Affordable Land and Housing in Europe and North America (UN-Habitat 2011)
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɢ-ɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɠɢɥɶɟɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪ-ɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɥɶɟɦ, ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬ-ɧɵɯ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɶɹ.
Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ(ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ, 2012b)
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚ-ɬɚ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɤɥɢɦɚ-ɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɤɥɢɦɚ-ɬɚ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɨ-ɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɠɢ-ɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ – ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ "ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ". ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ "Ⱦɨɪɨɠɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ" ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ
ɗɬɨɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ , ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ.
ȼ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɢɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɤɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ:
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
II. ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼȺə ȻȺɁȺ
A. ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɧɭɞɢɥɨ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ.
ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɭɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬ .
"ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ"
24. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ .
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ:
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Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɰɟɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.
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Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ.
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ɇɟɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
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ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɥɶɟ.
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ɉɨɥɢɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ.
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Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ.
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ɇɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ.
24 Ȼɉɂȿ, 2011 ɝɨɞ
1. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ
ȼ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ−ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȿɋ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ȿɋ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
25. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ, ȿɋ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ.
ȼ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ȿɋ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ȿɋ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ȿɋ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ , ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɋ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ȿɋ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɭɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ.
25 ȿɜɪɨɫɬɚɬ, 2012 ɝɨɞ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 1).
Ɋɢɫ. 1 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ−ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȿɋ26
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȿɋ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ 2000-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ȿɋ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ Eɋ. Ʉ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
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Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ 2006/32/ȿɋ ȿɋ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (Ⱦɗɗ)
27•
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɋ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ (ȾɗɏɁ)
2002/91/EC ɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ 2010/31/EU
28•
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɋ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ 2005/32/EC
29ɋɭɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
26 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɞɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
27 ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬ, 2006 ɝɨɞ
28 Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ
29 Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ȿɋ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ/
ɡɚɤɨɧɵ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ/ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ