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FM
Body fat estimation in children by body mass ind巴x(BMI) 3
The equation used for children was based on total body water (TBW) as determined by the deuterium oxide (D20) dilution technique25) and BIA measurement as previously described.26) The equation provides an estimate of TBW (kg)as follows: TBW (kg) = 0.149*(he/R)
+
0.244*wt+
0.460*age+
0.501 *sex (boy=
l,
girl= 0)+
1.628. FFM is then given by TBW/hydration ofFFM.27) FMwas calculated as the difference between wt and FFM. Thus each individual had 3 estimates of FM:
F M (S)=FM derived from measurements of skinfold thickness
FM (D-BIA)= FM derived企oma measurement of density and BIA
FM (W-BIA)= FM derived from a measurement of TBWandBIA
The average of the estimates made by these three methods was taken to be the ‘true' value for each individual (FM
,
kg).Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as wt (kg)/
ht(m2). Similar to the standardization of weight for heighe in BMI
,
we standardized the two components of weight,
FM and FFM,
for heighe. These are FM/he (kg/m2) and FFM/he (kg/m2);白atis
,
BMI = wtlhe= (FM
+
FFM) / he = FM/ht2+
FFM/he.Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses (calculation of correlation and regression analyses
,
statistics) were performed using StatView,
version J・5.0.The data are presentedas mean values and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between gender groups. In addition to the standard procedure
,
for the assessment of agreement between a new method and the traditional method,
a Bland and Altman ploe8) was used to compare the
difference between the two methods with the mean values.
Results
There were 233 subjects
,
98 boys and 135 gir1s. Both boys and gir1s were similar in mean age,
height,
body weight and B MI.The gir1s in the sample had
greater sums ofthe four skinfolds(p<0.001)than the boys (Table 1). Table1.Characteristics of出echildren Age (y同町) Height (cm) 、iVeight(kg) BMI(kg々n') Mean ::tsd (range) Boys (.=98) Girls(.=135) 3.9:1:凪7(2.4 -5.1) 3_9:1:0.7 (2.4 -5.1) 99.0:1:6ι(82.3 -115.0) 98.2:1:5.8 (83.6 -112.0) 15.23士2.09(10.10 -20.60) 15.03士2.07(10.5唖ー21.25) 15.5:1:仏9(13.5 -17.4) 15.6土1.1(13.5 -18.3) Sum of four skinfolds(mm) 29.9土5.5(20.8 -43.9) 34.5土7.7(18.9 -56.2)***
BMIニbo砂 massindex; Sum ojメourskiゆldsニbiceps+ suprailiacal+
subscapular kinfold thickness; Gender difJerences were analysed by
ANO悶;材ゃく0.001.
The mean values for estimates of FM by the three methods are set out in Table 2. The F民1:tended to be greater in gir1s
,
while %FM calculated from TBW measurements and BIA were increased in gir1s.Table2.Estimates of body fat in children by methods based on skinfold thickness(FM-S), bioelectrical impedance analysis(FM -BIA), total body water(TBW)from deuterium oxide dilution method and BIA(FM-TBW). Bodyfat mean 士sd(range) Boys (n=9の Girls印=135) FM-S (%) 15.3::t3.0 (9.7 -21.9) 15.8::t4.2 (6.9 -25.9) FM-S(kg) 2.34土 0.61(1.34 -3.91) 2.41土 0.84(0.73 -5.27) FM-BIA(%) 14.9士1.7 (10.4 -18.3) 15.7::t1.5 (11.0 -19.1)*** FM-BIA(kg) 2.26::t0.33(1.57・3.23) 2.35士 0.35(1.40 -3.49) FM-TBW (%)16.1::t4.4 (3.4 -24.1) 21.2::t3.9 (9.0 -31.1)*会* FM-TBW(kg) 2.49土 0.86(0.41 -4.21) 3.22::t0.88 (1.01・5.68)**. Gender difJerenc四 we陀 analysedby ANO悶.**ヤ<0.001 As shown in Table 3
,
in both genders significant relationships(pく0.001)were observed between the FM values derived using skinfold (S),
D-BIA,
and W-BIA on the one hand and the value derived丘om the mean ofthe three methods on the other.Table3.Pearson correlation analysis between FM-S, FM-BIA,
and FM-TBW and the value deriv巴d仕om仕1巴meanof the th陀巴
methods (FM).(ωlumnh四 日isboys, row heads gi出)
FM-S FM・BIA FM・TBW FM FM・S FM-BIA .774 FM-TBW .776 FM .925 .775 .910 .928 .774 .889 .953 .907 .928 .963
4 Shuichi Komiya The correlation of BMI with height
,
body weight,
FM
,
and %FM by gender is presented in Table 4.There were no statistically significant differences between BMI and height in either gender. BMI was significant1y and positively correlated with body weight
,
FM,
and %FM in each gender group. Table 4. Corr巴lationco巴fficientsbetwe巴nbody mass index (BMI) and h巴ight,weight, fat mass (FM), and p巴rcentageof fat (%FM). Boys Girls Height Weight F M ~姐M .122 .297会 .587会** .615*** .022 .485*** .741*** .716女** Significant difJerent from zero,ラ<0,05,**ラ<0,001There was a significant linear correlation between FMI and BMI in both boys (r=0.744, p<O.OOl) and girls (r=0.865, pく0.001)(Figure1).Regression of FM
lH
e
on WtlH
e
(BMI) yielded lines with relatively similar slopes of 0.408for boys and 0.462 for gir1s. 5.0 4.5 o Boys 4.5 y-O.408x ・3.937r -0 7.44 4.01 y-O..t62x・4.432 r且0.865 4.' 3.5E
M
E
;
:
l
d
時子
1 2 0 !の・・・・
1.5~~ 0";:'u 11.51、
1.0+1 -.,--,...-,--,---,-.,-...,...-, ι1.0 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15,5 16.0 1ι5 17.0 17.5 18.0 RMI{kg/ni) Figure 1. Correlation b巴tweenBMI and fat-fr巴巴massindex (FMI) in children aged 2.4-5.1 y. Boys(pピ0.001)and girls (pぐα
001)The mean values of the estimates of body fat (FM
,
kg)based on BMI and the values derived from the mean skinfolds (S),
D-BIA,
and W-BIA are set out in Table 5. The mean values of the FM estimates based on BMI were very similar to the mean values of the estimates ofthe three methods (2.34 VS. 2.36 for boysand 2.66VS. 2.66for gir1s). The mean differences
between the FM based on BMI and the FM obtained as the mean value of these three methods were 0.023
kg for boys and -0.001kg for gir1s. Table 5. Estimates of body fat in children by巴quationbased on body mass index (FM-BMI). The di百eren田 isexpressed as a deviation from the value derived from出reemethods (FM). Boys (n=98) Girls (n=135) FM-B川1(匂) 2.34:t0.45 2.66士0.58 FM(kg) 2.36:t0.56 2.66:t0.64 Deviation from FM (勾) 0.023土0.303 ・0.001土0.276 Figure 2 shows the difference between the F M based on BMI and the FM obtained using the mean values of these three methods plotted against the their means of these differences. The limits of agreement (-2 to+2 SD ofthe difference) were -0.58to+0.63 kg for boys and -0.55to+0.55kg for gir1s.
;
1
1
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a
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u u w ~ u u u u Average FM by two methods,kg Figure 2.Difference against mean for FM data. DiscussionBMI has been recommended as an appropriate measure of adiposity for use in thec1inical setting.It
is an attractive measure because it is relative1y easy to obtain in a variety of settings and is reliable. The main criticism made of BMI as a measure of adiposity is that this index should be totally independent of height.29) The present study found that the correlations
between BMI and height were generally not as high as the correlations between BMI and both FM and %FM (for boys
,
r=0.122; for gir1s,
r=0.022). On the other hand,
several studies have reported a good correlation between BMI and fatness in childhood.7,16,30) The sex-specific correlations of B孔1]with FM and %FM were moderate (r=587 -r=741, p<O.OOl) in the present study. The s佐engthof the associations
Bod
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These two i
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即 時I
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a
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s
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s
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h
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女子長距離農選手の輔重量購圧受容器一心臓圧度前応答
佐 川 書 祭 子 1 ) 森 川 書 人 1 )
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Absiract There are evidences suggesting that endurance-trained athle!es (RT) fail to maintain blood pressure responses to gravitational challenges such as head巴uptilt, standing, or lower hody negative pressure. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether gravitational intolerance in ET was due to a blunted carotid baroreceptor-cardiac responsiveness. Eight ET females (Ion自distancerunners,
18AtO.2 y.o.) and seven endurance.untrained fe血ales(UT 20AtO.9 y.o.) participated in the experiment. Carotid baroreceptor-cardiac responses were estimated by using a neck chamber.宜-Rintervals were
plotted against carotid distending pressures and the response was analyzed by applying a four-parameter sigmoidal logistic fimction. The maximaI gain of the curve in ET group was greater (P<O.日5)than that of UT group, indicating increased barorefIex sensitivity. The centering point of the curve, an indicator of the operating point
,
was identical.There was a significant correlation hetween maximaI O2 consumption and maxi皿aIgain (r=0.693,
P<0.005). These resuIts may sug富estthat attenuated barorefIex control ofthe heart rate in ET is not responsible for the mechanisms of the gravitational intolerance
KEY制ORDS: endurance“trained athletes, carotid baroreceplors, neck chamber, barorefIex sensitivity L
はじめに
ヒト fJ!座位あるいは臥位から急に立ちょがると蚤)J の影響で血液がド半身に移動するため,血圧が一時的 に低下する.心肺圧受容器および動脈圧受容器は血管 獲の伸展度の低下を感知し,求心性インパルスの発射 頻度が低下する.この情報は延髄の心臓血管運動中枢 に伝わり,ことから末梢血管抵抗の増大および心拍数 と心収縮力を増大する方向へ遠心性情報を発し,血圧 は元に戻される.とれら一連の反応は血圧反射といわ 1)九州共立入学スポ」ア学部 れるもので,姿勢変換時の血圧低下を防御する機構 であり,正常では過度に血圧が低下して失神を起と すことはない.ところが持久性運動鍛錬者は臥位か ら立位への姿勢変換や下半身陰圧負荷 (lowerbody negative pressure. LBNP)に対する中心血液量低下 に対する耐性が低く,血圧調節機能の減弱が報告され ている。一4l この原因について,先行研究では心拍の圧反射感受 性の低下山)6) 7}や圧反射による血管抵抗増大反応の鈍 磨2)的の可能性が指摘されている.とれらの研究は男 1) Kyus刊 KyoritsuUniversity Faculty of Sports Sci阻 出8 佐 川 害 祭 子 他 性運動鍛錬者についての知見が多く,女性運動鍛錬者 のLBNP耐性は非鍛錬者と差がないという報告もある 9)10) 著者等11)は先行研究で女性長距離走者のLBNP 耐性は非運動鍛錬者に比べ明らかに低下していること を報告した.この原因として,非鍛錬者に比べて彼女 たちの有意な下肢コンブライアンスの増大がLBNP中 の下半身への血液貯留量を増大し,静脈環流量を減少 させてLBNP負荷時の失神前兆候の出現率を増加させ た可能性を指摘した.しかし,心拍の圧反射感受性に ついては検討されていなかったそこで本研究は持久 性運動鍛錬者のLBNP耐性低下に心拍の圧反射感受 性の低下が関与しているか否かを検討する目的で,女 子長距離走選手を被験者にして頚動脈圧受容器一心臓 圧反射応答を調べた.
2
.
方法 被験者 持久性運動鍛錬者の被験者として 5...6年間,長 距離走トレーニングを行っている8名の体育女子学生 と,対照として特に定期的な運動をしていない7名の 女子医学生が実験に参加した.長距離走の被験者は1 週間に90-120km走行している.それぞれの被験者 に実験内容について十分な説明を行い,同意書を得た. なお本研究は産業医科大学研究倫理委員会の承認を得 て実施した. 実験1.身体組成と最大酸素摂取量の測定 そ れ ぞ れ の 被 験 者 に つ い て , 頚 動 脈 圧 反 射 テ ストの少なくとも3日 前 に 自 転 車 エ ル ゴ メ ー タ ー(Ergomedic. model 818E. Monark. Sweden)を用 いて負荷漸増法による最大酸素消費量を測定した.呼 気ガスはガス質量分析計 (ModelRL-600. Westron. Chiba Japan)を用いて分析した.体組成分析計
(EM-Scan. model HA-2. Springfield. IL)によって 総体脂肪率を求めた.すべての実験は室温22t.相 対湿度60%に制御された人工気候室で行った. 実験2.頚動脈圧受容器反射の測定 頚動脈圧受容器反射の測定は. Eckberg等12) と Sprenkle等同の方法に従い,先行研究凶と同様な手 技で測定した.被験者を仰臥安静にさせて,頚動脈を 外部から圧迫または吸引できるネックチャンパーを頚 部に装着した.心拍の呼吸変動を避けるために機能的 残気量のレベルで呼吸を止め,ネックチャンパーの 圧力を+30mmHgから 50 mmHgまで1心拍ごとに 10 mmHgずつ変化させ,このときのR-R間隔をコン ビューターに取り込んだ.ネックチャンバーの圧力 は心電図のR波でトリガーがかかるようにコンビュー ター制御されている. 1...2分間呼吸が安定するのを 待って8...10回測定を繰り返し,平均値を解析に用い た. 解析 ベースラインの血圧を自動血圧計(UA-751;Takeda Medical. Tokyo. Japan)で測定し,このときの平均 動脈圧からネックチャンパーの圧力を減じて頚動脈洞 にかかる圧力をcarotiddistending pressure (CDP) とした.平均動脈圧は拡張期血圧+1/3脈圧で求めた. この圧力に対してR-R間隔をプロットするとS字状曲 線を示すので, R-R間隔の圧応答曲線はKent等同に よって報告されている以下の式でフィットさせること ができる.
R-R間隔=A1X {1+e[A2(CDP-A3)]}一I+A4 ここで, A1はR-R間隔の最大反応幅, A2はS字状 曲線のスロープを決定する係数 A3はこのカーブの 中心点におけるCDP,A4は最小R-R間隔である.さ らにこの曲線の最大ゲインは次式で与えられる. 最大ゲイン= A1X A2/4 1100