Guidelines on Condominium Ownership of Housing for Countries in Transition (UNECE 2003) ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ Guidelines on Condominium Ownership of Housing for Countries in Transition. ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ-ɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɣɞɭɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫ-ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɬɪɚ-ɧɚɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɯɜɚ-ɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɨɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ 3 – ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ: Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1955 ɢ 1989 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɨɫɬɪɨɟ-ɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1960 ɢ 1980 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ 46 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳ-ɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨ-ɜɚɰɤɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ ɜ 1984 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ 2005 ɢ 2009 ɝɨɞɚɯ. Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 40−45 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ: Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ (ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɱɟɬ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɜ ɮɨɧɞ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢ-ɥɶɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɪɟ-ɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɢ-ɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ, ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ-ɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɫɭɞɵ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. ȼ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɯɨɞɢ-ɥɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤ 2013 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɨ 1300 ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɪɟ-ɞɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɫɪɟ-ɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɜ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ ɰɢɮɪ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɚɯ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 6 600 ɟɜɪɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ: ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭ-ɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɝɥɚ-ɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢ-ɥɶɹ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟ-ɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɢɫɶ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭ-ɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ: ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ-ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ (ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɨɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɫɬɢ 2005 ɢ 2009 ɝɨɞɨɜ) ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨ-ɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚ-ɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɫɭɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɧɞ ɪɟ-ɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ ɡɚ-ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ.
ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ:
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧ-ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬ-ɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɗɬɚ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨ-ɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɵɬɚ:Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ, ɯɨ-ɪɨɲɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
ɋɦɟɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ:
ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ no. 555/2005 ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ no. 311/2009 ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Zapletalová 2013 next door Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ:
Jaroslava Zapletalová Housing Institute
ɬɟɥ: +421 2 55575219, +421 2 55574919
ɚɞɪɟɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ: [email protected] ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ: Prešovská 39, 82108 Bratislava, Slovakia
Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ 4 – Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ: ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɩɟ-ɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɨɤɨɧ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦ-ɩɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧ-ɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ. Ɇɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɧ, ɜɵɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɨɧ ɢɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɧ-ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɫɬɨɧ-ɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ
ɋɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ: Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2004−2010 ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɞɨɛɢ-ɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ.
ȼ 2005−2007 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭ ɛɵɥ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɞɟɜɹɬɢɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ 1972 ɝɨɞɚ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɬɟɩ-ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɨɜ; ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚɯ, ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ; ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ; ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɥɢɮɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ: ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ 93,8 ɤȼɬ/ɦ2/ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢ-ɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɬɪɨɢɥɚɫɶ, ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ: Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ "ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ" ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟ-ɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ.
ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ:
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɰɟɧɹɬ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɵɬɚ: Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 60 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ -ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɠɢ-ɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
ɋɦɟɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ:ɉɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ: Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɨɛɟɫ-ɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Liias 2013 Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ:
Roode Liias
Tallinn University of Technology ɬɟɥ: +372 6202456, + 372 6202020
ɚɞɪɟɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ: [email protected]
ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ: Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia ɜɟɛ-ɫɚɣɬ: www.ttu.ee
Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ 5 – Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ: ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ Ʌɢɬɜɚ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɢ-ɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-ɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ 90 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ: ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ 1 100 ɨɬ-ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɋɨ-ɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 25 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɜɚɪ-ɬɢɪɭ. ɀɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɴ-ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚ-ɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɜɟɬɲɚɥɵɟ ɠɢɥɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ. ȼ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɜ-ɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 10 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɟ 53 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɢ 47 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɦ. Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ 30 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɥɢ 10 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɦ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ:
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɧɟɮɢɰɢɚɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɨɜɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬ-ɧɵɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ, ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɲ-ɧɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢ-ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɧɤɚɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ:
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ: ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ 12 000−20 000 ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20−30 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɛɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ.
Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ: ȼ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɥ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɫɭɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɚ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨ-ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ 60 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢ ɥɢɲɶ 35 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ. Ʉɪɨ-ɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, 56 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 25 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɶɹ. ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɫɚ-ɦɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ: Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨ-ɬɭ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ. ɍɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɬɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɳɨɛ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɢɥɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɠɢ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜ-ɧɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨ-ɦɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɪɚ -ɡɭɦɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ:
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮ-ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫ-ɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨ-ɜɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟ-ɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɵɬɚ:
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɥɢɰ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ Ʌɢɬɜɵ, ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨ-ɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 20 ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ 558 ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɩɪɢ-ɱɟɦ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɨ ɟɳɟ 160 ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
1. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ
Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɥɭɝ . ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ, ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ. Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɜɵɧɭɞɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɇɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
54 World Habitat Awards 2005
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɦɚ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ, ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ ɢ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɜɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ; ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɟ-ɩɹɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɭ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 2010 ɝɨɞ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
18 000 ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
55. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ 10−20 ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɚɦ.
ȼ ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɧɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ.
55 ɆɎɄ ɢ ȿȻɊɊ, 2012 ɝɨɞ
ȼ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɵ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɩɵɬ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɥɶɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ.
ȼ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɢ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɤɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɬɚɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ; ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɱɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ.
2. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ
ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɫɬɚɜɤɚ 15 – ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ
ȼ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɨɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɨ-ɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ. ɋ 1999 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɫɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɢ ɤɭɪɫɵ, ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɪɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢ-ɩɥɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ, ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧ-ɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɤɭɪɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 200 ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 8 ɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ), ɚ ɤɭɪɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 500 ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 20 ɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭ-ɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɨɪ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɨɦɢɧɢɭɦɚɯ ɫ ɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ 22 ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟ-ɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ FUTI OMEGA. ɉɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚ-ɤɨɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɈɈɇ-ɏɚɛɢɬɚɬ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ ȼɟɧɚ, 2013 ɝɨɞ