number@by@which@the@amount@equivalent@ 206.67@ speC3@ drawing@ ghts@ @@ to@ be@ mutipli d (6)@In@section@5@of@the@sa@@Act@of@1958@ (release@of@sh@@ where@guarantee@Sven@@@ Convention@country)@"the Convention"@ shall@ mean@ the@ Convention@ there@ mentioned@ with@ or@ without@ the@ amendments@ made@ by@ the Ⅱ. Protoco@. referred@. to@ in@ subsecti. Ⅰ. n@ (1)@ above@. and@ "Conventi. n@ country"@. sh3l@ be@ construed@. accordi. g. Ⅰ. 10.@Merchant@ Shipping@ Act,@ 1984 The@above@ 1984@Act@was@ SHppi g@ (Tonnage)@ Regu Tonnage@. Measurement@. By@th@@ Act ， the@s Ⅱ. Ⅰ. passed@to@i corporate@into@the@ Merchant@SHpping@Act@the@ Merchant ti ns ， 1982@ whi h@ gave@ effect@ to@ the@ Internation3@ Conventi n@ on. of@Shi p. 1969@ that@ became@. s，. ， s@tonnage@as@the@bas@@. effecti e@ in@Ju. of@cacu. 1982. Ⅰ. ti g@the@limits@of@shipowners. Ⅰ. ， lia5lity@whi. h. had@been@ the@registered@tonnage@with@ the@additi n@of@any@enSne@room@ space@deducted@for@the purpose@of@ascert3ning@that@tonnage@@under@subsecti n@2@of@sectin@503@of@the@Merchant@ShipPng ㏄. Act ， 1894@as@amended@by@the@1906@Act@and@subsecti PO. Ⅰ. ti n)@Act,@ 1971@ was@amended@to@"the@register@tonnage@but@without@ma tonnage@. any@. n@2@of@secti n@4@of@the@Merchant@Shipping@(oil. 3lowance@. for@ propCl@. g@. machi Ill. As@ menti adopted@. ned@ above ， 3most@. before@. 1984@ were@. ng@any@deduction@of. Supplements. @l@ of@the@ i tern3tonal@. i corporated@. Ⅱ. space"@ (section@ 12). ery@. conventions@. i to@ the@ BLtish@. rCati g@ to@ the@ oil@ polluti. n. l ws ，. Subsequently ， the@ 1984@Protocol@to@the@ 1969@Liability@Convention@and@the@1984@Protocol@to@the 1971@ Fund@Convention@were@adopted@at@the@internati. conference@held@in@London@in@April@and. n@@. May@ 1984.@The@purpose@of@these@protocos@was@to@i. crease@the@limits@of@sHpowners'@li Ulity@and. compensation@by@the@Fund@under@the@above@Conventions@in@view@of@the@depreciati n@of@monetary vaue@and@the@experiences@of@ol@po ti n@i Cdents@whi h@actu3 occurred@during@more@than@ten Ⅰ. years@Snce@the@adopti bC. ow. Ⅰ. n@of@the@above@Conventi. ns. ・. The@contents@of@these@Protocos@are@as@stated. ・. (1)@ the@ 1984@ Protoco@ The@limits@of@shi. to@ the@ 1969@ Li bility@Conventi. to@. amended@. 3. ， s@tonnage. nヾDR「nder》he・ the@ fo. Ⅰ. a. 's. @. ， n. wi g@ amounts. milli n SDR for ship not exceeding 5,000 tons (b)@ for@a@ship@exceeding@5,000@tons@but@not@exceeding@140,000@tons the shi tonnage excess of・ tons additi n to. (a). by@ the@ 1976@ Protoco. ， liability@whi h@are@ 133@SDR@for@each@ton@of@the@sRp. owners. but］ot‘xceeding・ shall@ be@ amended@. n@ as@. @. ， 420@SDR@for@each@ton@of 3. milli. n. SDR,. and.

(22) 56 (270). YOKOHAMA@BUSINESS@REVIEW. ， Vol ， XI ， No. ， 4@(1991). SDR for ship exceeding 140,000 tons ， (2)@the@1984@ Protocol@to@the@1971@ Fund@ Convention@as@amended@ by@the@ 1976@ Protocol The limit｛f》he‖ggregate‖mount｛f…ompensation｝ayable｜y the Fund per‖ny｛ne (c). 59.7. million. a. i Cdent@(i Cudi g@the@amount@of@damages@actu3 paid@by@the@s Ⅱ powner@under@(1)@above), which@was,@as@mentioned@in@7@above ， increased@from@450@million@gold@francs@(or@30@million SDR)‖t》he《tart》o・ n“o francs・ nヾDR)‖s’rom、pFl 1 ， 1979 ， to Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 787.5@. Ⅲ. llion@gold@francs@([email protected]@million@SDR)@as@from@december@1. ， 1986@and@to@900@. llion. Ⅲ. ， 1987 ， shall@be@increased@to@135@million. gold@francs@(or@60@million@SDR)@as@from@December@1. SDR ， and@ further@to@ 200@ million@ SDR@when@ there@are@ three@State@Parties@ to@ the@ above@ 1984 Protocol@@@ respect@of@wh h@the@combined@quantity@of@oil@recei ed@by@persons@in@such@States Ⅰ. during the. preceding calendar. year. equalled. or. exceeded 600. million tons ，. It@cannot@ be@ anticipated@when@ the@ above@ 1984@ Protocols@ will@become@. effective The@ United ・. Ki gdom@has@not@yet@rat*ied@these@Protoc0s@as@at@the@end@of@December@1987.@When@the@U Kingdom@has@ratified@them. Ⅰ. ted. ， the@necessary@amendments@to@the@British@laws@will@naturally@be@made. anc Ur ns l ⅠⅠ. P 甘U n. am. Imaizumi. da. [Takata. National. Yokoha.

(23)