1. Course Description
This is an introductory course in game theory, which will provide you with mathematical tools for analyzing strategic situations ‐ your optimal decision depends on what other people will do. In particular, we will study central solution concepts in game theory such as Nash equilibrium, subgame perfect equilibrium, and Bayesian equilibrium. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important analytical tool in such fields as economics, management, political science, phycology and biology. To illustrate its analytical value, we will cover a variety of applications that include international relations, development, business competition, auctions, marriage market, and so forth. There is no prerequisite for this course, although some background on microeconomics and familiarity of probabilistic thinking would be helpful.
3(a - e)/4, is greater than aggregate quantity in the Nash equilib- rium of the Cournot game, 2(a - e)/3, so the market-clearing price is lower in the Stackelberg game.. Thus, i[r]
2. Duopoly Game (20 points)
Consider a duopoly game in which two firms, denoted by Firm 1 and Firm 2, simultaneously and independently select their own prices, p 1 and p 2 , respectively.
The firms’ products are differentiated. After the prices are set, consumers demand A − p 1 + p 2
Q = K 1 =4
L 1 =8 Then, answer the following questions.
(a) In the short run, the …rm is committed to hire a …xed amount of capital K(+1), and can vary its output Q only by employing an appropriate amount of labor L . Derive the …rm’s short-run total, average, and marginal cost functions. (b) In the long run, the …rm can vary both capital and labor. Derive the …rm’s
(b) If consumer’s choice satis…es the weak axiom of revealed preferences, we can always construct a utility function which is consistent with such choice behav- iour.
(c) If a consumer problem has a solution, then it must be unique whenever the consumer’s preference relation is convex.
If the stage game has a unique NE, then for any T , the finitely repeated game has a unique SPNE: the NE of the stage game is played in every stage irrespective of the histor[r]
Two neighboring homeowners, 1 and 2, simultaneously choose how many hours to spend maintaining a beautiful lawn (denoted by l 1 and l 2 ). Since the appearance of one’s property depends in part on the beauty of the surrounding neighborhood, homeowner’s benefit is increasing in the hours that neighbor spends on his own lawn. Suppose that 1’s payoff is expressed by
Strategy and Outcome
Strategy in dynamic game = Complete plan of actions What each player will do in every possible chance of move.
Even if some actions will not be taken in the actual play, players specify all contingent action plan.
Both the Bertrand and Cournot models are particular cases of a more general model of oligopoly competition where firms choose prices and quantities (or capacities.). Ber[r]
1. Rationality
Players can reach Nash equilibrium only by rational reasoning in some games, e.g., Prisoners’ dilemma.
However, rationality alone is often insufficient to lead to NE. (see Battle of the sexes, Chicken game, etc.) A correct belief about players’ future strategies
3(a - e)/4, is greater than aggregate quantity in the Nash equilib- rium of the Cournot game, 2(a - e)/3, so the market-clearing price is lower in the Stackelberg game.. Thus, i[r]
If the stage game has a unique NE, then for any T , the finitely repeated game has a unique SPNE: the NE of the stage game is played in every stage irrespective of the histor[r]
(a) If an agent is risk averse, her risk premium is ALWAYS positive.
(b) When every player has a (strictly) dominant strategy, the strategy profile that consists of each player’s dominant strategy MUST be a Nash equilibrium. (c) If there are two Nash equilibria in pure-strategy, they can ALWAYS be Pareto
Reconsidered” American Economics Review, Vol.101: 399-410.
Abdulkadiroglu, Che and Yasuda (forthcoming), “Expanding ‘Choice’ in School Choice” American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.
Gale and Shapley (1962), “College Admissions and the Stability of Marriage” American Mathematical Monthly, Vol.69: 9-15.