ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ

ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ (ɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ «ɛɟɫɲɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ» ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤ ɩɢɚɪɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ/ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ

«ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ» ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ȺɋɌɍɉ. Ɍɚɤ-ɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ – ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ȺɋɌɍɉ, ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ CRM. ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ CRM ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ, ɢɦɹ, ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɱɺɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ/ɞɨɦɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟ-ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɱɬɨ-ɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ SID (shared information and data model). ɗɬɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨ-ɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ NGOSS ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ. SID ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ UML ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ SID ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ «ɢɧɬɟɝ-ɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ» ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɍɍ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɂɌ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɪɚɡɧɨ-ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɵɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɂɌ–ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ API, ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ [140,142]:

x ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ – ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡ-ɧɨɟ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɣ;

x ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ «ɦɚɲɢɧɚ–ɦɚɲɢɧɚ» (ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ) ɞɥɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧ-ɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ȺɋɌɍɉ, ɞɟ-ɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ :

Ȼɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (High-level generic interfaces) – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯ-ɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (High-level technology-independent to the extent possible interfaces) – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩ-ɩɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ

«ɫɜɟɪɯɭ-ɜɧɢɡ»,ɝɞɟ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɚ ɜɧɢɡɭ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɶ-ɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɞɟɬɚɥɶ-ɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɬɚɧ-ɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ.

ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ (Detailed product-specific interfaces) – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ (ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ «ɫɧɢɡɭ–ɜɜɟɪɯ» ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ-ɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢ-ɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɺɬɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɫɨɨɛ-ɳɟɧɢɹ/ɨɬɤɥɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɨɬ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɵ.

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ȻȾ), ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 2), ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ȻȾ.

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ Ɍɍ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɂɌ–ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɢɩɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɞɨɫ-ɬɭɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɯ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ) ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɂɌ–ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ (ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ SQL.

Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɦɨ-ɞɟɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ WEB-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.

ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɪɺɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ Ɍɍ : ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ (ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ) – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɍɍ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɍɍ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.14).

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ WEB-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ c ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ XML, ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ/ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Web-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ Java-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ (ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.

ǻȘȖȊȍȕȤ (șȓȖȑ) ȒȓȐȍȕȚȈ

ǩȘȈțȏȍȘ

DzȓȐȍȕȚ WEB-șȍȘȊȐșȖȊ

ǻȘȖȊȍȕȤ (șȓȖȑ) ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ

JSP(HTML)

DzȓȐȍȕȚ WEB-șȍȘȊȐșȖȊ

ǹȍȘȊȓȍȚ

ǹȍȘȊȓȍȚ

ǻȘȖȊȍȕȤ(șȓȖȑ) ȉȐȏȕȍș-ȓȖȋȐȒȐ Ȑ ȌȖșȚțȗȈ Ȓ ȌȈȕȕȣȔ

EJB JDBC

DzȖȕȕȍȒȚȖȘ

ǻȘȖȊȍȕȤ (șȓȖȑ) ȌȈȕȕȣȝ

ǩȈȏȈ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ǻǻ

ǻȕȈșȓȍȌȖ-ȊȈȕȕȖȍ

ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍ-ȕȐȍ

ǹȍȘȊȍȘ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ǹȍȘȊȍȘ

ȉȈȏ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ǷȅǪǴ

ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.14 – ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɛɢɡ-ɧɟɫ–ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ WEB-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ EJB ɜ ɂɌ–ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.14 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ). ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ JDBC ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ SQL. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ JSP ɢ ɫɟɪɜɥɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ HTML-, XML- ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɧɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ J2EE-ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ERP, CRM, ɫ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ Web-ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ Web-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-ɱɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɰɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɋɁɂ), ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮ-ɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ-ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫ-ɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-ɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ (ɗȺɊ) – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦ-ɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɟɫ-ɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨ-ɳɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɗȺɊ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ,

ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɗȺɊ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɍɍ.

ɗȺɊ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.15 :

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.15 – ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ

Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫ-ɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɢɧɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ).

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɲɢɧɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ:

x ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ;

x ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ-ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ, ɬɨ ɲɢɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ;

x ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɟɪɜɟɪ (ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɬɜɟɬ);

x ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ.

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɲɢɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱ-ɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (Enterprise Application Integration, EAI). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟ-ɞɭɸɳɢɟ: CORBA, TIBCO (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ Hewlett-Packard), Kabira, Corus.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-ɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ Ʉɂɋ ɤ ɲɢɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ, ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (adaptation unit). ȼ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ API.

Ⱦɥɹ ɲɢɧɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɵ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡ-ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɝɢ (tag), ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ASN.1.

Ɍɟɝ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬɫɹ, ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɩɨ-ɥɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɺɧ-ɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɢɡɦɟɧɺɧ-ɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨ «ɫɜɨɢɦɢ» ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɨ-ɥɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤ XML.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ʉɂɋ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɦɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (common business object model), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɢɧɟ. Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɲɢɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (workflow engine) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚ-ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ NGOSS.

ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ SOA ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ Ʉɂɋ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ Web-ɫɥɭɠɛ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɡɚɢ-ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Collaxa ɢ Sonic, ɧɚɡɜɚɜ ɫɜɨɺ

ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨɣ ɲɢɧɨɣ (Enterprise service bus, ESB); ɧɚ ɚɧɚ-ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ESB ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Gartner Group. ȼ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 2003 ɝ. ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ESB ɜ ɭɜɹɡɤɟ ɫ SOA ɡɚɹɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ IBM. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ESB ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚ-ɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɛ-ɦɟɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ (Message Oriented Middleware, MOM). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɢɹɦ Gartner Group, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ ESB ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧ-ɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬ.ɟ. ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ SOA. ɋɟɪɜɢɫɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ESB ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚ-ɰɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ, ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ. Ɋɵɧɨɤ ESB ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ SOA ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ IBM, Microsoft ɢ Oracle. ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤ 2010 ɝɨ-ɞɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ESB ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɧɚɛɞɢɜɲɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ESB-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɪɵɧɤɚ.

Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ SOA-ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ.

Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɂɌ–ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ SOA ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɡɚɞɚ-ɱɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ȺɋɌɍɉ ɜ Ʉɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɟɪɜɢɫɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ SOA – ɷɬɨ ɂɌ–ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪ-ɧɨ/ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ. SOA ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ CORBA ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ «ɫɟɪɜɢɫ» (service). SOA ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡ-ɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, SOA ɩɨɡɜɨ-ɥɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɂɌ–ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɋɍȻȾ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ Ʉɂɋ.

Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ IBM, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ SOA ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. Apxɢɬɟɤɬypa SOȺ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ-ɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞ-ɯɨɞɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ SOA, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɨ-ɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɂɌ–ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɂɌ–ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ [10,161,162]. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ SOA ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ Ʉɂɋ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛ-ɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɦ (ɝɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɟɦ). ȼɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢ

ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɚ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɯ. ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɯ HTTP, FTP, SMTP, TCP, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ XML.

ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ SOA «ɫɟɪɜɢɫ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ-ɧɵɯ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ. ɋɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɧɟɠɺɫɬɤɨ ɭɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɤ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ (ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ) ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ ɢ ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɨɩɟɪɚɛɟɥɶɧɵ. ɋɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ (ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ) ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.16 – ɋɟɪɜɢɫ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ-ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ IBM [107,162] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.16.

Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ SOA ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɟɪ-ɜɢɫɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟ-ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɭ ɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɧ-ɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ [31]. ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟ-ɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɺɬ, ɫɦ. ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ Oracle (BEA System) [11]. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.

ɑɺɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨ-ɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ

ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɬ-ɮɨɪɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ SOA ɫɨɜ-ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ NGOSS. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ SOA ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ ɂɌ–ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚ-ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɍɍ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ Ʉɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ SOA, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ-ɦɢ, ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ SOA. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ SOA ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɤɪɚɬɧɨ (ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:

x ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɭɞɚ-ɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟ-ɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ «ɨɞɧɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ», ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ-ɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ.

x ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ – ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɪɭ-ɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɚɤ «ɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ». Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨ-ɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ «ɫɛɨɪɤɟ» ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɱɭɠɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ.

ɂɌ–ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ SOA ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɂɌ–ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɲɢ-ɪɹɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ (on demand). Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ SOA ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ (ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚ-ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ. SOA ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɧɚɫ-ɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫ-ɬɟɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ–ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ SOA ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɢ ɨɩɢ-ɫɚɧɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɚɜɢɥ. ȼ SOA ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥ-ɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ,ɚ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɭɱɢ-ɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ/ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ SOA ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ,

ɧɚɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

ȼɨ II ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟ 2005 ɝ. ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ AMR Research ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɳɢɯ SOA ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟ-ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪ-ɜɢɫɨɜ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ SOA, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɨ-ɡɢɬɚɪɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ.

Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ — ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɦ — ɚɧɚ-ɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ :

x ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ;

x ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ;

x ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɨɡɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ;

x ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ — ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɫɨɡ-ɞɚɧɢɸ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ;

x ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ;

x ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ SOA ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ www.cnews.ru):

x ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɢɛɱɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ-ɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ;

x ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɢɡ-ɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ,ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ.

ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ IBM, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ SOA ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ SOA ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɂɌ–ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ SOA ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɍɍ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹ-ɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ-ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Web-ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɂɋ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ 2009 – 2010 ɝ.ɝ.

ȿɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ [10] ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ SOA ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ SOMA (Service-Oriented Management Architecture). ȼ SOMA ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ-ɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ-ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟ-ɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ «ɡɚɩɪɨɫ–ɨɬɜɟɬ». ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ XML ɢ ɩɟɪɟ-ɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɢɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɦɢ (Management Service Bus, MSB). Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɫɤɪɵɬ ɡɚ ɮɨɪ-ɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ.

ɋɟɪɜɢɫɵ SOMA ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟ-ɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ MSB c ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ SOMA. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ SOMA, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɟ-ɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɹ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɆɈȾȿɅɂ ȾɅə ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə ɈȻɔȿɄɌɈȼ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɂ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɑȬɌȺ