᪩✄⏣ᏛᑂᰝᏛㄽᩥ
༤ኈ㸦ே㛫⛉Ꮫ㸧
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ឤ▱㡿ᇦࡀ
᧯సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪
Influences of Surface Property and Sensitive Area on Operability of Touch-Sensitive Screens
㸰㸮㸯㸲ᖺ㸯᭶
᪩✄⏣ᏛᏛ㝔 ே㛫⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉
すᮧ ᓫᏹ
NISHIMURA, Takahiro
◊✲ᣦᑟᩍဨ㸸 ⸨ᮏ ᾈᚿ ᩍᤵ
せ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸPMP࡞ࡢᦠᖏ➃ᮎ㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺPC㸪ATM㸪 㥐ࡢๆᶵ㸪〇㐀⌧ሙࡢFA ࣔࢽࢱ㸪㌴㍕ࣔࢽࢱ㸪㟁Ꮚ㯮ᯈ㸪་⒪ࣔࢽࢱ㸪POS ࣞࢪ ࢫࢱ࡞㸪ከᒱࡢศ㔝ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᡃࠎࡢ⏕ά࡞
ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ
ࣝࡢ㟂せࡣᚋࡶࡲࡍࡲࡍቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢணࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㛵㐃ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ◊
✲࡞ࡀ┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ୍᪉࡛㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳ
ࣃࢿࣝࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿㄢ㢟ࡶᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ
ࡢࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘ཬࡧࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࡢࢹࢨࢼࡀタィࡢ㝿ཧ⪃ࡍࡁࣄࢺࡢ᧯స≉
ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢࡀ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡀᨾ㸪࣮ࣘࢨᑐࡋ࡚タィୖࡢ㓄៖ࡀ༑ศ
࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢹࢨࣥࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ලయⓗࡣ㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝ
ᩍ⛉᭩ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ศ㔝࡛ࡢά⏝ࡀὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎ࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢹࢫ
ࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ࡼࡿᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ᧯సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸ࡗࡓၥ㢟ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูࡢᕷሙ࡛᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ࢩ࢙
ࢆ༨ࡵࡿᦠᖏ➃ᮎ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿᣑࡀࡾࢆࡶࡗࡓᣦඛࡢ᥋ゐ㠃࡛᧯సࡍࡿࡀᨾ⮬
㌟ࡢពᅗࡋࡓ⨨ࢆ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࣑ࢫࢱࢵࣉࡀ㢖Ⓨࡍࡿ
࠸ࡗࡓၥ㢟ࡶ౫↛ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶྥୖྥࡅ࡚㸪ࣄࢺࡢ᧯స≉ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ
ᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓ㸬ලయⓗࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᕷሙࢆ≌ᘬࡍࡿࢱࣈ
ࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡢྛࢹࣂࢫࡘ࠸࡚㸪͆ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧͇͆ࢱࢵ
ࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦ͇ࡑࢀࡒࢀ╔┠ࡋ㸪ྛᅉᏊ᧯సᛶࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢホ౯ᐇ 㦂ࢆᐇࡋࡓ㸬
ᮏㄽᩥࡢ➨ 1 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ᗎㄽࡋ࡚㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ┠ⓗ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ
㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢ㸪ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡓ㸬
➨ 2 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝᩍ⛉᭩ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ศ㔝࡛ࡢά⏝ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ
➃ᮎࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ࡼࡿᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ᧯సᛶཬࡰ
ࡍᙳ㡪ࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ㸬ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪ᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡀ␗࡞ࡿࢹࢫࣉࣞ⾲㠃ࢆ⌧ࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡲࡎᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡀほⓗ␗࡞ࡿࣇ࣒ࣝࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓ㸬ḟ㸪ᣦඛࡢ
ࡢᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡀ᧯సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆㄪࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࣇ࣒ࣝ⾲㠃ࡢ⟬⾡ᖹ ᆒ⢒ࡉࡀࡁ࠸ືᦶ᧿ಀᩘࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ᑕ㜵Ṇᛶ⬟ࢆࡶࡘࣥࢳࢢࣞࣇ
࣒ࣝࡢືᦶ᧿ಀᩘࡣ㸪⪏᧿യᛶ⬟ࢆࡶࡘࣁ࣮ࢻࢥ࣮ࢺࣇ࣒ࣝࡢ࠾ࡼࡑ3 ศࡢ1࡛࠶
ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪᭤⥺ࢆࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡍࡿ᧯స࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞⠊ᅖࡢᦶ᧿ᢠࢆ⾲
㠃ࡍࡇࡼࡗ࡚᧯సࡢṇ☜ᛶࡀྥୖࡋ㸪ᩳ⥺ࡸ┤⥺ࢆࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡍࡿ᧯సࡸᣦඛ ࡢṆࡵ࣭᪉ྥ㌿ࢆక࠺᧯స࡛ࡣ⾲㠃ࡢᦶ᧿ᢠࢆࡁࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡛᧯సࡢṇ☜ᛶࡣ
ྥୖࡍࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢹࢫࣉࣞ
ࡸࢹࢫࣉࣞಖㆤࣇ࣒ࣝࡢ⾲㠃タィ㝿ࡋ࡚ཧ⪃࡞ࡿࡶ㸪ᣦඛࡢࡾ
᫆ࡉ㓄៖ࡋࡓࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࡢタィᣦ㔪ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬
➨ 3 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࡛᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ྜࢆ༨ࡵࡿᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡘ࠸
࡚㸪GUI ࡢタィᣦ㔪౪ࡍࡿ᧯స≉ᛶࡢᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋ㸪࣏ࣥࢸ
ࣥࢢ≉ᛶࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡢ᧯
స᪉ἲ╔┠ࡋ㸪∦ᡭ᧯స୧ᡭ᧯సࡢ᪉࠾ࡅࡿ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸ㸪࣏
ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⢭ᗘ㸪࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ㛫ࡢྛᣦᶆࢆㄪࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᧯స ᪉ἲ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞୖࡢ⾲♧⨨ࡼࡗ࡚ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ࣏ࣥࢸ
ࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸഴྥࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪∦ᡭ᧯స࡛ࡣ㸪ẕᣦᡭ᰿
୰ᡭ㛵⠇ࢆᇶⅬࡋࡓᘼ≧ࡢ㡿ᇦ࠾࠸࡚㸪࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࡢ⢭ᗘཬࡧ㏿ࡉࡣྥୖ
ࡍࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪୧ᡭ᧯స࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞୖࡢ⾲♧⨨ࡼࡿ࣏
ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⢭ᗘࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ᣦࡢึᮇ⨨ࡽ㐲࠸㊥㞳࠶ࡿࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ
ᑐࡋ࡚㸪࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ㛫ࡣ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ᐇ㦂ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓ
ࡽࢀࡓ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸࡀᴃ࡛㏆ఝⓗ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᴃࡼࡿ
ࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦࡢタィᡭἲࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᴃࡢࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪≉ᐃ ࡢ᪉ྥ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸࡀ೫ࡿࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺᑐࡋ࡚㸪ṇ ᪉ᙧࡼࡿタィᡭἲࡼࡾࡶຠ⋡ⓗࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦࢆタィ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸬
➨4❶࡛ࡣ㸪⤖ㄽࡋ࡚㸪➨2❶➨3❶࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ⤫ᣓࡋ㸪ᮏ◊✲
ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢព⩏ࡘ࠸࡚ࡲࡵࡿࡶ㸪ᚋࡢᒎᮃࢆ㏙ࡓ㸬 ᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡓ▱ぢࡀ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘ཬࡧࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࡢタィ㛵ࢃ
ࡿࢹࢨࢼά⏝ࡉࢀ㸪ࣄࢺࡢ᧯స≉ᛶ㓄៖ࡋࡓࢹࢨࣥࡀࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛㸪ࢱࢵ
ࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶྥୖࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸㸬
せ
ㄽᩥ┠ḟ ... i
ᅗ⾲┠ḟ ... iv
➨1❶ ᗎㄽ 1.1 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ ... 2
1.1.1 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢṔྐ ... 2
㸦1㸧ᾏእࡢືྥ ... 2
㸦2㸧ᅜෆࡢືྥ ... 5
1.1.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᕷሙືྥ ... 8
㸦1㸧ᕷሙయࡢືྥ ... 8
㸦2㸧᪉ᘧูࡢᕷሙືྥ ... 8
㸦3㸧ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูࡢᕷሙືྥ ... 11
1.1.3 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧཬࡧᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ ... 12
㸦1㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧ... 12
㸦2㸧ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ ... 15
㸦3㸧ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ ... 17
1.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢ ... 20
1.2.1 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯స᪉ἲ ... 20
1.2.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ ... 21
㸦1㸧ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ≉ᛶ ... 22
㸦2㸧࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ࠾ࡅࡿ᧯సᛶࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ ... 23
㸦3㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶホ౯ࡢᚲせᛶ ... 26
1.2.3 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢࢢࣛࣇ࣮࢝ࣝࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ ... 27
1.2.4 ISO 9241-9࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢタィୖࡢせồ㡯ཬࡧ ᥎ዡ㡯 ... 29
1.2.5 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ ... 30
1.2.6 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿㄢ㢟 ... 33
㸦1㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿㄢ㢟 ... 33
㸦2㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿㄢ㢟 ... 35
1.4 ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂ ... 37
➨2❶ ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎ࠾ࡅࡿࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ࡀ ᧯సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪 2.1 ┠ⓗ... 40
2.2 ࣇ࣒ࣝࡢ㑅ᐃ ... 40
2.2.1 ᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡢホ౯ᑐ㇟ࣇ࣒ࣝ ... 40
2.2.2 ⟬⾡ᖹᆒ⢒ࡉࡢ ᐃ᪉ἲཬࡧ ᐃ⤖ᯝ ... 41
2.2.3 ືᦶ᧿ಀᩘࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲཬࡧ⟬ฟ⤖ᯝ ... 42
㸦1㸧ືᦶ᧿ಀᩘࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 42
㸦2㸧ືᦶ᧿ಀᩘࡢ⟬ฟ⤖ᯝཬࡧ⪃ᐹ ... 43
2.3 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡢ᧯సᛶホ౯ ... 45
2.3.1 ᐇ㦂ཧຍ⪅ ... 45
2.3.2 ᐇ㦂ㄢ㢟 ... 45
2.3.3 ᡭ⥆ࡁ ... 46
2.3.4 ホ౯ᣦᶆཬࡧࡑࡢゎᯒ᪉ἲ ... 47
㸦1㸧ṇ࡛ࡢ᭤⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 47
㸦2㸧ṇ୕ゅᙧ࡛ࡢᩳ⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 48
㸦3㸧ṇ᪉ᙧ࡛ࡢ┤⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 48
㸦4㸧ṇ୕ゅᙧཬࡧṇ᪉ᙧ࡛ࡢᢡ⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 49
㸦5㸧ṇ୕ゅᙧཬࡧṇ᪉ᙧ࡛ࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡢ⤊Ⅼ࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞 ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 49
㸦6㸧㏿ࡉࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲ ... 49
2.3.5 ⤖ᯝ ... 50
㸦1㸧᭤⥺࣭ᩳ⥺࣭┤⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⤖ᯝ ... 50
㸦2㸧ᢡ⥺࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⤖ᯝ ... 52
㸦3㸧ࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡢ⤊Ⅼ࠾ࡅࡿࢬࣞ㔞ࡢ⤖ᯝ ... 52
㸦4㸧㏿ࡉࡢ⤖ᯝ ... 53
2.4 ⪃ᐹ ... 55
2.5 ᑠᣓ ... 56
3.1 ┠ⓗ... 59
3.2 ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ≉ᛶࡢホ౯ ... 59
3.2.1 ᐇ㦂ཧຍ⪅ ... 59
3.2.2 ᐇ㦂ㄢ㢟 ... 59
3.2.3 ᧯స᪉ἲ ... 61
3.2.4 ᡭ⥆ࡁ ... 62
3.2.5 ホ౯ᣦᶆཬࡧࡑࡢゎᯒ᪉ἲ ... 62
3.2.6 ⤖ᯝ ... 63
㸦1㸧࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸ ... 63
㸦2㸧࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࡢ⢭ᗘཬࡧ㏿ࡉ ... 67
3.2.7 ⪃ᐹ ... 68
㸦1㸧࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸ ... 68
㸦2㸧࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࡢ⢭ᗘཬࡧ㏿ࡉ ... 69
3.3 ࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦࡢタィᡭἲ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ウ ... 70
3.3.1 ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ⨨ࡢศᕸࡢ≉ᚩ ... 70
3.3.2 ࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦࡢタィᡭἲ ... 71
3.3.3 ࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦࡢホ౯ ... 72
㸦1㸧ホ౯᪉ἲ ... 72
㸦2㸧⤖ᯝཬࡧ⪃ᐹ ... 72
3.4 ᑠᣓ... 75
➨4❶ ⤖ㄽ 4.1 ᮏ◊✲ࡢࡲࡵ ... 78
4.2 ᮏ◊✲ࡢព⩏ ... 80
4.3 ᚋࡢᒎᮃ ... 81
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ ... 85
ㅰ㎡ ... 93
◊✲ᴗ⦼୍ぴ ... 95
➨1❶ ᗎㄽ
Fig.1.1 Hurst, G. Sam (left), founder of Elographics, Inc. and “Elograph” [1-7] ... 2
Fig.1.2 Curved glass touch sensor developed by Elographics[1-7] ... 3
Fig.1.3 The transparent capacitative touch screen, developed by CERN[1-9] ... 3
Fig.1.4 HP-150 (Hewlett-Packard Co.)[1-10] ... 4
Fig.1.5 Newton (Apple, Inc.)[1-11] ... 5
Fig.1.6 Simon (IBM)[1-12] ... 5
Fig.1.7 iPhone (Apple, Inc.)[1-13] ... 5
Fig.1.8 iPad (Apple, Inc.)[1-13] ... 6
Fig.1.9 Kindle Fire (Amazon.com, Inc.)[1-14] ... 6
Fig.1.10 Nexus7 (Google Inc.) [1-15] ... 6
Fig.1.11 Surface (Microsoft Corp.)[1-16] ... 6
Fig.1.12 Ticket vending machine in JR East ... 7
Fig.1.13 WS003SH (SHARP Corp.)[1-17] ... 7
Fig.1.14 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens[1-17, 1-18]... 8
Fig.1.15 Trends and forecasts of average annual growth rate[1-17, 1-18] ... 9
Fig.1.16 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens according to types of detections[1-15] ... 10
Fig.1.17 Vicissitude of types of detections and devices[1-20, 1-21] ... 11
Fig.1.18 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens according to types of devices[1-17] ... 12
Fig.1.19 Fine classification of touch-sensitive screens according to types of detections[1-20] ... 13
Fig.1.20 Structure of resistive touch-sensitive screen[1-17] ... 15
Fig.1.21 Electrical circuit in contacting two electro plates[1-17] ... 16
Fig.1.22 Structure of projected capacitive touch-sensitive screen[1-21... 18
Fig.1.23 Figure of the principle of projected capacitive touch-sensitive screen[1-17] ... 18
Fig.1.24 Basic operational methods of touch-sensitive screens ... 20
Fig.1.25 Comparison of pointing time in several pointing devices[1-26] ... 22
Fig.1.26 Conceptual diagram of relationship between level of proficiency and operability[1-21] ... 23
Fig.1.27 Conceptual diagram of usability defined by Nielsen, J.[1-28] ... 25
Fig.1.30 Kinect (Microsft Corp.)[1-32] ... 29
Fig.1.31 Configuration of this thesis ... 38
Table 1.1 Types of detections of touch-sensitive screens and its features[1-17] ... 14
Table 1.2 Requirements and recommendations for the design of touch-sensitive screens[1-34] ... 31
➨2❶ ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎ࠾ࡅࡿࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ࡀ ᧯సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪 Fig.2.1 Results of the average roughness ... 41
Fig.2.2 Measurement example of kinetic friction and normal components of reaction and analysis range of coefficient of kinetic friction in film A ... 43
Fig.2.3 Results of the coefficient of kinetic friction ... 43
Fig.2.4 Geometric configuration used in the experiment ... 45
Fig.2.5 Analysis range of deviation and speed in each geometric configuration ... 47
Fig.2.6 Results of the deviation in curved line, oblique line, and straight line ... 51
Fig.2.7 Results of deviation in broken line ... 52
Fig.2.8 Results of deviation in end point of trace ... 53
Fig.2.9 Reslts of speed ... 54
➨3❶ ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᦠᖏ➃ᮎ࠾ࡅࡿ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ≉ᛶࡢホ౯ࢱࢵࢳ ឤ▱㡿ᇦࡢタィᡭἲ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ウ Fig.3.1 Display layout of the application and dimensions of the target ... 60
Fig.3.2 Operational procedure of the experimental task (one-handed operation A) ... 60
Fig.3.3 Operational conditions and its ratio of respondents ... 61
Fig.3.4 Definition of the evaluation index ... 63
Fig.3.5 Results of average pointing position ... 64
Fig.3.6 Relationship between the distance between and the angle made by the average pointing position and the center of target ... 65
Fig.3.7 Horizontal to vertical ratio of the standard deviation... 66
Fig.3.8 Results of pointing accuracy... 67
and 4th column) ... 71
Fig.3.11 Distribution of pointing position and touch-sensitive area ... 74
Table 3.1 Conditions of the touch-sensitive area ... 72
Table 3.2 Rate of number of pointing position contained in the touch-sensitive area ... 73
➨4❶ ⤖ㄽ Fig.4.1 ATM used in Japan Post Bank Co., Ltd. ... 82
Fig.4.2 Accesibility for people with visually impaired in ATM used in Japan Post Bank Co., Ltd. ... 83
Fig.4.3 Operation of touch-sensitive screen by person with visually impared ... 84
➨ 1 ❶
ᗎㄽ
1.1 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ
1.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢ 1.3 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗ
1.4 ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂ
ᴫせ
➨ 1 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡞ࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢṔྐᕷሙືྥࡘ࠸࡚㏙
ࡿࡶ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᳨ฟ᪉ᘧࡋ࡚௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞 ᪉ᘧࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢ࡲࡵࡿ㸬⥆࠸࡚㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵 ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᇶ♏ⓗ࡞▱ぢࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࡶ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᕷሙ
ࢆ≌ᘬࡍࡿࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿ㸬ලయ
ⓗ㸪➨1 ࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝᩍ⛉᭩ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ศ㔝࡛ࡢά⏝ὀ┠ࡀ㞟ࡲࡿ
ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢ⾲㠃ᛶ≧ࡼࡿᣦඛࡢࡾ᫆ࡉࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ᧯
సᛶཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪➨2 ࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫ
ูࡢᕷሙ࡛᭱ࡶࡁ࡞ࢩ࢙ࢆ༨ࡵࡿᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡘ࠸࡚㸪GUI ࡢタィᣦ㔪౪ࡍࡿࣄ
ࢺࡢ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ≉ᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡶ㸪ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࢱࢵࢳឤ▱㡿ᇦ ࡢタィᡭἲ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺㸬᭱ᚋ㸪ୖ㏙ࡋࡓ◊✲⫼ᬒ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࢆ㋃ࡲ
࠼࡚タᐃࡋࡓᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿࡶ㸪ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂࢆ♧ࡍ㸬
1.1 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ
1.1.1 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢṔྐ
㸦1㸧ᾏእࡢືྥ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ㸦Touch-sensitive screen㸧ࡣ㸪ᅜ㝿つ᱁ISO9241-400[1-1]࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢹ
ࢫࣉࣞᣦࢆゐࢀࡿ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡽᣦࢆ㞳ࡍ㸪ཪࡣࢹࢫࣉࣞୖ࡛ᣦࢆື
ࡍ᧯సࡼࡗ࡚⨨ཬࡧ㑅ᢥධຊಙྕࢆⓎ⏕ࡍࡿධຊ⨨ࠖᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿධຊࣥ
ࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡢ1ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᇶ♏ᢏ⾡ࡣ㸪1965ᖺJohnson, E.A.ࡼࡗ
࡚⪃ࡉࢀ[1-2]㸪1968 ᖺࡣ⯟✵ᶵࡢไᚚࣃࢿࣝࡢᛂ⏝㛵ࡍࡿㄽᩥࡶⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ[1-3]㸬ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡀධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ
1970 ᖺ௦ධࡗ࡚ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ[1-4]㸬⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࡢᚲせࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪⡆༢
ࡘ㎿㏿⏝࡛ࡁࡿධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚㌷ࡸᏱᐂ㛤Ⓨࡢศ㔝࡛㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽ
ࢀࡓゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-4, 1-5]㸬1974 ᖺࡣ㸪ᙜࢣࣥࢱࢵ࣮࢟Ꮫ㸦⡿ᅜ㸧ࡢㅮᖌ࡛࠶
ࡗࡓHurst, G. Sam㸦Elographics♫❧⪅㸧ࡼࡗ࡚Elographࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ[1-6]㸬ࡇࡢ
Elograph ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾࡢ㏱᫂࡞ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢵࢻࡢࡼ࠺࡛࣌ࣥධຊ
ࡍࡿࢹࣂࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪⌧ᅾᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᢏ⾡ࡢ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓゝ
ᅗ1.1 Hurst, G. Sam㸦┿ᕥ㸧͆Elograph͇[1-7]
Fig.1.1 Hurst, G. Sam (left), founder of Elographics, Inc. and “Elograph” [1-7]
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ1.1ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪1977ᖺࡣ㸪ᚋTouch screenࡢྡ⛠࡛ࡤࢀ
ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ㏱᫂ࡢᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᢏ⾡ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ㸪≉チࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ 1.2 ཧ↷㸧㸬୍᪉㸪Ḣᕞ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪1973 ᖺḢᕞཎᏊ᰾◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦CERN㸧ࡢᢏ⾡
⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ Beck, F. Stumpe, B.ࡼࡗ࡚㏱᫂࡞ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ㸪ᐇ⏝ࡀ
࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-8]㸦ᅗ 1.3 ཧ↷㸧㸬1980 ᖺ௦ධࡿ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㔞⏘࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ
⏝ࡉࢀጞࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾ㸪1983 ᖺࡣ Hewlett-Packard ♫ࡽୡ⏺ึ࡞ࡿࢱࢵࢳ
ࣃࢿࣝᦚ㍕ࡢࣃ࣮ࢯࢼ࣭ࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ HP-150 ࡀⓎࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 1.4 ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡑࡋ
࡚ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ➃ᮎ࡞ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡀᦚ㍕ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓ㸬ࡑࡢඛ㥑ࡅࡋ
࡚㸪1993ᖺApple♫ࡣୡ⏺ึ࡞ࡿPersonal digital assistant㸦௨ୗ㸪PDA㸧ࡢApple
ᅗ1.2 Elographicsࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ㏱᫂࡞ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ㸦ࢱࢵࢳࢭࣥࢧ㸧 [1-7]
Fig.1.2 Curved glass touch sensor developed by Elographics [1-7]
ᅗ1.3 CERNࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ㏱᫂࡞ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ[1-9]
Fig.1.3 The transparent capacitative touch screen, developed by CERN[1-9]
ᅗ1.4 HP-150㸦Hewlett-Packard♫〇)[1-10]
Fig.1.4 HP-150 (Hewlett-Packard Co.)[1-10]
Newton ࢆⓎࡍࡿ㸦ᅗ 1.5 ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪1994 ᖺࡣ㸪ୡ⏺Ⓨ࡞ࡿࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ
࢛ࣥ Simonࡀ IBM ♫ࡽⓎࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 1.6 ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡇࡢ Simon ࡣ㸪㏻ヰᶵ⬟ຍ
࠼㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ㏻ಙᶵ⬟ࡸ࣓࣮ࣝ㸪㟁༟㸪࢝ࣞࣥࢲ࣮㸪࣓ࣔᖒ㸪todo ࣜࢫࢺ࡞ࡢࣉࣜ
ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳ࣌ࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡛ධຊࢆ⾜࠺ᦠᖏ➃ᮎ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬2000 ᖺ௦ධࡾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ┤ឤⓗ᧯సྍ⬟࡞ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮
ࢫࡋ࡚ୡ⏺ⓗᗈࡃㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡁࡗࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪Apple ♫
ࡽ 2007 ᖺⓎࡉࢀࡓ iPhone㸦ᅗ 1.7 ཧ↷㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᚑ᮶ࡢࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢ ከࡃࡣ㸪ᩥᏐධຊ⏝ࡋ࡚࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࡀᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪iPhone ࡛ࡣࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ
࡛ࣝࡰࡍ࡚ࡢ᧯సࡀ⤖ࡍࡿᵓᡂࡀࡽࢀ㸪㈶ྰ୧ㄽࢆࢇࡔ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ࢯࣇࢺ
࢙࢘ᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍకࡗ࡚᧯సᛶࡣ᪥ࢆ㏣࠺ࡈ㐍ࡋ㸪▐ࡃ㛫ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ
⤖ᆺࡢࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡣᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ 2010 ᖺ௦ࡣ㸪ᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡼࡾࡶ
ࡁ࠸ࢹࢫࣉࣞࢆᦚ㍕ࡋ㸪ࣀ࣮ࢺ PC ࡼࡾࡶྍᦙᛶඃࢀࡓࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡢ㟂せ ࡀ㧗ࡲࡾ㸪2010 ᖺ iPad㸦Apple ♫〇㸧㸦ᅗ 1.8 ཧ↷㸧㸪2011 ᖺ Kindle Fire 㸦Amazon.com ♫〇㸧㸦ᅗ 1.9 ཧ↷㸧㸪2012 ᖺ Nexus7㸦Google ♫〇㸧㸦ᅗ 1.10 ཧ
↷㸧㸪Surface㸦Microsoft ♫〇㸧㸦ᅗ 1.11 ཧ↷㸧࡞ࡢከࡃࡢࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡀ┦ḟ
࠸࡛Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ㸬
㸦2㸧ᅜෆࡢືྥ
᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪1970 ᖺ௦㖟⾜ࡢ⌧㔠⮬ືᨭᡶ࠸ᶵ㸦Cash dispenser㸧ࡸ
⌧㔠⮬ື㡸ࡅᡶ࠸ᶵ㸦Automated teller machine㸪௨ୗATM㸧࡞᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡛㸪
ᅗ1.5 Newton㸦Apple♫〇㸧[1-11] ᅗ1.6 Simon㸦IBM♫〇㸧[1-12]
Fig.1.5 Newton (Apple, Inc.)[1-11] Fig.1.6 Simon (IBM)[1-12]
ᅗ1.7 iPhone㸦Apple♫〇㸧[1-13]
Fig.1.7 iPhone (Apple, Inc.)[1-13]
ᅗ1.8 iPad㸦Apple♫〇㸧[1-13] ᅗ1.9 Kindle Fire㸦Amazon.com♫〇㸧[1-14]
Fig.1.8 iPad (Apple, Inc.)[1-13] Fig.1.9 Kindle Fire (Amazon.com, Inc.)[1-14]
ᅗ1.10 Nexus7㸦Google♫〇㸧[1-15] ᅗ1.11 Surface㸦Microsoft♫〇㸧[1-16]
Fig.1.10 Nexus7 (Google Inc.) [1-15] Fig.1.11 Surface (Microsoft Corp.) [1-16]
ᡃࠎࡣ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆ┠ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ[1-4]㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪1980 ᖺ௦
ධࡾ㸪㟁Ꮚᡭᖒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶே⏝ሗ➃ᮎࡸ㸪ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿሗఏ㐩ࢶ࣮ࣝࡋ࡚㸪 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣࣔࣀࢡࣟࡢ LCD㸦Liquid crystal display㸸ᾮᬗ㸧ࡸ CRT㸦Cathode ray
tube㸸ࣈࣛ࢘ࣥ⟶㸧ᦚ㍕ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓ[1-4]㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪1990 ᖺ௦㸪᪥࡛ࡣᙜࡓࡾ๓
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᘧࡢ⮬ືๆᶵࡀ㸪1995ᖺJRᮾ᪥ᮏ࡛ᑟධࡉࢀࡓ[1-4]㸦ᅗ 1.12 ཧ↷㸧㸬⏬㠃ᒎ㛤࡛ࡢๆᶵ࡛ࡶࡍ࡚ࡢๆ✀ࡀ㉎ධ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞⏬㠃ࣥࢱ
ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫタィࡸ㸪ᶵᲔࢫࢵࢳ࡛ከⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⤒ᖺຎࡸ᥋Ⅼࡢ᥋ゐⰋ࡞ࡼࡿ
ᨾ㞀ࡀ㍍ῶࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࡗࡓⅬࡣࡁࡃ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᘧࡢ⮬ືๆᶵࡣᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ
࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ 2000 ᖺ௦ධࡾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᕷሙࡣᛴ㏿ᣑࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⫼
ᬒࡋ࡚㸪LCD ࡢᛶ⬟ྥୖࡸᑠᆺຍ࠼㸪2004 ᖺⓎࡉࢀࡓࢽࣥࢸࣥࢻ࣮DS 㸦௵ኳᇽ♫〇㸧㸪2007 ᖺⓎࡉࢀࡓiPhone㸦Apple♫〇㸧ࡢேẼࡼࡿᚋᢲࡋࡶ࠶
ࡾ㸪ᑠᆺࢹࢫࣉࣞ⏝㏵ࢆ୰ᚰࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㌟㏆࡞ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚
୍⯡ㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪᪥ᮏ࡛᭱ࡶ᪩ࡃᬑཬࡋࡓࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡣ㸪
2005 ᖺ SHARP♫ࡽⓎࡉࢀࡓ͆W-ZERO3͇ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ㸦ᅗ 1.13 ཧ↷㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪
ࡑࡢ OS ࡣWindows Mobile ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ[1-17]㸬Windows Mobileࡣ㸪PC ࡢ OS
࡛࠶ࡿ Windows ࡢ᧯సᛶࢆ㋃くࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪࣐࢘ࢫྠᵝࡢ㧗࠸ࢱࢵࢳ⢭ᗘࡀồ
ࡵࡽࢀࡿࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢹࢨࣥࡀ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡶẚ㍑ⓗᑠࡉ࠸
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ᩥᏐධຊ⏝࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࢆᦚ㍕ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᵓᡂࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬 ࡑࡋ࡚㸪2010 ᖺ௦ධࡗࡓ⌧ᅾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸ Personal media
player㸦௨ୗ㸪PMP㸧㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC㸪㌴㍕ࢹࢫࣉࣞ㸪POSࣞࢪࢫࢱ㸪㟁Ꮚ㯮ᯈ㸪
་⒪ࣔࢽࢱ㸪KIOSK ➃ᮎ࡞㸪࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝ᗈࡃᬑཬࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ౽ᛶ
ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ᅗ1.12 JRᮾ᪥ᮏࡢ⮬ືๆᶵ ᅗ1.13 WS003SH㸦SHARP♫〇㸧[1-17]
Fig.1.12 Ticket vending machine in JR East Fig.1.13 WS003SH (SHARP Corp.)[1-17]
1.1.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᕷሙືྥ
㸦1㸧ᕷሙయࡢືྥ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᕷሙࡣ㸪ᖺࠎ㣕㌍ⓗ࡞ᛴᡂ㛗ࢆࡳࡏ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪2011 ᖺࡣฟⲴᯛᩘ࡛
⣙11 ൨ᯛ㸪ฟⲴ㔠㢠࡛ࡣ⣙ 1 㸦⣙100 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧㐩ࡍࡿᕷሙつᶍ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ
1.14㸪ᅗ 1.15 ཧ↷㸧㸬ࡇࡢᡂ㛗ࡣᚋࡶ⥆ࡃணࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࣇࣛࢵࢺࣃࢿࣝࢹ
ࢫࣉࣞࡢᡂ㛗⋡ࡀࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ 2017 ᖺࡣ⣙ 3 㸦⣙ 300 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧ࡢᕷሙつᶍࡶ㐩ࡍࡿࡶゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᕷሙࡀᛴᡂ㛗ࢆ
㐙ࡆࡓせᅉࡋ࡚㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡢᛴ㏿࡞ᬑཬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸬 2006 ᖺ㡭ࡽ PMP ࡸࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡞ࡢᦚ㍕ࡀ㐍ࡳ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢ➃ᮎࡀ㔞⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛㸪ᕷሙࡀࡁࡃᣑࡋࡓゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-19]㸬ࡲࡓ㸪
ᚋࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ᧯సᑐᛂࡋࡓ PC ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᬑཬࡸ㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝࢧࢿ࣮ࢪ㸪 㟁Ꮚ㯮ᯈ㸪⮬ື㈍ᶵ࡞ࡢ୰࣭ᆺࢧࢬࡢࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢᦚ㍕ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ࡇ࡛㸪ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᕷሙᣑࡀணࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬
㸦2㸧᪉ᘧูࡢᕷሙືྥ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧࡣ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡸ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧ㸪㉥እ⥺㉮ᰝ᪉ᘧ㸪ᖐᑕ᪉
ᅗ1.14 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᕷሙࡢ᥎⛣ண [1-17, 1-18]
Fig.1.14 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens[1-17, 1-18]
ᅗ1.15 ᖺᖹᆒᡂ㛗⋡ࡢ᥎⛣ண [1-17, 1-18]
Fig.1.15 Trends and forecasts of average annual growth rate[1-17, 1-18]
ᘧ࡞ᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡣ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚᪉ᘧูᕷሙ࡛ᅽಽ
ⓗ࡞ࢩ࢙ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ[1-17]㸬ࡋࡋ㸪2007 ᖺᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ
ࢆᦚ㍕ࡋࡓ iPhone ࡀ Apple ♫ࡽⓎࡉࢀࡓ௨㝆ࡣྠ᪉ᘧࡀࢩ࢙ࢆᣑࡋ࡚࠸ࡁ㸪 2011ᖺࡣᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢆୖᅇࡿࢩ࢙࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ1.16ཧ↷㸧㸬
ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡀᛴ㏿ᬑཬࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡋ࡚㸪࣐ࣝࢳࢱࢵࢳ㸦2 Ⅼ௨ୖࡢࢱࢵ
ࢳ⨨ࢆྠ㆑ูྍ⬟㸧ࡼࡿከᙬ࡞ධຊ᧯సࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ[1-
17]㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢ㟂せࡀቑຍࡍࡿᚑࡗ࡚㸪Ᏻ౯࡞ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢ༢ ౯㏆࡙࠸ࡓࡇ࡛㸪ࢥࢫࢺ㠃࡛ࡢࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡶᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
࡞࠾㸪⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡣᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧḟ࠸࡛ከࡃࡢࢩ࢙ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚
࠾ࡾ㸪ᣦࡸࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡞ࡢධຊ᪉ἲࢆ㑅ࡤ࡞࠸ࡇࡸ㸪Ᏻ౯࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡞ࡽከ ࡃࡢࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.17 㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ᪉ᘧ࡞ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫ ࡢኚ㑄ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕷሙࢆ≌ᘬࡍࡿࢹࣂࢫ
ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡀከࡃ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡶᦠᖏࢤ࣮࣒ᶵࡸࢹࢪ ࢱ࣓ࣝ࢝ࣛ࠸ࡗࡓ㔞⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪᪥࡛ࡶ୍ᐃࡢ㟂せ ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪㉥እ⥺㉮ᰝ᪉ᘧࡣ㸪ᒇෆࡢ ATM ࡸ࢟࢜ࢫࢡ➃ᮎ࡞࡛ከࡃ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪
ᅗ1.16 ᪉ᘧูᕷሙࡢ᥎⛣ண [1-17]
Fig.1.16 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens according to types of detections[1-17]
࣮ࣘࢨࡀᡭ⿄ࢆࡘࡅࡓࡲࡲ࡛ࡶ᧯స࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡞ࡀホ౯ࡉࢀ㸪ᚋࡶᏳᐃࡋ࡚᥎⛣ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡃ᪉ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢཎ⌮ୖ㸪ᣦඛ࡛ゐࢀࡿ⾲㠃ࡢ㒊ᮦ
ࢆ㑅ࡤ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࢡࣜࣝ࡞ࡢ㏱᫂ᶞ⬡ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪࢞ࣛࢫ࡞ࢆ⏝࠸
ࡓሙྜᐃࡉࢀࡿᨾࢆᮍ↛㜵ࡄࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡶ୍ᐃࡢ㟂せࢆ⏕ࢇ࡛࠸
ࡿせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ[1-17]㸬
㉥እ⥺㉮ᰝ᪉ᘧྠᵝ㸪ගἼࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿᖐᑕ᪉ᘧࡣ㸪」ᩘࡢ࣓࢝
ࣛࢆ⏝࠸࡚⨨ࢆ ᐃࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࢆࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢᆺక࠺ࢥࢫࢺࢵ
ࣉࡀẚ㍑ⓗᑠࡉ࠸[1-17]㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪㟁Ꮚ㯮ᯈࡸࢹࢪࢱࣝࢧࢿ࣮ࢪ࠸ࡗࡓᆺࡢࢹ
ࢫࣉࣞࢆ୰ᚰ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡕ࡞ࡳ㸪2011 ᖺ㸪㟁Ꮚ㯮ᯈ⏝㏵ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃ
ࢿࣝࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᖐᑕ᪉ᘧࡀయࡢ53%㐣༙ᩘࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࢩ࢙ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬
୍᪉㸪ᚋࡢᡂ㛗ࡀணࡉࢀࡿ᪉ᘧࡣ㸪࢜ࣥࢭࣝ᪉ᘧࣥࢭࣝ᪉ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ᪉ᘧ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞ┤᥋ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪㍍㔞ᛶࡸⷧᆺ ᛶࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡢせồࡀᙉ࠸ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡞ࡢᦠᖏ➃ᮎ⏝㏵࡛㟂せࡀᣑࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ
ᅗ1.17ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ᪉ᘧ࡞ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫࡢኚ㑄[1-20, 1-21]
Fig.1.17 Vicissitude of types of detections and devices[1-20, 1-21]
ணࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬
㸦3㸧ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูࡢᕷሙືྥ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ㯪᫂ᮇࡣ㸪⏘ᴗ⏝ࣔࢽࢱ࡞ࡢ㝈ࡽࢀࡓே㛫ࡀ⏝ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞
ࢹࣂࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾ㸪PDA ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡈࡃ୍㒊ࡢಶே⏝ሗ➃ᮎࡋᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ[1-17]㸬ࡋࡋ㸪⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸࢱࣈࣞ
ࢵࢺPCࢆࡣࡌࡵࡋ࡚㸪ከᒱࡢศ㔝࡛ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᕷሙࡀᛴ㏿ᡂ㛗ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢᦚ㍕ࡀࡁࡃ
㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.18 ♧ࡋࡓᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูࡢᕷሙືྥࡼࡾ㸪2011 ᖺࡣ㸪ฟⲴ
ᯛᩘ࡛⣙70%ࡢࢩ࢙ࢆࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡔࡅ࡛༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿ㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥḟ࠸࡛㧗࠸ࢩ࢙ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡀ㸪ᖺࠎᕷ ሙࢆᣑࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬2012 ᖺⓎࡉࢀࡓ Windows 8 ࡢⓏሙࡼࡗ࡚ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡣࢹࣂࢫࡋ࡚ࡢ౽ᛶࡀࡼࡾྥୖࡋ㸪ᚋ᭱ࡶᦚ㍕⋡ࡢྥୖࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࢹ
ࣂࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡣ་⒪⌧ሙ࡛ࡢ㟁Ꮚ࢝ࣝࢸࡸᩍ⫱⌧ሙ࡛ࡢࢹ
ᅗ1.18 ᦚ㍕ࢹࣂࢫูᕷሙࡢ᥎⛣ண [1-17]
Fig.1.18 Market trends and forecasts of touch-sensitive screens according to types of devices[1-17]
ࢪࢱࣝᩍ⛉᭩ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏝㏵ࡶᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢືྥࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿ[1-22]㸬
1.1.3 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧཬࡧᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮
㸦1㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㸪㟁Ẽⓗࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࢆ᳨ฟࡍࡿ᪉ᘧࡸ㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡞ື㸪㉥እ⥺㸪
⏬ീㄆ㆑࡞ࢆ⏝࠸᳨࡚ฟࢆ⾜࠺᪉ᘧ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞᳨ฟ᪉ᘧࡢࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ
ࡢ᪉ᘧ࡛≉ᚩࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ᅗ 1.19 ᪉ᘧูࡢヲ⣽ศ㢮ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᗈ⩏ࡢࢱࢵ
ࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣ㸪͆ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧ͇㸪͆㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧ͇㸪͆ගᏛ᪉ᘧ͇㸪͆㉸㡢Ἴ᪉ᘧ͇㸪
͆㟁☢ㄏᑟ᪉ᘧ͇㸪͆ࣥࢭࣝ᪉ᘧู͇ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ[1-20]㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᪉ᘧࢆ
ࡉࡽヲ⣽ศ㢮ࡋࡓ୰࡛ࡶ㸪ࡃ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ 6 ࡘࡢ᪉ᘧ㸦ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧ㸪ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁 ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧ㸪㉥እ⥺㉮ᰝ᪉ᘧ㸪ᖐᑕ᪉ᘧ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ⾲㠃ᙎᛶἼ᪉ᘧ㸪㟁☢ㄏᑟ᪉ᘧ㸧
[1-23]ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⾲ 1.1 ♧ࡍ㸬ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪ࡢ᪉ᘧࡶࡑࢀࡒࢀ≉ᚩࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪୍
㛗୍▷࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿ㸬௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪⾲ 1.1࡛ᣲࡆࡓ 6 ࡘࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞᪉ᘧࡢ୰࡛㸪
᪉ᘧูᕷሙࢩ࢙ࡢ㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿᢠ⭷᪉ᘧᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢ
Ⅼㄢ㢟ࢆ⡆༢ࡲࡵࡿ㸬
ࡲࡎ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢⅬࡣ㸪ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ᅇ㊰ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪Ᏻ౯࡞
ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪≀⌮ⓗ⾲㠃ࡢ㟁ᴟ⭷ࢆࡓࢃࡲࡏ㸪2 ᯛࡢ㟁ᴟ⭷ࢆ㟁Ẽⓗ᥋ゐ ࡉࡏࡿࡇ᳨࡛ฟࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ㸪ᣦࡸࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡞ࡢධຊ᪉ἲࢆ㑅ࡤ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪 ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡶⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪ㄢ㢟ࡣ㸪ୖ㒊㟁ᴟୗ㒊㟁ᴟ ࡢ㛫ࢻࢵࢺࢫ࣮࣌ࢧ࡛㝸࡚ࡽࢀࡓ✵ẼᒙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ෆ㒊ᑕࡼࡗ࡚㏱㐣⋡
ࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇࡸ㸪ୖ㒊㟁ᴟ ITO㸦ࣥࢪ࣒࢘㘏㓟≀㸧ࡀᡂ⭷ࡉࢀࡓࣇ࣒ࣝࢆ
ᅗ1.19 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧูヲ⣽ศ㢮[1-20]
Fig.1.19 Fine classification of touch-sensitive screens according to types of detections[1-20]
⾲1.1 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᪉ᘧ≉ᚩ[1-17]
Table 1.1 Types of detections of touch-sensitive screens and its features[1-17]
⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡞᥋ゐᑐࡋ࡚⪏ஂᛶࡀప࠸ࡇ࡞࡛࠶ࡿ[1-24]㸬
ḟ㸪ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ࡑࡢ᭱ࡢⅬࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢᢠ
⭷᪉ᘧ࡛ࡣᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ࣐ࣝࢳࢱࢵࢳࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡼ
ࡗ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞࣮ࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ㸦User interface㸪௨ୗUI㸧ࡋ࡚ࡢຍ౯್ࢆࡘࡅ
ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᪂ࡘ㧗࠸᧯సᛶࡀᕷሙ࡛ᗈࡃཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪⾲
㠃ࣁ࣮ࢻࢥ࣮ࢺᒙࢆᙧᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ㸪㧗࠸⾲㠃◳ᗘࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪⪏ஂᛶ
ࡶ㧗࠸㸬࢞ࣛࢫ࡞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛㸪ࢹࢨࣥᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ
ࡶࡁ࠸㸬᪉㸪ㄢ㢟ࡣ㸪㟁ᴟࢆ⣽ᚤ࡞᱁Ꮚ≧ࣃࢱ࣮ࢽࣥࢢࡍࡿ㝿ຍᕤࢥࢫࢺࡀ
ࡿࡇࡸ㸪ࣀࢬฎ⌮࡞≉Ṧ࡞ IC ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡞ࡽ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧ
ẚ࡚ࢥࢫࢺࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ[1-25]㸬ࡋࡋ㸪㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞 ᪉ᘧࡢ㟂せࡀቑຍࡋ㸪༢౯ࡀᢠ⭷᪉ᘧ㏆࡙࠸ࡓࡇ࡛ࢥࢫࢺ㠃࡛ࡢࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣ ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
࡞࠾㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸᪉ᘧูᕷሙࢩ࢙ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᦠᖏ➃ᮎࢱࣈ
ࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠾࠸࡚ࡶከᩘࡢࢹࣂࢫ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ ᘧࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡋࡓ㸬
㸦2㸧ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪᪉ᘧูࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࡛㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿᢠ⭷᪉ᘧᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧ ࡢ2 ࡘࡢ᪉ᘧࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢㏙ࡿ㸬
ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢᵓ㐀ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ⡆᫆࡞ᅇ㊰⣔࡛῭ࡴࡓࡵᗮ౯࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚ከࡃ ࡢࢹࣂࢫᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢᵓ㐀ࢆᅗ 1.20 ♧ࡍ㸬㏱᫂㟁 ᴟࢆᙧᡂࡋࡓ2 ᯛࡢᇶᯈ㸦ࣇ࣒ࣝࡶࡋࡃࡣ࢞ࣛࢫ㸧ࢆᑐྥࡉࡏ㸪ᣦࡸࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡞
ࡼࡗ࡚ᢲᅽࡉࢀࡓ⟠ᡤࡢୖ㒊㟁ᴟ⭷ࡀࡓࢃࡳ㸪ࢻࢵࢺࢫ࣮࣌ࢧࡀ࡞࠸⨨࡛ 2 ᯛ ࡢ㏱᫂㟁ᴟ⭷ࡀ㟁Ẽⓗ᥋ゐࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ධຊཬࡧ⨨ࡢ᳨ฟࢆ⾜࠺㸬
ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡼࡿࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࡢ᳨ฟཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢㏙ࡿ[1-17]㸬ᅗ 1.21 ᣦࡶ
ࡋࡃࡣࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡛ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆᢲୗࡋ㸪2 ᯛࡢ㟁ᴟ⭷ྠኈࡀ᥋ゐࡋࡓ 㝿ࡢ㟁Ẽᅇ㊰ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࡇࡢᅗࡣᗙᶆࢆ᳨ฟࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᅇ㊰ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ୖ㒊 㟁ᴟ⭷ࡢ㟁ᅽࡅࡓሙྜ㸪㸦AЍBЍCЍA㸧㸦AЍBЍDЍEЍCЍA㸧ࡢྛᅇ㊰
⥙࡛௨ୗ♧ࡍᘧ㸦1.1㸧㸪ᘧ㸦1.2㸧ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿ㸬
(1 )1+ (1 2)= 0 (1 )1+ (1 2)= 0
ᅗ1.20 ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࡢ୍⯡ⓗᵓ㐀[1-17]
Fig.1.20 Structure of resistive touch-sensitive screen[1-17]
㸦1.1㸧
㸦1.2㸧
㸸᪉ྥࡢ᭷ຠ㛗ࡉ 㸸᪉ྥࡢ᭷ຠ㛗ࡉ
㸸 = 1ࡋࡓࡁࡢxᗙᶆ 0 1 㸸= 1ࡋࡓࡁࡢyᗙᶆ 0 1 㸸᪉ྥࡢ༢㛗ࡉ࠶ࡓࡾࡢᢠ
㸸᪉ྥࡢ༢㛗ࡉ࠶ࡓࡾࡢᢠ 㸸㟁ᅽィࡢෆ㒊ᢠ
ୖグࡢᘧࢆ㸪ࡘ࠸࡚ゎࡃୗグࡢᘧ㸦1.3㸧㸪ᘧ㸦1.4㸧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸬
= + (1 )+ (1 ) + (1 )+
=
(1 ) + (1 )+ ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪㟁ᅽィࡢ㟁ᅽࡀ௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.5㸧ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸬
ᅗ1.21 㟁ᴟ⭷ྠኈࡀ᥋ゐࡋࡓ㝿ࡢ㟁Ẽᅇ㊰[1-17]
Fig.1.21 Electrical circuit in contacting two electro plates[1-17]
㸦1.3㸧
㸦1.4㸧
= =
(1 ) + (1 )+
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࡀ ࡸẚ࡚༑ศࡁࡅࢀࡤ㸪ᘧ㸦1.5㸧ࡣ௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.6㸧ࡢࡼ
࠺༢⣧࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
= 0
ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᣦࡸࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡞ࡼࡗ࡚ᢲᅽࡉࢀࡓ⨨ࡢᗙᶆࡢ⤯ᑐ್ᗙᶆࡢ⤯
ᑐ್ࢆ௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.7㸧㸪ᘧ㸦1.8㸧ࡽࡑࢀࡒࢀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸬 =
=
ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧ࡛ࡣ㸪௨ୖࡢཎ⌮ࡼࡾᣦࡸࢫࢱࣛࢫ࡛ࡢࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࢆ᳨ฟࡍࡿ㸬ࡋ
ࡋ㸪ࡀ ࡸẚ࡚༑ศࡁࡃ࡞ࡃ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡞ࡣࣜࢽࣜ
ࢸࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ⿵ṇࡀᚲせ࡞ࡾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ〇㐀࣓࣮࢝ྛ♫ࡣ⊂⮬ࡢࣀ࢘
ࣁ࢘ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-17]㸬ࡇࡢࣜࢽࣜࢸࡣ㸪⌮ㄽ㟁ᅽฟຊ㟁ᅽࡢㄗᕪࢆࣃࢿࣝࡢ
᭷ຠ㡿ᇦࡢ᭱እ➃㟁ᅽᕪ࡛㝖ࡋࡓ್࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᢠ⭷᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ
ࣝࡢࢱࢵࢳ⢭ᗘࢆỴࡵࡿ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
㸦3㸧ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾ㸪᪉ᘧูᕷሙࢩ࢙࡛᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ྜࢆ༨ࡵࡿᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢ
୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀᳨ฟཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢㏙ࡿ㸬ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡣ㸪ᣦ࡛ࢱࢵࢳ
ࣃࢿࣝゐࢀࡓ㝿ࡢᚤᑡ࡞㟼㟁ᐜ㔞ኚࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛ࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࡢ᳨ฟࢆ⾜࠺᪉ᘧ
࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.22 㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬㟁ᴟࢆ᱁Ꮚ≧㸦୍
⯡ⓗࡣ⳻ᙧ᱁Ꮚ≧㸧ࣃࢱ࣮ࢽࣥࢢࡋࡓ㏱᫂㟁ᴟ⭷ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓᵓᡂ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢱ
ࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣛࣃࢱ࣮ࣥୖࡢࡇ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞ኚࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࢆ᳨▱ࡍࡿ㸬
ேయࡣỈศࡀከࡃᑟ㟁ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢭࣥࢧᣦࡀ┤᥋ゐࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㏆࡙ࡃࡔࡅ࡛ᣦ
㟁ᴟ㛫ࡢ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ㸪ࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࢆ᳨ฟࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᣦ࡛
ゐࢀࡿ⾲㠃࢞ࣛࢫ࡞ࢆ㓄⨨ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡞⪏ஂᛶࡸ⪏⎔ቃᛶ㸪ࡉࡽ
㸦1.6㸧
㸦1.7㸧
㸦1.8㸧 㸦1.5㸧
ࢹࢨࣥᛶࡶඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺≉㛗ࢆࡶࡘ㸬
ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢࢱࢵࢳ⨨ࡢ᳨ฟཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ[1-17]㸬ᅗ 1.23 ♧ࡍࡢ ࡣ㸪ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢཎ⌮ᅗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᪉ྥࡢ㟁ᴟࡽศ࡛ὶ㟁ᅽࢆ㡰ḟ
ᅗ1.22 ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢ୍⯡ⓗᵓ㐀[1-21]
Fig.1.22 Structure of projected capacitive touch-sensitive screen[1-21]
ᅗ1.23 ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢཎ⌮ᅗ[1-17]
Fig.1.23 Figure of the principle of projected capacitive touch-sensitive screen[1-17]
ຍ࠼㸪᪉ྥࡢ㟁ᴟࡑࢀࡒࢀ᳨࡛▱ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᣦ࡛ゐࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤᅗ 1.23㸦a㸧
♧ࡍᅇ㊰ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ㸪ὶ㟁※ࡢ࿘Ἴᩘࢆࡍࡿ㸪᳨▱ࡉࢀࡿ㟁ᅽࡣᘧ㸦1.9㸧࡛
⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㸬
|| =
1 + (1 )
ࡇࢀᑐࡋ㸪ᣦ࡛ゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣ㸪ᐜ㔞ࡢ୰ࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᅗ
1.23㸦b㸧♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ㊰ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛㸪౽ᐅୖࢆ1 ࡈ 2 ศࡋ㸪
ࡑࡢ㛫ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝゐࢀࡓࣄࢺࡢᐜ㔞ࡀධࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ㝿㸪㸦AЍBЍCЍ EЍDЍA㸧㸦AЍBЍDЍA㸧ࡢྛᅇ㊰⥙࡛௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.10㸧ཬࡧᘧ㸦1.11㸧ࡀᡂࡾ
❧ࡘ㸬
=
2+
2+
=
2+
ࡇࢀࢆࡘ࠸࡚ゎࡃ㸪௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.12㸧㸪ᘧ㸦1.13㸧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸬
= 1 + 2 +
1 + 2 ( )1 + 4
=
1 + 2 ( )1 + 4 ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪ࡣࡽ㸪௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.14㸧࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㸬
|| =
1 + 2+ (1 )1 + 4
㸦1.11㸧 㸦1.9㸧
㸦1.10㸧
㸦1.13㸧
㸦1.14㸧 㸦1.12㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪 = ࠾ࡃ㸪௨ୗࡢᘧ㸦1.15㸧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸬
|| =
{1 + ( 2 )}+ (1 ){1 + ( 4 )}
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪 = 0ࡍࡿ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝᣦࡀゐࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸≧ែ࡛ࡢ㟁ᅽ➼ࡋ ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪 > 0ࡣᣦࡀゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ⾲ࡋ㸪ࢱࢵࢳ⨨ᛂࡌ࡚ࡢ್
ࡣኚࡍࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᘧ㸦1.15㸧ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺㸪ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࢱࢵࢳࣃ
ࢿࣝࡢ᳨ฟ⬟ຊࡣ㸪 = ࡢࡁࡉ౫Ꮡࡍࡿ㸬 1.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢ
1.2.1 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯స᪉ἲ
ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢⓏሙ࡛㸪2 ᮏ௨ୖࡢᣦࡢ⨨ࢆ᳨ฟࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ࣐ࣝࢳ ࢱࢵࢳࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾ㸪ࢪ࢙ࢫࢳ࣮ࣕ᧯సࡤࢀࡿከᙬ࡞᧯స᪉ἲࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺
ᅗ1.24 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞᧯స᪉ἲ
Fig.1.24 Basic operational methods of touch-sensitive screens
㸦1.15㸧
࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞᧯స᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸬 ᅗ 1.24 㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞᧯స᪉ἲࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᅗ 1.24㸦a㸧♧ࡍࡢ ࡣ᭱ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞᧯సࡢ1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ͆ࢱࢵࣉ͇࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢹࢫࣉࣞ㍍ࡃ1ᗘࡔࡅゐ
ࢀࡿ᧯స࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࣎ࢱࣥࡸࢥࣥࡢ㑅ᢥࡸỴᐃࡢ㝿⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.24㸦b㸧
♧ࡍ᧯స᪉ἲࡣ͆ࢲࣈࣝࢱࢵࣉ͇ࡤࢀ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞ 2 ᗘ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ゐࢀࡿ᧯స
࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸪⾲♧⏬㠃ࡢษࡾ᭰࠼ࡸࢬ࣮࣒࣭ࣥ࢘ࢺࢆ⾜࠺㝿⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.24㸦c㸧♧ࡍ᧯స᪉ἲࡣ͆ࣟࣥࢢࢱࢵࣉ͇ࡤࢀ㸪ᣦ࡛ࢹࢫࣉࣞୖࡢ࣎ࢱࣥ
ࡸࢥࣥ࡞ゐࢀ⥆ࡅࡿ᧯సࢆᣦࡍ㸬࣐࢘ࢫࡢྑࢡࣜࢵࢡఝࡓᙺࢆࡶࡕ㸪࣓
ࢽ࣮ࣗࢆ⾲♧ࡉࡏࡓࡾ㸪ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡢ㑅ᢥ࡞ࢆ⾜࠺㝿⏝ࡍࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.24㸦d㸧ࡣ
͆ࢫ࣡ࣉ͇ࡢ᧯స᪉ἲࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ࢹࢫࣉࣞୖ࡛ᣦࢆࡽࡏࡿ᧯స࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᣔ࠸ྲྀ
ࡿ࠸࠺ពࢆࡶࡘ͆swipe͇ࡀㄒ※࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢹࢫࣉࣞࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣟࣝࡸ࣮࣌ࢪ㏦
ࡾ࡞ࢆ⾜࠺㝿⏝ࡍࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪≧ἣᛂࡌ࡚͆ࢫࣛࢻ͇ࡸ͆ࢫࢡ࣮͇ࣟࣝ࡞
ࡶ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.24㸦e㸧࡛ࡣ͆ࣇࣜࢵࢡ͇ࡢ᧯స᪉ἲࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ࡣࡌࡃ࠸࠺ព
ࢆࡶࡘ͆flick͇ࡢゝⴥ㏻ࡾ㸪ࢹࢫࣉࣞୖ࡛ᣦࢆࡉࡗࡣࡌࡃࡼ࠺ືࡍ᧯స
ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬͆ࢫ࣡ࣉ͇ΰྠࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪͆ࢫ࣡ࣉ͇ࡼࡾࡶ㏿ࡃᣦࢆື
ࡍ࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬⏬㠃ࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣟࣝࡶࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࣇࣜࢵࢡධຊࡤࢀࡿᩥ
Ꮠධຊ᪉ᘧࡀ௦⾲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᅗ 1.24㸦f㸧ࡣ͆ࣆࣥࢳ࢘ࢺ࣭ࣆࣥࢳ͇ࣥ
ࡢ᧯స᪉ἲࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ᣦࢆ 2 ᮏ࠸㸪ࡶࡢࢆࡘࡲࡴࡼ࠺࡞≧ែࡽᣦࢆᗈࡆࡿ͆ࣆࣥ
ࢳ࢘ࢺ͇㸪ᣦࢆ⊃ࡵࡿ͆ࣆࣥࢳ͇ࣥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀ㸪ࢬ࣮࣒ࣥ㸪ࢬ࣮࣒
࢘ࢺࡍࡿሙྜ㢖⦾⏝ࡉࢀࡿ᧯స᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝࡣࡢධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸⊂≉ࡢ᧯స ᪉ἲࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢከࡃࡣ⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡛ᡃࠎࡀ⾜࠺ືసࡢ࣓ࢱࣇᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ
┤ឤⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ┤ឤⓗ࡞᧯స ᪉ἲࢆ᭱㝈άࡍࡓࡵ㸪ࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘ࡸࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࡢタィࡘ࠸࡚㓄៖ࢆ⾜
࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬
1.2.2 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ ࡎࡿ㸬ලయⓗࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ≉ᛶࡘ࠸࡚
㏙ࡿ㸬⥆࠸࡚㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢᴫᛕࡢ୰࡛㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ᢅ࠺͆᧯సᛶ͇ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ
ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸬᭱ᚋ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶホ౯ࡢᚲせᛶࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸬
㸦1㸧ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ≉ᛶ
ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ≉ᛶࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡢ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࢹ
ࣂࢫࡢẚ㍑ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ㸬ᅗ 1.25 ♧ࡍࡢࡣ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞࣏ࢸࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫ
ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㝿ࡢ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ㛫ࢆࡲࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ[1-26]㸬
࡞࠾㸪ࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩘ್ࡣ㸪༢⣧࡞࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ᧯సࡽ㸪」ᩘࡢ࣎ࢱࣥࢆ
ᢲࡉࡏࡿ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ᧯స࠸ࡗࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᐇ㦂ㄢ㢟ࡢ⤖ᯝࡲ࡛ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ᢡ⥺ྠኈࡢẚ㍑ࡣពࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ྠࡌᢡ⥺ୖ࡛ᶓ㍈㓄ࡋࡓ࣏ࣥࢸ
ࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫ㛫࡛ẚ㍑ࢆࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸪㍈ࡢᕥഃ࠸ࡃ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢせࡍࡿ
㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪㍈ࡢ᭱ࡶᕥ㓄ࡉࢀࡓࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪࠸㏿
ࡃ᧯స࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡢ࣏ࢸࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸᧯సᛶࢆࡶ
ࡘࡇࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪㧗࠸᧯సᛶࢆࡶࡘࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪 ࡇࡢ㧗࠸᧯సᛶࢆ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᣦࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-21]㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪
࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࡸࢪࣙࢫࢸࢵࢡ࠸ࡗࡓ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ㸦Solid user
interface㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜ㸪᧯సᑐࡍࡿ⩦⇍ᗘ᧯సᛶࡢ㛫㛵
ᅗ1.25 ᵝࠎ࡞࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫ࡛ࡢ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ㛫ࡢẚ㍑[1-26]
Fig.1.25 Comparison of pointing time in several pointing devices [1-26]
ಀᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᅗ 1.26 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺㸪 ᶓ㍈᧯సࡢ⩦⇍ᗘ㸪⦪㍈᧯సᛶࢆࡿ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣࡰ୍ᐃࡢ᧯సᛶࢆ♧
ࡍࡀ㸪⩦⇍ࡶ᧯సᛶࡀྥୖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡢሙྜ࡛ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿ⩦
⇍ᗘࢆ㉸࠼ࡓⅬ࡛ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶࢆୖᅇࡿࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࢀᨾ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ
ࢆຠᯝⓗᑟධࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣ㸪᧯సࡢ⩦⇍ࢆồࡵ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࢹࣂࢫ㸦࠼ࡤ㸪㥐ࡢ ๆᶵࡸ ATM ࡞㸧ᦚ㍕ࡍࡿ࡞ࡢ㓄៖ࡶᚲせ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪
ࢇࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࡣ㸪ධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ๓㸪㛫ࢆࡅ࡚ࡑࡢࣥࢱࣇ࢙
࣮ࢫࡢ᧯స᪉ἲࢆᏛࢇࡔࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺▱ぢࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-27]㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪࠸
᪩ࡃ┤ឤⓗࡑࡢࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡶ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜ
ࢸࡢほⅬࡽࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᧯సࡢ⩦⇍ࢆࢇᚲせࡋ࡞
࠸ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢⅬࡣࡁ࠸ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬
㸦2㸧࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ࠾ࡅࡿ᧯సᛶࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ㝈ࡽࡎ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡸࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ࠸᫆ࡉࡸ࠸ᡭ㸪 Ꮫ⩦ࡢࡋ᫆ࡉ࡞ࢆྵࡴᴫᛕࡋ࡚㸪࣮͆ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ㸦Usability㸧͇࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ ᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-28]㸬࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡣᗈ⩏࡞ࡶࡢࡽ⊃⩏࡞ࡶࡢࡲ࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ㸪 ࡑࡢゝⴥࡀ♧ࡍ᫂☜࡞ᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮍࡔ㆟ㄽࡀศࢀࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛
ࡣ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸᴫᛕࡢኚ㑄࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᐃ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢㏙㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡛㸪 ᮏ◊✲ࡀྲྀࡾᢅ࠺͆᧯సᛶ͇ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅࢆ᫂☜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬
࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ព㆑ࡣ㸪ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡㸦Information and communication
ᅗ1.26 ᧯సᑐࡍࡿ⩦⇍ᗘ᧯సᛶࡢ㛵ಀࡢᴫᛕᅗ[1-21]
Fig.1.26 Conceptual diagram of relationship between level of proficiency and operability[1-21]
technology㸪௨ୗ ICT㸧ࡢⓎᒎຍ࠼㸪ࡇࢀࡶᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓே㛫ᕤᏛㄆ▱
ᕤᏛࡼࡗ࡚ḟ➨᫂☜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿ[1-28]㸬ලయⓗࡣ㸪1980 ᖺ௦ PC ࡢᬑཬࡼࡗ࡚ㄆ▱ᕤᏛⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡞ࡾ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘ࡢ࠸᫆ࡉ
㛵ࢃࡿே㛫ᕤᏛⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳຍ࠼࡚㸪ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࡶ⤫ྜࡋࡓ⥲ྜⓗ࡞ࣉࣟ
࣮ࢳࡀᚲせ࡞ࡾ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸᑐࡍࡿၥ㢟ព㆑ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢᚋ㸪
࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀ᫂☜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪1993 ᖺ Nielsen, J.࡞ࡼࡗ࡚࣮͆ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸᕤᏛ㸦Usability engineering㸧͇࠸࠺ศ㔝ࡀᥦၐࡉ
ࢀࡓࡇ㛵ಀࡍࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1-28]㸬ࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸ㛵ࢃࡿ᪉ ἲㄽࡢᩚഛ࡞ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ㸪ே㛫ᕤᏛ㸪ㄆ▱ᕤᏛ㸪ឤᛶᕤᏛ࡞ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆẕయ
ࡋࡘࡘ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࢸࢫࢺ㸦Usability test㸧ࡸࣥࢫ࣌ࢡࢩࣙࣥἲ㸦Inspection method㸧࡞ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡭἲࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪Nielsen, J.ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢᴫᛕࢆᅗ 1.27 ♧ࡍ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪
࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢸࣜࢸ㸦Utility㸧ࡶ࣮ࣘࢫࣇࣝࢿࢫ㸦Usefulness㸧 ࡢୗᴫᛕࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡣࡉࡽḟࡢ5 ࡘࡢᴫᛕ
ศࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ[1-27]㸬
x ຠ⋡ᛶ㸦Efficiency㸧̿̿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪୍ᗘ࣮ࣘࢨࡀࡑࢀࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫ⩦ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᚋ ࡣ㧗࠸⏕⏘ᛶࢆୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺㸪ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏝ࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
x ࢚࣮ࣛⓎ⏕⋡㸦Errors㸧̿̿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ࢚࣮ࣛⓎ⏕⋡ࢆపࡃࡋ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡀࢩࢫࢸ
࣒⏝୰࢚࣮ࣛࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡃࡃ㸪ࡶࡋ࢚࣮ࣛࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚ࡶ⡆༢ᅇ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ
࠺ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪⮴ⓗ࡞࢚࣮ࣛࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸㸬
x Ꮫ⩦ࡋ᫆ࡉ㸦Learnability㸧̿̿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡀࡑࢀࢆࡗ࡚సᴗࢆࡍࡄጞ
ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺㸪⡆༢Ꮫ⩦࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬
グ᠈ࡋ᫆ࡉ㸦Memorability㸧̿̿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪ᐃᮇ⏝ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࡀࡋࡤࡽࡃ
ࢃ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡧ࠺ࡁぬ࠼┤ࡉ࡞࠸࡛࠼ࡿࡼ࠺㸪ぬ࠼᫆ࡃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞
ࡽ࡞࠸㸬
x ほⓗ‶㊊ᗘ㸦Satisfaction㸧̿̿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡀಶேⓗ‶㊊࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺㸪
ࡲࡓዲࡁ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺㸪ᴦࡋࡃ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬
ୖグࡢ 5 ࡘࡢ㡯┠ࡢ୰࡛㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛͆᧯సᛶ͇ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺㡯┠ࡣ㸪͆ຠ⋡ᛶ͇
࢚࣮͆ࣛⓎ⏕⋡͇࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽ2ࡘࡢ㡯┠ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸᕤᏛ㛵ࢃࡿே㛫
ᅗ1.27 Nielsen, J.ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢᴫᛕᅗ[1-28]
Fig.1.27 Conceptual diagram of usability defined by Nielsen, J.[1-28]
ᕤᏛ㸪ㄆ▱ᕤᏛ㸪ឤᛶᕤᏛࡢ3 ࡘࡢ◊✲ศ㔝࠾࠸࡚㸪ே㛫ᕤᏛⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡼ
ࡗ࡚ホ౯ࡀồࡵࡽࡿ㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿ[1-29]㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸᕤᏛࡀᗈࡃㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ 1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡣ㸪ࣘ
࣮ࢨࣅࣜࢸ࠸࠺ᴫᛕྵࡲࢀࡿᑐ㇟ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢホ౯ࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓࡶࡢࡽ㸪
࣮ࣘࢨࡢ⏝≧ἣࡢ⌮ゎࡸࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᗈ⠊ᗈࡀࡾࢆࡳࡏ
࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࡢୗ㸪1999 ᖺ㸪タィࡢୖὶࡽୗὶ⮳ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ ὶࢀࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ ISO 13407㸦Human-centred design processes for interactive systems㸧 㸦2010ᖺ㸪ISO 9241-210㸦Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 210: Human- centred design for interactive systems㸧⛣⾜㸧ࡀᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ᶵᵓ㸦௨ୗ㸪ISO㸧ࡼ
ࡾไᐃࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸάືࢆୡ⏺ⓗつᶍ࡛㌍㐍ࡉࡏࡓゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
[1-28]㸬ࡇࡢISO 13407ࡢ୰ྵࡲࢀࡿISO 9241-11㸦Ergonomic requirements for office
work with visual display terminals (VDTs) – Part 11: Guidance on usability㸧࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ
࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢᴫᛕࢆᅗ 1.28 ♧ࡍ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡣḟࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ㡯
┠ศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
x ᭷ຠࡉ㸦Effectiveness㸧࣮̿̿ࣘࢨࡀ㸪ᣦᐃࡉࢀࡓ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢṇ☜ࡉ
ࡉ㸬
x ຠ⋡㸦Efficiency㸧࣮̿̿ࣘࢨࡀ㸪┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ㝿ṇ☜ࡉࡉ㈝ࡸࡋࡓ
㈨※㸬
x ‶㊊ᗘ㸦Satisfaction㸧̿̿ᛌࡉࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ〇ရ⏝ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ⫯ᐃⓗ
࡞ែᗘ㸬
ࡇࡇ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࢆᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣ㸪᭷ຠࡉࡣ࢚࣮ࣛ⋡ࡸ
ṇ⟅⋡㸪ຠ⋡ࡣసᴗせࡍࡿ㛫㸪‶㊊ᗘࡣほⓗホ౯ᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡉࢀ[1-28]㸪
ࡾࢃࡅ͆᭷ຠࡉ͇͆ຠ⋡͇ࡢホ౯࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ே㛫ᕤᏛⓗ࡞ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓゎᯒࡀ㔜 せ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ㸬
௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡢ㌟యⓗ≉ᛶࡸ㐠ື≉ᛶࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࢱࢵࢳ
ࣃࢿࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ᭷ຠࡉຠ⋡ࡉࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆ᧯సࡍࡿ㝿ࡢṇ☜
ᛶࡸ᧯సせࡍࡿ㛫࡞ࡢᣦᶆࢆே㛫ᕤᏛⓗᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ィ ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪࢚࣮ࣛ
ࢆ㍍ῶࡉࡏ㸪ຠ⋡ⓗ᧯సࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࡢࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢタィᣦ㔪ࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡍ㸬
࡞࠾㸪ᮏ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿ͆᧯సᛶ͇ࡣ㸪Nielsen, J.ࡀᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢ͆ຠ⋡
ᛶ͇࢚࣮͆ࣛⓎ⏕⋡͇㸪ISO 9241-11 ࡀᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢ͆᭷ຠࡉ͇
͆ຠ⋡͆ࡑࢀࡒࢀᑐᛂࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬
㸦3㸧ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶホ౯ࡢᚲせᛶ
ே㛫୰ᚰࡢࢹࢨࣥࢆࡍࡇ࡛㸪ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢆ࠸᫆ࡃ㸪⌮ゎࡋ᫆࠸ࡶࡢ
ᅗ1.28 ISO 9241-11࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸࡢᴫᛕᅗ[1-28]
Fig.1.28 Conceptual diagram of usability defined by ISO 9241-11[1-28]
ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣྂࡃࡽᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ[1-30]㸪㏆ᖺ࡛ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ
࢛ࣥࡸࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ PC ࡞ᛴ㏿࡞ᬑཬࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶእ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸㸬ࡾࢃࡅ㸪Ꮚࡶࡽ㧗㱋⪅ࡲ࡛ࡀ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ≧ἣࢆ㚷ࡳࢀࡤ㸪㟂せᣑࡀணࡉࢀࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶྥୖ
ᐤࡍࡿ▱ぢࢆᐇࡉࡏ㸪ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢹࢨࣥᑐࡍࡿᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞せồࢆ‶㊊ࡉ ࡏࡿࡇࡣᚲせྍḞ࡞◊✲ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ UI ࡢタィᣦ㔪ᩚഛࡣ㸪ႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ᛴࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪࣐ࣝࢳࢱࢵࢳࡀྍ⬟࡞
ᢞᙳᆺ㟼㟁ᐜ㔞᪉ᘧࡢᦠᖏ➃ᮎࡸࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡣ㏆ᖺ࡛ᛴ㏿ᬑཬࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࢹࣂ
ࢫ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᧯స≉ᛶࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛༑ศࡣㄪࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ➃ᮎ≉ࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞タィᣦ㔪ࡢ☜❧ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡃ㸪ࢫ࣐
࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥᬑཬ⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡸ㸪ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎࡢᩍ⫱ศ㔝ࡸ་⒪ศ㔝࡞ࡢᛂ⏝ࡀ㐍
⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺≧ἣࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࣅࣜࢸྥୖࡢࡓࡵࡢ᧯సᛶホ౯◊✲
ㄢࡏࡽࢀࡓࡣࡁ࠸㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪ࢹࢨࢼࡀࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢆタィࡍࡿ㝿ࡣ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡢከࡃࡀඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
୍⯡ⓗ࡞᧯స≉ᛶࡸᚰ⌮≉ᛶࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡛㸪ࢹࢨࣥࡿసᴗࢥࢫࢺࢆ
ᖜ๐ῶࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡶ࠶ࡿ[1-31]㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ከࡃࡢ࣮ࣘࢨࡀࡶࡘ
ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࢹࢨࣥᑐࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞せồࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪ࢹࢨࢼࡣ㸪ಶࠎ ࡢࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⣽㒊⮳ࡿࢹࢨࣥࡸ㸪ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ࣮ࣘࢨ≉ࡋࡓࢹࢨࣥ
ࡢኚ᭦࡞ὀຊࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほⅬࡽࡶ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ᧯సᛶ
ࢆホ౯ࡋ㸪ከࡃࡢ࣮ࣘࢨඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿᇶ♏ⓗ▱ぢࢆᚓࡿࡇࡢᚲせᛶࡀఛ࠼ࡿ㸬
1.2.3 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢࢢࣛࣇ࣮࢝ࣝࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢࢢࣛࣇ࣮࢝ࣝࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ㸦Graphical user
interface㸪௨ୗ GUI㸧ࡢ≉ᛶࡸ㸪ࢹࢨࣥồࡵࡽࢀࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞せồࡘ࠸࡚㏙
ࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪GUI ࡣ㸪࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻධຊᩥᏐ⾲♧ࡢࡳࢆࡗ࡚᧯సࢆ⾜࠺࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱ
࣮ࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ㸦Character user interface㸧ᑐࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓゝ ⴥ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡽฟຊࡉࢀࡿሗࢆࢢࣛࣇ࢝ࣝ⾲♧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛㸪
༙ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞᧯సࢆ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫࡼࡗ࡚⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࣮ࣘࢨࣥࢱ
ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ[1-28]㸬ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᅗ 1.29 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞࣎ࢱࣥࡸ
ࢥࣥ㸪ࢫࣛࢲ㸪ࢫࢵࢳ࡞ࡢ⥲⛠ࢆᣦࡍ㸬
ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡘ࠸࡚㸪┤ឤⓗ࡞᧯సࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ㢖⦾ゝࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪
ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡀࠕ⮬↛࡞ධຊࡼࡗ࡚┤ឤⓗ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᮏ⬟ⓗ࡛ࡂࢀࡢ࡞
࠸య㦂ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ[1-21]㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡣ㸪ࢼ ࢳ࣮ࣗࣛࣝࣘࢨࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ㸦Natural user interface㸪௨ୗNUI㸧ࡶࡤࢀ㸪᭱㏆
࡛ࡣMicrosoft ♫ࡽⓎࡉࢀࡓKinect㸦ᅗ 1.30 ཧ↷㸧ࡀ௦⾲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬NUI ࡛͆⮬
↛᧯స࡛ࡁࡿ͇࠸࠺ࡇࡘ࠸࡚㸪ྛ᧯సせ⣲ศࡅ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ㸬࠼ࡤ㸪ᚑ ᮶ࡢ࣐࢘ࢫࡼࡿ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢ࡛ࡣ㸪㸦࣮ࣘࢨЍ࣐࢘ࢫЍ࣐࢘ࢫ࣮࢝ࢯࣝЍGUI㸧
࠸࠺ὶࢀࢆࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࣮ࣘࢨ GUI ࡢ㛫ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ᧯సせ⣲ࡀᅾࡋ㸪㠀 ᖖ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞᧯స࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪㸦࣮ࣘࢨЍGUI㸧࠸࠺ὶࢀ
࡛᧯సࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ㸪࣮ࣘࢨ GUI ࡢ㛫ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞᧯సせ⣲ࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪
┤ឤⓗ᧯స࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺≉㛗ࢆࡶࡘ[1-21]㸬
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡣࡢ࣏ࣥࢸࣥࢢࢹࣂࢫẚ࡚┤ឤⓗ࡞᧯సࡀ
ྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀᨾ GUI ࡢࢹࢨࣥ࠾࠸࡚ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ≉
ࡋࡓᇶᮏⓗ࡞せồࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬࠼ࡤ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࢜ࣥࢫࢡ࣮࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࢟࣎ࢻࡣ㸪
ᅗ1.29 ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ࡛ࣝ⏝ࡉࢀࡿGUIࡢ୍㸦iOS 7.0.2㸧
Fig.1.29 An example of GUI used in touch-sensitive screens (iOS 7.0.2)
ᅗ1.30 Kinect㸦Microsoft♫〇㸧[1-32]
Fig.1.30 Kinect (Microsft Corp.)[1-32]
ࡑࡢ㓄ิ࡞Solid user interface㸦௨ୗ㸪SUI㸧ࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࡢ࣓ࢱࣇࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚
࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡶ㸪ࡑࢀྠࡌ᧯సࢆ࣮ࣘࢨᥦ౪࡛ࡁ࡞࠸[1-33]㸬ලయⓗ㸪SUI ࡢ࣮࢟࣎
࣮ࢻ࡛͆F͇͆J͇ࡢ࣮࢟ୖࡉࢀࡿฝグྕࡣ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻୖ࡛ࡣ
⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࣮ࣘࢨࡀฝグྕࢆゐぬୖࡢᡭࡾࡋ࡚ࢱࢵ
ࢳࢱࣆࣥࢢࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢ࢜ࣥࢫࢡ࣮ࣜ
࣮࣮ࣥ࢟࣎ࢻࡣ㸪SUI ࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻྠࡌ᧯సᛶࢆ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢࡓ
ࡵ㸪ࢹࢨࢼࡣ㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡞SUIᑐࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࣇࢆ㐺ษ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࡶ㸪ࣄࢺࡢ㌟య
ⓗ≉ᛶࡸᚰ⌮ⓗ≉ᛶࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ≉ࡋࡓ GUI ࡢࢹࢨࣥࢆࡉ࡞
ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬
1.2.4 ISO 9241-9࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝࡢタィୖࡢせồ㡯ཬࡧ᥎ዡ㡯
ሗ♫ࡢ㐍ᒎకࡗ࡚ኚࡍࡿປാ⎔ቃࡸసᴗ⎔ቃ㸪୪ࡧ⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿሗ
ᑐฎࡍࡿࡃ㸪࣐࢘ࢫࡸࢪࣙࢫࢸࢵࢡ㸪ࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࡞ࡢධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮
ࢫ㛵ࡋ࡚㸪ே㛫ᕤᏛⓗ㓄៖ࢆຍ࠼ࡓタィᣦ㔪ཬࡧヨ㦂᪉ἲ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿つ᱁㸦௨ୗ㸪 IS㸧ࡀISOࡼࡾ2000ᖺ2᭶ไᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦ISO 9241-9: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual displayerminals (VDTs) – Part9: Requirements for non-keybord input
devises㸧[1-34]㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪2007ᖺ9᭶ISO 9241-9ࡢ㑥ヂ∧࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏᕤ
ᴗつ᱁㸦௨ୗ㸪JIS㸧㸦JIS Z 8519: ே㛫ᕤᏛ̿どぬ⾲♧⨨ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࢜ࣇࢫసᴗ̿
㠀࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࡢධຊ⨨ࡢせồ㡯㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀ[1-35]㸪ᤣ࠼⨨ࡁ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࣐࢘ࢫ
ࡸࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿࣝ࡞ࡢධຊࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡘ࠸࡚㸪ே㛫ᕤᏛⓗせ⣲ᇶ࡙ࡃタィᣦ 㔪ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ ISO 9241-9㸦JIS Z 8519㸧࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࢱࢵࢳࣃࢿ
![Table 1.1 Types of detections of touch-sensitive screens and its features [1-17]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123deta/9889729.1909214/23.892.134.758.210.693/table-types-detections-touch-sensitive-screens-features.webp)
