財務報表附註
1. 公司及集團資料 （續）
2.4 重大會計政策概要 （續）
投資聯營公司及合營企業（續）
任何可能存在的相異會計政策已相應作出調 整，以使之貫徹一致。
本集團所佔聯營公司及合營企業的收購後業 績及其他全面收益分別計入損益及其他全面 收益。此外，若於聯營公司或合營企業的權 益中直接確認變動，本集團會（如適用）於綜 合權益變動表內確認其任何應佔變動。本集 團與其聯營公司或合營企業之間交易所產生 的未變現收益及虧損，均以本集團於聯營公 司或合營企業的投資為限予以抵銷，除非未 變現虧損提供所轉讓資產的減值憑證。收購 聯營公司或合營企業產生的商譽乃作為本集 團於聯營公司或合營企業的投資的一部分入 賬。
倘於聯營公司的投資成為於合營企業的投 資，則保留權益不會重新計量，反之亦然。
反而該投資繼續使用權益法入賬。在所有其 他情況下，失去聯營公司的重大影響力或失 去合營企業的共同控制權後，本集團會按公 允值計量及確認任何保留投資。失去重大影 響力或共同控制權後，聯營公司或合營企業 賬面值與保留投資的公允值及出售所得款項 之間的差額於損益予以確認。
倘對一間聯營公司或合營企業的投資分類為 持有待售，則其乃根據國際財務報告準則第 5號持有待售的非流動資產及已終止經營業 務入賬。
136 China Mengniu Dairy Company Limited 中國蒙牛乳業有限公司
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
財務報表附註2.4 重大會計政策概要
（續）業務合併及商譽
業務合併採用收購法入賬。所轉讓的代價按 收購日期的公允值計量，乃本集團所轉讓 資產、本集團對被收購方前擁有人所承擔的 負債及本集團所發行以換取被收購方控制權 的股權於收購日期公允值的總和。於各業務 合併中，本集團選擇是否以公允值或被收購 方可識別資產淨值的應佔比例，計量被賦予 的現時擁有人權利並將於清盤時有權按比例 分佔實體資產淨值的被收購方非控股股東權 益。非控股股東權益的一切其他成分乃按公 允值計量。收購相關成本於產生時支銷。
本集團收購業務時會根據合約條款、經濟情 況及於收購日期的相關條件評估金融資產及 所承擔的負債作適當分類及指定，包括區分 被收購方於主合約中的嵌入式衍生工具。
倘業務合併分階段完成，以往持有的股權須 按收購日期公允值重新計量，而因此產生的 收益或虧損於綜合損益表予以確認。
收購方將轉讓的任何或然代價按收購日期的 公允值確認。分類為資產或負債的或然代價 按公允值計量，而公允值變動將於綜合損益 表確認。分類為權益的或然代價不予重新計 量，而其後結算將於權益內入賬。
2.4 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(continued)Business combinations and goodwill
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred is measured at the acquisition date fair value which is the sum of the acquisition date fair values of assets transferred by the Group, liabilities assumed by the Group to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group in exchange for control of the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportional share of net assets in the event of liquidation at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. All other components of non-controlling interests are measured at fair value. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts of the acquiree.
If the business combination is achieved in stages, the previously held equity interest is remeasured at its acquisition date fair value and any resulting gain or loss is recognised in consolidated statement of profit or loss.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer is recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability is measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in consolidated statement of profit or loss. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not remeasured and subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity.
Annual Report 2017 二零一七年年報 137
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
財務報表附註2.4 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(continued)Business combinations and goodwill (continued)
Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, the amount recognised for non-controlling interests and any fair value of the Group’s previously held equity interests in the acquiree over the identifiable net assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the sum of this consideration and other items is lower than the fair value of the net assets acquired, the difference is, after reassessment, recognised in consolidated statement of profit or loss as a gain on bargain purchase.
After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. The Group performs its annual impairment test of goodwill as at 31 December. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Group’s cash-generating units, or groups of cash-cash-generating units, that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the Group are assigned to those units or groups of units.
Impairment is determined by assessing the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (group of cash-generating units) to which the goodwill relates. Where the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (group of cash-generating units) is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognised. An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period.
Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit (or group of cash-generating units) and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the operation disposed of is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on the disposal. Goodwill disposed of in these circumstances is measured based on the relative value of the operation disposed of and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.
2.4 重大會計政策概要
（續）業務合併及商譽（續）
商譽初步按成本計量，而成本指所轉讓代 價、就非控股股東權益確認的金額及本集團 以往持有被收購方的股權的任何公允值的總 和超出所購入可識別資產及所承擔負債淨額 的差額。倘此代價與其他項目的總和低於所 收購資產淨值的公允值，則經重新評估後的 差額於綜合損益表確認為議價購入的收益。
初步確認後，商譽按成本減任何累計減值損 失計量。商譽每年測試是否有所減值，倘 有事件或情況變化顯示賬面值可能出現減 值，則會更頻密進行測試。本集團於十二月 三十一日進行年度商譽減值測試。就減值測 試而言，業務合併收購的商譽自收購日期起 分配至本集團各現金產生單位或現金產生單 位組別，預期彼等將從合併的協同效益中受 益，不論本集團其他資產或負債是否分配至 該等單位或單位組別。
減值按與商譽有關的現金產生單位或現金產 生單位組別可收回金額評估釐定。倘現金產 生單位或現金產生單位組別的可收回金額低 於賬面值，則確認減值損失。已確認的商譽 減值損失不會在以後期間撥回。
倘商譽獲分配至現金產生單位或現金產生單 位組別，並出售該單位中一部分業務，則於 釐定出售收益或虧損時，與該已出售業務相 關的商譽計入該業務的賬面值。在此情況下 出售的商譽根據所出售業務的相關價值及所 保留現金產生單位的部分計量。
138 China Mengniu Dairy Company Limited 中國蒙牛乳業有限公司
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
財務報表附註2.4 重大會計政策概要
（續）公允值計量
於各報告期末，本集團按公允值計量其購股 權、若干金融資產、生物資產及衍生金融工 具。公允值為於計量日市場參與者於有秩序 交易中出售資產可收取或轉讓負債須支付的 價格。公允值計量乃基於假設出售資產或轉 移負債的交易於資產或負債的主要市場或於 未有主要市場的情況下，則於資產或負債的 最有利市場進行。主要或最有利市場須位於 本集團能到達的地方。資產或負債的公允值 乃基於市場參與者為資產或負債定價所用的 假設計量（假設市場參與者依照彼等的最佳 經濟利益行事）。
以公允值計量非金融資產，應當考慮市場參 與者將該資產用於最佳用途產生經濟利益的 能力，或者將該資產出售予能夠用於最佳用 途的其他市場參與者產生經濟利益的能力。
本集團以公允值計量相關資產或負債，應當 採用在當前情況下適用，並且有足夠可利 用資料的估值技術，以及盡量使用相關可觀 察輸入資料，盡量避免使用不可觀察輸入資 料。
2.4 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(continued)Fair value measurement
The Group measures its share options, certain financial assets, biological assets and derivative financial instruments at fair value at the end of each reporting period. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
Annual Report 2017 二零一七年年報 139
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
財務報表附註2.4 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(continued)Fair value measurement (continued)
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 – based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 – based on valuation techniques for which the
lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is observable, either directly or indirectly
Level 3 – based on valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
Impairment of non-financial assets
Where an indication of impairment exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required (other than inventories, construction contract assets, financial assets, investment properties, goodwill and non-current assets/
a disposal group classified as held for sale), the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of the asset’s or cash-generating unit’s value in use and its fair value less costs of disposal, and is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets, in which case the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
2.4 重大會計政策概要
（續）公允值計量（續）
所有以公允值計量或在財務報表中披露的資 產和負債均按如下公允值層級分類，由對公 允值計量整體具有重要意義的輸入資料所屬 的最低層次決定：
第一級 － 以於活躍市場中相同資產或 負債的報價（未經調整）釐定 第二級 － 以使用可直接或間接觀察並 對公允值計量有重要影響的 最低層次輸入資料的估值技 術釐定
第三級 － 以使用對公允值計量有重大 影響且不可觀察的最低層次 輸入資料的估值技術釐定 本集團於各報告期末重新評估財務報表中持 續確認的資產及負債的分類（基於對公允值 計量整體具有重要意義的輸入資料所屬的最 低層次）以釐定是否有各層次之間的轉換。
非金融資產減值
當有跡象顯示出現減值，或當須進行資產年 度減值測試（存貨、建築合約資產、金融資 產、投資物業、商譽及分類為持有待售的非 流動資產╱處置組除外），則估計資產的可 收回金額。資產的可收回金額乃選取資產或 現金產生單位的使用價值及其公允值減銷售 成本的較高者，並就個別資產釐定，惟倘資 產並無產生大致獨立於其他資產或資產組別 的現金流入，則可收回金額在該資產所屬的 現金產生單位基礎上確定。